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Mieczkowski A, Speina E, Trzybiński D, Winiewska-Szajewska M, Wińska P, Borsuk EM, Podsiadła-Białoskórska M, Przygodzki T, Drabikowski K, Stanczyk L, Zhukov I, Watala C, Woźniak K. Diketopiperazine-Based, Flexible Tadalafil Analogues: Synthesis, Crystal Structures and Biological Activity Profile. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26040794. [PMID: 33546456 PMCID: PMC7913621 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) is one of the most extensively studied phosphodiesterases that is highly specific for cyclic-GMP hydrolysis. PDE5 became a target for drug development based on its efficacy for treatment of erectile dysfunction. In the present study, we synthesized four novel analogues of the phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor-tadalafil, which differs in (i) ligand flexibility (rigid structure of tadalafil vs. conformational flexibility of newly synthesized compounds), (ii) stereochemistry associated with applied amino acid building blocks, and (iii) substitution with bromine atom in the piperonyl moiety. For both the intermediate and final compounds as well as for the parent molecule, we have established the crystal structures and performed a detailed analysis of their structural features. The initial screening of the cytotoxic effect on 16 different human cancer and non-cancer derived cell lines revealed that in most cases, the parent compound exhibited a stronger cytotoxic effect than new derivatives, except for two cell lines: HEK 293T (derived from a normal embryonic kidney, that expresses a mutant version of SV40 large T antigen) and MCF7 (breast adenocarcinoma). Two independent studies on the inhibition of PDE5 activity, based on both pure enzyme assay and modulation of the release of nitric oxide from platelets under the influence of tadalafil and its analogues revealed that, unlike a reference compound that showed strong PDE5 inhibitory activity, the newly obtained compounds did not have a noticeable effect on PDE5 activity in the range of concentrations tested. Finally, we performed an investigation of the toxicological effect of synthesized compounds on Caenorhabditis elegans in the highest applied concentration of 6a,b and 7a,b (160 μM) and did not find any effect that would suggest disturbance to the life cycle of Caenorhabditis elegans. The lack of toxicity observed in Caenorhabditis elegans and enhanced, strengthened selectivity and activity toward the MCF7 cell line made 7a,b good leading structures for further structure activity optimization and makes 7a,b a reasonable starting point for the search of new, selective cytotoxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Mieczkowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (E.S.); (M.W.-S.); (E.M.B.); (M.P.-B.); (K.D.); (I.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-592-3506
| | - Elżbieta Speina
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (E.S.); (M.W.-S.); (E.M.B.); (M.P.-B.); (K.D.); (I.Z.)
| | - Damian Trzybiński
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland; (D.T.); (K.W.)
| | - Maria Winiewska-Szajewska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (E.S.); (M.W.-S.); (E.M.B.); (M.P.-B.); (K.D.); (I.Z.)
| | - Patrycja Wińska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Ewelina M. Borsuk
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (E.S.); (M.W.-S.); (E.M.B.); (M.P.-B.); (K.D.); (I.Z.)
| | - Małgorzata Podsiadła-Białoskórska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (E.S.); (M.W.-S.); (E.M.B.); (M.P.-B.); (K.D.); (I.Z.)
| | - Tomasz Przygodzki
- Department of Haemostatic Disorders, Chair of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, 6/8 Mazowiecka Street, 92-235 Lodz, Poland; (T.P.); (L.S.); (C.W.)
| | - Krzysztof Drabikowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (E.S.); (M.W.-S.); (E.M.B.); (M.P.-B.); (K.D.); (I.Z.)
| | - Lidia Stanczyk
- Department of Haemostatic Disorders, Chair of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, 6/8 Mazowiecka Street, 92-235 Lodz, Poland; (T.P.); (L.S.); (C.W.)
| | - Igor Zhukov
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (E.S.); (M.W.-S.); (E.M.B.); (M.P.-B.); (K.D.); (I.Z.)
| | - Cezary Watala
- Department of Haemostatic Disorders, Chair of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, 6/8 Mazowiecka Street, 92-235 Lodz, Poland; (T.P.); (L.S.); (C.W.)
| | - Krzysztof Woźniak
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland; (D.T.); (K.W.)
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Kim U, Cho HD, Kang MH, Suh JH, Eom HY, Kim J, Seo S, Kim G, Koo HR, Ha N, Song UT, Han SB. Screening of Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitors and Their Analogs in Dietary Supplements by Liquid Chromatography-Hybrid Ion Trap-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25122734. [PMID: 32545673 PMCID: PMC7355528 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
An accurate and reliable method based on ion trap–time of flight mass spectrometry (IT–TOF MS) was developed for screening phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, including sildenafil, vardenafil, and tadalafil, and their analogs in dietary supplements. Various parameters affecting liquid chromatographic separation and IT–TOF detection were investigated, and the optimal conditions were determined. The separation was achieved on a reversed-phase column under gradient elution using acetonitrile and water containing 0.2% acetic acid at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. The chromatographic eluents were directly ionized in the IT–TOF system equipped with an electrospray ion source operating in the positive ion mode. The proposed screening method was validated by assessing its linearity, precision, and accuracy. Sequential tandem MS was conducted to obtain structural information of the references, and the fragmentation mechanism of each reference was proposed for providing spectral insight for newly synthesized analogs. Structural information, including accurate masses of both parent and fragment ions, was incorporated into the MSn spectral library. The developed method was successfully applied for screening adulterated dietary supplement samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unyong Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea; (U.K.); (H.-D.C.); (S.S.); (G.K.); (H.R.K); (N.H.); (U.T.S.)
- Biocomplete Co., Ltd., 272 Digital-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 08389, Korea
| | - Hyun-Deok Cho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea; (U.K.); (H.-D.C.); (S.S.); (G.K.); (H.R.K); (N.H.); (U.T.S.)
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacokinetics Study Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Korea;
| | - Myung Hee Kang
- Agro-Livestock and Fishery Products Division, Busan Regional Korea Food and Drug Administration, 222 Geoje-daero, Yunje-gu, Busan 47537, Korea;
| | - Joon Hyuk Suh
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA;
| | - Han Young Eom
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacokinetics Study Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Korea;
| | - Junghyun Kim
- Forensic Toxicology Division, National Forensic Service, 10 Ipchoon-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-do 26460, Korea;
| | - Sumin Seo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea; (U.K.); (H.-D.C.); (S.S.); (G.K.); (H.R.K); (N.H.); (U.T.S.)
| | - Gunwoo Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea; (U.K.); (H.-D.C.); (S.S.); (G.K.); (H.R.K); (N.H.); (U.T.S.)
| | - Hye Ryoung Koo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea; (U.K.); (H.-D.C.); (S.S.); (G.K.); (H.R.K); (N.H.); (U.T.S.)
| | - Nary Ha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea; (U.K.); (H.-D.C.); (S.S.); (G.K.); (H.R.K); (N.H.); (U.T.S.)
| | - Un Tak Song
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea; (U.K.); (H.-D.C.); (S.S.); (G.K.); (H.R.K); (N.H.); (U.T.S.)
| | - Sang Beom Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea; (U.K.); (H.-D.C.); (S.S.); (G.K.); (H.R.K); (N.H.); (U.T.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-820-5596
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