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Chen TC, Chan N, Labib S, Yu J, Cho HY, Hofman FM, Schönthal AH. Induction of Pro-Apoptotic Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Multiple Myeloma Cells by NEO214, Perillyl Alcohol Conjugated to Rolipram. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E277. [PMID: 29342125 PMCID: PMC5796223 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the introduction of new therapies for multiple myeloma (MM), many patients are still dying from this disease and novel treatments are urgently needed. We have designed a novel hybrid molecule, called NEO214, that was generated by covalent conjugation of the natural monoterpene perillyl alcohol (POH), an inducer of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, to rolipram (Rp), an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4). Its potential anticancer effects were investigated in a panel of MM cell lines. We found that NEO214 effectively killed MM cells in vitro with a potency that was over an order of magnitude stronger than that of its individual components, either alone or in combination. The cytotoxic mechanism of NEO214 involved severe ER stress and prolonged induction of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), a key pro-apoptotic component of the ER stress response. These effects were prevented by salubrinal, a pharmacologic inhibitor of ER stress, and by CHOP gene knockout. Conversely, combination of NEO214 with bortezomib, a drug in clinical use for patients with MM, resulted in synergistic enhancement of MM cell death. Combination with the adenylate cyclase stimulant forskolin did not enhance NEO214 impact, indicating that cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (AMP) pathways might play a lesser role. Our study introduces the novel agent NEO214 as a potent inducer of ER stress with significant anti-MM activity in vitro. It should be further investigated as a potential MM therapy aimed at exploiting this tumor's distinct sensitivity to ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Nymph Chan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Shirin Labib
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Jiali Yu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Hee-Yeon Cho
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Florence M Hofman
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Axel H Schönthal
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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2
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Abstract
BACKGROUND It is controversial whether persistent signaling by the thyrotropin (TSH) receptor (TSHR) is cell-type specific. We reported persistent TSHR signaling in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells expressing human TSHRs (HEK-TSHRs), whereas another group reported persistent signaling in mouse thyroid follicles but not in HEK293 cells. Herein, we test this hypothesis directly. METHODS We used two methods to measure persistent signaling in HEK-TSHRs and confirm our previous observations. In Method 1, we used a chemiluminescent immunoassay to measure intracellular cAMP accumulation over 30-60 min by adding a phosphodiesterase inhibitor to the incubation medium. In Method 2, we used an intracellular biosensor to record cAMP levels continuously. RESULTS Using Method 1, we show that TSHR signals persistently in human thyrocytes and human osteosarcoma U2OS-TSHR cells. Using Method 1 in HEK-TSHRs, we show that after 5 min, the phosphodiesterase inhibitor isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX) increases cAMP to 2.5 pmol/well, TSH increases cAMP to 1.6 pmol/well, but IBMX added 30 min after TSH withdrawal increases cAMP to 105 pmol/well. Using Method 2 in HEK-TSHRs, we confirm that without IBMX, TSH causes a transient increase in cAMP and 30 min after TSH withdrawal, IBMX increases cAMP in cells pretreated with TSH more rapidly and to a higher level than IBMX added to cells not pre-exposed to TSH. Lastly, using Method 2, we show that in HEK-TSHRs phosphodiesterases types 3 and 4 are involved in degrading cAMP as the specific inhibitors Rolipram and Milrinone expose persistent TSHR signaling. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that persistent TSHR activation occurs in human thyrocytes, U2OS-TSHR cells and HEK-TSHRs; it is not cell-type specific but is revealed by inhibiting phosphodiesterases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Geras-Raaka
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases , National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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3
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Zanotti-Fregonara P, Liow JS, Fujita M, Dusch E, Zoghbi SS, Luong E, Boellaard R, Pike VW, Comtat C, Innis RB. Image-derived input function for human brain using high resolution PET imaging with [C](R)-rolipram and [C]PBR28. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17056. [PMID: 21364880 PMCID: PMC3045425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to test seven previously published image-input methods in state-of-the-art high resolution PET brain images. Images were obtained with a High Resolution Research Tomograph plus a resolution-recovery reconstruction algorithm using two different radioligands with different radiometabolite fractions. Three of the methods required arterial blood samples to scale the image-input, and four were blood-free methods. METHODS All seven methods were tested on twelve scans with [(11)C](R)-rolipram, which has a low radiometabolite fraction, and on nineteen scans with [(11)C]PBR28 (high radiometabolite fraction). Logan V(T) values for both blood and image inputs were calculated using the metabolite-corrected input functions. The agreement of image-derived Logan V(T) values with the reference blood-derived Logan V(T) values was quantified using a scoring system. Using the image input methods that gave the most accurate results with Logan analysis, we also performed kinetic modelling with a two-tissue compartment