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Geng J, Zhang Y, Gao Q, Neumann K, Dong H, Porter H, Potter M, Ren H, Argyle D, Bradley M. Switching on prodrugs using radiotherapy. Nat Chem 2021; 13:805-810. [PMID: 34112990 PMCID: PMC7611443 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00711-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is a powerful tool in the armoury against cancer, but it is fraught with problems due to its global systemic toxicity. Here we report the proof of concept of a chemistry-based strategy, whereby gamma/X-ray irradiation mediates the activation of a cancer prodrug, thereby enabling simultaneous chemo-radiotherapy with radiotherapy locally activating a prodrug. In an initial demonstration, we show the activation of a fluorescent probe using this approach. Expanding on this, we show how sulfonyl azide- and phenyl azide-caged prodrugs of pazopanib and doxorubicin can be liberated using clinically relevant doses of ionizing radiation. This strategy is different to conventional chemo-radiotherapy radiation, where chemo-sensitization of the cancer takes place so that subsequent radiotherapy is more effective. This approach could enable site-directed chemotherapy, rather than systemic chemotherapy, with 'real time' drug decaging at the tumour site. As such, it opens up a new era in targeted and directed chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Geng
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Yichuan Zhang
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Quan Gao
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kevin Neumann
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hua Dong
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hamish Porter
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark Potter
- Department of Surgery, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hua Ren
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital and Shen Zhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - David Argyle
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark Bradley
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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2
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Wu J, Su D, Qin C, Li W, Rodrigues J, Sheng R, Zeng L. A fast responsive chromogenic and near-infrared fluorescence lighting-up probe for visual detection of toxic thiophenol in environmental water and living cells. Talanta 2019; 201:111-118. [PMID: 31122400 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.03.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Thiophenols as high toxic environmental pollutants are poisonous for animals and aquatic organisms. Therefore, it is indispensable to monitor thiophenols in the environment. Herein, a novel near-infrared fluorescent probe was developed for the detection of thiophenols, which was easily prepared by one-step coupling of 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride with Nile blue. The probe showed a significant near infrared (∼675 nm) fluorescence "turn-on" response to thiophenols with some good features including chromogenic reaction, high sensitivity and selectivity, fast response, near-infrared emission along with low detection limit (1.8 nM). The probe was employed to rapidly and visually determine thiophenols in several industrial wastewaters with good recoveries (90-110%). Moreover, this probe has been demonstrated good capability for imaging thiophenol in HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hubei Engineering University, Hubei, Xiaogan, 432000, PR China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, PR China
| | - Dongdong Su
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, PR China
| | - Caiqin Qin
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hubei Engineering University, Hubei, Xiaogan, 432000, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hubei Engineering University, Hubei, Xiaogan, 432000, PR China.
| | - João Rodrigues
- CQM-Centro de Quimica da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9000-390, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
| | - Ruilong Sheng
- CQM-Centro de Quimica da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9000-390, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal.
| | - Lintao Zeng
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hubei Engineering University, Hubei, Xiaogan, 432000, PR China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, PR China.
