Feasibility and potential significance of prophylactic ablation of the major ascending tributaries in endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) of the great saphenous vein: A case series

Background

Recurrent varicosities after endovascular laser ablation (EVLA) of the great saphenous vein (GSV) are frequently due to varicose transformed, initially unsealed major ascending tributaries of the saphenofemoral junction (SFJ). Preventive ablation of these veins, especially the anterior accessory saphenous vein, is discussed as an option, along with flush occlusion of the GSV. However, few related data exist to date.

Methods

A consecutive case series of 278 EVLA procedures of the GSV for primary varicosis in 213 patients between May and December 2019 was retrospectively reviewed. The ablations were performed with a 1470 nm dual-ring radial laser and always included flush occlusion of the GSV, and concomitant ablation of its highest ascending tributaries by additional cannulation and ablation when this seemed anatomically appropriate. The initial technical success, comprising occlusion of the GSV and its major tributaries, was set as the primary endpoint. Possible determinants were explored using downstream multiple logistic regression analysis.

Results

The early technical success was 92.8%, with the GSV occluded in 99.6% and the highest ascending SFJ tributary, if present, in 92.4%. Additional ablations of ascending tributaries were performed in 171 cases (61.5%), the latter being associated with success (OR 10.39; 95% CI [3.420–36.15]; p < 0.0001). Presence of anterior as opposed to posterior accessory saphenous vein was another positive predictor (OR 3.959; 95% CI [1.142–13,73]; p = 0.027), while a confluence of the tributary in the immediate proximity to the SFJ had a negative impact (OR 0.2253; 95% CI [0.05456–0.7681]; p = 0.0253). An endothermal heat-induced thrombosis (EHIT) ≥ grade 2 was observed in three cases (1.1%).

Conclusions

A co-treatment of the tributaries is feasible and could improve the technical success of EVLA if a prophylactic closure of these veins is desired, especially if their distance to the SFJ is short. Its effect on the recurrence rate needs further research.

Metformin reduces risk of varicose veins in patients with type 2 diabetes

AIM

This population-based retrospective cohort study compared the incidence of varicose veins in an unmatched cohort and a cohort of 1:1 propensity score (PS)-matched pairs of ever and never users of metformin in type 2 diabetes patients.

METHODS

Patients with new-onset type 2 diabetes during 1999 to 2005 were enrolled from Taiwan's National Health Insurance and followed until December 31, 2011. Analyses were conducted in an unmatched cohort of 123 710 ever users and 15 095 never users and in 15 088 PS-matched pairs of ever users and never users. Hazard ratios were estimated by Cox proportional hazards model incorporated with the inverse probability of treatment weighting using the PS.

RESULTS

New-onset varicose veins were diagnosed in 126 never users and 633 ever users in the unmatched cohort and in 126 never users and 80 ever users in the matched cohort. The respective incidences were 191.36 and 110.04 per 100 000 person-years in the unmatched cohort and 191.41 and 115.81 per 100 000 person-years in the matched cohort. The hazard ratio for ever versus never users in the unmatched cohort was 0.57 (95% confidence interval, 0.47-0.69) and was 0.60 (0.45-0.80) for the matched cohort. In the unmatched cohort, the hazard ratios for the first, second, and third tertiles of cumulative duration were 1.03 (0.83-1.28), 0.55 (0.44-0.69), and 0.29 (0.23-0.37), respectively. The respective hazard ratios in the matched cohort were 0.97 (0.65-1.43), 0.79 (0.55-1.15), and 0.24 (0.13-0.42).

CONCLUSION

Metformin use is associated with a lower risk of varicose veins in patients with type 2 diabetes.

[Transitory (evening) venous reflux in patients with intracutaneous varicosity and medicamentous correction thereof]

The authors carried out a study aimed at revealing transitory refluxes along the great saphenous vein (GSV) in patients with intracutaneous varicosity, and at investigating the possibility of removing them by means of preparations of micronized purified flavonoid fraction (MPFF). The study included a total of one hundred and forty-seven 21-to-47-year-old (mean age 31±4.4 years) women presenting with cutaneous varicosity (class C1s). The duration of skin manifestations amounted to 9.4±3.9 years (varying from 4 to 24 years). Telangiectasias were present in 69 (46.9%) women, 36 (24.5%) women had reticular varicosity, and 42 (28.6%) a combination thereof. An author-devised test was used with prolonged orthostatic load consisting in carrying ultrasound duplex scanning twice: in the evening after 6 p. m. and in the morning before 10 a.m., assessing the evening and morning parameters of the GSV, as well as the increment of the diameter of the vein at evening measurement as compared with the morning indices. Women with transitory refluxes along the GSV (n=59) underwent treatment with MPFF preparations (Detralex, Servier) during 60 days at a daily dose of 1,000 mg. The morning examination showed that there was no reflux along the GSV. The evening examination revealed refluxes along the GSV of various pattern and extent in 59 (40.1 %). All the 59 patients with evening refluxes presented complaints for increased fatigability, heaviness in the lower limbs by the end of the day. After 2 months of treatment, of the 59 women with initial reflux, 38 (64.4%) patients had no reflux and in 21 (35.6%) the extent of reflux decreased more than twofold. The evening diameter of the GSV decreased from 5.7 mm (95% CI 4.0-7.1) to 5.2 mm (95% CI 5.5-6.5) and the orthostatic gradient decreased from 0.9 mm (95% CD 0.6-1.3) to 0.6 mm (95% CI 0.4-0.8), p=0.000001. The initial complaints for heaviness in the legs after treatment disappeared in 76.6% of patients (50 of 59 subjects); in 9 women intensity of complaints decreased. The quality of life index decreased from 42 (95% CI 28-55) to 31 (95% CI 15-52) points (p=00001). Conclusions were drawn that in intracutaneous reflux in 40.1% of cases there appear transitory evening refluxes along the GSV revealed in the day-time orthostatic test. Taking MPFFs at a dose of 1,000 mg daily during 2 months removes evening transitory reflexes in 64.4% of cases and in 35.6% of cases decrease them, thus promoting contributing to decreased intensity of venous complaints and an increase in quality of life.