model. RESULTS For both radioligands the highest scores were obtained with two blood-based methods, while the blood-free methods generally performed poorly. All methods gave higher scores with [(11)C](R)-rolipram, which has a lower metabolite fraction. Compartment modeling gave less reliable results, especially for the estimation of individual rate constants. CONCLUSION OUR STUDY SHOWS THAT: 1) Image input methods that are validated for a specific tracer and a specific machine may not perform equally well in a different setting; 2) despite the use of high resolution PET images, blood samples are still necessary to obtain a reliable image input function; 3) the accuracy of image input may also vary between radioligands depending on the magnitude of the radiometabolite fraction: the higher the metabolite fraction of a given tracer (e.g., [(11)C]PBR28), the more difficult it is to obtain a reliable image-derived input function; and 4) in association with image inputs, graphical analyses should be preferred over compartmental modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Zanotti-Fregonara
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jeih-San Liow
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Masahiro Fujita
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Sami S. Zoghbi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elise Luong
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ronald Boellaard
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Victor W. Pike
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Robert B. Innis
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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4
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da Silva Junior IJ, Sartor JP, Rosa PCP, de Veredas V, Barreto Júnior AG, Santana CC. High-performance liquid chromatographic separation of rolipram, bupivacaine and omeprazole using a tartardiamide-based stationary phase. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1162:97-102. [PMID: 17645885 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2006] [Revised: 07/05/2007] [Accepted: 07/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chromatographic separation of the chiral drugs rolipram, bupivacaine and omeprazole on a tartardiamide-based stationary phase commercially named Kromasil CHI-TBB is shown in this work. The effect of temperature on the chromatographic separation of the chiral drugs using the Kromasil CHI-TBB stationary phase was determined quantitatively so as to contribute toward the design for the racemic mixtures of the named compound by using chiral columns. A decrease in the retention and selectivity factors was observed, when the column temperature increased. Van't Hoff plots provided the thermodynamic data. The variation of the thermodynamic parameters enthalpy and entropy are clearly negative meaning that the separation is enthalpy controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivanildo José da Silva Junior
- Department of Biotechnological Processes, School of Chemical Engineering, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6066, 13083 - 970 Campinas - SP, Brazil
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5
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Chambers RJ, Abrams K, Castleberry TA, Cheng JB, Fisher DA, Kamath AV, Marfat A, Nettleton DO, Pillar JD, Salter ED, Sheils AL, Shirley JT, Turner CR, Umland JP, Lam KT. A new chemical tool for exploring the role of the PDE4D isozyme in leukocyte function. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:718-21. [PMID: 16263279 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2005] [Revised: 10/05/2005] [Accepted: 10/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide (2) is a potent and selective inhibitor of the PDE4D isozyme and as a chemical tool selectively blocks eosinophil mediator release and chemotaxis thus linking the role of PDE4D to eosinophil function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Chambers
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer, Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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6
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Iffland A, Kohls D, Low S, Luan J, Zhang Y, Kothe M, Cao Q, Kamath AV, Ding YH, Ellenberger T. Structural determinants for inhibitor specificity and selectivity in PDE2A using the wheat germ in vitro translation system. Biochemistry 2005; 44:8312-25. [PMID: 15938621 DOI: 10.1021/bi047313h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) modulate signaling by cyclic nucleotides in diverse processes such as cardiac contractility, platelet aggregation, lipolysis, glycogenolysis, and smooth muscle contraction. Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) stimulated human phosphodiesterase 2 (PDE2) is expressed mainly in brain and heart tissues. PDE2A is involved in the regulation of blood pressure and fluid homeostasis by the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), making PDE2-type enzymes important targets for drug discovery. The design of more potent and selective inhibitors of PDE2A for the treatment of heart disease would be greatly aided by the identification of active site residues in PDE2A that determine substrate and inhibitor selectivity. The identification of active site residues through traditional mutational studies involves the time-consuming and tedious purification of a large number of mutant proteins from overexpressing cells. Here we report an alternative approach to rapidly produce active site mutants of human PDE2A and identify their enzymatic properties using a wheat germ in vitro translation (IVT, also known as cell-free translation) system. We also present the crystal structure of the catalytic domain of human PDE2A determined at 1.7 A resolution, which provided a framework for the rational design of active site mutants. Using a rapid IVT approach for expression of human PDE2A mutants, we identified the roles of active site residues Asp811, Gln812, Ile826, and Tyr827 in inhibitor and substrate selectivity for PDE2A.