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3
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Lin H, Pang K, Ma Y, Hu J. Photodegradation of fluazaindolizine in water under simulated sunlight irradiation: Identification of transformation products and elucidation of transformation mechanism. Chemosphere 2019; 214:543-552. [PMID: 30286421 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The photodegradation of fluazaindolizine in water was investigated under simulated sunlight irradiation. The effects of solution pH, humic acids (HA), nitrates (NO3-) and Fe(III) ions on photolysis of fluazaindolizine were studied. The results indicated that pH did not significantly affect its photodegradation. At low concentration (up to 5 mg/L), HA slightly facilitated the photodegradation of fluazaindolizine, while at high concentration (10-20 mg/L), HA inhibited its photodegradation. The presence of NO3- (0-10 mg/L) and Fe(III) (0-5 mg/L) noticeably accelerated the photodegradation of fluazaindolizine. Moreover, eleven direct transformation products (TPs) were isolated and identified by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation was utilized to characterize molecular property of fluazaindolizine and predict the potentiality of the possible photodegradation reaction. Ultimately, a possible transformation mechanism was proposed based on the identified TPs, degradation profiles and DFT calculation. The predominant photoproduct came from ring opening of imidazole-ring and dechlorination. Other TPs resulted from a series of photochemical reactions involving hydroxyl substitution, ring-opening, cleavage, oxidation and decarboxylation. These results were important in elucidating environmental fate of fluazaindolizine in aquatic system and further environmental risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfang Lin
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Kyongjin Pang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yecheng Ma
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Jiye Hu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
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4
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Antonio da Silva D, Cavalcante RP, Cunha RF, Machulek A, César de Oliveira S. Optimization of nimesulide oxidation via a UV-ABC/H 2O 2 treatment process: Degradation products, ecotoxicological effects, and their dependence on the water matrix. Chemosphere 2018; 207:457-468. [PMID: 29807345 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nimesulide (Nim) degradation in ultrapure water (UW) and municipal sewage (MS) via UV-ABC/H2O2 was investigated. The variables included in the experimental design were time, initial Nim, and initial H2O2 concentrations. Resulting decreases in Nim concentration (monitored by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a photodiode array detector operating at a maximum UV absorbance of 300 nm), mineralization (from total organic carbon (TOC) measurements), and ecotoxicity (assays employing the bioindicators Daphnia similis, Artemia salina, and Allium cepa) were also studied. Degradation rates of 90% or higher were found for 15-20 min reaction times, employing combinations of [H2O2] = 50-150 mg L-1 and [Nim] = 8.5-15 mg L-1 prepared with MS. Mineralization rates of 70% and higher were attained within 60 min of reaction for [Nim] = 15 mg L-1 prepared in MS with [H2O2] = 100 mg L-1. Nim by-products were detected and possible degradation pathways proposed. Ecotoxicity evaluation using A. salina, D. similis, and A. cepa revealed that the treated samples had significantly lower toxicity. Exposure to treated samples resulted in survival rates of 79% for A. salina and over 90% for D. similis. No root growth inhibition was observed in A. cepa exposed to treated samples, whereas exposure to untreated samples inhibited root growth by 60%. Statistical analysis revealed elimination of cytotoxicity and reduction of genotoxicity against A. cepa. The results showed that the UV-ABC/H2O2 process can be employed as a pre- or post-treatment method to remove Nim from contaminated wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Antonio da Silva
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Senador Filinto Muller, 1555, CP 549, Campo Grande, MS 79074-460, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Pereira Cavalcante
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Senador Filinto Muller, 1555, CP 549, Campo Grande, MS 79074-460, Brazil
| | - Rebeca Fabbro Cunha
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Senador Filinto Muller, 1555, CP 549, Campo Grande, MS 79074-460, Brazil
| | - Amilcar Machulek
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Senador Filinto Muller, 1555, CP 549, Campo Grande, MS 79074-460, Brazil.
| | - Silvio César de Oliveira
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Senador Filinto Muller, 1555, CP 549, Campo Grande, MS 79074-460, Brazil.
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5
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Huang X, Feng Y, Hu C, Xiao X, Yu D, Zou X. Mechanistic QSAR models for interpreting degradation rates of sulfonamides in UV-photocatalysis systems. Chemosphere 2015; 138:183-189. [PMID: 26070083 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalysis is one of the most effective methods for treating antibiotic wastewater. Thus, it is of great significance to determine the relationship between degradation rates and structural characteristics of antibiotics in photocatalysis processes. In the present study, the photocatalytic degradation characteristics of 10 sulfonamides (SAs) were studied using two photocatalytic systems composed of nanophase titanium dioxide (nTiO2) plus ultraviolet (UV) and nTiO2/activated carbon fiber (ACF) plus UV. The results indicated that the largest apparent SA degradation rate constant (Kapp) is approximately 5 times as large as that of the smallest one. Based on the degradation mechanism and the partial least squares regression (PLS) method, optimum Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR) models were developed for the two systems. Mechanistic models indicated that the degradation rule of SAs in the TiO2 systems strongly relates to their highest occupied molecular orbital (Ehomo), the maximum values of nucleophilic attack (f(+)x), and the minimum values of the most negative partial charge on a main-chain atom (q(C)min), whereas the maximum values of OH radical attack (f(0)x) and the apparent adsorption rate constant values (kad) are key factors affecting the degradation rule of SAs in the TiO2/ACF system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfeng Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yi Feng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Cui Hu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; School of Life Science, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an 343009, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xiao
- School of Life Science, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an 343009, China
| | - Daliang Yu
- School of Life Science, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an 343009, China
| | - Xiaoming Zou
- School of Life Science, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an 343009, China.
