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Jiang SZ, Shahoha M, Zhang HY, Brancaleone W, Elkahloun A, Tejeda HA, Ashery U, Eiden LE. The guanine nucleotide exchange factor RapGEF2 is required for ERK-dependent immediate-early gene (Egr1) activation during fear memory formation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:48. [PMID: 38236296 PMCID: PMC11071968 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04999-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The MAP kinase ERK is important for neuronal plasticity underlying associative learning, yet specific molecular pathways for neuronal ERK activation are undetermined. RapGEF2 is a neuron-specific cAMP sensor that mediates ERK activation. We investigated whether it is required for cAMP-dependent ERK activation leading to other downstream neuronal signaling events occurring during associative learning, and if RapGEF2-dependent signaling impairments affect learned behavior. Camk2α-cre+/-::RapGEF2fl/fl mice with depletion of RapGEF2 in hippocampus and amygdala exhibit impairments in context- and cue-dependent fear conditioning linked to corresponding impairment in Egr1 induction in these two brain regions. Camk2α-cre+/-::RapGEF2fl/fl mice show decreased RapGEF2 expression in CA1 and dentate gyrus associated with abolition of pERK and Egr1, but not of c-Fos induction, following fear conditioning, impaired freezing to context after fear conditioning, and impaired cAMP-dependent long-term potentiation at perforant pathway and Schaffer collateral synapses in hippocampal slices ex vivo. RapGEF2 expression is largely eliminated in basolateral amygdala, also involved in fear memory, in Camk2α-cre+/-::RapGEF2fl/fl mice. Neither Egr1 nor c-fos induction in BLA after fear conditioning, nor cue-dependent fear learning, are affected by ablation of RapGEF2 in BLA. However, Egr1 induction (but not that of c-fos) in BLA is reduced after restraint stress-augmented fear conditioning, as is freezing to cue after restraint stress-augmented fear conditioning, in Camk2α-cre+/-::RapGEF2fl/fl mice. Cyclic AMP-dependent GEFs have been genetically associated as risk factors for schizophrenia, a disorder associated with cognitive deficits. Here we show a functional link between one of them, RapGEF2, and cognitive processes involved in associative learning in amygdala and hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Zhihong Jiang
- Section On Molecular Neuroscience, NIMH Intramural Research Program, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 49, Room 5A38, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Meishar Shahoha
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Sherman Building Rm 719, Ramat Aviv, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hai-Ying Zhang
- Section On Molecular Neuroscience, NIMH Intramural Research Program, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 49, Room 5A38, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - William Brancaleone
- Section On Molecular Neuroscience, NIMH Intramural Research Program, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 49, Room 5A38, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | | | - Hugo A Tejeda
- Unit on Neuromodulation and Synaptic Integration, NIMH-IRP, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Uri Ashery
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Sherman Building Rm 719, Ramat Aviv, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Lee E Eiden
- Section On Molecular Neuroscience, NIMH Intramural Research Program, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 49, Room 5A38, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Chittiboina P, Mandal D, Bugarini A, Asuzu DT, Mullaney D, Mastorakos P, Stoica S, Alvarez R, Scott G, Maric D, Elkahloun A, Zhuang Z, Chew EY, Yang C, Linehan M, Lonser RR. Proteostasis modulation in germline missense von Hippel Lindau disease. Clin Cancer Res 2023:725139. [PMID: 37018064 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-3651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Missense mutated von Hippel Lindau (VHL) protein (pVHL) maintains intrinsic function but undergoes proteasomal degradation and tumor initiation/progression in VHL disease. Vorinostat can rescue missense mutated pVHL and arrest tumor growth in pre-clinical models. We asked if short-term oral vorinostat could rescue pVHL in central nervous system hemangioblastomas in germline missense VHL patients. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We administered oral vorinostat to seven subjects (aged 46.0±14.5 years) and then removed symptomatic hemangioblastomas surgically (clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT02108002). RESULTS Vorinostat was tolerated without serious adverse events by all patients. pVHL expression was elevated in neoplastic stromal cells compared to untreated hemangioblastomas from same patients. We found transcriptional suppression of downstream HIF effectors. Mechanistically, vorinostat prevented Hsp90 recruitment to mutated pVHL in-vitro. The effects of vorinostat on the Hsp90-pVHL interaction, pVHL rescue, and transcriptional repression of downstream HIF effectors was independent of the location of the missense mutation on the VHL locus. We confirmed a neoplastic stromal cell-specific effect in suppression of pro-tumorigenic pathways with single nucleus transcriptomic profiling. CONCLUSIONS We found that oral vorinostat treatment in VHL patients with germline missense mutations has a potent biologic effect that warrants further clinical study. These results provide biologic evidence to support the use of proteostasis modulation for the treatment of syndromic solid tumors involving protein misfolding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Chittiboina
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, United States
| | - Debjani Mandal
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, United States
| | - Alejandro Bugarini
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, United States
| | - David T Asuzu
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, United States
| | - Dustin Mullaney
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | | | - Stefan Stoica
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, United States
| | - Reinier Alvarez
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Gretchen Scott
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, United States
| | - Dragan Maric
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | | | - Emily Y Chew
- National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | | | - Russell R Lonser
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Columbus, Ohio, United States
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Asuzu D, Stoica S, Elkahloun A, Johnson K, Chittiboina P. 519 Single Nucleus ATAC Sequencing Reveals Increased PPP1R17 Chromatin Accessibility Driving Cushing’s Disease. Neurosurgery 2023. [DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000002375_519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
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Garcia-Montojo M, Simula ER, Fathi S, McMahan C, Ghosal A, Berry JD, Cudkowicz M, Elkahloun A, Johnson K, Norato G, Jensen P, James T, Sechi LA, Nath A. Antibody Response to HML-2 May Be Protective in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2022; 92:782-792. [PMID: 36053951 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Reactivation of HERV-K(HML-2) has been found in subsets of individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). This study examines the antibody response against HML-2 in ALS and analyzes its clinical relevance. METHODS Antibodies to HML-2 envelope (env) were analyzed using a peptide array for epitope mapping and by a peptide enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 242 healthy donors, and 243 ALS and 85 multiple sclerosis (MS) individuals. Extracellular levels of HML-2 were analyzed by digital polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS Antibodies in the sera of ALS individuals recognized more HML-2 env peptides compared to healthy controls (p < 0.0001). ALS individuals had higher levels of HML-2 than healthy donors (p = 0.02) and higher antibody levels against a select HML-2 env peptide compared to healthy donors or individuals with multiple sclerosis (p < 0.0001). 55.14% of ALS compared to 21.16% of healthy donors and 13.10% of MS individuals had antibodies against the HML-2 peptide (AUC = 0.769, p < 0.0001). Levels of extracellular HML-2 DNA in serum (p = 0.02) and the number of HML-2 env peptides recognized by ALS sera (p = 0.02) correlated with disease duration. Among ALS individuals, lower levels of HML-2 antibodies were associated with a definite diagnosis per EL Escorial criteria (p = 0.03), and with a lower predicted (p = 0.02) and observed survival (p = 0.03). INTERPRETATION There is a differential antibody response against specific epitopes of HML-2 env in ALS and controls, suggesting epitope spreading, likely due to persistent antigenic exposure following reactivation of the viral genes. Low levels of antibodies to HML-2 env in ALS are associated with poor prognosis and decreased survival probability. ANN NEUROL 2022;92:782-792.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Garcia-Montojo
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Elena Rita Simula
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Microbiology and Virology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Saeed Fathi
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cynthia McMahan
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anubrata Ghosal
- Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS and the Neurology Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James D Berry
- Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS and the Neurology Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Merit Cudkowicz
- Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS and the Neurology Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Abdel Elkahloun
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kory Johnson
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gina Norato
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter Jensen
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tony James
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Leonardo A Sechi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Microbiology and Virology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.,Struttura Complessa Microbiologia e Virologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Avindra Nath
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Weinstein R, Bishop K, Broadbridge E, Yu K, Carrington B, Elkahloun A, Zhen T, Pei W, Burgess SM, Liu P, Bresciani E, Sood R. Zrsr2 Is Essential for the Embryonic Development and Splicing of Minor Introns in RNA and Protein Processing Genes in Zebrafish. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:10668. [PMID: 36142581 PMCID: PMC9501576 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
ZRSR2 (zinc finger CCCH-type, RNA binding motif and serine/arginine rich 2) is an essential splicing factor involved in 3' splice-site recognition as a component of both the major and minor spliceosomes that mediate the splicing of U2-type (major) and U12-type (minor) introns, respectively. Studies of ZRSR2-depleted cell lines and ZRSR2-mutated patient samples revealed its essential role in the U12-dependent minor spliceosome. However, the role of ZRSR2 during embryonic development is not clear, as its function is compensated for by Zrsr1 in mice. Here, we utilized the zebrafish model to investigate the role of zrsr2 during embryonic development. Using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, we generated a zrsr2-knockout zebrafish line, termed zrsr2hg129/hg129 (p.Trp167Argfs*9) and examined embryo development in the homozygous mutant embryos. zrsr2hg129/hg129 embryos displayed multiple developmental defects starting at 4 days post fertilization (dpf) and died after 8 dpf, suggesting that proper Zrsr2 function is required during embryonic development. The global transcriptome analysis of 3 dpf zrsr2hg129/hg129 embryos revealed that the loss of Zrsr2 results in the downregulation of essential metabolic pathways and the aberrant retention of minor introns in about one-third of all minor intron-containing genes in zebrafish. Overall, our study has demonstrated that the role of Zrsr2 as a component of the minor spliceosome is conserved and critical for proper embryonic development in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Weinstein
- Zebrafish Core, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kevin Bishop
- Zebrafish Core, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elizabeth Broadbridge
- Oncogenesis and Development Section, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kai Yu
- Oncogenesis and Development Section, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Blake Carrington
- Zebrafish Core, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Abdel Elkahloun
- Microarray Core, Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tao Zhen
- Oncogenesis and Development Section, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wuhong Pei
- Developmental Genomics Section, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shawn M. Burgess
- Developmental Genomics Section, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Paul Liu
- Oncogenesis and Development Section, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Erica Bresciani
- Oncogenesis and Development Section, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Raman Sood
- Zebrafish Core, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Oncogenesis and Development Section, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Xu W, Dahlke SP, Sung M, Samal B, Emery AC, Elkahloun A, Eiden LE. ERK-dependent induction of the immediate-early gene Egr1 and the late gene Gpr50 contribute to two distinct phases of PACAP Gs-GPCR signaling for neuritogenesis. J Neuroendocrinol 2022; 34:e13182. [PMID: 35841324 PMCID: PMC9529758 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gs-coupled GPCR-stimulated neuritogenesis in PC12 and NS-1 - cells depends on activation of the MAP kinase ERK. Here, we examine changes in ERK activation (phosphorylation), and the time course of ERK-dependent gene induction, to seek transcriptional determinants for this process. Quenching of ERK activation by inhibition of MEK with U0126 at any time point for at least 24 h following addition of PACAP resulted in arrest of neurite formation. Changes in the transcriptome profile throughout this time period revealed at least two phases of gene induction: an early phase dominated by induction of immediate-early genes, and a later phase of gene induction after 4-6 h of exposure to PACAP with persistent elevation of phospho-ERK levels. Genes induced by PACAP in both phases consisted in those whose induction was dependent on ERK (i.e., blocked by U0126), and some whose induction was blocked by the protein kinase A inhibitor H89. ERK-dependent "late gene" transcripts included Gpr50, implicated earlier in facilitation of NGF-induced neurite formation in NS-1 cells. Gpr50 induction by PACAP, but not NGF, was dependent on the guanine nucleotide exchange factor RapGEF2, which has been shown to be required for PACAP-induced neuritogenesis in NS-1 cells. Expression of a Gpr50-directed shRNA lowered basal levels of Gpr50 mRNA and attenuated Gpr50 mRNA and GPR50 protein induction by PACAP, with a corresponding attenuation of PACAP-induced neuritogenesis. Gs-GPCR-stimulated neuritogenesis first requires immediate-early gene induction, including that of Egr1 (Zif268/NGF1A/Krox24) as previously reported. This early phase of gene induction, however, is insufficient to maintain the neuritogenic process without ERK-dependent induction of additional late genes, including Gpr50, upon continuous exposure to neurotrophic neuropeptide. Early (Egr1) and late (Gpr50) gene induction by NGF, like that for PACAP, was inhibited by U0126, but was independent of RapGEF2, confirming distinct modes of ERK activation by Gs-coupled GPCRs and neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinases, converging on a final common ERK-dependent signaling pathway for neuritogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqin Xu
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health-Intramural Research Program
| | - Sam P. Dahlke
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health-Intramural Research Program
| | - Michelle Sung
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health-Intramural Research Program
| | - Babru Samal
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health-Intramural Research Program
| | - Andrew C. Emery
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health-Intramural Research Program
| | - Abdel Elkahloun
- Microarray Core, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lee E. Eiden
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health-Intramural Research Program
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7
