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Sun N, Haseeb A, Sun P, Zhang H, Zhong J, Yin W, Fan K, Yang H, Zhang Z, Sun Y, Hu P, Li H. Scutellarin targets Wnt5a against zearalenone-induced apoptosis in mouse granulosa cells in vitro and in vivo. J Hazard Mater 2024; 464:132917. [PMID: 37979429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) poses severe reproductive toxicity to both humans and animals. Scutellarin has been demonstrated to rescue ZEA-induced apoptosis in mouse ovarian granulosa cells (GCs), but its specific targets remain unclear. In the present study, the potential targets of scutellarin were determined to clarify the mechanisms of scutellarin against ZEA-induced ovarian damage. 287 targets of scutellarin in mouse ovarian GCs were obtained by magnetic nano-probe-based fishing assay and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Wnt5a had the lowest binding free energy with scutellarin at - 8.3 kcal/mol. QRT-PCR and western blot showed that scutellarin significantly increased the Wnt5a and β-catenin expression compared with the ZEA-treated group, and cleaved-caspase-3 expression was significantly increased in the scutellarin-treated group after interfering with the expression of Wnt5a. The affinity constant (KD) of Wnt5a and scutellarin was 1.7 × 10-5 M. The pull-down assay also demonstrated that scutellarin could specifically bind to Wnt5a protein. Molecular docking results showed that scutellarin could form hydrogen bonds with TRY52, GLN56, and SER90 on Wnt5a protein, and western blot assay confirmed SER90 was an important site for the binding. Scutellarin significantly increased Wnt5a and β-catenin expression and decreased cleaved-caspase-3 expression in ovarian tissues of mice. In conclusion, scutellarin exerted anti-apoptotic effects on ZEA-induced mouse ovarian GCs by targeting Wnt5a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Sun
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Abdul Haseeb
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Panpan Sun
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Jia Zhong
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Wei Yin
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Kuohai Fan
- Laboratory Animal Center, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Huizhen Yang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhenbiao Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Yaogui Sun
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Panpan Hu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Hongquan Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China.
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Ma Y, Xie X, Yuan X, Liu X, Xu J, Yang Y. [Wnt5a activates JNK to promote the proliferation and autophagy of KGN human granulosa cells]. Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi 2022; 38:992-997. [PMID: 36328429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the effect of Wnt5a on autophagy in KGN human granulosa cells. Methods KGN human granulosa cells were treated with DMSO (control group), recombinant Wnt5a protein (rWnt5a), Wnt5a inhibitor IWP2 or BOX5, separately. The expression level of Wnt5a protein was detected by Western blot. The co-localization of the Wnt5a protein and the forkhead box L2 (FOXL2), a specific marker of granulosa cells, was observed by immunofluorescence cytochemical staining in rWnt5a group and IWP2 group. The proliferation of KGN cells was detected by CCK-8 assay. The effects of rWnt5a and IWP2 on autophagy of KGN cells and the expressions of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFAT1) proteins were detected by Western blot. Results Compared with those in the control group, the expression of Wnt5a protein in the rWnt5a group was increased, cell proliferation was promoted, and the expressions of microtubule-associated proteins 1 light chain 3 (LC3), JNK, and NFAT1 were increased, while the expression of nucleoporin 62 (P62) protein was decreased. In contrast to the rWnt5a group, the expression of Wnt5a protein was decreased, cell proliferation was inhibited, and the expressions of LC3, JNK, and NFAT1 proteins were decreased, while the expression of P62 protein was increased in IWP2 group. Conclusion Wnt5a promotes the proliferation and autophagy of KGN human granulosa cells by activating JNK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabo Ma
- Key Lab of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Xianguo Xie
- Key Lab of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Xiaotan Yuan
- Key Lab of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Xinfeng Liu
- Key Lab of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Jinrui Xu
- Key Lab of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Lab of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China. *Corresponding author, E-mail:
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Florian MC, Klose M, Sacma M, Jablanovic J, Knudson L, Nattamai KJ, Marka G, Vollmer A, Soller K, Sakk V, Cabezas-Wallscheid N, Zheng Y, Mulaw MA, Glauche I, Geiger H. Aging alters the epigenetic asymmetry of HSC division. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2003389. [PMID: 30235201 PMCID: PMC6168157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2003389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) balance self-renewal and differentiation to maintain homeostasis. With aging, the frequency of polar HSCs decreases. Cell polarity in HSCs is controlled by the activity of the small RhoGTPase cell division control protein 42 (Cdc42). Here we demonstrate—using a comprehensive set of paired daughter cell analyses that include single-cell 3D confocal imaging, single-cell transplants, single-cell RNA-seq, and single-cell transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing (ATAC-seq)—that the outcome of HSC divisions is strongly linked to the polarity status before mitosis, which is in turn determined by the level of the activity Cdc42 in stem cells. Aged apolar HSCs undergo preferentially self-renewing symmetric divisions, resulting in daughter stem cells with reduced regenerative capacity and lymphoid potential, while young polar HSCs undergo preferentially asymmetric divisions. Mathematical modeling in combination with experimental data implies a mechanistic role of the asymmetric sorting of Cdc42 in determining the potential of daughter cells via epigenetic mechanisms. Therefore, molecules that control HSC polarity might serve as modulators of the mode of stem cell division regulating the potential of daughter cells. Stem cells are unique cells that can differentiate to produce more stem cells or other types of cells and can divide both symmetrically (to produce daughter cells with the same fate) and asymmetrically (to produce one daughter cell that retains stem cell potential and one that differentiates). The mechanisms that control the outcome of stem cell divisions have been the focus of many studies; however, they remain mainly unknown. Here, we have analyzed these mechanisms in murine hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by directly comparing the epigenetic signature, the transcriptome, and the function of the two daughter cells stemming from the first division of either a young or an aged HSC. We observe that, while young HSCs divide mainly asymmetrically, aged HSCs divide primarily symmetrically. We find that the mode of division is tightly linked to stem cell polarity and is regulated by the activity level of the small RhoGTPase cell division control protein 42 (Cdc42). In addition, we show that the potential of daughter cells is further linked to the amount of the epigenetic mark H4K16ac and also to the amount of open chromatin allocated to a daughter cell, but it is not linked to its transcriptome. In summary, our study suggests that HSC polarity linked to Cdc42 activity drives the mode of division, while epigenetic mechanisms determine the functional outcome of the stem cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Carolina Florian
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Aging, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- * E-mail: (MCF); (HG)
| | - Markus Klose
- Institute for Medical Informatics and Biometry, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mehmet Sacma
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Aging, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jelena Jablanovic
- Max Planck Institute (MPI) of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Luke Knudson
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Aging, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Kalpana J. Nattamai
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Gina Marka
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Aging, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Angelika Vollmer
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Aging, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Karin Soller
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Aging, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Vadim Sakk
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Aging, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Yi Zheng
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Medhanie A. Mulaw
- Institute of Experimental Cancer Research, Medical Faculty, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ingmar Glauche
- Institute for Medical Informatics and Biometry, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hartmut Geiger
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Aging, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MCF); (HG)
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Cho YK, Kang YM, Lee SE, Lee YL, Seol SM, Lee WJ, Park JY, Jung CH. Effect of SFRP5 (Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein 5) on the WNT5A (Wingless-Type Family Member 5A)-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction and Its Relevance With Arterial Stiffness in Human Subjects. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:1358-1367. [PMID: 29674475 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE SFRP5 (secreted frizzled-related protein 5) is an endogenous inhibitor of WNT5A (wingless-type family member 5a), which has been implicated in atherosclerosis. However, contradictory results have been reported about the role of SFRP5 in atherosclerosis. We aimed to investigate whether SFRP5 could restore WNT5A-induced endothelial dysfunction in vitro and ex vivo. In addition, we sought to determine whether the serum concentration of SFRP5 is associated with atherosclerosis in humans. APPROACH AND RESULTS We measured endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in the isolated thoracic aorta of Sprague-Dawley rats. In addition, we measured intracellular nitric oxide (NO) in human endothelial cells. The protein abundance of total and phosphorylated JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase), AKT (protein kinase B), and endothelial NO synthase was analyzed in human endothelial cells. Circulating SFRP5 and WNT5A levels and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity were measured in 282 human subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. SFRP5 dose dependently restored Wnt5-induced impaired vasorelaxation in rat thoracic aorta by an endothelial NO synthase-dependent mechanism. SFRP5 treatment restored the WNT5A-induced reduction of NO production via endothelial NO synthase in human endothelial cells. WNT5A-induced changes in the phosphorylation of JNK, AKT, and endothelial NO synthase were ameliorated with SFRP5 administration. In humans with type 2 diabetes mellitus, the serum SFRP5 concentration positively correlated with brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (r=0.146; P=0.024). Multivariate linear regression analysis demonstrated that the serum SFRP5 concentration was independently associated with brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity after adjustment for potential confounders [B (SE)=7.40 (3.35); P=0.028]. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest the possible compensatory action of SFRP5 against atherosclerosis under conditions of metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Kyung Cho
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (Y.K.C., Y.M.K., S.E.L., W.J.L., J.-Y.P., C.H.J.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea (Y.K.C.)
| | - Yu Mi Kang
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (Y.K.C., Y.M.K., S.E.L., W.J.L., J.-Y.P., C.H.J.)
| | - Seung Eun Lee
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (Y.K.C., Y.M.K., S.E.L., W.J.L., J.-Y.P., C.H.J.)
| | - Yoo La Lee
- Asan Institute of Life Sciences (Y.L.L., S.M.S.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So Mi Seol
- Asan Institute of Life Sciences (Y.L.L., S.M.S.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Je Lee
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (Y.K.C., Y.M.K., S.E.L., W.J.L., J.-Y.P., C.H.J.)
| | - Joong-Yeol Park
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (Y.K.C., Y.M.K., S.E.L., W.J.L., J.-Y.P., C.H.J.)
| | - Chang Hee Jung
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (Y.K.C., Y.M.K., S.E.L., W.J.L., J.-Y.P., C.H.J.)
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Susman MW, Karuna EP, Kunz RC, Gujral TS, Cantú AV, Choi SS, Jong BY, Okada K, Scales MK, Hum J, Hu LS, Kirschner MW, Nishinakamura R, Yamada S, Laird DJ, Jao LE, Gygi SP, Greenberg ME, Ho HYH. Kinesin superfamily protein Kif26b links Wnt5a-Ror signaling to the control of cell and tissue behaviors in vertebrates. eLife 2017; 6:e26509. [PMID: 28885975 PMCID: PMC5590807 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt5a-Ror signaling constitutes a developmental pathway crucial for embryonic tissue morphogenesis, reproduction and adult tissue regeneration, yet the molecular mechanisms by which the Wnt5a-Ror pathway mediates these processes are largely unknown. Using a proteomic screen, we identify the kinesin superfamily protein Kif26b as a downstream target of the Wnt5a-Ror pathway. Wnt5a-Ror, through a process independent of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin-dependent pathway, regulates the cellular stability of Kif26b by inducing its degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Through this mechanism, Kif26b modulates the migratory behavior of cultured mesenchymal cells in a Wnt5a-dependent manner. Genetic perturbation of Kif26b function in vivo caused embryonic axis malformations and depletion of primordial germ cells in the developing gonad, two phenotypes characteristic of disrupted Wnt5a-Ror signaling. These findings indicate that Kif26b links Wnt5a-Ror signaling to the control of morphogenetic cell and tissue behaviors in vertebrates and reveal a new role for regulated proteolysis in noncanonical Wnt5a-Ror signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Susman
- Department of NeurobiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Edith P Karuna
- Department of Cell Biology and Human AnatomyUniversity of California, Davis School of MedicineDavisUnited States
| | - Ryan C Kunz
- Department of Cell BiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Taranjit S Gujral
- Department of Systems BiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Division of Human BiologyFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleUnited States
| | - Andrea V Cantú
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive SciencesCenter for Reproductive Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of CaliforniaSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Shannon S Choi