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6
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Grover IS, Singh S, Pal B. Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of as-Prepared Sodium Titanates for m-Dinitrobenzene Reduction and Sulfosulfuron Oxidation. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2015; 15:1490-1498. [PMID: 26353678 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2015.9072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper demonstrates the preparation and photocatalytic activity of sodium titanate nanorods and nanotubes prepared by hydrothermal method using P25-TiO2 as the precursor. XRD results confirmed the monoclinic structure of sodium titanate nanorods obtained after calcinations of orthorhombic sodium titanate nanotubes at 800 °C for 2 h. The BET surface area of sodium titanate nanotubes (176 m2 g-1) was significantly reduced for sodium titanate nanorods (21 m2 g-1) formation because of the collapsing of the hollow interior of the former during its high temperature sintering. The selective formation of m-diaminobenzene by the photoreduction of the m-dinitrobenzene was found to be comparable by sodium titanate nanorods (89.5 ± 0.5%) and P25-TiO2 (98.2 ± 0.8%), whereas Au-deposition (0.5 and 2 wt%) onto sodium titanate nanorods notably altered the products (m-nitroaniline and m-diaminobenzene) distribution after 8 h of UV-light irradiation and which was confirmed later by GC-MS analysis. This high photoactivity of as-prepared nanorods could be credited to better delocalization and longer relaxation lifetime (68 µs) of photoexcited e-/h+ pairs along the length of crystalline sodium titanate nanorods than P25-TiO2 (45 µs) as measured from Time-resolved spectroscopy. The photooxidation of sulfosulfuron herbicide (1000 ppm) and corresponding CO2 formation was found to be highest with sodium titanate nanotubes due to the presence of more hydroxyl groups over the largest surface area that dominates over its least relaxation lifetime (41 µs).
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7
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Pelentridou K, Stathatos E, Karasali H, Lianos P. Photodegradation of the herbicide azimsulfuron using nanocrystalline titania films as photocatalyst and low intensity Black Light radiation or simulated solar radiation as excitation source. J Hazard Mater 2009; 163:756-760. [PMID: 18703278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2008] [Revised: 07/01/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous solutions of the herbicide azimsulfuron have been treated by a photocatalytic process employing titania nanocrystalline films as photocatalyst. Results showed that solutions of this herbicide at maximum possible concentration can be photodegraded in a time of a few hours by using low intensity UVA radiation comparable with that of the UVA of solar noon. Similar results have also been obtained with simulated solar radiation. Thus heterogeneous photocatalysis can be employed for the treatment of waters polluted by this herbicide.