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MESH Headings
- 3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases/antagonists & inhibitors
- 3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases/chemistry
- 3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases/genetics
- 3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases/chemistry
- Adenine/analogs & derivatives
- Adenine/chemistry
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Binding Sites/genetics
- Catalytic Domain/genetics
- Cell-Free System
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 2
- Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 3
- Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4
- Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 5
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/chemistry
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Protein Biosynthesis
- Rolipram/chemistry
- Sequence Alignment
- Substrate Specificity/genetics
- Triticum/chemistry
- Triticum/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- André Iffland
- Department of Biology, Pfizer Research Technology Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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7
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Ke H, Huai Q, Xu RX. Crystallization of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases. Methods Mol Biol 2005; 307:181-90. [PMID: 15988064 DOI: 10.1385/1-59259-839-0:181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Selective inhibitors of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) have been widely studied as therapeutic agents for the treatment of various human diseases. Three-dimensional structures are essential for the design of highly selective inhibitors, but their availability is limited by the speed of crystallization. We describe crystallization of the catalytic domains of the unligated PDE4B2B, rolipram-bound PDE4D2, and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine-bound PDE5A1 using the methods of vapor diffusion and microdialysis. We also briefly describe general methods of protein crystallization to provide a background to readers outside of the crystallographic field. Finally, we discuss detailed procedures for and pitfalls of the crystallization of PDEs, which may be valuable for crystallization of other PDE members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengming Ke
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
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8
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Ochiai H, Odagaki Y, Ohtani T, Ishida A, Kusumi K, Kishikawa K, Yamamoto S, Takeda H, Obata T, Kobayashi K, Nakai H, Toda M. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of new phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:5063-78. [PMID: 15351390 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2004] [Revised: 07/16/2004] [Accepted: 07/16/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of new phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitors, which possess new templates instead of a cyclohexane ring, are described. The mode of interaction with the enzyme is discussed based on the structure-activity relationship (SAR) data obtained for the synthesized inhibitors. Furthermore, the roles of three pharmacophores, a catechol moiety, a nitrile moiety, and acidic moieties, are discussed using in silico docking studies. More detailed biological evaluations of selected compounds are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ochiai
- Minase Research Institute, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto, Mishima, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
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9
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Richter W, Conti M. The oligomerization state determines regulatory properties and inhibitor sensitivity of type 4 cAMP-specific phosphodiesterases. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:30338-48. [PMID: 15131123 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m312687200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
PDE4 splice variants are classified into long and short forms depending on the presence or absence of two unique N-terminal domains termed upstream conserved regions 1 and 2 (UCR1 and -2). We have shown previously that the UCR module mediates dimerization of PDE4 long forms, whereas short forms, which lack UCR1, behave as monomers. In the present study, we demonstrate that dimerization is an essential structural element that determines the regulatory properties and inhibitor sensitivities of PDE4 enzymes. Comparing the properties of the dimeric wild type PDE4D3 with several monomeric mutant PDE4D3 constructs revealed that disruption of dimerization ablates the activation of PDE4 long forms by either protein kinase A phosphorylation or phosphatidic acid binding. Moreover, the analysis of heterodimers consisting of a catalytically active and a catalytically inactive PDE4D3 subunit indicates that protein kinase A phosphorylation of both subunits is essential to fully activate PDE4 enzymes. In addition to affecting enzyme regulation, disruption of dimerization reduces the sensitivity of the enzymes toward the prototypical PDE4 inhibitor rolipram. Parallel binding assays indicated that this shift in rolipram sensitivity is likely mediated by a decrease in the number of inhibitor binding sites in the high affinity rolipram binding state. Thus, although dimerization is not a requirement for high affinity rolipram binding, it functions to stabilize PDE4 long forms in their high affinity rolipram binding conformation. Taken together, our data indicate that dimerization defines the properties of PDE4 enzymes and suggest a common structural and functional organization for all PDEs.