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Asuzu DT, Alvarez R, Fletcher PA, Mandal D, Johnson K, Wu W, Elkahloun A, Clavijo P, Allen C, Maric D, Ray-Chaudhury A, Rajan S, Abdullaev Z, Nwokoye D, Aldape K, Nieman LK, Stratakis C, Stojilkovic SS, Chittiboina P. Pituitary adenomas evade apoptosis via noxa deregulation in Cushing's disease. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111223. [PMID: 36001971 PMCID: PMC9527711 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporadic pituitary adenomas occur in over 10% of the population. Hormone-secreting adenomas, including those causing Cushing’s disease (CD), cause severe morbidity and early mortality. Mechanistic studies of CD are hindered by a lack of in vitro models and control normal human pituitary glands. Here, we surgically annotate adenomas and adjacent normal glands in 25 of 34 patients. Using single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of 27594 cells, we identify CD adenoma transcriptomic signatures compared with adjacent normal cells, with validation by bulk RNA-seq, DNA methylation, qRT-PCR, and immunohistochemistry. CD adenoma cells include a subpopulation of proliferating, terminally differentiated corticotrophs. In CD adenomas, we find recurrent promoter hypomethylation and transcriptional upregulation of PMAIP1 (encoding pro-apoptotic BH3-only bcl-2 protein noxa) but paradoxical noxa downregulation. Using primary CD adenoma cell cultures and a corticotroph-enriched mouse cell line, we find that selective proteasomal inhibition with bortezomib stabilizes noxa and induces apoptosis, indicating its utility as an anti-tumor agent. Asuzu et al. perform single-cell transcriptomic profiling in Cushing’s disease (CD) adenomas and find overexpression and DNA hypomethylation of PMAIP1, which encodes the pro-apoptotic protein noxa. Noxa is degraded by the proteasome. Proteasomal inhibition rescues noxa and induces apoptosis in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Asuzu
- Neurosurgery Unit for Pituitary and Inheritable Diseases, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room 3D20, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Reinier Alvarez
- Neurosurgery Unit for Pituitary and Inheritable Diseases, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room 3D20, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Florida International University Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Patrick A Fletcher
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Debjani Mandal
- Neurosurgery Unit for Pituitary and Inheritable Diseases, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room 3D20, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kory Johnson
- DIR Bioinformatics Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Weiwei Wu
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Abdel Elkahloun
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul Clavijo
- Translational Tumor Immunology Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Clint Allen
- Translational Tumor Immunology Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dragan Maric
- Flow and Imaging Cytometry Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Abhik Ray-Chaudhury
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA; Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sharika Rajan
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zied Abdullaev
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Diana Nwokoye
- Neurosurgery Unit for Pituitary and Inheritable Diseases, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room 3D20, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kenneth Aldape
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lynnette K Nieman
- Section on Translational Endocrinology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Constantine Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stanko S Stojilkovic
- Section on Cellular Signaling, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Prashant Chittiboina
- Neurosurgery Unit for Pituitary and Inheritable Diseases, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room 3D20, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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8
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Burke EA, Sturgeon M, Zastrow DB, Fernandez L, Prybol C, Marwaha S, Frothingham EP, Ward PA, Eng CM, Fresard L, Montgomery SB, Enns GM, Fisher PG, Wolfe LA, Harding B, Carrington B, Bishop K, Sood R, Huang Y, Elkahloun A, Toro C, Bassuk AG, Wheeler MT, Markello TC, Gahl WA, Malicdan MCV. Compound heterozygous KCTD7 variants in progressive myoclonus epilepsy. J Neurogenet 2021; 35:74-83. [PMID: 33970744 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2021.1892095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
KCTD7 is a member of the potassium channel tetramerization domain-containing protein family and has been associated with progressive myoclonic epilepsy (PME), characterized by myoclonus, epilepsy, and neurological deterioration. Here we report four affected individuals from two unrelated families in which we identified KCTD7 compound heterozygous single nucleotide variants through exome sequencing. RNAseq was used to detect a non-annotated splicing junction created by a synonymous variant in the second family. Whole-cell patch-clamp analysis of neuroblastoma cells overexpressing the patients' variant alleles demonstrated aberrant potassium regulation. While all four patients experienced many of the common clinical features of PME, they also showed variable phenotypes not previously reported, including dysautonomia, brain pathology findings including a significantly reduced thalamus, and the lack of myoclonic seizures. To gain further insight into the pathogenesis of the disorder, zinc finger nucleases were used to generate kctd7 knockout zebrafish. Kctd7 homozygous mutants showed global dysregulation of gene expression and increased transcription of c-fos, which has previously been correlated with seizure activity in animal models. Together these findings expand the known phenotypic spectrum of KCTD7-associated PME, report a new animal model for future studies, and contribute valuable insights into the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Burke
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH and National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Morgan Sturgeon
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Diane B Zastrow
- Center for Undiagnosed Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Liliana Fernandez
- Center for Undiagnosed Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Cameron Prybol
- Center for Undiagnosed Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shruti Marwaha
- Center for Undiagnosed Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Patricia A Ward
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christine M Eng
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Laure Fresard
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stephen B Montgomery
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gregory M Enns
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Paul G Fisher
- Center for Undiagnosed Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lynne A Wolfe
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH and National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brian Harding
- Departments of Pathology and Lab Medicine (Neuropathology), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Blake Carrington
- Zebrafish Core, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kevin Bishop
- Zebrafish Core, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Raman Sood
- Zebrafish Core, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yan Huang
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH and National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Abdel Elkahloun
- Microarray Core, Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Camilo Toro
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH and National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Matthew T Wheeler
- Center for Undiagnosed Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Thomas C Markello
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH and National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William A Gahl
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH and National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - May Christine V Malicdan
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH and National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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9
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Nozuma S, Enose-Akahata Y, Johnson KR, Monaco MC, Ngouth N, Elkahloun A, Ohayon J, Zhu J, Jacobson S. Immunopathogenic CSF TCR repertoire signatures in virus-associated neurologic disease. JCI Insight 2021; 6:144869. [PMID: 33616082 PMCID: PMC7934934 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.144869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we examined and characterized disease-specific TCR signatures in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with HTLV-1–associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). TCR β libraries using unique molecular identifier–based methodologies were sequenced in paired peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and CSF cells from HAM/TSP patients and normal healthy donors (NDs). The sequence analysis demonstrated that TCR β repertoires in CSF of HAM/TSP patients were highly expanded and contained both TCR clonotypes shared with PBMCs and uniquely enriched within the CSF. In addition, we analyzed TCR β repertoires of highly expanded and potentially immunopathologic HTLV-1 Tax11-19–specific CD8+ T cells from PBMCs of HLA-A*0201+ HAM/TSP and identified a conserved motif (PGLAG) in the CDR3 region. Importantly, TCR β clonotypes of expanded clones in HTLV-1 Tax11-19–specific CD8+ T cells were also expanded and enriched in the CSF of the same patient. These results suggest that exploring TCR repertoires of CSF and antigen-specific T cells may provide a TCR repertoire signature in virus-associated neurologic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kory R Johnson
- Bioinformatics Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Nyater Ngouth
- Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch and
| | - Abdel Elkahloun
- Comparative Genomics and Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joan Ohayon
- Neuroimmunology Clinic, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jun Zhu
- Mokobio Biotechnology R&D Center, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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10
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Alvarez R, Mandal D, Ray-Chaudhury A, Edwards NA, Johnson K, Elkahloun A, Wu W, Chittiboina P. Cushing's Disease Pituitary Adenomas Suppress Pro-apoptotic Noxa to Evade Cell Death. Neurosurgery 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyaa447_824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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11
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Asuzu D, Johnson K, Elkahloun A, Chittiboina P. Deep Sequencing of the Pituitary Gland Deep Reveals Stress Signaling Associated Death. Neurosurgery 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyaa447_879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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12
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Sloan JL, Achilly NP, Arnold ML, Catlett JL, Blake T, Bishop K, Jones M, Harper U, English MA, Anderson S, Trivedi NS, Elkahloun A, Hoffmann V, Brooks BP, Sood R, Venditti CP. The vitamin B12 processing enzyme, mmachc, is essential for zebrafish survival, growth and retinal morphology. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 29:2109-2123. [PMID: 32186706 PMCID: PMC7399538 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cobalamin C (cblC) deficiency, the most common inborn error of intracellular cobalamin metabolism, is caused by mutations in MMACHC, a gene responsible for the processing and intracellular trafficking of vitamin B12. This recessive disorder is characterized by a failure to metabolize cobalamin into adenosyl- and methylcobalamin, which results in the biochemical perturbations of methylmalonic acidemia, hyperhomocysteinemia and hypomethioninemia caused by the impaired activity of the downstream enzymes, methylmalonyl-CoA mutase and methionine synthase. Cobalamin C deficiency can be accompanied by a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, including progressive blindness, and, in mice, manifests with very early embryonic lethality. Because zebrafish harbor a full complement of cobalamin metabolic enzymes, we used genome editing to study the loss of mmachc function and to develop the first viable animal model of cblC deficiency. mmachc mutants survived the embryonic period but perished in early juvenile life. The mutants displayed the metabolic and clinical features of cblC deficiency including methylmalonic acidemia, severe growth retardation and lethality. Morphologic and metabolic parameters improved when the mutants were raised in water supplemented with small molecules used to treat patients, including hydroxocobalamin, methylcobalamin, methionine and betaine. Furthermore, mmachc mutants bred to express rod and/or cone fluorescent reporters, manifested a retinopathy and thin optic nerves (ON). Expression analysis using whole eye mRNA revealed the dysregulation of genes involved in phototransduction and cholesterol metabolism. Zebrafish with mmachc deficiency recapitulate the several of the phenotypic and biochemical features of the human disorder, including ocular pathology, and show a response to established treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Sloan
- Organic Acid Research Section, Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Nathan P Achilly
- Organic Acid Research Section, Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Madeline L Arnold
- Organic Acid Research Section, Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Jerrel L Catlett
- Organic Acid Research Section, Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Trevor Blake
- Zebrafish Core Facility, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Kevin Bishop
- Zebrafish Core Facility, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Marypat Jones
- Genomics Core, Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Ursula Harper
- Genomics Core, Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Milton A English
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Stacie Anderson
- Flow Cytometry, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Niraj S Trivedi
- Social Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Abdel Elkahloun
- Microarray Core, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Victoria Hoffmann
- Diagnostic and Research Services Branch, Division of Veterinary Resources, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Brian P Brooks
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Raman Sood
- Zebrafish Core Facility, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Charles P Venditti
- Organic Acid Research Section, Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
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13
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Asuzu D, Johnson K, Elkahloun A, Wu W, Nieman L, Stratakis CA, Chittiboina P. SAT-304 Pituitary Stem Cells May Drive Adenomas Causing Cushing’s Disease. J Endocr Soc 2020. [PMCID: PMC7207599 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa046.1292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction:Cell rests of self-renewing Sox2+ progenitor cells have been identified in the normal pituitary glands1, however their role in human pituitary tumorigenesis is not understood. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) producing microadenomas that cause Cushing’s disease frequently (~70%) lack pathogenic genetic mutations.2 In mice, targeted expression of oncogenic β-catenin in Sox2+ cells generate microadenomas. Interestingly, the Sox2+ cells reside within the adjacent normal gland and drive adenomas in a paracrine fashion.3 We hypothesized that Sox2+ progenitors in human pituitary gland may drive the formation of microadenomas that cause Cushing’s disease (CD).
Methods:Four ACTH producing adenomas and two non-functional adenomas (NFPA) with separately annotated adjacent normal tissue (henceforward called ‘microenvironment’) were procured for this study (NCT00060541). We performed RNA deep sequencing (RNAseq) and compared expression of lineage-specific markers and progenitor markers using two-sample T-tests after testing for variance equality and using Welch’s approximation for degrees of freedom.
Results:We found expected overexpression of ACTH preprohormone POMC in CD adenomas compared to adjacent microenvironment (?-fold) and NFPA (?-fold). The microenvironment in Cushing’s disease showed increased expression of progenitor markers including SOX2, SOX9, CDH1, GRFA2, and KLF4 compared with microenviroment in NFPA. Likewise, the Cushing’s disease microenvironment showed increased expression ofPOMC (26.98 - fold, P = 0.004) as well as PRLR (FC 17.39, P = 0.006) and GH1 (FC 29.91, P = 0.003) implying that increased Sox2+ progenitors contribute to terminally differentiated corticotrope, lactotroph and somatotroph lineages in-vivo.