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8
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Hu L, Flanders PM, Miller PL, Strathmann TJ. Oxidation of sulfamethoxazole and related antimicrobial agents by TiO2 photocatalysis. Water Res 2007; 41:2612-26. [PMID: 17433403 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2007.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2006] [Revised: 02/03/2007] [Accepted: 02/12/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The widespread detection of pharmaceutically active compounds, including many synthetic antimicrobial agents, in aquatic environments is raising public health concerns. As a result, there is growing interest in the development of innovative technologies to efficiently transform these compounds to non-toxic and pharmaceutically inactive byproducts. This work examines the photocatalytic degradation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and related sulfonamide antimicrobial agents in aqueous suspensions of nanophase titanium dioxide (TiO(2)). Experimental results demonstrate that SMX is mineralized by TiO(2) irradiated with ultraviolet-A light (UVA: 324<<lambda<<400 nm). Rates of UVA-TiO(2) photocatalyzed SMX degradation are dependent upon several variables, including the initial SMX concentration, catalyst phase identity and concentration, electron acceptor identity and concentration, and the presence of non-target water constituents. In contrast, reaction rates are not sensitive to changes in sulfonamide structure. Although pH has little direct effect on reaction rates, the presence of natural organic matter (NOM) inhibits photocatalytic degradation of SMX to a much greater extent at pH 5 than pH 9. In addition, the presence of bicarbonate leads to enhanced SMX photocatalysis at pH 9. Kinetic trends are consistent with a mechanism involving sulfonamide oxidation by hydroxyl radicals ((*)OH) generated via TiO(2) band gap excitation by UVA radiation. Identified transformation intermediates and products are consistent with SMX mineralization initiated by (*)OH attack on either the aromatic or heterocyclic rings or the sulfonamide bond. Results demonstrate that UVA-TiO(2) photocatalysis can be a very effective approach for degrading sulfonamide micropollutants, particularly in natural waters exhibiting either alkaline pH or low concentrations of NOM, or both conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanhua Hu
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Newmark Laboratory, MC-250, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Abstract
This study was carried out to characterize the photodegradation of penoxsulam and to evaluate the significance of photolysis for its fate and dissipation. Degradation studies of (14)C-labeled isotopes of penoxsulam in a "merry-go-round" reactor suggest that aqueous photodegradation proceeds via three possible pathways: cleavage of the sulfonamide bridge, stepwise degradation of the triazolopyrimidine system and its substituents, and photooxidation of the sulfonyl group. Seven major photoproducts were found, and six were identified. Two of the identified photodegradation products seem to be either rapidly biodegraded when formed or not formed in significant amounts in environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Jabusch
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, 95616-8588, USA.
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10
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Sleiman M, Ferronato C, Fenet B, Baudot R, Jaber F, Chovelon JM. Development of HPLC/ESI-MS and HPLC/1H NMR Methods for the Identification of Photocatalytic Degradation Products of Iodosulfuron. Anal Chem 2006; 78:2957-66. [PMID: 16642981 DOI: 10.1021/ac051836t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, HPLC/ESI-MS and stopped-flow HPLC/1H NMR methods were developed and applied to separate and characterize the byproducts arising from TiO2-catalyzed photodegradation of the herbicide iodosulfuron methyl ester (IOME) in aqueous solution under UV irradiation. Prior to identification, irradiated solutions of IOME (200 and 1000 mg.L(-1)) were concentrated by solid-phase extraction using two cartridges: Isolute C18 and Isolute ENV+. Analytical separation was achieved on a C18 reversed-phase column with ACN/H2O (HPLC/MS) or ACN/D2O (HPLC/NMR) as mobile phase and a linear gradient with a chromatographic run time of 35 min. The combination of UV and MS data allowed the structural elucidation of more than 20 degradation products, whereas 1H NMR data permitted an unequivocal confirmation of the identities of major products and the differentiation of several positional isomers, in particular, the hydroxylation isomers. The obtained results permitted us to propose a possible degradation scheme and to put in evidence the presence of privileged sites for the attack of OH radicals. This work shows, for the first time, the application of combined HPLC with UV, MS, and NMR detection for complete structural elucidation of photocatalytic degradation products, and it will be of particular value in studies on the elimination of pollutants in aqueous solutions by photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Sleiman
- Laboratoire d'Application de la Chimie à l'Environnement, UMR 5634, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
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11
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Jansen S, Arning J, Kemken D, Dülcks T, Beyersmann D. Phospholipase C activator 2,4,6-trimethyl-N-(meta-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-benzene-sulfonamide decays under ultraviolet light and shows strong self-fluorescence. Anal Biochem 2005; 330:353-5. [PMID: 15203343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2004.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Jansen