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MESH Headings
- 3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases/biosynthesis
- 3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases/chemistry
- 3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases/genetics
- Alternative Splicing
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Blotting, Western
- COS Cells
- Catalysis
- Catalytic Domain
- Centrifugation, Density Gradient
- Chromatography, Gel
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cyclic AMP/chemistry
- Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/chemistry
- Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4
- Cytosol/metabolism
- DNA Primers/chemistry
- Dimerization
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Genetic Vectors
- Humans
- Inhibitory Concentration 50
- Kinetics
- Models, Biological
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Mutation
- Open Reading Frames
- Phosphatidic Acids/chemistry
- Phosphorylation
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Precipitin Tests
- Protein Binding
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Rolipram/chemistry
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Wito Richter
- Division of Reproductive Biology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5317, USA
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10
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Xu RX, Rocque WJ, Lambert MH, Vanderwall DE, Luther MA, Nolte RT. Crystal structures of the catalytic domain of phosphodiesterase 4B complexed with AMP, 8-Br-AMP, and rolipram. J Mol Biol 2004; 337:355-65. [PMID: 15003452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2003] [Revised: 12/23/2003] [Accepted: 01/09/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase catalyzes the hydrolysis of the intracellular second messenger 3',5'-cyclic AMP (cAMP) into the corresponding 5'-nucleotide. Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4), the major cAMP-specific PDE in inflammatory and immune cells, is an attractive target for the treatment of asthma and COPD. We have determined crystal structures of the catalytic domain of PDE4B complexed with AMP (2.0 A), 8-Br-AMP (2.13 A) and the potent inhibitor rolipram (2.0 A). All the ligands bind in the same hydrophobic pocket and can interact directly with the active site metal ions. The identity of these metal ions was examined using X-ray anomalous difference data. The structure of the AMP complex confirms the location of the catalytic site and allowed us to speculate about the detailed mechanism of catalysis. The high-resolution structures provided the experimental insight into the nucleotide selectivity of phosphodiesterase. 8-Br-AMP binds in the syn conformation to the enzyme and demonstrates an alternative nucleotide-binding mode. Rolipram occupies much of the AMP-binding site and forms two hydrogen bonds with Gln443 similar to the nucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert X Xu
- Department of Computational, Analytical and Structural Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, V-180, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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11
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Abstract
Selective inhibitors against the 11 families of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are used to treat various human diseases. How the inhibitors selectively bind the conserved PDE catalytic domains is unknown. The crystal structures of the PDE4D2 catalytic domain in complex with (R)- or (R,S)-rolipram suggest that inhibitor selectivity is determined by the chemical nature of amino acids and subtle conformational changes of the binding pockets. The conformational states of Gln369 in PDE4D2 may play a key role in inhibitor recognition. The corresponding Y329S mutation in PDE7 may lead to loss of the hydrogen bonds between rolipram and Gln369 and is thus a possible reason explaining PDE7's insensitivity to rolipram inhibition. Docking of the PDE5 inhibitor sildenafil into the PDE4 catalytic pocket further helps understand inhibitor selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Huai
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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12
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Liu S, Laliberté F, Bobechko B, Bartlett A, Lario P, Gorseth E, Van Hamme J, Gresser MJ, Huang Z. Dissecting the cofactor-dependent and independent bindings of PDE4 inhibitors. Biochemistry 2001; 40:10179-86. [PMID: 11513595 DOI: 10.1021/bi010096p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Type 4 phosphodiesterases (PDE4s) are metallohydrolases that catalyze the hydrolysis of cAMP to AMP. At the bottom of its active site lie two divalent metal ions in a binuclear motif which are involved in both cAMP binding and catalysis [(2000) Science 288, 1822-1825; (2000) Biochemistry 39, 6449-6458]. Using a SPA-based equilibrium [(3)H]rolipram binding assay, we have determined that Mg(2+), Mn(2+), and Co(2+) all mediated a high-affinity (K(d) between 3 and 8 nM) and near stoichiometric (R)-rolipram binding to PDE4. In their absence, (R)-rolipram binds stoichiometrically to the metal ion-free apoenzyme with a K(d) of approximately 150 nM. The divalent cation dose responses in mediating the high-affinity rolipram/PDE4 interaction mirror