Conclusions:We report increased expression of several progenitor markers and concomitant elevation in tissues-specific markers in the microenvironment of Cushing’s disease patients. Our results indicate that increased pituitary progenitors in the microenvironment of human corticotropinomas may signal in paracrine fashion and may contribute to the pathogenesis of Cushing’s disease.
References:1. Cox, B. et al. J. Endocrinol.234, R135-R158 (2017).2. Bi, W. L. et al. Clin. Cancer Res.23, 1841-1851 (2017).3. Andoniadou, C. L. et al. Cell Stem Cell13, 433-445 (2013).
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Affiliation(s)
- David Asuzu
- National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kory Johnson
- National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Weiwei Wu
- National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lynnette Nieman
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
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14
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Alvarez R, Floros K, Johnson K, Elkahloun A, Wu W, Edwards N, Chaudhury AR, Nieman L, Stratakis C, Chittiboina P. SAT-300 Evading Death: Noxa in Cushing’s Disease Pituitary Adenomas. J Endocr Soc 2020. [PMCID: PMC7208015 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa046.1312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Recurrence of Cushing’s disease (CD) caused by benign pituitary microadenomas are challenging clinical problems. Mechanisms underlying adenoma formation and recurrence remain unknown. PMAIP1 gene codes for Noxa, a Bcl-2 homology 3 (BH3) pro-apoptotic protein frequently downregulated in malignant human tumors.1-6 The role of dysregulated apoptosis remains largely unknown in benign tumors and in CD. We hypothesized that altered expression of Noxa protein is a pro-survival adaptation employed by CD adenomas. Methods: Syngeneic human pituitary adenoma and adjacent normal gland pairs (n=2), and an additional CD adenoma were analyzed with RNAseq. 10 CD, 1 growth hormone (GH) and 1 non-functioning adenoma (NFPA) underwent immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis for Noxa expression, which was graded by a neuropathologist as 0=none, 1=light, 2=medium, 3=strong. Staining grade represents relative protein expression. Results: Compared to adjacent normal pituitary tissue, we found that adenomas (n = 3) had a 3.76 fold increase in PMAIP1 mRNA. However, there was attenuated Noxa IHC staining in adenomas compared to normal pituitary in 8 of 10 CD patients (2:3, respectively), but similar staining in 2 of 10 CD patients (2:2 and 2-3:2-3). In GH and NFPA, we found similar patterns of Noxa suppression in the adenomas compared to the normal gland. Conclusion: Despite elevated PMAIP1 (Noxa) gene expression in adenomas compared to adjacent normal gland in CD, protein expression was reduced in adenomas. This downregulation of Noxa protein expression may contribute to reduced apoptosis of tumor cells. These findings suggest that CD adenomas gain pro-survival advantage by downregulating Noxa protein at post-transcriptional or post-translational level. References 1. Escobar, D. et al. Cell Death Dis.6, 1-14 (2015).2. Brinkmann, K. et al. Cell Rep.3, 881-891 (2013).3. Liu, Y. L. et al. Oncotarget5, 11237-11251 (2014).4. Dengler, M. A. et al. Cell Death Dis.5, 1-10 (2014).5. Liang, L. et al. J. Oral Pathol. Med.48, 52-59 (2019).6. Tahir, S. K. et al. Cancer Res.67, 1176-1183 (2007).
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinier Alvarez
- National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Kory Johnson
- National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Weiwei Wu
- National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nancy Edwards
- National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Lynnette Nieman
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Constantine Stratakis
- Eunice Shriver Kennedy National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
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15
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Qutob N, Masuho I, Alon M, Emmanuel R, Cohen I, Di Pizio A, Madore J, Elkahloun A, Ziv T, Levy R, Gartner JJ, Hill VK, Lin JC, Hevroni Y, Greenberg P, Brodezki A, Rosenberg SA, Kosloff M, Hayward NK, Admon A, Niv MY, Scolyer RA, Martemyanov KA, Samuels Y. Author Correction: RGS7 is recurrently mutated in melanoma and promotes migration and invasion of human cancer cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4523. [PMID: 30850615 PMCID: PMC6408521 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37932-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has not been fixed in the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouar Qutob
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ikuo Masuho
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Michal Alon
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rafi Emmanuel
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Isadora Cohen
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Antonella Di Pizio
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jason Madore
- Melanoma Institute Australia, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, NSW, Australia
| | - Abdel Elkahloun
- National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tamar Ziv
- Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ronen Levy
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jared J Gartner
- National Cancer Institute, Surgery Branch, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Victoria K Hill
- National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jimmy C Lin
- National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yael Hevroni
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Polina Greenberg
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alexandra Brodezki
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Steven A Rosenberg
- National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mickey Kosloff
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Nicholas K Hayward
- Melanoma Institute Australia, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Arie Admon
- Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Masha Y Niv
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Richard A Scolyer
- Melanoma Institute Australia, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, NSW, Australia.,Disciplines of Surgery and Pathology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Yardena Samuels
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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16
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Stephen J, Maddirevula S, Nampoothiri S, Burke JD, Herzog M, Shukla A, Steindl K, Eskin A, Patil SJ, Joset P, Lee H, Garrett LJ, Yokoyama T, Balanda N, Bodine SP, Tolman NJ, Zerfas PM, Zheng A, Ramantani G, Girisha KM, Rivas C, Suresh PV, Elkahloun A, Alsaif HS, Wakil SM, Mahmoud L, Ali R, Prochazkova M, Kulkarni AB, Ben-Omran T, Colak D, Morris HD, Rauch A, Martinez-Agosto JA, Nelson SF, Alkuraya FS, Gahl WA, Malicdan MCV, Malicdan MCV. Bi-allelic TMEM94 Truncating Variants Are Associated with Neurodevelopmental Delay, Congenital Heart Defects, and Distinct Facial Dysmorphism. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 103:948-967. [PMID: 30526868 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) are genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous conditions due to defects in genes involved in development and function of the nervous system. Individuals with NDD, in addition to their primary neurodevelopmental phenotype, may also have accompanying syndromic features that can be very helpful diagnostically especially those with recognizable facial appearance. In this study, we describe ten similarly affected individuals from six unrelated families of different ethnic origins having bi-allelic truncating variants in TMEM94, which encodes for an uncharacterized transmembrane nuclear protein that is highly conserved across mammals. The affected individuals manifested with global developmental delay/intellectual disability, and dysmorphic facial features including triangular face, deep set eyes, broad nasal root and tip and anteverted nostrils, thick arched eye brows, hypertrichosis, pointed chin, and hypertelorism. Birthweight in the upper normal range was observed in most, and all but one had congenital heart defects (CHD). Gene expression analysis in available cells from affected individuals showed reduced expression of TMEM94. Global transcriptome profiling using microarray and RNA sequencing revealed several dysregulated genes essential for cell growth, proliferation and survival that are predicted to have an impact on cardiotoxicity hematological system and neurodevelopment. Loss of Tmem94 in mouse model generated by CRISPR/Cas9 was embryonic lethal and led to craniofacial and cardiac abnormalities and abnormal neuronal migration pattern, suggesting that this gene is important in craniofacial, cardiovascular, and nervous system development. Our study suggests the genetic etiology of a recognizable dysmorphic syndrome with NDD and CHD and highlights the role of TMEM94 in early development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - May Christine V Malicdan
- Section of Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, NHGRI and the Common Fund, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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17
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Nordlinger A, Dror S, Elkahloun A, Del Rio J, Stubbs E, Golan T, Malcov H, Pricket TD, Cronin JC, Parikh S, Labes S, Thomas L, Yankovitz G, Tabach Y, Levy C, Samuels Y, Khaled M. Mutated MITF-E87R in Melanoma Enhances Tumor Progression via S100A4. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:2216-2223. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.03.1524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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18
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Yu Y, Schleich K, Yue B, Ji S, Lohneis P, Kemper K, Silvis MR, Qutob N, van Rooijen E, Werner-Klein M, Li L, Dhawan D, Meierjohann S, Reimann M, Elkahloun A, Treitschke S, Dörken B, Speck C, Mallette FA, Zon LI, Holmen SL, Peeper DS, Samuels Y, Schmitt CA, Lee S. Targeting the Senescence-Overriding Cooperative Activity of Structurally Unrelated H3K9 Demethylases in Melanoma. Cancer Cell 2018; 33:785. [PMID: 29634951 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Yu Y, Schleich K, Yue B, Ji S, Lohneis P, Kemper K, Silvis MR, Qutob N, van Rooijen E, Werner-Klein M, Li L, Dhawan D, Meierjohann S, Reimann M, Elkahloun A, Treitschke S, Dörken B, Speck C, Mallette FA, Zon LI, Holmen SL, Peeper DS, Samuels Y, Schmitt CA, Lee S. Targeting the Senescence-Overriding Cooperative Activity of Structurally Unrelated H3K9 Demethylases in Melanoma. Cancer Cell 2018; 33:322-336.e8. [PMID: 29438700 PMCID: PMC5977991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Oncogene-induced senescence, e.g., in melanocytic nevi, terminates the expansion of pre-malignant cells via transcriptional silencing of proliferation-related genes due to decoration of their promoters with repressive trimethylated histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) marks. We show here that structurally distinct H3K9-active demethylases-the lysine-specific demethylase-1 (LSD1) and several Jumonji C domain-containing moieties (such as JMJD2C)-disable senescence and permit Ras/Braf-evoked transformation. In mouse and zebrafish models, enforced LSD1 or JMJD2C expression promoted Braf-V600E-driven melanomagenesis. A large subset of established melanoma cell lines and primary human melanoma samples presented with a collective upregulation of related and unrelated H3K9 demethylase activities, whose targeted inhibition restored senescence, even in Braf inhibitor-resistant melanomas, evoked secondary immune effects and controlled tumor growth in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yu
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kolja Schleich
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Medical Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Virchow Campus, and Molekulares Krebsforschungszentrum, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bin Yue
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Medical Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Virchow Campus, and Molekulares Krebsforschungszentrum, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sujuan Ji
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Medical Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Virchow Campus, and Molekulares Krebsforschungszentrum, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Lohneis
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Pathology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristel Kemper
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mark R Silvis
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah Health Sciences Center & Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Nouar Qutob
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ellen van Rooijen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stem Cell Program and the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Melanie Werner-Klein
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI) and University Medical Center of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; Experimental Medicine and Therapy Research, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lianjie Li
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Medical Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Virchow Campus, and Molekulares Krebsforschungszentrum, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dhriti Dhawan
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Medical Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Virchow Campus, and Molekulares Krebsforschungszentrum, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Svenja Meierjohann
- University of Würzburg, Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maurice Reimann
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Medical Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Virchow Campus, and Molekulares Krebsforschungszentrum, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Abdel Elkahloun
- National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Steffi Treitschke
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Dörken
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Medical Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Virchow Campus, and Molekulares Krebsforschungszentrum, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung (German Cancer Consortium), Partner Site Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Speck
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, and MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS), London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Frédérick A Mallette
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Leonard I Zon
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stem Cell Program and the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Sheri L Holmen
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah Health Sciences Center & Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Daniel S Peeper
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yardena Samuels
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Clemens A Schmitt
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Medical Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Virchow Campus, and Molekulares Krebsforschungszentrum, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung (German Cancer Consortium), Partner Site Berlin, Germany.