- Center for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse NW2, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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Selvaag E, Anholt H, Moan J, Thune P. Phototoxicity to sulphonamide derived oral antidiabetics and diuretics. Comparative in vitro and in vivo investigations. In Vivo 1997; 11:103-7. [PMID: 9067780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The oral antidiabetics chlorpropamide, glibenclamide, glipizide, gliquiudone, glymidine, tolazamide and tolbutamide, and the diuretics bemetizide, bendroflumethiazide, benzylhydrochlorothiazide, bumetanide, butizide, chlortalidone, furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, hydroflumethiazide, indapamide, piretanide, polythiazide, trichlormethiazide, and xipamide were investigated for potential phototoxicity in vitro using a cell culture model, and in vivo in hairless mice. After exposure to broad band UVA, the majority of the substances tested in vitro yielded a phototoxic action leading to loss of culture forming ability. In vivo, all tested substances induced edema or ulceration, and lead to a significantly increase in skin fold thickness of the mouse skin. In all, a number of substances not described to induce clinical photosensitivity nor phototoxicity in vitro or in vivo were detected in our testing. When determining potential photosensitizers, it seems important to utilize different test methods, as not all substances will exhibit action in a given assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Selvaag
- Department of Dermatology, Ullevaal Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway
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13
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Parks OW. Photodegradation of sulfa drugs by fluorescent light. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 1985; 68:1232-4. [PMID: 4086450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Thin layer chromatographic and liquid chromatographic procedures were used to show that sulfonamides containing a heterocyclic amine moiety and free N1 acidic hydrogen will photodegrade under fluorescent light in model systems containing riboflavin. The photodegradation product was characteristic of the drug. In-depth studies on sulfamethazine showed that the drug also photodegraded in the presence of lumichrome and flavin mononucleotide; the rate of photodegradation depended on the photosensitizer and its concentration. Crude polar liver extracts sensitized the photodegradation of sulfamethazine, but to a degree less than expected on the basis of reported riboflavin content of livers. It is recommended that procedures for quantitating sulfa drugs and their metabolites be performed in subdued lighting and/or that amber or low actinic vessels be used to prevent losses due to photochemical reactions.
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14
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Matsuda Y, Mihara M. Coloration and photolytic degradation of some sulfonamide tablets under exaggerated and ordinary ultraviolet irradiation. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1978; 26:2649-56. [PMID: 699208 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.26.2649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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15
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Phillips GO, Power DM, Sewart MC. Effects of -irradiation on sulphonamides. Radiat Res 1973; 53:204-15. [PMID: 4695222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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16
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Shimotoge M. [Photosensitivity caused by sulfa drugs. 3. Role of p-hydroxylaminobenzene sulfonamide in photosensitization by sulfamilamide]. Arerugi 1970; 19:770-6. [PMID: 5477366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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17
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Roth HJ, Allmer I. [Photoreactions of sulfonamide Mannich bases. 4. Photochemical reactions of anilino-benzyl ketones]. Arch Pharm Ber Dtsch Pharm Ges 1970; 303:741-53. [PMID: 5273783 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.19703030907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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18
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McCalla DR, Reuvers A, Kitai R. Inactivation of biologically active N-methyl-N-nitroso compounds in aqueous solution: effect of various conditions of pH and illumination. Can J Biochem 1968; 46:807-11. [PMID: 5672862 DOI: 10.1139/o68-122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The rates of decomposition of N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NG), N-methyl-N-nitroso-p-toluenesulfonamide (MNTS), N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, and N-methyl-N-nitrosourethane in dilute aqueous solutions at pH levels ranging from 2 to 9 are tabulated. There are considerable differences in the breakdown rates of these compounds. At low pH, MNTS is destroyed several times faster than any of the other compounds, while at pH 7, MNTS is about 100 times as stable as methylnitrosourea. Rates of photochemical destruction of NG and MNTS are also given. Some of the breakdown products have been identified. These data are used to provide tentative explanations for some apparently anomalous biological results.
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Abstract
It has been found that the sulfonamide bond is relatively susceptible to photolytic cleavage. The breakdown was effected either by irradiation with a source having a continuous emission above the wavelengths of 1800 angstroms or by another source emitting principally at 2537 angstroms. Less destruction of the amino acids was seen with the latter relative to the sulfonamide bond cleavage. The cleavage was not effected by irradiation at wavelengths greater than about 3000 angstroms. Side reactions were noted involving decarboxylation, demination, and destruction of certain susceptible amino acids such as tryptophan. In only one case was a product found that arose from cleavage of a carboxamide bond; glycyltyrosine gave glycine and tyrosine upon irradiation. A yield of 75 percent of the corresponding amino acid has been obtained by irradiation of tosylhistidine; yields of 75 to 100 percent have been obtained from sulfamic acid (NH(2)SO(3)H). A qualitative method for identifying sulfonylated amino acids is described.
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