1
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Katich JM, Apel EC, Bourgeois I, Brock CA, Bui TP, Campuzano-Jost P, Commane R, Daube B, Dollner M, Fromm M, Froyd KD, Hills AJ, Hornbrook RS, Jimenez JL, Kupc A, Lamb KD, McKain K, Moore F, Murphy DM, Nault BA, Peischl J, Perring AE, Peterson DA, Ray EA, Rosenlof KH, Ryerson T, Schill GP, Schroder JC, Weinzierl B, Thompson C, Williamson CJ, Wofsy SC, Yu P, Schwarz JP. Pyrocumulonimbus affect average stratospheric aerosol composition. Science 2023; 379:815-820. [PMID: 36821693 DOI: 10.1126/science.add3101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Pyrocumulonimbus (pyroCb) are wildfire-generated convective clouds that can inject smoke directly into the stratosphere. PyroCb have been tracked for years, yet their apparent rarity and episodic nature lead to highly uncertain climate impacts. In situ measurements of pyroCb smoke reveal its distinctive and exceptionally stable aerosol properties and define the long-term influence of pyroCb activity on the stratospheric aerosol budget. Analysis of 13 years of airborne observations shows that pyroCb are responsible for 10 to 25% of the black carbon and organic aerosols in the "present-day" lower stratosphere, with similar impacts in both the North and South Hemispheres. These results suggest that, should pyroCb increase in frequency and/or magnitude in future climates, they could generate dominant trends in stratospheric aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Katich
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - E C Apel
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - I Bourgeois
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - C A Brock
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA
| | - T P Bui
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - P Campuzano-Jost
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - R Commane
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - B Daube
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M Dollner
- Aerosol Physics and Environmental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Fromm
- Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | - K D Froyd
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - A J Hills
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - R S Hornbrook
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J L Jimenez
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - A Kupc
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Aerosol Physics and Environmental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - K D Lamb
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - K McKain
- NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - F Moore
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - D M Murphy
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA
| | - B A Nault
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, MA, USA
| | - J Peischl
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - A E Perring
- Department of Chemistry, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY, USA
| | | | - E A Ray
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - K H Rosenlof
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA
| | - T Ryerson
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA
| | - G P Schill
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J C Schroder
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, CO, USA
| | - B Weinzierl
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - C Thompson
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - C J Williamson
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - S C Wofsy
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - P Yu
- Institute of Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - J P Schwarz
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO, USA
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2
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Wiggins EB, Anderson BE, Brown MD, Campuzano‐Jost P, Chen G, Crawford J, Crosbie EC, Dibb J, DiGangi JP, Diskin GS, Fenn M, Gallo F, Gargulinski EM, Guo H, Hair JW, Halliday HS, Ichoku C, Jimenez JL, Jordan CE, Katich JM, Nowak JB, Perring AE, Robinson CE, Sanchez KJ, Schueneman M, Schwarz JP, Shingler TJ, Shook MA, Soja AJ, Stockwell CE, Thornhill KL, Travis KR, Warneke C, Winstead EL, Ziemba LD, Moore RH. Reconciling Assumptions in Bottom-Up and Top-Down Approaches for Estimating Aerosol Emission Rates From Wildland Fires Using Observations From FIREX-AQ. J Geophys Res Atmos 2021; 126:e2021JD035692. [PMID: 35865864 PMCID: PMC9286562 DOI: 10.1029/2021jd035692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Accurate fire emissions inventories are crucial to predict the impacts of wildland fires on air quality and atmospheric composition. Two traditional approaches are widely used to calculate fire emissions: a satellite-based top-down approach and a fuels-based bottom-up approach. However, these methods often considerably disagree on the amount of particulate mass emitted from fires. Previously available observational datasets tended to be sparse, and lacked the statistics needed to resolve these methodological discrepancies. Here, we leverage the extensive and comprehensive airborne in situ and remote sensing measurements of smoke plumes from the recent Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments and Air Quality (FIREX-AQ) campaign to statistically assess the skill of the two traditional approaches. We use detailed campaign observations to calculate and compare emission rates at an exceptionally high-resolution using three separate approaches: top-down, bottom-up, and a novel approach based entirely on integrated airborne in situ measurements. We then compute the daily average of these high-resolution estimates and compare with estimates from lower resolution, global top-down and bottom-up inventories. We uncover strong, linear relationships between all of the high-resolution emission rate estimates in aggregate, however no single approach is capable of capturing the emission characteristics of every fire. Global inventory emission rate estimates exhibited weaker correlations with the high-resolution approaches and displayed evidence of systematic bias. The disparity between the low-resolution global inventories and the high-resolution approaches is likely caused by high levels of uncertainty in essential variables used in bottom-up inventories and imperfect assumptions in top-down inventories.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. B. Wiggins