Interventions for varicose veins and leg oedema in pregnancy

BACKGROUND

Pregnancy is presumed to be a major contributory factor in the increased incidence of varicose veins in women, which can in turn lead to venous insufficiency and leg oedema. The most common symptom of varicose veins and oedema is the substantial pain experienced, as well as night cramps, numbness, tingling, the legs may feel heavy, achy, and possibly be unsightly. Treatments for varicose veins are usually divided into three main groups: surgery, pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments. Treatments of leg oedema comprise mostly symptom reduction rather than cure and use of pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches.

OBJECTIVES

To assess any form of intervention used to relieve the symptoms associated with varicose veins and leg oedema in pregnancy.

SEARCH METHODS

We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (31 May 2015) and reference lists of retrieved studies.

SELECTION CRITERIA

Randomised trials of treatments for varicose veins or leg oedema, or both, in pregnancy.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Two review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion and risk of bias, extracted data and checked them for accuracy.

MAIN RESULTS

We included seven trials (involving 326 women). The trials were largely unclear for selection bias and high risk for performance and detection bias.Two studies were placebo-controlled trials. The first one compared a phlebotonic (rutoside) with placebo for the reduction in symptoms of varicose veins; the second study evaluated the efficacy of troxerutin in comparison to placebo among 30 pregnant women in their second trimester with symptomatic vulvar varicosities and venous insufficiency in their lower extremities. Data from this study were not in useable format, so were not included in the analysis. Two trials compared either compression stockings with resting in left lateral position or reflexology with rest for 15 minutes for the reduction of leg oedema. One trial compared standing water immersion for 20 minutes with sitting upright in a chair with legs elevated for 20 minutes. Women standing in water were allowed to stand or walk in place. One trial compared 20 minutes of daily foot massage for five consecutive days and usual prenatal care versus usual prenatal care. The final trial compared three treatment groups for treating leg oedema in pregnancy. The first group was assigned to lateral supine bed rest at room temperature, women in the second group were asked to sit in a bathtub of waist-deep water at 32 ± 0.5 C with their legs horizontal and the third group included the women who were randomised to sitting immersed in shoulder-deep water at 32 ± 0.5 C with legs extended downward. We did not include this study in the analysis as outcomes reported in the paper were not pre-specified outcomes of this review.We planned to use GRADE methods to assess outcomes for two different comparisons and assign a quality rating. However, only two out of three outcomes for one comparison were reported and could be assessed. Evidence from one trial (rutoside versus placebo) for the outcomes of reduction in symptoms and incidence of complications associated with varicose veins and oedema was assessed as of moderate quality. Rutoside versus placeboOne trial involving 69 women, reported that rutoside significantly reduced the symptoms associated with varicose veins (risk ratio (RR) 1.89, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11 to 3.22; moderate quality evidence). The incidence of complications (deep vein thrombosis) did not differ significantly between the two groups (risk ratio (RR) 0.17, 95% CI 0.01 to 3.49; moderate quality evidence). There were no significant differences in side-effects (RR 1.30, 95% CI 0.23 to 7.28). Women's perception of pain was not reported in this trial. External pneumatic intermittent compression versus restOne trial, involving 35 women, reported no significant difference in lower leg volume when compression stockings were compared against rest (mean difference (MD) -258.80, 95% CI -566.91 to 49.31). Reflexology versus restingAnother trial, involving 55 women, compared reflexology with rest. Reflexology significantly reduced the symptoms associated with oedema (reduction in symptoms: RR 9.09, 95% CI 1.41 to 58.54). The same study showed a trend towards satisfaction and acceptability with the intervention (RR 6.00, 95% CI 0.92 to 39.11). Water immersion versus leg elevationThere was evidence from one trial, involving 32 women, to suggest that water immersion for 20 minutes in a swimming pool reduces leg volume (RR 0.43, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.83). Foot massage versus routine careOne trial, involving 80 women reported no significant difference in lower leg circumference when foot massage was compared against routine care (MD -0.11, 95% CI -1.02 to 0.80).No other primary or secondary outcomes were reported in the trials.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

There is moderate quality evidence to suggest that rutosides appear to help relieve the symptoms of varicose veins in late pregnancy. However, this finding is based on one study (69 women) and there are not enough data presented in the study to assess its safety in pregnancy. Reflexology or water immersion appears to help improve symptoms for women with leg oedema, but again this is based on two small studies (43 and 32 women, respectively).

[Combined endovascular and surgical therapy for chronic pelvic venous closure accompanied by massive prepubic and limbs varices]

We report a successful surgical and endovascular procedure in a patient with increasing chronic varicose veins resulting from a chronic post-traumatic closure of the left pelvic vein. The endovascular intervention involves an effective and fast part of the procedure dealing with the primary cause of the patients pathology with subsequent surgical treatment, which radically eliminates the secondary developing pathology of massive prepubic and convoluted varicose veins in limbs.

Looking after your health. 3. Avoiding varicose veins

This article is to summarise key concepts for the health of the midwife with particular focus on standing for prolonged periods. One of the resultant factors relating to standing postures is the slow but avoidable progression of varicose veins. There is a strong genetic bias to these veins, which can be distressing, but here we will highlight awareness and current research.

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in combination with or without variceal embolization for the prevention of variceal rebleeding: a meta-analysis

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) is the mainstay treatment option for the complications of portal hypertension. Whether or not variceal embolization should be performed during TIPS procedures remains controversial. A meta-analysis to compare the incidence of shunt dysfunction, variceal rebleeding, encephalopathy, and death between patients treated with TIPS alone and those treated with TIPS combined with variceal embolization was conducted.

METHODS

All relevant studies were searched via PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled. Heterogeneity among studies and publication bias were assessed.

RESULTS

Six articles were included in our study. Type of stents was covered (n = 2), bare (n = 2), mixed (n = 1), and unknown (n = 1). Varices were angiographically embolized by coils in six studies. Additional liquids agents were employed in three studies. Compared with TIPS alone group, TIPS combined with variceal embolization group had a significantly lower incidence of variceal rebleeding (OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.29-3.17, P = 0.002), but a similar incidence of shunt dysfunction (OR 1.26, 95% CI 0.76-2.08, P = 0.38), encephalopathy (OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.46-1.43, P = 0.47), and death (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.55-1.47, P = 0.68). Neither any significant heterogeneity nor proof of publication bias among studies was found in all meta-analyses.

CONCLUSIONS

Adjunctive variceal embolization during TIPS procedures might be beneficial in the prevention of variceal rebleeding. However, given the heterogeneity of type of stents, embolic agents, type of varices, and indications of variceal embolization among studies, additional well-designed randomized, controlled trials with larger sample size and use of covered stents should be warranted to confirm these findings.