| | - Soyoung Lee
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Medical Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Virchow Campus, and Molekulares Krebsforschungszentrum, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung (German Cancer Consortium), Partner Site Berlin, Germany
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20
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Qutob N, Masuho I, Alon M, Emmanuel R, Cohen I, Di Pizio A, Madore J, Elkahloun A, Ziv T, Levy R, Gartner JJ, Hill VK, Lin JC, Hevroni Y, Greenberg P, Brodezki A, Rosenberg SA, Kosloff M, Hayward NK, Admon A, Niv MY, Scolyer RA, Martemyanov KA, Samuels Y. RGS7 is recurrently mutated in melanoma and promotes migration and invasion of human cancer cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:653. [PMID: 29330521 PMCID: PMC5766496 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18851-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of 501 melanoma exomes revealed RGS7, which encodes a GTPase-accelerating protein (GAP), to be a tumor-suppressor gene. RGS7 was mutated in 11% of melanomas and was found to harbor three recurrent mutations (p.R44C, p.E383K and p.R416Q). Structural modeling of the most common recurrent mutation of the three (p.R44C) predicted that it destabilizes the protein due to the loss of an H-bond and salt bridge network between the mutated position and the serine and aspartic acid residues at positions 58 as 61, respectively. We experimentally confirmed this prediction showing that the p.R44C mutant protein is indeed destabilized. We further show RGS7 p.R44C has weaker catalytic activity for its substrate Gαo, thus providing a dual mechanism for its loss of function. Both of these effects are expected to contribute to loss of function of RGS7 resulting in increased anchorage-independent growth, migration and invasion of melanoma cells. By mutating position 56 in the R44C mutant from valine to cysteine, thereby enabling the formation of a disulfide bridge between the two mutated positions, we slightly increased the catalytic activity and reinstated protein stability, leading to the rescue of RGS7′s function as a tumor suppressor. Our findings identify RGS7 as a novel melanoma driver and point to the clinical relevance of using strategies to stabilize the protein and, thereby, restore its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouar Qutob
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ikuo Masuho
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Michal Alon
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rafi Emmanuel
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Isadora Cohen
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Antonella Di Pizio
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jason Madore
- Melanoma Institute Australia, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, NSW, Australia
| | - Abdel Elkahloun
- National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tamar Ziv
- Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ronen Levy
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jared J Gartner
- National Cancer Institute, Surgery Branch, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Victoria K Hill
- National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jimmy C Lin
- National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yael Hevroni
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Polina Greenberg
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alexandra Brodezki
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Steven A Rosenberg
- National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mickey Kosloff
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Nicholas K Hayward
- Melanoma Institute Australia, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Arie Admon
- Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Masha Y Niv
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Richard A Scolyer
- Melanoma Institute Australia, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, NSW, Australia.,Disciplines of Surgery and Pathology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Yardena Samuels
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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21
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Johnson TP, Tyagi R, Lee PR, Lee MH, Johnson KR, Kowalak J, Elkahloun A, Medynets M, Hategan A, Kubofcik J, Sejvar J, Ratto J, Bunga S, Makumbi I, Aceng JR, Nutman TB, Dowell SF, Nath A. Nodding syndrome may be an autoimmune reaction to the parasitic worm Onchocerca volvulus. Sci Transl Med 2017; 9:9/377/eaaf6953. [PMID: 28202777 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf6953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nodding syndrome is an epileptic disorder of unknown etiology that occurs in children in East Africa. There is an epidemiological association with Onchocerca volvulus, the parasitic worm that causes onchocerciasis (river blindness), but there is limited evidence that the parasite itself is neuroinvasive. We hypothesized that nodding syndrome may be an autoimmune-mediated disease. Using protein chip methodology, we detected autoantibodies to leiomodin-1 more abundantly in patients with nodding syndrome compared to unaffected controls from the same village. Leiomodin-1 autoantibodies were found in both the sera and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with nodding syndrome. Leiomodin-1 was found to be expressed in mature and developing human neurons in vitro and was localized in mouse brain to the CA3 region of the hippocampus, Purkinje cells in the cerebellum, and cortical neurons, structures that also appear to be affected in patients with nodding syndrome. Antibodies targeting leiomodin-1 were neurotoxic in vitro, and leiomodin-1 antibodies purified from patients with nodding syndrome were cross-reactive with O. volvulus antigens. This study provides initial evidence supporting the hypothesis that nodding syndrome is an autoimmune epileptic disorder caused by molecular mimicry with O. volvulus antigens and suggests that patients may benefit from immunomodulatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tory P Johnson
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richa Tyagi
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Paul R Lee
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Myoung-Hwa Lee
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kory R Johnson
- Bioinformatics Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jeffrey Kowalak
- Clinical Proteomics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Abdel Elkahloun
- Microarray Core Facility, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marie Medynets
- Neural Differentiation Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alina Hategan
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joseph Kubofcik
- Helminth Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - James Sejvar
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Jeffrey Ratto
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Sudhir Bunga
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | | | | | - Thomas B Nutman
- Helminth Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Avindra Nath
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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22
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Fliedner SMJ, Shankavaram U, Marzouca G, Elkahloun A, Jochmanova I, Daerr R, Linehan WM, Timmers H, Tischler AS, Papaspyrou K, Brieger J, de Krijger R, Breza J, Eisenhofer G, Zhuang Z, Lehnert H, Pacak K. Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 2α Mutation-Related Paragangliomas Classify as Discrete Pseudohypoxic Subcluster. Neoplasia 2017; 18:567-76. [PMID: 27659016 PMCID: PMC5031903 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, activating mutations of the hypoxia-inducible factor 2α gene (HIF2A/EPAS1) have been recognized to predispose to multiple paragangliomas (PGLs) and duodenal somatostatinomas associated with polycythemia, and ocular abnormalities. Previously, mutations in the SDHA/B/C/D, SDHAF2, VHL, FH, PHD1, and PHD2 genes have been associated with HIF activation and the development of pseudohypoxic (cluster-1) PGLs. These tumors overlap in terms of tumor location, syndromic presentation, and noradrenergic phenotype to a certain extent. However, they also differ especially by clinical outcome and by presence of other tumors or abnormalities. In the present study, we aimed to establish additional molecular differences between HIF2A and non-HIF2A pseudohypoxic PGLs. RNA expression patterns of HIF2A PGLs (n = 6) from 2 patients were compared with normal adrenal medullas (n = 8) and other hereditary pseudohypoxic PGLs (VHL: n = 13, SDHB: n = 15, and SDHD: n = 14). Unsupervised hierarchical clustering showed that HIF2A PGLs made up a separate cluster from other pseudohypoxic PGLs. Significance analysis of microarray yielded 875 differentially expressed genes between HIF2A and other pseudohypoxic PGLs after normalization to adrenal medulla (false discovery rate 0.01). Prediction analysis of microarray allowed correct classification of all HIF2A samples based on as little as three genes (TRHDE, LRRC63, IGSF10; error rate: 0.02). Genes with the highest expression difference between normal medulla and HIF2A PGLs were selected for confirmatory quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. In conclusion, HIF2A PGLs show a characteristic expression signature that separates them from non-HIF2A pseudohypoxic PGLs. Unexpectedly, the most significantly differentially expressed genes have not been previously described as HIF target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M J Fliedner
- 1st Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Section of Medical Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Uma Shankavaram
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Geena Marzouca
- Section of Medical Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Abdel Elkahloun
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ivana Jochmanova
- Section of Medical Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; 1st Department of Internal Medicine Medical Faculty of P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Roland Daerr
- Section of Medical Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Institute of Clinical Chemistry & Laboratory Medicine and Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - W Marston Linehan
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Henri Timmers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Konstantinos Papaspyrou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jürgen Brieger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ronald de Krijger
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pathology, Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Breza
- Department of Urology, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Graeme Eisenhofer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry & Laboratory Medicine and Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Zhengping Zhuang
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hendrik Lehnert
- 1st Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Karel Pacak
- Section of Medical Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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23
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Loya AJ, Cincotta DJ, Elkahloun A, Bodine D, Rice KP. Abstract 2109: Transcriptional analysis of human leukemia cells treated with the experimental anticancer drug laromustine. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-2109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Laromustine is an experimental anticancer prodrug that demonstrated significant activity against acute myeloid leukemia in human clinical trials. Upon base-catalyzed activation, laromustine yields two reactive, electrophilic species in situ: 90CE, which can chloroethylate the O6 position of guanine in DNA causing lethal interstrand crosslinks, and methyl isocyanate, which can carbamoylate biochemically relevant nucleophiles, such as cysteine sulfhydryl groups. Previous in vitro and ex vivo investigations into laromustine’s molecular mechanism of action reveal several biochemical consequences of methyl isocyanate, many of which may explain either the acute cytotoxicity of the drug’s carbamoylating activity or the observed synergism with the cytotoxicity of guanine O6 chloroethylation. The combined activities of the electrophilic subspecies of laromustine are believed to induce apoptosis in leukemia cells. Presented herein are extensive flow cytometry experiments using FITC-AnnexinV and propidium iodide suggesting a dose-dependent cytotoxicity that includes apoptotosis. So as to gain a more complete understanding of the drug’s toxicity, an investigation into how laromustine modulates gene transcription in HL60 cells is also carried out and reported here. Total mRNA was harvested from cultured HL60 cells treated with sub-lethal doses of laromustine or analogs lacking either carbamoylating or chloroethylating activity. These samples were subjected to GeneChip analyses against control mRNA. More than 4,000 genes were significantly dysregulated upon the cells’ exposure to laromustine. The analog of laromustine possessing only carbamoylating activity caused the dysregulation of nearly 3,000 genes, the vast majority of which were also dysregulated in response to laromustine. 90CE, which lacks carbamoylating activity but retains chloroethylating activity, understood to be principally responsible for therapeutic cytotoxicity, demonstrated very little effect on gene transcription in HL60 cells. Preliminary analysis of gene pathways affected by laromustine suggests that among the altered pathways, those associated with cancer progression, the G1/S checkpoint, and hematological disorders are particularly stressed. The carbamoylating activity of laromustine is responsible for most of these effects. Identifying genetic pathways disrupted by this potentially useful drug may inform clinical strategies or identify potential targets for co-therapeutic agents.
Citation Format: Amanda J. Loya, Dylan J. Cincotta, Abdel Elkahloun, David Bodine, Kevin P. Rice. Transcriptional analysis of human leukemia cells treated with the experimental anticancer drug laromustine [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2109. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-2109
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David Bodine
- 2National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD
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24
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Arafeh R, Qutob N, Emmanuel RR, Madore J, Elkahloun A, Wilmott JSJS, Gartner JJ, Pizio AD, Rotkopf R, Dutton-Regester K, Hill V, Pritchard A, Lin JC, Rosenberg SA, Khan J, Ben-Dor S, Niv MYMY, Ulitsky I, Mann GJ, Scolyer RA, Hayward NK, Samuels Y. Abstract LB-031: Deciphering distinct roles of RASA2 in melanomagenesis. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-lb-031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Melanoma is the deadliest form of human skin cancer. The incidence of melanoma continues to rise. Recent advances in knowledge of melanoma genetics, genomics and biology has led to an optimistic view of the therapeutic outlook for melanoma patients. We analyzed sequence data from >500 melanoma genomes/exomes to identify novel tumor suppressor genes in melanoma. RASA2 was identified as the most highly somatically mutated novel tumor suppressor gene. RASA2 was mutated in 5% of melanomas and deleted in an additional 16.4% of cases. RASA2 is a GTPase Activating Protein (GAP) that regulates RAS; which is one of the most highly mutated oncogenes in melanoma but drugs targeting RAS have as yet shown poor efficacy. The role of RASA2 has not been investigated in melanoma. NF1, which encodes another RAS- specific GAP, was found to be frequently mutated in melanoma. Interestingly, mutations in RASA2 and NF1 co-occur in the same patients with high frequency. We plan to elucidate the roles of RASA2 in melanomagenesis and to understand why RASA2 and NF1 mutations co-occur despite the fact that both proteins are RasGAPs. Ras includes three isoforms: NRas, KRas and HRas. Our preliminary data show that RASA2 is more specific to NRAS and that NF1 is more specific to KRAS and HRAS. This finding highlights the existence of a paradigm of cooperativity in which combined loss of multiple negative regulators (RASA2 and NF1) of the RAS pathway is required for melanoma development. Therefore, this type of enhancement of RAS signaling is possibly selected for in some melanomas. We will apply a proteomic screen using BioID to identify RASA2 and NF1 binding partners to provide insights into the functional effects and consequences of alterations in RASA2 and NF1. We expect that these studies will not only identify the cellular components that contribute to the Ras signaling pathway but will also identify potential novel therapeutic targets.