- Department of Cell Biology and Human AnatomyUniversity of California, Davis School of MedicineDavisUnited States
| | - Brigette Y Jong
- Department of Cell Biology and Human AnatomyUniversity of California, Davis School of MedicineDavisUnited States
| | - Kyoko Okada
- Department of Cell Biology and Human AnatomyUniversity of California, Davis School of MedicineDavisUnited States
| | - Michael K Scales
- Department of Cell Biology and Human AnatomyUniversity of California, Davis School of MedicineDavisUnited States
| | - Jennie Hum
- Department of Cell Biology and Human AnatomyUniversity of California, Davis School of MedicineDavisUnited States
| | - Linda S Hu
- Department of NeurobiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Marc W Kirschner
- Department of Systems BiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Ryuichi Nishinakamura
- Department of Kidney DevelopmentInstitute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Soichiro Yamada
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaDavisUnited States
| | - Diana J Laird
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive SciencesCenter for Reproductive Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of CaliforniaSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Li-En Jao
- Department of Cell Biology and Human AnatomyUniversity of California, Davis School of MedicineDavisUnited States
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell BiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | | | - Hsin-Yi Henry Ho
- Department of NeurobiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Department of Cell Biology and Human AnatomyUniversity of California, Davis School of MedicineDavisUnited States
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Gibson JD, O'Sullivan MB, Alaee F, Paglia DN, Yoshida R, Guzzo RM, Drissi H. Regeneration of Articular Cartilage by Human ESC-Derived Mesenchymal Progenitors Treated Sequentially with BMP-2 and Wnt5a. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 6:40-50. [PMID: 28170184 PMCID: PMC5442752 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2016-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of cell‐based therapies to restore joint cartilage requires an optimal source of reparative progenitor cells and tight control of their differentiation into a permanent cartilage phenotype. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP‐2) has been extensively shown to promote mesenchymal cell differentiation into chondrocytes in vitro and in vivo. Conversely, developmental studies have demonstrated decreased chondrocyte maturation by Wingless‐Type MMTV Integration Site Family, Member 5A (Wnt5a). Thus, we hypothesized that treatment of human embryonic stem cell (hESC)‐derived chondroprogenitors with BMP‐2 followed by Wnt5a may control the maturational progression of these cells into a hyaline‐like chondrocyte phenotype. We examined the effects of sustained exposure of hESC‐derived mesenchymal‐like progenitors to recombinant Wnt5a or BMP‐2 in vitro. Our data indicate that BMP‐2 promoted a strong chondrogenic response leading to terminal maturation, whereas recombinant Wnt5a induced a mild chondrogenic response without promoting hypertrophy. Moreover, Wnt5a suppressed BMP‐2‐mediated chondrocyte maturation, preventing the formation of fibrocartilaginous tissue in high‐density cultures treated sequentially with BMP‐2 and Wnt5a. Implantation of scaffoldless pellets of hESC‐derived chondroprogenitors pretreated with BMP‐2 followed by Wnt5a into rat chondral defects induced an articular‐like phenotype in vivo. Together, the data establish a novel role for Wnt5a in controlling the progression from multipotency into an articular‐like cartilage phenotype in vitro and in vivo. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:40–50
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D. Gibson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Musculoskeletal Institute, UConn Stem Cell Institute, UConn Health, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Michael B. O'Sullivan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Musculoskeletal Institute, UConn Stem Cell Institute, UConn Health, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Farhang Alaee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Musculoskeletal Institute, UConn Stem Cell Institute, UConn Health, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - David N. Paglia
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Musculoskeletal Institute, UConn Stem Cell Institute, UConn Health, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ryu Yoshida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Musculoskeletal Institute, UConn Stem Cell Institute, UConn Health, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rosa M. Guzzo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Musculoskeletal Institute, UConn Stem Cell Institute, UConn Health, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Hicham Drissi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Musculoskeletal Institute, UConn Stem Cell Institute, UConn Health, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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