Recurrent varicose veins of the legs. Analysis of a social problem

The present study was aimed at assessing the experience of a single referral center with recurrent varicose veins of the legs (RVL) over the period 1993-2008. Among a total of 846 procedures for Leg Varices (LV), 74 procedures were for RVL (8.7%). The causes of recurrence were classified as classic: insufficient crossectomy (13); incompetent perforating veins (13); reticular phlebectasia (22); small saphenous vein insufficiency (9); accessory saphenous veins (4); and particular: post-hemodynamic treatment (5); incomplete stripping (1); Sapheno-Femoral Junction (SFJ) vascularization (5); post-thermal ablation (2). For the "classic" RVL the treatment consisted essentially of completing the previous treatment, both if the problem was linked to an insufficient earlier treatment and if it was due to a later onset. The most common cause in our series was reticular phlebectasia; when the simple sclerosing injections are not sufficient, this was treated by phlebectomy according to Mueller. The "particular" cases classified as 1, 2 and 4 were also treated by completing the traditional stripping procedure (+ crossectomy if this had not been done previously), considered to be the gold standard. In the presence of a SFJ neo-vascularization, with or without cavernoma, approximately 5 cm of femoral vein were explored, the afferent vessels ligated and, if cavernoma was present, it was removed. Although inguinal neo-angiogenesis is a possible mechanism, some doubt can be raised as to its importance as a primary factor in causing recurrent varicose veins, rather than their being due to a preexisting vein left in situ because it was ignored, regarded as insignificant, or poorly evident. In conclusion, we stress that LV is a progressive disease, so the treatment is unlikely to be confined to a single procedure. It is important to plan adequate monitoring during follow-up, and to be ready to reoperate when new problems present that, if left, could lead the patient to doubt the validity and efficacy of the original treatment.

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt may be superior to conservative therapy for variceal rebleeding in cirrhotic patients with non-tumoral portal vein thrombosis: a hypothesis

The presence of occlusive portal vein thrombosis (PVT) greatly changes the natural history of liver cirrhosis, because it not only significantly increases the incidence of variceal rebleeding but also negatively influences the survival. However, due to the absence of strong evidence, no standard treatment algorithm for the secondary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients with non-tumoral PVT has been established. Previous randomized controlled trials have demonstrated that transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) can significantly decrease the incidence of variceal rebleeding in cirrhotic patients without PVT, compared with conservative therapy (i.e., endoscopic plus pharmacological therapy). Further, several large cohort studies have confirmed that TIPS can effectively prevent variceal rebleeding in cirrhotic patients with non-tumoral PVT. On the other hand, TIPS can facilitate recanalizing the thrombosed portal vein by endovascular manipulations, even in the presence of cavernous transformation of the portal vein (CTPV). More importantly, successful TIPS insertions can maintain the persistent portal vein patency, and avoid thrombus extension into the portal venous system. By comparison, anticoagulation therapy can achieve portal vein recanalization only in patients with partial PVT, but not in those with occlusive PVT or CTPV, and the use of anticoagulants may aggravate the risk of variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients with a history of variceal bleeding. Collectively, we hypothesize that TIPS may be superior to conservative therapy for the prevention of variceal rebleeding in cirrhotic patients with non-tumoral PVT. Randomized controlled trials should be conducted to evaluate the survival benefit of TIPS in these patients.

[Identification and prevention of varicose veins disease of lower extremities in military conscripts]

The authors considered the problem of prevention and detection of varicose subcutaneous veins of lower extremities in soldiers performing military service by conscription, and make recommendations about troop doctor, a range of means must be used to increase the duration of the stage of conservative treatment.

The "Chair Campaign" in Korea: an alternative approach in occupational health and safety for service workers

In spite of the increasing number of service workers in Korea, their occupational health and safety concerns have largely been neglected. It is in this context that the Chair Campaign, which lasted four months, was launched as an alternative occupational health approach for service workers. The campaign succeeded in getting wide public support, bringing about a special inspection by the Ministry of Labor. Finally, chairs were provided for workers at checkout counters in 71 department stores and 449 large discount stores. However, there are still many workplaces where workers cannot sit, whether chairs are provided or not. Although there is still much to be done, this campaign raised social awareness that service workers, mainly women, have the right to work in healthy and safe conditions. This paper will review the campaign and evaluate its achievements and limitations.

Clinical pharmacology of portal hypertension

Portal hypertension is an increase in pressure in the portal vein and its tributaries. It is defined as a portal pressure gradient (the difference in pressure between the portal vein and the hepatic veins) greater than 5 mm Hg. Although this gradient defines portal hypertension, a gradient of 10 mm Hg or greater defines clinically significant portal hypertension, because this pressure gradient predicts the development of varices, decompensation of cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The most direct consequence of portal hypertension is the development of gastroesophageal varices that may rupture and lead to the development of variceal hemorrhage. This article reviews the pathophysiologic bases of the different pharmacologic treatments for portal hypertension in patients with cirrhosis and places them in the context of the natural history of varices and variceal hemorrhage.

[Prevention of recurrent varicose veins after surgery caused by phenomenon of neovascularization]

The aim of study was to evaluate the effectiveness of surgical "barrier techniques" in prevention of phenomenon of inguinal neovascularization in patients with varicose veins of lower limbs. There were 68 patients (80 limbs) treated with flush ligation of saphenofemoral junction, stripping of great saphenous vein and avulsion of varicosities. Patients were divided in three groups: I (no "barrier techniques")--40 limbs; II (anatomical barrier)--20 limbs and III (synthetic barrier)--20 limbs. Duplex ultrasound was performed at interval of 24 months postoperatively. Signs of neovascularization were found more frequently in group I--22.5% of limbs vs 7.5% of limbs in patients with utilization of "barrier techniques". There were types B1, B2a and B2b of neovascularization only, according to Fischer classification. We conclude that use of a "barrier techniques", either anatomic or synthetic, is associated with a decreased incidence of neovascularization at the level of the saphenofemoral junction compared with a control group.