their efficacy in catalysis, suggesting that both metal ions of the holoenzyme are involved in mediating the high-affinity (R)-rolipram/PDE4 interaction. The specific rolipram binding to the apo- and holoenzyme is differentially displaced by cAMP, AMP, and other inhibitors, providing a robust tool to dissect the components of metal ion-dependent and independent PDE4/ligand interactions. cAMP binds to the holoenzyme with a K(s) of 1.9 microM and nonproductively to the apoenzyme with a K(d) of 179 microM. In comparison, AMP binds to the holo- and apoenzyme with K(d) values of 7 and 11 mM, respectively. The diminished Mg(2+)-dependent component of AMP binding to PDE4 suggests that most of the Mg(2+)/phosphate interaction in the cAMP/PDE4 complex is disrupted upon the hydrolysis of the cyclic phosphoester bond, leading to the rapid release of AMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Frosst Center for Therapeutical Research, P.O. Box 1005, Pointe Claire, Dorval, Quebec H9R 4P8, Canada
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13
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Barluenga J, Fernández-Rodríguez MA, Aguilar E, Fernández-Marí F, Salinas A, Olano B. First highly regio- and diastereoselective [3+2] cycloaddition of chiral nonracemic Fischer carbene complexes with azomethine ylides: an enantioselective synthesis of (+)-rolipram. Chemistry 2001; 7:3533-44. [PMID: 11560324 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3765(20010817)7:16<3533::aid-chem3533>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A new procedure for the synthesis of 1,3,4-trisubstituted and 1,4-disubstituted pyrrolidin-2-one derivatives in an enantioselective fashion is reported. The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of (+/-)-menthol and (-)-8-phenylmenthol derived Fischer alkoxy alkenyl carbene complexes with in situ generated functionalized azomethine ylides gives the corresponding cycloadducts as chelated tetracarbonyl Fischer carbene complexes. Only one regioisomer is detected in all cases, and the diastereoselectivity of the reaction is very high when (-)-8-phenylmenthol derived carbenes are employed. Oxidation and further transformation of the cycloadducts provide an easy access to pyrrolidin-2-ones. The anti-inflammatory and antidepressant drug (+)-Rolipram is readily prepared in four steps in a 20% overall yield by taking advantage of this newly developed methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Barluenga
- Instituto Universitario de Química Organometálica Enrique Moles, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain.
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14
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Van der Mey M, Hatzelmann A, Van Klink GP, Van der Laan IJ, Sterk GJ, Thibaut U, Ulrich WR, Timmerman H. Novel selective PDE4 inhibitors. 2. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 4-aryl-substituted cis-tetra- and cis-hexahydrophthalazinones. J Med Chem 2001; 44:2523-35. [PMID: 11472206 DOI: 10.1021/jm010838c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of 4-aryl-substituted cis-4a,5,8,8a-tetra- and cis-4a,5,6,7,8,8a-hexahydro-2H-phthalazin-1-ones with high inhibitory activity toward cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE4) was synthesized. To study structure-activity relationships various substituents were introduced to the 2-, 3-, and 4-positions of the 4-phenyl ring. Substitution at the 4-position of the phenyl ring was restricted to a methoxy group, probably due to unfavorable steric interactions of larger groups with the binding site. The introduction of many alkoxy substituents including distinct ring systems and functional groups was allowed to the 3-position. It was found that in general the cis-4a,5,8,8a-tetrahydro-2H-phthalazin-1-ones are more potent than their hexahydrophthalic counterparts, the best activity residing in (4-imidazol-1-yl-phenoxy)butoxy analogue 16o (pIC(50) = 9.7).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Van der Mey
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacochemistry, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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15
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Keller TH, Bray-French K, Demnitz FW, Müller T, Pombo-Villar E, Walker C. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of N-arylrolipram derivatives as inhibitors of PDE4 isozymes. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2001; 49:1009-17. [PMID: 11515569 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.49.1009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Structure activity studies of N-phenylrolipram derivatives have led to the identification of highly potent PDE4 inhibitors. The potential of these inhibitors for cellular activity was routinely assessed in an assay of fMLP induced oxidative burst in human eosinophils. Since first generation PDE4 inhibitors have been plagued with a number of unwanted side effects, parallel structure activity studies for competition with the [3H]-rolipram binding site in rat brain were performed. In this fashion 5-[4-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-oxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl]-3-(3-methoxybenzyloxy)benzoic acid N',N'-dimethylhydrazide (22) was identified as a potent inhibitor of PDE4 which exhibits >1000 fold selectivity versus PDE3, and is a nanomolar inhibitor in all the cellular assays tested. Studies on the stereoselectivity of PDE4 inhibition of this class of rolipram based compounds revealed, that for example (S)-11 is a more potent inhibitor than (R)-11. This effect can also be observed in primary human cells where the (S)-enantiomer is about 10 fold more potent than the corresponding (R)-enantiomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Keller