Citation Format: Rand Arafeh, Nouar Qutob, Rafi Rafi Emmanuel, Jason Madore, Abdel Elkahloun, James S. James S. Wilmott, Jared J. Gartner, Antonella Di Pizio, Ron Rotkopf, Ken Dutton-Regester, Victoria Hill, Antonia Pritchard, Jimmy C. Lin, Steven A Rosenberg, Javed Khan, Shifra Ben-Dor, Masha Y. Masha Y. Niv, Igor Ulitsky, Graham J Mann, Richard A. Scolyer, Nicholas K. Hayward, Yardena Samuels. Deciphering distinct roles of RASA2 in melanomagenesis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-031. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-LB-031
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Affiliation(s)
- Rand Arafeh
- 1Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nouar Qutob
- 1Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Jason Madore
- 2Melanoma Institute Australia and the University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Abdel Elkahloun
- 3National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Jared J. Gartner
- 4National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Antonella Di Pizio
- 5Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ron Rotkopf
- 6Department of Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Victoria Hill
- 3National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Jimmy C. Lin
- 4National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Javed Khan
- 4National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Shifra Ben-Dor
- 6Department of Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Masha Y. Masha Y. Niv
- 5Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Igor Ulitsky
- 9Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Graham J Mann
- 10Melanoma Institute Australia and the University of Sydney, Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard A. Scolyer
- 11Melanoma Institute Australia and the University of Sydney, Discipline of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, NSW, Australia
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25
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Wu T, Ji Y, Moseman EA, Xu HC, Manglani M, Kirby M, Anderson SM, Handon R, Kenyon E, Elkahloun A, Wu W, Lang PA, Gattinoni L, McGavern DB, Schwartzberg PL. The TCF1-Bcl6 axis counteracts type I interferon to repress exhaustion and maintain T cell stemness. Sci Immunol 2016; 1. [PMID: 28018990 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aai8593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During chronic viral infections and in cancer, T cells become dysfunctional, a state known as T cell exhaustion. Although it is well recognized that memory CD8 T cells account for the persistence of CD8 T cell immunity after acute infection, how exhausted T cells persist remains less clear. Using chronic infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus clone 13 and tumor samples, we demonstrate that CD8 T cells differentiate into a less exhausted TCF1high and a more exhausted TCF1low population. Virus-specific TCF1high CD8 T cells, which resemble T follicular helper (TFH) cells, persist and recall better than do TCF1low cells and act as progenitor cells to replenish TCF1low cells. We show that TCF1 is both necessary and sufficient to support this progenitor-like CD8 subset, whereas cell-intrinsic type I interferon signaling suppresses their differentiation. Accordingly, cell-intrinsic TCF1 deficiency led to a loss of these progenitor CD8 T cells, sharp contraction of virus-specific T cells, and uncontrolled viremia. Mechanistically, TCF1 repressed several pro-exhaustion factors and induced Bcl6 in CD8 T cells, which promoted the progenitor fate. We propose that the TCF1-Bcl6 axis counteracts type I interferon to repress T cell exhaustion and maintain T cell stemness, which is critical for persistent antiviral CD8 T cell responses in chronic infection. These findings provide insight into the requirements for persistence of T cell immune responses in the face of exhaustion and suggest mechanisms by which effective T cell-mediated immunity may be enhanced during chronic infections and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuoqi Wu
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yun Ji
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - E Ashley Moseman
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Haifeng C Xu
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Monica Manglani
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Martha Kirby
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stacie M Anderson
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robin Handon
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elizabeth Kenyon
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Abdel Elkahloun
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Weiwei Wu
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Philipp A Lang
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Luca Gattinoni
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dorian B McGavern
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pamela L Schwartzberg
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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26
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Adeyemo AA, Tekola-Ayele F, Doumatey AP, Bentley AR, Chen G, Huang H, Zhou J, Shriner D, Fasanmade O, Okafor G, Eghan B, Agyenim-Boateng K, Adeleye J, Balogun W, Elkahloun A, Chandrasekharappa S, Owusu S, Amoah A, Acheampong J, Johnson T, Oli J, Adebamowo C, Collins F, Dunston G, Rotimi CN. Evaluation of Genome Wide Association Study Associated Type 2 Diabetes Susceptibility Loci in Sub Saharan Africans. Front Genet 2015; 6:335. [PMID: 26635871 PMCID: PMC4656823 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome wide association studies (GWAS) for type 2 diabetes (T2D) undertaken in European and Asian ancestry populations have yielded dozens of robustly associated loci. However, the genomics of T2D remains largely understudied in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where rates of T2D are increasing dramatically and where the environmental background is quite different than in these previous studies. Here, we evaluate 106 reported T2D GWAS loci in continental Africans. We tested each of these SNPs, and SNPs in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with these index SNPs, for an association with T2D in order to assess transferability and to fine map the loci leveraging the generally reduced LD of African genomes. The study included 1775 unrelated Africans (1035 T2D cases, 740 controls; mean age 54 years; 59% female) enrolled in Nigeria, Ghana, and Kenya as part of the Africa America Diabetes Mellitus (AADM) study. All samples were genotyped on the Affymetrix Axiom PanAFR SNP array. Forty-one of the tested loci showed transferability to this African sample (p < 0.05, same direction of effect), 11 at the exact reported SNP and 30 others at SNPs in LD with the reported SNP (after adjustment for the number of tested SNPs). TCF7L2 SNP rs7903146 was the most significant locus in this study (p = 1.61 × 10−8). Most of the loci that showed transferability were successfully fine-mapped, i.e., localized to smaller haplotypes than in the original reports. The findings indicate that the genetic architecture of T2D in SSA is characterized by several risk loci shared with non-African ancestral populations and that data from African populations may facilitate fine mapping of risk loci. The study provides an important resource for meta-analysis of African ancestry populations and transferability of novel loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adebowale A Adeyemo
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fasil Tekola-Ayele
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ayo P Doumatey
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amy R Bentley
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Guanjie Chen
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hanxia Huang
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jie Zhou
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel Shriner
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Godfrey Okafor
- Department of Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Benjamin Eghan
- Department of Medicine, University of Science and Technology Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | - Jokotade Adeleye
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Williams Balogun
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Abdel Elkahloun
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Samuel Owusu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Ghana Medical School Accra, Ghana
| | - Albert Amoah
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Ghana Medical School Accra, Ghana
| | - Joseph Acheampong
- Department of Medicine, University of Science and Technology Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Thomas Johnson
- Department of Medicine, University of Lagos Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Johnnie Oli
- Department of Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Clement Adebamowo
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Georgia Dunston
- National Human Genome Center at Howard University Washington, DC, USA
| | - Charles N Rotimi
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
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27
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Arafeh R, Qutob N, Emmanuel R, Keren-Paz A, Madore J, Elkahloun A, Wilmott JS, Gartner JJ, Di Pizio A, Winograd-Katz S, Sindiri S, Rotkopf R, Dutton-Regester K, Johansson P, Pritchard AL, Waddell N, Hill VK, Lin JC, Hevroni Y, Rosenberg SA, Khan J, Ben-Dor S, Niv MY, Ulitsky I, Mann GJ, Scolyer RA, Hayward NK, Samuels Y. Recurrent inactivating RASA2 mutations in melanoma. Nat Genet 2015; 47:1408-10. [PMID: 26502337 PMCID: PMC4954601 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of 501 melanoma exomes identified RASA2, encoding a RasGAP, as a tumor-suppressor gene mutated in 5% of melanomas. Recurrent loss-of-function mutations in RASA2 were found to increase RAS activation, melanoma cell growth and migration. RASA2 expression was lost in ≥30% of human melanomas and was associated with reduced patient survival. These findings identify RASA2 inactivation as a melanoma driver and highlight the importance of RasGAPs in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rand Arafeh
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nouar Qutob
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rafi Emmanuel
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alona Keren-Paz
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jason Madore
- Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Discipline of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Abdel Elkahloun
- National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - James S Wilmott
- Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Discipline of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jared J Gartner
- National Cancer Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Antonella Di Pizio
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sabina Winograd-Katz
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sivasish Sindiri
- National Cancer Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ron Rotkopf
- Department of Biological Services, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Peter Johansson
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Nicola Waddell
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Victoria K Hill
- National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jimmy C Lin
- National Cancer Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yael Hevroni
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Steven A Rosenberg
- National Cancer Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Javed Khan
- National Cancer Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shifra Ben-Dor
- Department of Biological Services, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Masha Y Niv
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Igor Ulitsky
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Graham J Mann
- Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Discipline of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard A Scolyer
- Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Discipline of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicholas K Hayward
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yardena Samuels
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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28
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Dutta S, Sriskanda S, Boobalan E, Alur RP, Elkahloun A, Brooks BP. nlz1 is required for cilia formation in zebrafish embryogenesis. Dev Biol 2015; 406:203-11. [PMID: 26327644 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The formation of cilia is a fundamental developmental process affecting diverse functions such as cellular signaling, tissue morphogenesis and body patterning. However, the mechanisms of ciliogenesis during vertebrate development are not fully understood. In this report we describe a novel role of the Nlz1 protein in ciliogenesis. We demonstrate morpholino-mediated knockdown of nlz1 in zebrafish causes abnormal specification of the cells of Kupffer's vesicle (KV); a severe reduction of the number of cilia in KV, the pronephros, and the neural floorplate; and a spectrum of later phenotypes reminiscent of human ciliopathies. In vitro and in vivo data indicate that Nlz1 acts downstream of Foxj1a and Wnt8a/presumed canonical Wnt signaling. Furthermore, Nlz1 contributes to motile cilia formation by positively regulating Wnt11/presumed non-canonical Wnt signaling. Together, our data suggest a novel role of nlz1 in ciliogenesis and the morphogenesis of multiple tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunit Dutta
- Unit on Pediatric, Developmental & Genetic Ophthalmology, Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shahila Sriskanda
- Unit on Pediatric, Developmental & Genetic Ophthalmology, Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elangovan Boobalan
- Unit on Pediatric, Developmental & Genetic Ophthalmology, Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ramakrishna P Alur
- Unit on Pediatric, Developmental & Genetic Ophthalmology, Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Abdel Elkahloun
- Microarray Core, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Brian P Brooks
- Unit on Pediatric, Developmental & Genetic Ophthalmology, Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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29
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Fliedner S, Shankavaram U, Elkahloun A, Lehnert H, Pacak K. Characteristic expression pattern of hypoxia inducible factor 2 alpha mutation-related paragangliomas. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2015. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1547657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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30
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Doumatey AP, Xu H, Huang H, Trivedi NS, Lei L, Elkahloun A, Adeyemo A, Rotimi CN. Global Gene Expression Profiling in Omental Adipose Tissue of Morbidly Obese Diabetic African Americans. J Endocrinol Metab 2015; 5:199-210. [PMID: 26504501 DOI: 10.14740/jem286w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipose tissues play important role in the pathophysiology of obesity-related diseases including type 2 diabetes (T2D). To describe gene expression patterns and functional pathways in obesity-related T2D, we performed global transcript profiling of omental adipose tissue (OAT) in morbidly obese individuals with or without T2D. METHODS Twenty morbidly obese (mean BMI: about 54 kg/m2) subjects were studied, including 14 morbidly obese individuals with T2D (cases) and 6 morbidly obese individuals without T2D (reference group). Gene expression profiling was performed using the Affymetrix U133 Plus 2.0 human genome expression array. Analysis of covariance was performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Bioinformatics tools including PANTHER and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) were applied to the DEGs to determine biological functions, networks and canonical pathways that were overrepresented in these individuals. RESULTS At an absolute fold-change threshold of 2 and false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05, 68 DEGs were identified in cases compared to the reference group. Myosin X (MYO10) and transforming growth factor beta regulator 1 (TBRG1) were upregulated. MYO10 encodes for an actin-based motor protein that has been associated with T2D. Telomere extension by telomerase (HNRNPA1, TNKS2), D-myo-inositol (1, 4, 5)-trisphosphate biosynthesis (PIP5K1A, PIP4K2A), and regulation of actin-based motility by Rho (ARPC3) were the most significant canonical pathways and overlay with T2D signaling pathway. Upstream regulator analysis predicted 5 miRNAs (miR-320b, miR-381-3p, miR-3679-3p, miR-494-3p, and miR-141-3p,) as regulators of the expression changes identified. CONCLUSION This study identified a number of transcripts and miRNAs in OAT as candidate novel players in the pathophysiology of T2D in African Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayo P Doumatey
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Huichun Xu
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD ; University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Hanxia Huang