[Diagnosis and treatment of acute ascending lower limb varicophlebitis in geriatric population]

Acute lower limb varicophlebitis is generally considered as a nonhazardous condition. In spite of that notion, acute ascending varicophlebitis (AAVP) involving proximal part of saphenous trunks with propagation of thrombus into deep veins may cause life-threatening complications--deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Difficulties in AAVP diagnosis in elderly individuals account for untypical insidious clinical presentation and inadequate interpretation of symptoms by patient. Duplex scanning of lower limb veins is one of the most valuable diagnostic tools that influence the management of patients with AAVP. Elderly age is not a contraindication for surgery in patients with AAVP. Ligation of SFJ (SPJ) constitutes the main operative step, preventing progression of thrombosis and PE. In the absence of marked local inflammation at the site of thrombosed veins, varicosities may be removed simultaneously using minimally invasive techniques--perforating inversion saphenous stripping and hook phlebectomy. Further management of elderly patients with thrombosed vein recanalization is specified according to clinical findings and duplex scanning of the veins.

Interventions for varicose veins and leg oedema in pregnancy

BACKGROUND

Pregnancy is presumed to be a major contributory factor in the increased incidence of varicose veins in women, which can in turn lead to venous insufficiency and leg oedema. The most common symptom of varicose veins and oedema is the substantial pain experienced, as well as night cramps, numbness, tingling, the legs may feel heavy, achy, and possibly be unsightly. Treatment of varicose veins are usually divided into three main groups: surgery, pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments. Treatments of leg oedema comprise mostly of symptom reduction rather than cure and use pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches.

OBJECTIVES

To assess any form of intervention used to relieve the symptoms associated with varicose veins and leg oedema in pregnancy.

SEARCH STRATEGY

We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (October 2006).

SELECTION CRITERIA

Randomised trials of treatments for varicose veins or leg oedema, or both, in pregnancy.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Both review authors independently assessed trials for eligibility, methodological quality and extracted all data.

MAIN RESULTS

Three trials, involving 159 women, were included. VARICOSE VEINS: One trial, involving 69 women, reported that rutoside significantly reduced the symptoms associated with varicose veins (relative risk (RR) 1.89, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11 to 3.22). There were no significant differences in side-effects (RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.13 to 5.79) or incidence of deep vein thrombosis (RR 0.17, 95% CI 0.01 to 3.49). OEDEMA: One trial, involving 35 women, reported no significant difference in lower leg volume when compression stockings were compared against rest (weighted mean difference -258.80, 95% CI -566.91 to 49.31). Another trial, involving 55 women, compared reflexology with rest. Reflexology significantly reduced the symptoms associated with oedema (reduction in symptoms: RR 9.09, 95% CI 1.41 to 58.54). There was no evidence of significant difference in the women's satisfaction and acceptability with either intervention (RR 6.00, 95% CI 0.92 to 39.11).

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

Rutosides appear to help relieve the symptoms of varicose veins in late pregnancy. However, this finding is based on one small study (69 women) and there are not enough data presented in the study to assess its safety in pregnancy. It therefore cannot be routinely recommended. Reflexology appears to help improve symptoms for women with leg oedema, but again this is based on one small study (43 women). External compression stockings do not appear to have any advantages in reducing oedema.

Neovascularization: an "innocent bystander" in recurrent varicose veins

OBJECTIVE

Varicose vein recurrence after surgery occurs in up to 60% of patients. A variety of technical factors have been implicated, but biological factors such as neovascularization have more recently been proposed. The objective of this study was to characterize the relative contribution of technical and biological factors to recurrence in a large prospective series of recurrent varicose veins.

METHODS

Duplex and operative findings were recorded prospectively in a consecutive series of 500 limbs undergoing surgery for recurrent varicose veins between 1995 and 2005 in a university teaching hospital. Only limbs with previous saphenofemoral junction surgery were included. All limbs had preoperative duplex mapping by an accredited vascular technician who assessed the status of the great saphenous vein (GSV) in the thigh and groin, sought sonographic evidence of neovascularization, and reported on the presence of reflux in the short saphenous vein and perforator sites (typical and atypical). All operations were performed with an attending vascular surgeon as the lead operator.

RESULTS

Primary GSV surgery was incomplete in 83.2% of limbs. A completely intact GSV system was present in 17.4% of limbs. An incompetent thigh saphenous vein was present in 44.2% of limbs, 37.6% had GSV stump incompetence with one or more intact tributaries, and 16% had both a residual thigh GSV and an incompetent stump with intact tributaries. Non-GSV sites of reflux were identified in 25% of limbs. Neovascularization was identified on duplex scanning in 41 (8.2%) limbs. However, in 27 of these, surgical exploration revealed a residual GSV stump with 1 or more significant tributaries. Each of the remaining 14 (2.8%) limbs had a residual incompetent thigh GSV.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite reports to the contrary, neovascularization occurs in a relatively small proportion of patients with recurrent varicose veins. All recurrent varicose veins associated with duplex-diagnosed neovascularization are also associated with persistent reflux in the GSV stump tributaries, thigh GSV, or both. Recurrence after primary varicose vein surgery is associated with inadequate primary surgery or progression of disease, and neovascularization alone is not a cause of recurrent varicose veins.

Early and late complications of silicone patch saphenoplasty at the saphenofemoral junction

BACKGROUND

To reduce the incidence of postoperative recurrence after great saphenous vein (GSV) surgery, various barrier techniques have been introduced, aiming at containment of postoperative neovascularization at the saphenofemoral junction in the groin. Interposition of a prosthetic barrier (patch saphenoplasty) may be useful for this purpose; however, the incidence of postoperative complications after patch saphenoplasty is unknown. A prospective study examined the incidence of complications after patch saphenoplasty in primary and repeat varicose vein surgery.

METHODS

Silicone patch saphenoplasty was performed in a consecutive series of 462 limbs (primary GSV surgery in 380, repeat surgery in 82) in 387 patients. Early and late complications in the groin potentially related to patch saphenoplasty were registered at clinical follow-up after 1 week and at clinical and duplex ultrasound examination after 2 months, 1 year, and later in case of new symptoms.

RESULTS

Complications occurred in 44 limbs (9.5%), 28 (7.4%) after primary GSV surgery and 16 (19.5%) after repeat surgery (P < .01). After repeat surgery, half of the complications were lymphatic problems. Nine limbs (2.0%) developed a complication after >2 months. Wound infection was registered in 13 limbs (2.8%), lymphocele or lymphedema in the groin or thigh in 15 limbs (3.2%), symptomatic or asymptomatic proximal venous thromboembolism in 14 limbs (3.0%), and swelling of the thigh due to important stenosis of the common femoral vein visible on duplex scan in 4 limbs (0.9%). Two of the latter remained symptomatic even after venoplasty and stenting of the pinpoint stenosis of the common femoral vein.