- Respiratory Disease Therapeutic Area, Novartis Horsham Research Center, West Sussex, UK
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16
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Cherry JA, Thompson BE, Pho V. Diazepam and rolipram differentially inhibit cyclic AMP-specific phosphodiesterases PDE4A1 and PDE4B3 in the mouse. Biochim Biophys Acta 2001; 1518:27-35. [PMID: 11267656 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(01)00164-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic AMP is hydrolyzed by members of at least eight classes of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs). Although it has been reported that cyclic AMP PDE activity in mammalian tissues can be inhibited by benzodiazepines, it has not been conclusively demonstrated that members of the class of cyclic AMP-specific, rolipram-inhibitable PDEs (PDE4s) are targets for these drugs. Moreover, no PDE4s expressed in mice have been characterized. To address these issues, we isolated two cDNAs representing homologues of PDE4A1 and PDE4B3 from a mouse brain library. After transient transfection in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells, the mouse PDEs hydrolyzed cyclic AMP with a low K(m) and were inhibited by rolipram; both are properties typical of other mammalian PDE4 enzymes. In addition, we found that diazepam inhibited cyclic AMP hydrolysis by the mouse PDE4 subtypes. Interestingly, PDE4B was significantly more sensitive to inhibition by both rolipram and diazepam than the PDE4A subtype. This is the first demonstration that recombinantly expressed PDE4s are inhibited by diazepam, and should facilitate future studies with mouse models of depression and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Cherry
- Department of Psychology and Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology and Behavior, 64 Cummington Street, Boston University, 02215, Boston, MA, USA.
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Napoletano M, Norcini G, Pellacini F, Marchini F, Morazzoni G, Ferlenga P, Pradella L. The synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel series of phthalazine PDE4 inhibitors I. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:2235-8. [PMID: 11012037 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00449-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This communication describes the synthesis and in vitro evaluation of a novel and potent series of phosphodiesterase type IV (PDE4) inhibitors. The compounds described represent conformationally constrained analogues of RP 73401, Piclamilast. Preliminary evidences of reduced side effects of II compared to standards are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Napoletano
- Inpharzam Ricerche, Zambon Group, Cadempino, Switzerland.
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18
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Dal Piaz V, Giovannoni MP. Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors, structurally unrelated to rolipram, as promising agents for the treatment of asthma and other pathologies. Eur J Med Chem 2000; 35:463-80. [PMID: 10889326 DOI: 10.1016/s0223-5234(00)00179-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
An increase of cyclic adenosine and guanosine monophosphate (cAMP and cGMP) level can be achieved by inhibition of phosphodiesterases (PDEs), which are the enzymes responsible for the conversion of these second messengers into the corresponding 5-monophosphate inactive counterparts. The high heterogeneity in PDE families and in their tissue distribution, as well as their different functional role, make these enzymes very attractive targets for medicinal chemists. The PDE 4 family is particularly abundant in immunocompetent cells, where an increase of cAMP leads to the inhibition of the synthesis and release of pro-inflammatory mediators, cytokines and active oxygen species. Moreover PDE 4 inhibitors are able to reduce bronchial smooth muscle tone in vitro and show bronchodilatory effects in vivo. Thus, the current therapy for asthma, which is based on a combination of beta(2) agonists and corticosteroids, could be replaced by treatment with PDE 4 inhibitors. This review mainly covers PDE 4 inhibitors structurally related to xanthines and Nitraquazone, which appear to be very attractive models for the synthesis of novel PDE 4 inhibitors potentially useful for the treatment of asthma, chronic pulmonary obstructive disease and some autoimmune diseases. These compounds could be devoid of the central side-effects (nausea, vomiting, headache) of the archetypal Rolipram, which hampered its development as a drug. The review also highlights the novel structural classes of PDE 4 inhibitors recently reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Dal Piaz
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Firenze, Via G. Capponi 950121, Florence, Italy.
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