- NASA Postdoctoral ProgramUniversities Space Research AssociationColumbiaMDUSA
- NASA Langley Research CenterHamptonVAUSA
| | | | - M. D. Brown
- NASA Langley Research CenterHamptonVAUSA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc.HamptonVAUSA
| | | | - G. Chen
- NASA Langley Research CenterHamptonVAUSA
| | | | - E. C. Crosbie
- NASA Langley Research CenterHamptonVAUSA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc.HamptonVAUSA
| | - J. Dibb
- Earth Systems Research CenterUniversity of New HampshireDurhamNHUSA
| | | | | | - M. Fenn
- NASA Langley Research CenterHamptonVAUSA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc.HamptonVAUSA
| | - F. Gallo
- NASA Postdoctoral ProgramUniversities Space Research AssociationColumbiaMDUSA
- NASA Langley Research CenterHamptonVAUSA
| | | | - H. Guo
- CIRESUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | - J. W. Hair
- NASA Langley Research CenterHamptonVAUSA
| | - H. S. Halliday
- Environmental Protection AgencyResearch TriangleDurhamNCUSA
| | - C. Ichoku
- College of Arts and SciencesHoward UniversityWashingtonDCUSA
| | | | - C. E. Jordan
- NASA Langley Research CenterHamptonVAUSA
- National Institute of AerospaceHamptonVAUSA
| | - J. M. Katich
- CIRESUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
- NOAA Chemical Science LaboratoryBoulderCOUSA
| | | | - A. E. Perring
- Department of ChemistryColgate UniversityHamiltonNYUSA
| | - C. E. Robinson
- NASA Langley Research CenterHamptonVAUSA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc.HamptonVAUSA
| | - K. J. Sanchez
- NASA Postdoctoral ProgramUniversities Space Research AssociationColumbiaMDUSA
- NASA Langley Research CenterHamptonVAUSA
| | | | | | | | | | - A. J. Soja
- NASA Langley Research CenterHamptonVAUSA
- National Institute of AerospaceHamptonVAUSA
| | - C. E. Stockwell
- CIRESUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
- NOAA Chemical Science LaboratoryBoulderCOUSA
| | - K. L. Thornhill
- NASA Langley Research CenterHamptonVAUSA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc.HamptonVAUSA
| | | | - C. Warneke
- NOAA Chemical Science LaboratoryBoulderCOUSA
| | - E. L. Winstead
- NASA Langley Research CenterHamptonVAUSA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc.HamptonVAUSA
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3
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Schwarz JP, Samset BH, Perring AE, Spackman JR, Gao RS, Stier P, Schulz M, Moore FL, Ray EA, Fahey DW. Global-scale seasonally resolved black carbon vertical profiles over the Pacific. Geophys Res Lett 2013; 40:5542-5547. [PMID: 26311916 PMCID: PMC4542199 DOI: 10.1002/2013gl057775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
[1] Black carbon (BC) aerosol loadings were measured during the High-performance Instrumented Airborne Platform for Environmental Research Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO) campaign above the remote Pacific from 85°N to 67°S. Over 700 vertical profiles extending from near the surface to max ∼14 km altitude were obtained with a single-particle soot photometer between early 2009 and mid-2011. The data provides a climatology of BC in the remote regions that reveals gradients of BC concentration reflecting global-scale transport and removal of pollution. BC is identified as a sensitive tracer of extratropical mixing into the lower tropical tropopause layer and trends toward surprisingly uniform loadings in the lower stratosphere of ∼1 ng/kg. The climatology is compared to predictions from the AeroCom global model intercomparison initiative. The AeroCom model suite overestimates loads in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (∼10×) more severely than at lower altitudes (∼3×), with bias roughly independent of season or geographic location; these results indicate that it overestimates BC lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Schwarz
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationBoulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of ColoradoBoulder, Colorado, USA
- Corresponding author: J. P. Schwarz, Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 325 Broadway R-CSD6, Boulder, CO 80305, USA. ()
| | - B H Samset
- Center for International Climate and Environmental Research – Oslo (CICERO)Oslo, Norway
| | - A E Perring
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationBoulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of ColoradoBoulder, Colorado, USA
| | - J R Spackman
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationBoulder, Colorado, USA
- Science and Technology CorporationBoulder, Colorado, USA
| | - R S Gao
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationBoulder, Colorado, USA
| | - P Stier
- Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, Department of Physics, University of OxfordOxford, UK
| | - M Schulz
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'EnvironnementGif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - F L Moore
- Global Monitoring Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationBoulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Eric A Ray
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationBoulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of ColoradoBoulder, Colorado, USA
| | - D W Fahey
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationBoulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of ColoradoBoulder, Colorado, USA
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7
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Pollack IB, Ryerson TB, Trainer M, Parrish DD, Andrews AE, Atlas EL, Blake DR, Brown SS, Commane R, Daube BC, de Gouw JA, Dubé WP, Flynn J, Frost GJ, Gilman JB, Grossberg N, Holloway JS, Kofler J, Kort EA, Kuster WC, Lang PM, Lefer B, Lueb RA, Neuman JA, Nowak JB, Novelli PC, Peischl J, Perring AE, Roberts JM, Santoni G, Schwarz JP, Spackman JR, Wagner NL, Warneke C, Washenfelder RA, Wofsy SC, Xiang B. Airborne and ground-based observations of a weekend effect in ozone, precursors, and oxidation products in the California South Coast Air Basin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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