CONCLUSION

Patch saphenoplasty can cause early and late postoperative complications in the groin, which are usually minor. In exceptional cases, major complications may cause important morbidity and may be difficult to handle.

Hormone replacement therapy and venous disease

Hormone replacement therapy was first proposed as a magic solution to all the health problems of middle aged women, however, recently a great number of side effects were proven, including an increased incidence of thromboembolic events. In the last decades, a great number of women around the world were in use of HRT, believing that they would have fewer heart attacks and hip fractures. Nevertheless, large clinical trials failed to show the benefits attributed to the use of estrogen and progestin. They proved that not only HRT exposed its users to a higher risk of thromboembolic events, breast cancer and gall bladder disease, but also did not protect the women against heart attacks as it was first thought, although fewer hip fractures occurred. The truth is that we do not know the precise mechanisms by which hormones act, as we do not know all the aspects concerning coagulation and fibrinolysis. We already know that the vessel wall, as well as other target organs, have a large number of estrogen and progestagen receptors which distribution is variable from person to person, rendering a reasonably number of persons more sensitive to the hormone effects. There are still questions about the risks and benefits of the hormone replacement therapy, including its action on the chronic venous disease. Despite the impact of the recent clinical trials, many women still remained on HRT and a great number are under treatment with tamoxifene and raloxifene, for breast cancer and osteoporosis prevention.

Mid-term recurrence rate of incompetent perforating veins after combined superficial vein surgery and subfascial endoscopic perforating vein surgery

BACKGROUND

This study investigated the mid-term (mean, 3.7 years) clinical results and the results of duplex Doppler sonographic examinations of subfascial endoscopic perforating vein surgery (SEPS) in patients with mild to severe chronic venous insufficiency (clinical class 2-6) and assessed the factors associated with the recurrence of insufficient perforating veins (IPVs).

METHODS

Eighty patients with mild to severe chronic venous insufficiency undergoing SEPS were evaluated, and duplex findings, as well as clinical severity and disability scores before and after the operation, were compared. Patients with prior deep vein thrombosis (<6 months) or prior SEPS were excluded from this study.

RESULTS

There were 27 men and 53 women with a median age of 59.8 years (range, 34.3-80.0 years). The distribution of clinical classes (CEAP) was as follows: class 2, 13.1% (12 limbs); class 3, 22.8% (21 limbs); class 4, 19.6% (18 limbs); class 5, 21.7% (20 limbs); and class 6, 22.8% (21 limbs). The etiology of venous insufficiency was primary valvular incompetence in 83 limbs (90.2%) and secondary disease in 9 limbs (9.8%). Concomitant superficial vein surgery was performed in 89 limbs (95.7%). Twenty (95%) leg ulcers healed spontaneously within 12 weeks after operation, whereas one patient required additional split-thickness skin grafting. Eighteen patients had previous surgery of the great and/or short saphenous vein before SEPS. During a mean follow-up of 3.7 years, recurrence of 22 IPVs was observed in 20 (21.7%) of 92 limbs, and recurrent leg ulcers were observed in 2 (9.5%) of 21 limbs. We performed univariate and multivariate analyses to predict factors influencing the recurrence of IPVs (recurrent superficial varicosis, secondary disease, active or healed leg ulcer [C5/6], compression treatment, and previous operation). On multivariate analysis, previous surgery (P = .014) was identified as the only significant factor for the recurrence of IPVs.

CONCLUSIONS

SEPS is a safe and highly effective treatment for IPVs. Within a median follow-up period of 3.7 years, only 2 of 21 venous ulcers recurred, both in patients with secondary disease. Nevertheless, we observed recurrence of IPVs in 21.7% of the operated limbs. On multivariate analysis, patients who had undergone previous surgery were found to have a significantly higher rate of recurrence.

Chronic venous disease treated by ultrasound guided foam sclerotherapy

AIM

To report the outcome of a series of patients with chronic venous disease due to incompetence of saphenous trunks managed by ultrasound guided foam sclerotherapy (UFS).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A group of 808 patients comprise this series. CEAP clinical class for limbs was C1: 15%, C2: 81%, C3: 0.5%, C4: 2%, C5: 0.2%, C6: 0.4%. UFS using 1% polidocanol (107 limbs), 1% sodium tetradecyl (102 limbs), 3% sodium tetradecyl (900 limbs) was employed to treat incompetent saphenous trunks. In patients with unilateral varices 1 treatment was required in 43% of patients and 2 treatments in 48% of patients to obliterate incompetent saphenous trunks and varices. For bilateral varices 2 treatments were required in 40% of patients and 3 treatments in 46% of cases. The clinical outcome and patency of treated veins on duplex ultrasonography was assessed at a mean follow-up interval of 11 months.

RESULTS

A total of 459 limbs were available for assessment at a follow-up interval of 6 months or greater. The CEAP clinical stage was C0:182 limbs, C1: 241, C2: 22, C3: 0, C4: 11, C5: 2, C6:1. The GSV had remained obliterated in 88% of limbs and the SSV in 82% of limbs. Recurrent venous incompetence following previous surgery was as effectively treated by UFS as primary incompetence.

CONCLUSIONS

This technique is useful in the management of chronic venous disease as an alternative to surgery.

Effectiveness and Safety of Ultrasound-Guided Foam Sclerotherapy for Recurrent Varicose Veins:Immediate Results

PURPOSE

To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy in treating recurrent varicose veins.

METHODS

Between July 2003 and January 2005, 38 outpatients (25 women; median age 59 years, interquartile range 53.5-66.0) with recurrent varicose veins in 45 legs were treated. Ultrasound was used to identify sites of reflux. The Tessari method was used to produce foam using 3% sodium tetradecyl sulphate; up to 6 mL of foam was injected per session under ultrasound control. Results are shown as median (interquartile range).