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Niraj S Trivedi
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Lin Lei
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Abdel Elkahloun
- Core laboratory-Cancer Genetics, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Adebowale Adeyemo
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Charles N Rotimi
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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31
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Williams KA, Lee M, Hu Y, Andreas J, Patel SJ, Zhang S, Chines P, Elkahloun A, Chandrasekharappa S, Gutkind JS, Molinolo AA, Crawford NPS. A systems genetics approach identifies CXCL14, ITGAX, and LPCAT2 as novel aggressive prostate cancer susceptibility genes. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004809. [PMID: 25411967 PMCID: PMC4238980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although prostate cancer typically runs an indolent course, a subset of men develop aggressive, fatal forms of this disease. We hypothesize that germline variation modulates susceptibility to aggressive prostate cancer. The goal of this work is to identify susceptibility genes using the C57BL/6-Tg(TRAMP)8247Ng/J (TRAMP) mouse model of neuroendocrine prostate cancer. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping was performed in transgene-positive (TRAMPxNOD/ShiLtJ) F2 intercross males (n = 228), which facilitated identification of 11 loci associated with aggressive disease development. Microarray data derived from 126 (TRAMPxNOD/ShiLtJ) F2 primary tumors were used to prioritize candidate genes within QTLs, with candidate genes deemed as being high priority when possessing both high levels of expression-trait correlation and a proximal expression QTL. This process enabled the identification of 35 aggressive prostate tumorigenesis candidate genes. The role of these genes in aggressive forms of human prostate cancer was investigated using two concurrent approaches. First, logistic regression analysis in two human prostate gene expression datasets revealed that expression levels of five genes (CXCL14, ITGAX, LPCAT2, RNASEH2A, and ZNF322) were positively correlated with aggressive prostate cancer and two genes (CCL19 and HIST1H1A) were protective for aggressive prostate cancer. Higher than average levels of expression of the five genes that were positively correlated with aggressive disease were consistently associated with patient outcome in both human prostate cancer tumor gene expression datasets. Second, three of these five genes (CXCL14, ITGAX, and LPCAT2) harbored polymorphisms associated with aggressive disease development in a human GWAS cohort consisting of 1,172 prostate cancer patients. This study is the first example of using a systems genetics approach to successfully identify novel susceptibility genes for aggressive prostate cancer. Such approaches will facilitate the identification of novel germline factors driving aggressive disease susceptibility and allow for new insights into these deadly forms of prostate cancer. Prostate cancer is a remarkably common disease, and in 2014 it is estimated that it will account for 27% of new cancer cases in men in the US. However, less than 13% those diagnosed will succumb to prostate cancer, with most men dying from unrelated causes. The tests used to identify men at risk of fatal prostate cancer are inaccurate, which leads to overtreatment, unnecessary patient suffering, and represents a significant public health burden. Many studies have shown that hereditary genetic variation significantly alters susceptibility to fatal prostate cancer, although the identities of genes responsible for this are mostly unknown. Here, we used a mouse model of prostate cancer to identify such genes. We introduced hereditary genetic variation into this mouse model through breeding, and used a genetic mapping technique to identify 35 genes associated with aggressive disease. The levels of three of these genes were consistently abnormal in human prostate cancers with a more aggressive disease course. Additionally, hereditary differences in these same three genes were associated with markers of fatal prostate cancer in men. This approach has given us unique insights into how hereditary variation influences fatal forms of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra A. Williams
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Minnkyong Lee
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ying Hu
- Center for Biomedical Informatics and Information Technology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Andreas
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shashank J. Patel
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Suiyuan Zhang
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter Chines
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Abdel Elkahloun
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Settara Chandrasekharappa
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - J. Silvio Gutkind
- Oral & Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alfredo A. Molinolo
- Oral & Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nigel P. S. Crawford
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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32
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Banks N, Kruszka P, Cheng C, Elkahloun A, Bondy C, Muenke M. Variable gene expression in turner syndrome patients with bicuspid aortic valve. Fertil Steril 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.07.863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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33
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Solomon DA, Kim JS, Bondaruk J, Shariat SF, Wang ZF, Elkahloun A, Gerard J, Zhuang D, Zhang S, Robinson BD, Rubin MA, Volkmer B, Hautmann R, Kuefer R, Netto GJ, Theodorescu D, Czerniak B, Miettinen M, Waldman T. Frequent truncating mutations of the cohesin complex gene STAG2 in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. J Clin Oncol 2014. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.32.4_suppl.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
290 Background: We have recently identified the cohesin complex subunit STAG2 as a gene that is somatically mutated in human cancer and whose inactivation leads directly to chromosomal instability and aneuploidy (Solomon et al, Science, 2011 Aug 19). However, the complete tumor spectrum harboring STAG2 mutations and the clinical significance of STAG2 inactivation in cancer remain undefined. Methods: Immunohistochemistry was used to screen 2,214 tumors from each of the major tumor types for somatic loss of STAG2 expression. Sequencing of the STAG2 gene was performed on 111 urothelial carcinomas, and Affymetrix CytoscanHD Arrays were performed on STAG2 mutant tumors. Clinical data from 34 patients with non-muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma treated with transurethral resection and 349 patients with invasive urothelial carcinoma treated with radical cystectomy was correlated with tumor STAG2 status. Results: Complete loss of STAG2 expression was discovered in 52/295 urothelial carcinomas (18%), ranging from low grade papillary to high grade muscle invasive tumors. DNA sequencing revealed somatic truncating mutations of STAG2 in 23/111 urothelial carcinomas of the bladder, including 9/25 papillary non-invasive carcinomas (36%), 6/22 superficially invasive carcinomas (27%), and 8/64 muscle invasive carcinomas (16%). STAG2 mutation was found to be an early event in bladder tumorigenesis, frequently associated with alterations in p53 signaling, and often correlated with numerous chromosomal copy number aberrations per tumor. STAG2 loss in non-muscle invasive urothelial carcinomas treated with transurethral resection was found to be associated with increased disease-free survival (p=0.05), while STAG2 loss in invasive urothelial carcinomas treated with radical cystectomy was found to be associated with increased lymph node metastasis (p=0.03), earlier disease recurrence (p=0.04), and reduced cancer-specific survival (p=0.04). Conclusions: These results identify STAG2 as one of the most commonly mutated genes in bladder cancer, and demonstrate that STAG2 loss defines molecular subgroups of urothelial carcinomas with distinct clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jung-Sik Kim
- Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC
| | | | | | - Zeng-Feng Wang
- National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Abdel Elkahloun
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Julia Gerard
- Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC
| | | | - Shizhen Zhang
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bogdan Czerniak
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Markku Miettinen
- National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Todd Waldman
- Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC
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34
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Li Z, Herold T, He C, Valk PJM, Chen P, Jurinovic V, Mansmann U, Radmacher MD, Maharry KS, Sun M, Yang X, Huang H, Jiang X, Sauerland MC, Büchner T, Hiddemann W, Elkahloun A, Neilly MB, Zhang Y, Larson RA, Le Beau MM, Caligiuri MA, Döhner K, Bullinger L, Liu PP, Delwel R, Marcucci G, Lowenberg B, Bloomfield CD, Rowley JD, Bohlander SK, Chen J. Identification of a 24-gene prognostic signature that improves the European LeukemiaNet risk classification of acute myeloid leukemia: an international collaborative study. J Clin Oncol 2013; 31:1172-81. [PMID: 23382473 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2012.44.3184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify a robust prognostic gene expression signature as an independent predictor of survival of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and use it to improve established risk classification. PATIENTS AND METHODS Four independent sets totaling 499 patients with AML carrying various cytogenetic and molecular abnormalities were used as training sets. Two independent patient sets composed of 825 patients were used as validation sets. Notably, patients from different sets were treated with different protocols, and their gene expression profiles were derived using different microarray platforms. Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier methods were used for survival analyses. RESULTS A prognostic signature composed of 24 genes was derived from a meta-analysis of Cox regression values of each gene across the four training sets. In multivariable models, a higher sum value of the 24-gene signature was an independent predictor of shorter overall (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) in both training and validation sets (P < .01). Moreover, this signature could substantially improve the European LeukemiaNet (ELN) risk classification of AML, and patients in three new risk groups classified by the integrated risk classification showed significantly (P < .001) distinct OS and EFS. CONCLUSION Despite different treatment protocols applied to patients and use of different microarray platforms for expression profiling, a common prognostic gene signature was identified as an independent predictor of survival of patients with AML. The integrated risk classification incorporating this gene signature provides a better framework for risk stratification and outcome prediction than the ELN classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zejuan Li
- University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Jiang X, Huang H, Li Z, Li Y, Wang X, Gurbuxani S, Chen P, He C, You D, Zhang S, Wang J, Arnovitz S, Elkahloun A, Price C, Hong GM, Ren H, Kunjamma RB, Neilly MB, Matthews JM, Xu M, Larson RA, Le Beau MM, Slany RK, Liu PP, Lu J, Zhang J, He C, Chen J. Blockade of miR-150 maturation by MLL-fusion/MYC/LIN-28 is required for MLL-associated leukemia. Cancer Cell 2012; 22:524-35. [PMID: 23079661 PMCID: PMC3480215 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) is under stringent regulation at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. Disturbance at either level could cause dysregulation of miRNAs. Here, we show that MLL fusion proteins negatively regulate production of miR-150, an miRNA widely repressed in acute leukemia, by blocking miR-150 precursors from being processed to mature miRNAs through MYC/LIN28 functional axis. Forced expression of miR-150 dramatically inhibited leukemic cell growth and delayed MLL-fusion-mediated leukemogenesis, likely through targeting FLT3 and MYB and thereby interfering with the HOXA9/MEIS1/FLT3/MYB signaling network, which in turn caused downregulation of MYC/LIN28. Collectively, we revealed a MLL-fusion/MYC/LIN28⊣miR-150⊣FLT3/MYB/HOXA9/MEIS1 signaling circuit underlying the pathogenesis of leukemia, where miR-150 functions as a pivotal gatekeeper and its repression is required for leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Jiang
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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36
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Landouré G, Knight MA, Stanescu H, Taye AA, Shi Y, Diallo O, Johnson JO, Hernandez D, Traynor BJ, Biesecker LG, Elkahloun A, Rinaldi C, Vincent A, Willcox N, Kleta R, Fischbeck KH, Burnett BG. A candidate gene for autoimmune myasthenia gravis. Neurology 2012; 79:342-7. [PMID: 22744667 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e318260cbd0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to identify a causative mutation in a previously reported kindred with parental consanguinity and 5 of 10 siblings with adult-onset autoimmune myasthenia gravis. METHODS We performed genome-wide homozygosity mapping, and sequenced all known genes in the one region of extended homozygosity. Quantitative and allele-specific reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) were performed on a candidate gene to determine the RNA expression level in affected siblings and controls and the relative abundance of the wild-type and mutant alleles in a heterozygote. RESULTS A region of shared homozygosity at chromosome 13q13.3-13q14.11 was found in 4 affected siblings and 1 unaffected sibling. A homozygous single nucleotide variant was found in the 3'-untranslated region of the ecto-NADH oxidase 1 gene (ENOX1). No other variants likely to be pathogenic were found in genes in this region or elsewhere. The ENOX1 sequence variant was not found in 764 controls. Quantitative RT-PCR showed that expression of ENOX1 decreased to about 20% of normal levels in lymphoblastoid cells from individuals homozygous for the variant and to about 50% in 2 unaffected heterozygotes. Allele-specific RT-PCR showed a 55%-60% reduction in the level of the variant transcript in heterozygous cells due to reduced mRNA stability. CONCLUSION These results indicate that this sequence variant in ENOX1 may contribute to the familial autoimmune myasthenia in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guida Landouré
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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37
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Eisenhofer G, Vocke CD, Elkahloun A, Huynh TT, Prodanov T, Lenders JWM, Timmers HJ, Benhammou JN, Linehan WM, Pacak K. Genetic screening for von Hippel-Lindau gene mutations in non-syndromic pheochromocytoma: low prevalence and false-positives or misdiagnosis indicate a need for caution. Horm Metab Res 2012; 44:343-8. [PMID: 22438210 PMCID: PMC3501345 DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1304662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Genetic testing of tumor susceptibility genes is now recommended in most patients with pheochromocytoma or paraganglioma (PPGL), even in the absence of a syndromic presentation. Once a mutation is diagnosed there is rarely follow-up validation to assess the possibility of misdiagnosis. This study prospectively examined the prevalence of von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene mutations among 182 patients with non-syndromic PPGLs. Follow-up in positive cases included comparisons of biochemical and tumor gene expression data in 64 established VHL patients, with confirmatory genetic testing in cases with an atypical presentation. VHL mutations were detected by certified laboratory testing in 3 of the 182 patients with non-syndromic PPGLs. Two of the 3 had an unusual presentation of diffuse peritoneal metastases and substantial increases in plasma metanephrine, the metabolite of epinephrine. Tumor gene expression profiles in these 2 patients also differed markedly from those associated with established VHL syndrome. One patient was diagnosed with a partial deletion by Southern blot analysis and the other with a splice site mutation. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification, and comparative genomic hybridization failed to confirm the partial deletion indicated by certified laboratory testing. Analysis of tumor DNA in the other patient with a splice site alteration indicated no loss of heterozygosity or second hit point mutation. In conclusion, VHL germline mutations represent a minor cause of non-syndromic PPGLs and misdiagnoses can occur. Caution should therefore be exercised in interpreting positive genetic test results as the cause of disease in patients with non-syndromic PPGLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Eisenhofer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine and Department of Medicine III, University of Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, Dresden, Germany.