RESULTS

A single sclerotherapy session was adequate in 26 (58%) legs. In 87% of all legs, complete elimination of both varicose veins and all reflux points was achieved. A positive association between the amount of injected foam and CEAP class (r=0.45, p=0.002) and venous clinical severity score (r=0.37, p=0.012) was found. There was a trend for more sclerotherapy sessions [median 2 (1-2)] in legs with incomplete saphenofemoral junction/ great saphenous vein (GSV) ligation or accessory GSV (n=16) to achieve varicose vein ablation versus legs with other primary sites of reflux [median 1 (1-2), p=0.12]. There were no instances of deep vein thrombosis or systemic complications; superficial thrombophlebitis occurred in 6 (8.2%) of the 73 injection sessions. Legs with proximal reflux due to previous incomplete ligation or fed by an incompetent pelvic vein experienced superficial thrombophlebitis more frequently (4/12, 33%) than legs without proximal reflux [1/33 (3%); OR 16, 95% CI 1.6-164, p=0.014].

CONCLUSION

In most patients, ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy is a safe treatment for recurrent varicose veins, with an excellent immediate result. However, the presence of proximal reflux may decrease the immediate results and predispose to superficial thrombophlebitis.

Recurrent varicose veins: Sonography-based re-examination of 210 patients 14 years after ligation and saphenous vein stripping

Background: The objective of this study was to assess the frequency of varicose recurrence 14 years after flush ligation of the saphenofemoral (SFJ) or saphenopopliteal (SPJ) junction with additional stripping of the incompetent saphenous vein. Patients and methods: Our study group comprised 245 extremities of 210 patients operated upon in 1990 for either great saphenous vein (GSV) or small saphenous vein (SSV) incompetence. Limbs were assessed with Duplex ultrasound by a practitioner other than the original surgeon and relevant patient data was recorded. Results: In 68.5% of re-examined limbs Duplex imaging provided no evidence for recurrent varicose veins at the former SFJ or SPJ. This included 15 legs (= 6.1%) where reflux immediately proximal to the junction but originating from adjacent veins (i.e. pudendal vein, epigastrical vein) was detected. In 31.5%, reflux from the operated SFJ or SPJ (junctional recurrence) was detected but only a minor percentage of legs (6.9%) had actually developed a clinically relevant recurrent varicosity (> 3 mm in diameter) branching out from the former junction and requiring treatment. Patients with a BMI < 30 were less likely to suffer recurrent varicose veins (no recurrence in 72.7%) than patients with a BMI ≥ 30 (no recurrence in 54.5%). Conclusions: 14 years after flush ligation of the SFJ or SPJ with stripping of the incompetent saphenous vein, junctional recurrences were found in less than one-third of re-examined extremities. In the absence of surgical errors, we must assume neovascularisation as cause for these recurrences. Duplex US determined a clinically relevant recurrence (> 3 mm in diameter) in only 7% of limbs. Post-operative varices seem to develop less often after SPJ surgery than after SFJ surgery and according to our data, obesity (BMI ≥ 30) constitutes a significant risk factor.

[Treatment of venous leg ulcers is costly for the health care and the society. The value of preventive measures should be further investigated according to a study]

Annual costs for the treatment of venous leg ulcers in Sweden have been estimated at between SEK 17,000 and SEK 26,500 per patient in 2002 prices. The calculation was based on a model simulation including data from a follow-up of patients in clinical practice, an expert panel, and published literature. The variation in costs depends on ulcer size and ulcer duration when treatment is initiated. The highest costs were estimated for a group of patients with ulcers 10 cm2 or larger and ulcer duration of 6 months or longer. About 50 per cent of the total annual costs were related to staff costs for dressing changes.

Histomorphologic classification of recurrent saphenofemoral reflux

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to determine the apparent mechanisms of recurrent saphenofemoral junction (SFJ) reflux on the basis of the histologic features of intentionally sampled specimens from repeat operations in groins with symptomatic reflux after SFJ ligation and great saphenous vein (GSV) stripping.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Ninety-one samples obtained at repeat operation in patients with symptomatic recurrent groin reflux were evaluated histologically, including the number of venous lumens, the structure of the venous wall, and the surrounding tissue. All repeat operation specimens were obtained in our Department of Vascular Surgery; the original operations in our patients (age 56 +/- 11 years) had been performed in different centers and private practices 12.1 +/- 8.1 years previously.

RESULTS

Single-channel recurrence was observed in 63 groins. In 62 the vein wall structure was complex; and 18 demonstrated venous valves. These vessels could be classified as residual stumps of the GSV. Just one single-channel recurrent vessel lined with endothelium and surrounded by scar tissue was detected, and was judged to be neovascular. Multichannel recurrent vessels were found in 28 groins. Twenty-three of these were thin-walled tortuous vessels embedded in scar tissue, and were interpreted as neovascular; 4 were multiple vessels surrounded by fatty tissue and were classified as venule hypertrophy; and 1 was a lymph node that contained numerous channels, and was attributed to lymphovenous connections.

CONCLUSION

Original misidentification of the SFJ, as evidenced by an identifiable GSV stump with appropriate histologic features, characterized 68% (62 of 91) of these symptomatic groins. Neovascularity, marked by multiple irregular channels with an incomplete wall structure, was observed in 26% of the groins (24 of 91), accounting for 94% of the recurrent vessels. The findings at repeat operation, supported by analysis of histologic tissue sections, imply that better supervision and training or case concentration in centers of excellence should be more effective in decreasing the incidence of recurrent SFJ reflux after SFJ ligation and GSV stripping than putative operative maneuvers directed at reducing neovascularization.

Single-blind trial addressing the differential effects of two reflexology techniques versus rest, on ankle and foot oedema in late pregnancy

This single-blind randomised controlled trial explored the differential effects of two different foot reflexology techniques with a period of rest on oedema-relieving effects and symptom relief in healthy pregnant women with foot oedema. Fifty-five women in the third trimester were randomly assigned to one of the three groups: a period of rest, 'relaxing' reflexology techniques or a specific 'lymphatic' reflexology technique for 15 min with pre- and post-therapy ankle and foot circumference measurements and participant questionnaire. There was no statistically significant difference in the circumference measurements between the three groups; however, the lymphatic technique reflexology group mean circumference measurements were all decreased. A significant reduction in the women's symptom mean measurements in all groups (p<0.0001) was apparent. A 'perceived wellbeing' score revealed the lymphatic technique group (p<0.0001) significantly increased their wellbeing the most, followed closely by relaxing techniques (p<0.001) and then the control rest group (p<0.03). Lymphatic reflexology techniques, relaxing reflexology techniques and a period of rest had a non-significant oedema-relieving effect. From the women's viewpoint, lymphatic reflexology was the preferred therapy with significant increase in symptom relief.

Can interposition of a silicone implant after sapheno-femoral ligation prevent recurrent varicose veins?

OBJECTIVES

To investigate whether a silicone implant at the sapheno-femoral ligation site could prevent recurrent varicosities.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Two non-randomised groups of patients were studied prospectively. In group A 173 patients and 212 limbs had sapheno-femoral ligation, while 172 patients and 210 limbs additionally had a piece (2x3cm) of silicone sheet sutured to the saphenous stump to cover the anterior half of the common femoral vein. The implant was fixed in apposition to the deep vein by carefully closing the cribriform fascia. Colour duplex scanning was performed after 2 and 12 months.

RESULTS

In the no implant group neovascularisation was observed in 35 (17%) after 12 months, but only in 13 (6%) limbs treated with a silicone implant (p<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Interposition of a partition of silicone implant seems to lower the incidence of neovascularisation one year after saphenofemoral ligation. This technique may constitute an efficient method to prevent recurrence at the correctly ligated saphenous stump.

Compression stockings prophylaxis of emergent varicose veins in pregnancy: a prospective randomised controlled study

QUESTIONS UNDER STUDY

To determine the efficacy of compression stockings in preventing emergent varicose veins in pregnancy.

METHODS

A prospective randomised controlled study in the outpatient department of the University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland, including women with uncomplicated pregnancies <12 weeks at outset of study. A no-stockings control group (n = 15) was compared with two treatment groups: group 1 (n = 12) wore compression class I stockings (18-21 mm Hg) on the left leg and class II stockings (25-32 mm Hg) on the right; in group 2 (n = 15), the compression classes were reversed. Stockings were worn from study entry to term. Endpoints were emergence and worsening of superficial varicose veins, long saphenous vein reflux at the sapheno-femoral junction, and leg symptoms (pain, discomfort, cramps) during pregnancy.

RESULTS

Both classes of compression stockings failed to prevent the emergence of superficial varicose veins. However, long saphenous vein reflux at the sapheno-femoral junction was observed in the third trimester in only 1/27 treated women vs. 4/15 controls (p = 0.047); in addition, more treated women reported improved leg symptoms (7/27 vs. 0/15 controls; p = 0.045). Emergent varicose changes, however, did not differ significantly (7/14 controls vs. 5/12 in group 1 and 8/14 in group 2; 3x3 table, Fisher's exact = 0.94).

CONCLUSIONS

Although compression stockings do not prevent the emergence of gestational varicose veins, they significantly decrease the incidence of long saphenous vein reflux at the sapheno-femoral junction and improve leg symptoms. Our results also suggest that superficial varices and deep venous insufficiency may have a different aetiology.

[The course of pregnancy, delivery and puerperium in women with varices and thrombophlebitis of lower extremities, after application of low molecular weight heparins]

OBJECTIVES

Estimation of the long term prophylactic or therapeutic application of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) on the platelets count, and incidence bleedings during pregnancy, delivery and puerperium in the women with varices of lower extremities and past thrombophlebitis of lower extremities.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

5212 pregnant, women in labour and in puerperium divided into 4 groups.; 142 women with varices and thrombophlebitis of lower extremities (group I); 10 with past thrombophlebitis of lower extremities (group II); 15 with thrombophlebitis in current pregnancy; 5045 without vascular complications (group IV--control). In group I during pregnancy compression therapy was applied (stockings) and low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) in course of puerperium. In group II during the 1st trimester of pregnancy and in labour the same heparin doses were administered, while the doses were increased in the 2nd and 3rd trimester. In group III, when thrombophlebitis was stated non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs and LMWH were administered. In all cases treated with heparin both number of platelets and incidents of bleedings from genitourinary tract were observed. Presence of embolic complications was also noted.

RESULTS

No cases of decrease platelets number or bleedings from genitourinary tract were observed in group I-III during administering of LMWH. In women in group II where prophylactic with LMWH was applied no incidences of recurrent thrombophlebitis during pregnancy and puerperium were observed. In group I-III all newborns were born in good condition and no complications were observed. Average blood loss during both labour and cesarean section, among women in group I-III was not significantly different comparing with control group. No incidences of pulmonary artery embolism or decrease number of platelets were observed.

CONCLUSIONS

1. The long term prophylactic or therapeutical administration of LMWH in the women with varices of lower extremities or thrombophlebitis has no influence on the platelets count and incidence of bleedings from genitourinary tract during pregnancy or increase of blood loss during labour and puerperium. 2. In the women with past thrombophlebitis of the lower extremities after application of LMWH during pregnancy there were no recurrence observed.

[Prospective study of avoiding neoangiogenesis after great saphenous vein crossectomy. Initial results]

A meticulous dissection of the sapheno-femoral junction (SFJ) at the time of primary surgery is regarded as best protection against the development of recurrences from this area. However, despite correct ligation of the junction recurrences may occur. In a prospective randomised trial, which has been started in 1998, we want to find out, whether this regrowth might be inhibited by the use of different ligation technics of the SFJ: Group 1: Ligation of the SFJ with resorbable Vicryl Group 2: Ligation with Vicryl and continuous non-resorbable stitching over (Prolene) the saphenous stump which precludes contact between free stump endothelium and the surrounding subcutaneous tissue Group 3: Non-resorbable ligation of the SFJ (Ethibond) Group 4: Ethibond ligation with Prolene stitching over the saphenous stump. The first follow-up examinations, which have been done by color-dupley-scan are presented. In each group about n = 100 groins could be examined. We found slight inguinal insufficiency due to a small branch of the femoral vein in group one: n = 10; group two: n = 6; group three: n = 3; group four: n = 1. Our hypothesis that the use of the suture material or the free lying stump endothelium might be influencing the development of the neovascularisation, seems to be supported by these results. We found the lowest rate of postoperative inguinal refluxes in the Ethibond-Prolene group, where the contact between free stump endothelium and the surrounding subcutaneous tissue is precluded. However, definite reliable data will be presented not before the third follow-up (24 months after the operation).