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38
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Solomon D, Kim T, Diaz-Martinez L, Fair J, Elkahloun A, Harris B, Toretsky J, Rosenberg S, Shukla N, Ladanyi M, Samuels Y, James CD, Yu H, Kim JS, Waldman T. Abstract 3114: Mutational inactivation of STAG2 causes aneuploidy in human cancer. Cancer Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-3114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of cancer is chromosomal instability, which leads to aneuploidy, translocations, loss of heterozygosity, and other chromosomal aberrations. Chromosomal instability is an early event in cancer pathogenesis and is thought to help generate the large number of genetic lesions required for a cell to undergo malignant transformation. It has been hypothesized that this instability is due to inactivating mutations in genes that control the mitotic checkpoint and chromosome segregation. However, in the vast majority of human tumors the molecular basis of chromosomal instability and the aneuploidy it produces remains unknown. We have recently identified a clue to the mechanistic origins of aneuploidy through integrative genomic analyses of human tumors (Science 333:1039, 2011). A diverse range of tumor types were found to harbor deletions or inactivating mutations of STAG2, a gene encoding a subunit of the cohesin complex, which regulates the separation of sister chromatids during cell division. Because STAG2 is on the X chromosome, its inactivation requires only a single mutational event. Studying a near-diploid human cell line with a stable karyotype, we found that targeted inactivation of STAG2 led to chromatid cohesion defects and aneuploidy, whereas in two aneuploid human glioblastoma cell lines, targeted correction of the endogenous mutant alleles of STAG2 led to enhanced chromosomal stability. Thus, genetic disruption of cohesin is a cause of aneuploidy in human cancer. These findings and additional unpublished observations regarding the role of STAG2 inactivation in aneuploidy will be presented.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3114. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3114
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Affiliation(s)
- David Solomon
- 1Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC
| | - Taeyon Kim
- 1Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC
| | | | - Joshlean Fair
- 1Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC
| | | | - Brent Harris
- 1Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC
| | | | | | - Neerav Shukla
- 5Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Marc Ladanyi
- 5Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | | | | | - Hongtao Yu
- 2University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Jung-Sik Kim
- 1Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC
| | - Todd Waldman
- 1Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC
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39
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Li Z, Huang H, Chen P, He M, Li Y, Arnovitz S, Jiang X, He C, Hyjek E, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Elkahloun A, Cao D, Shen C, Wunderlich M, Wang Y, Neilly MB, Jin J, Wei M, Lu J, Valk PJM, Delwel R, Lowenberg B, Le Beau MM, Vardiman J, Mulloy JC, Zeleznik-Le NJ, Liu PP, Zhang J, Chen J. miR-196b directly targets both HOXA9/MEIS1 oncogenes and FAS tumour suppressor in MLL-rearranged leukaemia. Nat Commun 2012; 3:688. [PMID: 22353710 PMCID: PMC3514459 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HOXA9 and MEIS1 have essential oncogenic roles in mixed lineage leukaemia (MLL)-rearranged leukaemia. Here we show that they are direct targets of miRNA-196b, a microRNA (miRNA) located adjacent to and co-expressed with HOXA9, in MLL-rearranged leukaemic cells. Forced expression of miR-196b significantly delays MLL-fusion-mediated leukemogenesis in primary bone marrow transplantation through suppressing Hoxa9/Meis1 expression. However, ectopic expression of miR-196b results in more aggressive leukaemic phenotypes and causes much faster leukemogenesis in secondary transplantation than MLL fusion alone, likely through the further repression of Fas expression, a proapoptotic gene downregulated in MLL-rearranged leukaemia. Overexpression of FAS significantly inhibits leukemogenesis and reverses miR-196b-mediated phenotypes. Targeting Hoxa9/Meis1 and Fas by miR-196b is probably also important for normal haematopoiesis. Thus, our results uncover a previously unappreciated miRNA-regulation mechanism by which a single miRNA may target both oncogenes and tumour suppressors, simultaneously, or, sequentially, in tumourigenesis and normal development per cell differentiation, indicating that miRNA regulation is much more complex than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zejuan Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637, Illinois, USA
| | - Hao Huang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637, Illinois, USA
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637, Illinois, USA
| | - Miao He
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637, Illinois, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637, Illinois, USA
| | - Stephen Arnovitz
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637, Illinois, USA
| | - Xi Jiang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637, Illinois, USA
| | - Chunjiang He
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637, Illinois, USA
| | - Elizabeth Hyjek
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637, Illinois, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, 60153, Illinois, USA
| | - Zhiyu Zhang
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637, Illinois, USA
| | - Abdel Elkahloun
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, USA
| | - Donglin Cao
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637, Illinois, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong No.2 Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, 510317, Guangdong, China
| | - Chen Shen
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637, Illinois, USA
| | - Mark Wunderlich
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, 45229, Ohio, USA
| | - Yungui Wang
- Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mary Beth Neilly
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637, Illinois, USA
| | - Jie Jin
- Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Minjie Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University, New Haven, 06520, Connecticut, USA
| | - Peter J M Valk
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud Delwel
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bob Lowenberg
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michelle M Le Beau
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637, Illinois, USA
| | - James Vardiman
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637, Illinois, USA
| | - James C Mulloy
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, 45229, Ohio, USA
| | - Nancy J Zeleznik-Le
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, 60153, Illinois, USA
| | - Paul P Liu
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, USA
| | - Jiwang Zhang
- Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, 60153, Illinois, USA
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637, Illinois, USA.
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Behra M, Gallardo VE, Bradsher J, Torrado A, Elkahloun A, Idol J, Sheehy J, Zonies S, Xu L, Shaw KM, Satou C, Higashijima SI, Weinstein BM, Burgess SM. Transcriptional signature of accessory cells in the lateral line, using the Tnk1bp1:EGFP transgenic zebrafish line. BMC Dev Biol 2012; 12:6. [PMID: 22273551 PMCID: PMC3305402 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-12-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Because of the structural and molecular similarities between the two systems, the lateral line, a fish and amphibian specific sensory organ, has been widely used in zebrafish as a model to study the development/biology of neuroepithelia of the inner ear. Both organs have hair cells, which are the mechanoreceptor cells, and supporting cells providing other functions to the epithelium. In most vertebrates (excluding mammals), supporting cells comprise a pool of progenitors that replace damaged or dead hair cells. However, the lack of regenerative capacity in mammals is the single leading cause for acquired hearing disorders in humans. Results In an effort to understand the regenerative process of hair cells in fish, we characterized and cloned an egfp transgenic stable fish line that trapped tnks1bp1, a highly conserved gene that has been implicated in the maintenance of telomeres' length. We then used this Tg(tnks1bp1:EGFP) line in a FACsorting strategy combined with microarrays to identify new molecular markers for supporting cells. Conclusions We present a Tg(tnks1bp1:EGFP) stable transgenic line, which we used to establish a transcriptional profile of supporting cells in the zebrafish lateral line. Therefore we are providing a new set of markers specific for supporting cells as well as candidates for functional analysis of this important cell type. This will prove to be a valuable tool for the study of regeneration in the lateral line of zebrafish in particular and for regeneration of neuroepithelia in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Behra
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Bell DW, Sikdar N, Lee KY, Price JC, Chatterjee R, Park HD, Fox J, Ishiai M, Rudd ML, Pollock LM, Fogoros SK, Mohamed H, Hanigan CL, Zhang S, Cruz P, Renaud G, Hansen NF, Cherukuri PF, Borate B, McManus KJ, Stoepel J, Sipahimalani P, Godwin AK, Sgroi DC, Merino MJ, Elliot G, Elkahloun A, Vinson C, Takata M, Mullikin JC, Wolfsberg TG, Hieter P, Lim DS, Myung K. Predisposition to cancer caused by genetic and functional defects of mammalian Atad5. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002245. [PMID: 21901109 PMCID: PMC3161924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
ATAD5, the human ortholog of yeast Elg1, plays a role in PCNA deubiquitination. Since PCNA modification is important to regulate DNA damage bypass, ATAD5 may be important for suppression of genomic instability in mammals in vivo. To test this hypothesis, we generated heterozygous (Atad5+/m) mice that were haploinsuffficient for Atad5. Atad5+/m mice displayed high levels of genomic instability in vivo, and Atad5+/m mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) exhibited molecular defects in PCNA deubiquitination in response to DNA damage, as well as DNA damage hypersensitivity and high levels of genomic instability, apoptosis, and aneuploidy. Importantly, 90% of haploinsufficient Atad5+/m mice developed tumors, including sarcomas, carcinomas, and adenocarcinomas, between 11 and 20 months of age. High levels of genomic alterations were evident in tumors that arose in the Atad5+/m mice. Consistent with a role for Atad5 in suppressing tumorigenesis, we also identified somatic mutations of ATAD5 in 4.6% of sporadic human endometrial tumors, including two nonsense mutations that resulted in loss of proper ATAD5 function. Taken together, our findings indicate that loss-of-function mutations in mammalian Atad5 are sufficient to cause genomic instability and tumorigenesis. Genomic instability is a hallmark of tumorigenesis, suggesting that mutations in genes suppressing genomic instability contribute to this phenotype. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time that haploinsufficiency for Atad5, a protein that is important in stabilizing stalled DNA replication forks by regulating PCNA ubiquitination during DNA damage bypass, predisposes >90% of mice to tumorigenesis in multiple organs. In heterozygous Atad5 mice, both somatic cells and the spontaneous tumors showed high levels of genomic instability. In a subset of sporadic human endometrial tumors, we identified heterozygous loss-of-function somatic mutations in the ATAD5 gene, consistent with the role of mouse Atad5 in suppressing tumorigenesis. Collectively, our findings suggest that ATAD5 may be a novel tumor suppressor gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne W. Bell
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DWB); (KM)
| | - Nilabja Sikdar
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kyoo-young Lee
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jessica C. Price
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Raghunath Chatterjee
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hee-Dong Park
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- National Research Laboratory for Genomic Stability, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jennifer Fox
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Masamichi Ishiai
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Department of Late Effect Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Meghan L. Rudd
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lana M. Pollock
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sarah K. Fogoros
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hassan Mohamed
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christin L. Hanigan
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Suiyuan Zhang
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Pedro Cruz
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gabriel Renaud
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nancy F. Hansen
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Praveen F. Cherukuri
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bhavesh Borate
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kirk J. McManus
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jan Stoepel
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Payal Sipahimalani
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Andrew K. Godwin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Dennis C. Sgroi
- Molecular Pathology Unit and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Maria J. Merino
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gene Elliot
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Abdel Elkahloun
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Charles Vinson
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Minoru Takata
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Department of Late Effect Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - James C. Mullikin
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tyra G. Wolfsberg
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Philip Hieter
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Dae-Sik Lim
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- National Research Laboratory for Genomic Stability, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kyungjae Myung
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DWB); (KM)
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42
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Gallardo VE, Liang J, Behra M, Elkahloun A, Villablanca EJ, Russo V, Allende ML, Burgess SM. Molecular dissection of the migrating posterior lateral line primordium during early development in zebrafish. BMC Dev Biol 2010; 10:120. [PMID: 21144052 PMCID: PMC3016277 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-10-120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background Development of the posterior lateral line (PLL) system in zebrafish involves cell migration, proliferation and differentiation of mechanosensory cells. The PLL forms when cranial placodal cells delaminate and become a coherent, migratory primordium that traverses the length of the fish to form this sensory system. As it migrates, the primordium deposits groups of cells called neuromasts, the specialized organs that contain the mechanosensory hair cells. Therefore the primordium provides both a model for studying collective directional cell migration and the differentiation of sensory cells from multipotent progenitor cells. Results Through the combined use of transgenic fish, Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting and microarray analysis we identified a repertoire of key genes expressed in the migrating primordium and in differentiated neuromasts. We validated the specific expression in the primordium of a subset of the identified sequences by quantitative RT-PCR, and by in situ hybridization. We also show that interfering with the function of two genes, f11r and cd9b, defects in primordium migration are induced. Finally, pathway construction revealed functional relationships among the genes enriched in the migrating cell population. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that this is a robust approach to globally analyze tissue-specific expression and we predict that many of the genes identified in this study will show critical functions in developmental events involving collective cell migration and possibly in pathological situations such as tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana E Gallardo
- Center for Genome Regulation. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653. Santiago, Chile