Review article: a drug therapy for the prevention of variceal haemorrhage

The development of varices is a major complication of cirrhosis, and variceal haemorrhage has a high mortality. There have been major advances in the primary and secondary prevention of variceal haemorrhage over the last 20 years involving endoscopic, radiological and pharmacological approaches. This review concentrates principally on drug therapy, particularly on the numerous haemodynamic studies. Many of these drugs have not been studied in clinical trials, but provide data about the underlying pathogenesis of portal hypertension. Also covered in this review are the randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses that involve a large number of patients. These trials involve relatively few drugs such as non-selective beta-blockers and nitrates. Correlations between haemodynamic and clinical parameters are discussed. Despite the recent increase in the use of alternative endoscopic therapies, an effective and well tolerated drug remains a clinically important research goal.

Review article: primary prophylaxis for portal hypertensive bleeding in cirrhosis

Variceal bleeding is a consequence of portal hypertension, which in turn is the major complication of hepatic cirrhosis. Given the high rate of mortality of the first bleeding episode, primary prophylaxis to prevent bleeding from varices and portal hypertensive gastropathy is the current optimal therapeutic approach. The difficulty in identification of patients with varices who will bleed, before they do so, can justify a strategy of treating all patients with varices prophylactically. We evaluated the various therapies that have been assessed in randomized controlled trials for prevention of first bleeding, using meta-analysis where applicable. The current first choice treatment is non-selective beta-blockers; it is cheap, easy to administer, and is effective in preventing the first variceal haemorrhage and bleeding from gastric mucosa. Combination drug therapy of beta-blockers and nitrates looks promising, but needs further evaluation in randomized controlled trials. The conflicting results of the randomized studies of endoscopic banding ligation and the small number of patients and clinical events, as well as the cost, do not warrant any change in current practice. However, endoscopic banding ligation may be a reasonable alternative for patients who cannot tolerate, or have contraindications to beta-blockers or no haemodynamic response to the drug therapy, but this must be proved in randomized trials.

Interventions for varicosities and leg oedema in pregnancy

BACKGROUND

Leg oedema from venous insufficiency is not dangerous but it can cause women symptoms such as pain, feelings of heaviness, night cramps and paraesthesiae. Leg oedema can be a sign of pre-eclampsia when associated with raised blood pressure or proteinuria.

OBJECTIVES

The objective of this review was to assess the effects of treatment to relieve the symptoms associated with varicosity in pregnancy and to reduce leg oedema.

SEARCH STRATEGY

We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group trials register.

SELECTION CRITERIA

Randomised trials of any form of treatment for varicosity or leg oedema in pregnancy.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Trial quality was assessed and data were extracted independently by two reviewers.

MAIN RESULTS

Three trials of three different treatments were included. A total of 115 women were involved. In one trial, two thirds of women given rutoside capsules in the last three months of pregnancy noted an improvement in symptoms compared with only one third given placebo (odds ratio 0.30, 95% confidence interval 0.12 to 0.77). They had a decrease in ankle circumference at 36 weeks' gestation after eight weeks of treatment, while women given placebo had a small increase. In one trial, women with ankle oedema had a small non-significant reduction in lower leg volume when treated with external pneumatic intermittent compression for 30 minutes. Fifty minutes immersion in water at 32 degrees Celsius resulted in greater diuresis and fall in blood pressure than 50 minutes bedrest.

REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS

Rutosides appear to relieve symptoms of venous insufficiency in late pregnancy. However it is not known if the drug is safe in pregnancy. External pneumatic compression appears to reduce ankle swelling. Immersion in water for 50 minutes results in diuresis and fall in blood pressure. It is not known for how long these changes are sustained nor whether they are of any benefit.

[Venous diseases and pregnancy]

The pregnancy and the puerperium are critical conditions for the venous system of the lower limbs. The risk of venous thromboembolism is important in the presence of contributing factors. The management of the disease (diagnosis, treatment, prophylaxis) has to be tailored to each individual patient. This period is also characterized by the appearance of specific varices or the aggravation of preexistent lesions. The treatment is mostly conservative including the use of elastic stockings. The post-partum condition is no contraindication for pregnancy, but requires a specific management.

External banding valvuloplasty of the superficial femoral vein in the treatment of recurrent varicose veins

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of reconstructive surgery of primary deep venous insufficiency in preventing recurrent varicose veins.

DESIGN

Retrospective analysis of patients affected by recurrent varicose veins submitted to external banding valvuloplasty of the superficial femoral vein.

SETTING

A division of vascular surgery in a hospital/scientific institute.

MATERIALS

Nineteen limbs (19 patients) with recurrent varicose veins, severe chronic venous insufficiency and 3rd or 4th grade reflux in the superficial femoral vein and competence of the profunda femoris vein were selected for surgical reconstructive treatment after a complete diagnostic study by continuous wave Doppler duplex scanning and descending phlebography.

INTERVENTIONS

External banding valvuloplasty of the superficial femoral vein was performed in all cases: A Dacron sleeve was used in nine patients and Venocuff in 10.

RESULTS

In one case a deep venous thrombosis of the calf occurred in the first postoperative period; in three cases the correction of the deep reflux was incomplete and a recurrence of the varices was observed. After a mean follow-up of 50 months, abolition of reflux and relief of symptomatology were obtained in 15 cases (78%).

CONCLUSIONS

Primary deep venous insufficiency, unknown at the time of the initial operation, may be the cause of recurrent varicose veins. External banding valvuloplasty of the superficial femoral vein may abolish the reflux and correct venous hypertension, preventing recurrences.

Compression hosiery

A wide range of compression hosiery is available for a range of conditions. Involving patients in the selection process will help ensure that the chosen product is suited to the individual's needs and preferences. Accurate measurement is required for a good fit and comfort.

Treatment and prevention of varicose veins

Many factors predispose human beings to venous disease of the lower extremities, and this condition affects approximately eighty million Americans. Its manifestations may appear to be little more than a cosmetic nuisance, yet may be an indication of a more serious underlying problem undetected by visual inspection. Venous disease is also capable of producing a plethora of uncomfortable symptoms, and left untreated, may progress to cutaneous pigmentation, dermatitis, ulceration, hemorrhage, or superficial thrombophlebitis. Although uncomplicated cases of the disease are more common, venous disease should not be taken lightly. Steps to retard disease expression and progression should be implemented whenever possible. The purpose of this article is to aid the nurse in providing accurate information to patients about the disease process, treatment options, and interventions for its prevention.