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Parker HG, VonHoldt BM, Quignon P, Margulies EH, Shao S, Mosher DS, Spady TC, Elkahloun A, Cargill M, Jones PG, Maslen CL, Acland GM, Sutter NB, Kuroki K, Bustamante CD, Wayne RK, Ostrander EA. An expressed fgf4 retrogene is associated with breed-defining chondrodysplasia in domestic dogs. Science 2009; 325:995-8. [PMID: 19608863 PMCID: PMC2748762 DOI: 10.1126/science.1173275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Retrotransposition of processed mRNAs is a common source of novel sequence acquired during the evolution of genomes. Although the vast majority of retroposed gene copies, or retrogenes, rapidly accumulate debilitating mutations that disrupt the reading frame, a small percentage become new genes that encode functional proteins. By using a multibreed association analysis in the domestic dog, we demonstrate that expression of a recently acquired retrogene encoding fibroblast growth factor 4 (fgf4) is strongly associated with chondrodysplasia, a short-legged phenotype that defines at least 19 dog breeds including dachshund, corgi, and basset hound. These results illustrate the important role of a single evolutionary event in constraining and directing phenotypic diversity in the domestic dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi G. Parker
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Bridgett M. VonHoldt
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095 USA
| | - Pascale Quignon
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Elliott H. Margulies
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Stephanie Shao
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Dana S. Mosher
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Tyrone C. Spady
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Abdel Elkahloun
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Michele Cargill
- Affymetrix Corporation, 3420 Central Expwy, Santa Clara, CA 95051 USA
| | - Paul G. Jones
- The WALTHAM® Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham on the Wolds, Leicestershire, UK, LE14 4RT
| | - Cheryl L. Maslen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239 USA
| | - Gregory M. Acland
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Nathan B. Sutter
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Keiichi Kuroki
- Comparative Orthopaedic Laboratory, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Carlos D. Bustamante
- Department of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Robert K. Wayne
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095 USA
| | - Elaine A. Ostrander
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
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Annibali V, Di Giovanni S, Cannoni S, Giugni E, Bomprezzi R, Mattei C, Elkahloun A, Coccia EM, Alfò M, Orzi F, Ristori G, Salvetti M. Gene expression profiles reveal homeostatic dynamics during interferon-β therapy in multiple sclerosis. Autoimmunity 2009; 40:16-22. [PMID: 17364493 DOI: 10.1080/08916930601135241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms that sustain the effects of disease modifying drugs in multiple sclerosis (MS) may help refine current therapies and improve our knowledge of disease pathogenesis. By using cDNA microarrays, we investigated gene expression in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of 7 MS patients, at baseline (T0) as well as after 1 (T1) and 3 months (T3) of interferon beta-1a (IFN-beta-1a; Rebif 44 microg) therapy. Gene expression changes involved genes of both immunological and non-immunological significance. We validated IL-10 up-regulation, which is in accordance with previous reports, and other novel changes that underscore the capacity of IFN-beta to impair antigen presentation and migration of inflammatory elements into the central nervous system (up-regulation of filamin B and down-regulation of IL-16 and rab7). Overall, gene expression changes became less pronounced after 3 months of therapy, suggesting a homeostatic response to IFN-beta. This may be of use for the design of new treatment schedules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Annibali
- Department of Neurology and Center for Experimental Neurological Therapy, S Andrea Hospital, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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Eisenhofer G, Huynh TT, Elkahloun A, Morris JC, Bratslavsky G, Linehan WM, Zhuang Z, Balgley BM, Lee CS, Mannelli M, Lenders JWM, Bornstein SR, Pacak K. Differential expression of the regulated catecholamine secretory pathway in different hereditary forms of pheochromocytoma. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008; 295:E1223-33. [PMID: 18854424 PMCID: PMC2584809 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.90591.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Pheochromocytomas in patients with von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2) differ in the types and amounts of catecholamines produced and the resulting signs and symptoms. We hypothesized the presence of different processes of catecholamine release reflecting differential expression of components of the regulated secretory pathway among the two types of hereditary tumors. Differences in catecholamine secretion from tumors in patients with VHL syndrome (n = 47) and MEN 2 (n = 32) were examined using measurements of catecholamines in tumor tissue, urine, and plasma, the last of which was under baseline conditions in all subjects and in a subgroup of patients who received intravenous glucagon to provoke catecholamine release. Microarray and proteomics analyses, quantitative PCR, and Western blotting were used to assess expression of tumor tissue secretory pathway components. The rate constant for baseline catecholamine secretion was 20-fold higher in VHL than in MEN 2 tumors (0.359 +/- 0.094 vs. 0.018 +/- 0.009 day(-1)), but catecholamine release was responsive only to glucagon in MEN 2 tumors. Compared with tumors from MEN 2 patients, those from VHL patients were characterized by reduced expression of numerous components of the regulated secretory pathway (e.g., SNAP25, syntaxin, rabphilin 3A, annexin A7, calcium-dependent secretion activator). The mutation-dependent differences in expression of secretory pathway components indicate a more mature regulated secretory pathway in MEN 2 than VHL tumors. These data provide a unique mechanistic link to explain how variations in the molecular machinery governing exocytosis may contribute to clinical differences in the secretion of neurotransmitters or hormones and the subsequent presentation of a disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Eisenhofer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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46
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Moore DF, Goldin E, Gelderman MP, Robinson C, Baer J, Ries M, Elkahloun A, Brady RO, Schiffmann R. Apoptotic abnormalities in differential gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from children with Fabry disease. Acta Paediatr 2008; 97:48-52. [PMID: 18339188 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.00654.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study was designed to examine the effect of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) on differential gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of children with Fabry disease who had not previously been exposed to ERT. METHODS Thirteen children with Fabry disease (age range, 6.5-17.0 years) were studied as part of a 6-month, open-label study of ERT with agalsidase alfa. Paired blood samples were taken at the start of the study and after 6 months of ERT. Further blood samples were also taken from 16 age-matched control subjects. PBMCs were isolated and, following RNA extraction, differential gene expression analysis was performed using the Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 microarray. RESULTS Twenty-one genes were determined to be differentially expressed in PBMCs of ERT-naïve children with Fabry disease compared with healthy controls; neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein ranked as the most significantly differentially expressed gene. Comparison of gene expression in children with Fabry disease prior to and after ERT showed that two genes were significantly differentially expressed (p < or = 0.05) following treatment; the expressed sequence tag (probe set ID, 243259_at) was downregulated, while expression of apoptosis-inducing factor was increased, possibly as an antioxidant counter-regulatory response. CONCLUSION This study identifies a number of genes that are differentially expressed in a small cohort of children with Fabry disease relative to healthy controls. These genes may relate to the underlying biological abnormalities in Fabry disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Moore
- Section of Neurology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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47
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Lee TL, Yang XP, Yan B, Friedman J, Duggal P, Bagain L, Dong G, Yeh NT, Wang J, Zhou J, Elkahloun A, Van Waes C, Chen Z. A novel nuclear factor-kappaB gene signature is differentially expressed in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas in association with TP53 status. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:5680-91. [PMID: 17908957 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-0670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine if gene signatures differentially expressed in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are related to alterations in transcription factors nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and TP53 previously associated with decreased cell death, response to therapy, and worse prognosis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Unique gene signatures expressed by HNSCC lines were identified by cDNA microarray, principal components, and cluster analyses and validated by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and in situ hybridization. Bioinformatic analysis of the promoters and ontogeny of these clustered genes was done. Expression of proteins encoded by genes of a putative NF-kappaB signature, NF-kappaB p65, and TP53 were examined in HNSCC tissue specimens by immunostaining. Predicted promoter binding and modulation of expression of candidate NF-kappaB genes and cell survival were evaluated by p65 chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown. RESULTS Two groups of HNSCC exhibiting distinct gene signatures were identified: cluster A enriched for histone genes, with a higher prevalence of TP53 promoter binding motifs; and cluster B enriched for injury response genes with NF-kappaB regulatory motifs. Coexpression of cluster B proteins was observed with strong NF-kappaB phospho-p65 and weak TP53 staining, and NF-kappaB phospho-p65 was inversely associated with TP53 (P = 0.02). Promoter binding of the NF-kappaB signature genes was confirmed by p65 ChIP, and down-modulation of their expression and cell death were induced by p65 siRNA. CONCLUSION NF-kappaB promotes expression of a novel NF-kappaB-related gene signature and cell survival in HNSCC that weakly express TP53, a subset previously associated with inactivated wild-type TP53, greater resistance to chemoradiotherapy, and worse prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin Lap Lee
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1419, USA
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48
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Ji Y, Prasad NB, Novotny EA, Kaur S, Elkahloun A, Chen Y, Zhang RZ, Chu ML, Agarwal SK, Marx SJ, Collins FS, Chandrasekharappa SC. Mouse Embryo Fibroblasts Lacking the Tumor Suppressor Menin Show Altered Expression of Extracellular Matrix Protein Genes. Mol Cancer Res 2007; 5:1041-51. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-06-0379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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49
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Rodriguez V, Chen Y, Elkahloun A, Dutra A, Pak E, Chandrasekharappa S. Chromosome 8 BAC array comparative genomic hybridization and expression analysis identify amplification and overexpression of TRMT12 in breast cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2007; 46:694-707. [PMID: 17440925 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic changes in chromosome 8 are commonly observed in breast cancer cell lines and tumors. To fine map such genomic changes by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), a high resolution (100 kb) chromosome 8 array that can detect single copy changes was developed using Phi29 DNA polymerase amplified BAC (bacterial artificial chromosome) DNA. The BAC array CGH resolved the two known amplified regions (8q21 and 8q24) of a breast cancer cell line (SKBR3) into nine separate regions including six amplicons and three deleted regions, all of which were verified by Fluorescence in situ hybridization. The extent of the gain/loss for each region was validated by qPCR. CGH was performed with a total of 8 breast cancer cell lines, and common regions of genomic amplification/deletion were identified by segmentation analysis. A 1.2-Mb region (125.3-126.5 Mb) and a 1.0-Mb region (128.1-129.1 Mb) in 8q24 were amplified in 7/8 cell lines. A global expression analysis was performed to evaluate expression changes associated with genomic amplification/deletion: a novel gene, TRMT12 (at 125.5 Mb), amplified in 7/8 cell lines, showed highest expression in these cell lines. Further analysis by RT-qPCR using RNA from 30 breast tumors showed that TRMT12 was overexpressed >2 fold in 87% (26/30) of the tumors. TRMT12 is a homologue of a yeast gene encoding a tRNA methyltransferase involved in the posttranscriptional modification of tRNA(Phe), and exploring the biological consequence of its altered expression, may reveal novel pathways in tumorigenesis. This article contains Supplementary Material available at http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/1045-2257/suppmat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Rodriguez
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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50
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Moore DF, Gelderman MP, Ferreira PA, Fuhrmann SR, Yi H, Elkahloun A, Lix LM, Brady RO, Schiffmann R, Goldin E. Genomic abnormalities of the murine model of Fabry disease after disease-related perturbation, a systems biology approach. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:8065-70. [PMID: 17470787 PMCID: PMC1859990 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0701991104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fabry disease is a disorder of alpha-D-galactosyl-containing glycolipids resulting from a deficiency of alpha-galactosidase A. Patients have a poorly understood vascular dysregulation. We hypothesized that disease-related perturbation by using enzyme replacement therapy in the murine model of Fabry disease would provide insight into abnormal biological processes in Fabry disease. Gene expression analyses of the heart, aorta, and liver of male alpha-galactosidase A knockout mice 28 weeks of age were compared with that of WT mice. Microarray analyses were performed before and after six weekly injections of alpha-galactosidase A. Alteration of Rpgrip1 ranked highest statistically in all three organs when knockout mice were compared with WT, and its splice variants responded in a unique way to alpha-galactosidase A. Enzyme replacement therapy tended to not only normalize gene expression, e.g., reduce the overexpression of securin, but also specifically modified gene expression in each tissue examined. Following multiple comparison analysis, gene expression correlation graphs were constructed, and a priori hypotheses were examined by using structural equation modeling. This systems biology approach demonstrated multiple and complex parallel cellular abnormalities in Fabry disease. These abnormalities form the basis for informed, in a Bayesian sense, sequential, hypothesis-driven research that can be subsequently tested experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monique P. Gelderman
- Laboratory of Cellular Hematology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD 20857
| | - Paulo A. Ferreira
- Departments of Ophthalmology and
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | | | | | - Abdel Elkahloun
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Strokes, Micro-Array Core Facility, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Lisa M. Lix
- **Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Roscoe O. Brady
- Developmental and Metabolic Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Strokes/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
| | - Raphael Schiffmann
- Developmental and Metabolic Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Strokes/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
| | - Ehud Goldin
- Developmental and Metabolic Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Strokes/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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