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Looman WS, Geiger-Simpson E, Eull DJ, Lee J, Nersesian PV, Bell AN, Miller AL. Beyond coping: The role of supportive relationships and meaning making in youth well-being. J Nurs Scholarsh 2023; 55:1189-1203. [PMID: 37186497 DOI: 10.1111/jnu.12901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to identify coping strategies, resources, and strengths that predict well-being in a community-based sample of youth with varying levels of adversity. DESIGN Grounded in the resilience portfolio model, we used a mixed methods approach with data from a cross-sectional sample of 231 youth ages 8-17. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data were collected using a survey, participant-generated timeline activity, and brief interview. Measures included assessments of coping and appraisal, resilience resources and assets, and subjective well-being and depression. RESULTS Active and passive coping strategies predicted subjective well-being and depression. Controlling for demographics and coping, meaning making strengths and supportive relationships were significant predictors of subjective well-being and lower depression, and decreased the impact of adversity on these outcomes. DISCUSSION The results of this study provide support for the resilience portfolio model in a community-based sample of youth, with relationships as predicted for subjective well-being and symptoms of depression. For both outcomes, family relationships held the strongest associations with positive well-being and lower symptoms of depression. Supportive relationships with peers, meaning making strengths, interpersonal strengths, less passive coping, and fewer adverse life events were also associated with better outcomes. CONCLUSIONS These findings underscore the need to assess youth resources and strengths and to design interventions that target these protective factors for all youth, regardless of exposure to adversity. CLINICAL RELEVANCE A theory-informed understanding of resources and strengths that predict youth well-being is essential to inform strengths-based interventions for pediatric research and practice. The resilience portfolio model is a useful framework for understanding predictors of youth well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy S Looman
- University of Minnesota, School of Nursing, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Donna J Eull
- University of Minnesota, School of Nursing, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jiwoo Lee
- University of Minnesota, School of Nursing, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Paula V Nersesian
- University of Southern Maine, School of Nursing, Portland, Maine, USA
| | - Adrianna N Bell
- University of Minnesota, School of Nursing, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Angela L Miller
- University of Minnesota, School of Nursing, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Looman WS, Eull D, Geiger-Simpson E, Lee J, Nersesian PV, Bell AN, Miller AL. Assessment of Youth Coping and Appraisals Through a Timelining Activity: Validation and Utility of a Tool for Pediatric Research and Practice. J Pediatr Health Care 2023; 37:465-477. [PMID: 36890039 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many tools to assess coping in youth fail to engage youth meaningfully in the assessment process. This study aimed to evaluate a brief timeline activity as an interactive way to assess appraisal and coping in pediatric research and practice. METHOD We used a mixed method convergent design to collect and analyze survey and interview data from 231 youths aged 8-17 years in a community-based setting. RESULTS The youth engaged readily in the timeline activity and found the activity easy to understand. Relationships among appraisal, coping, subjective well-being and depression were in the hypothesized directions, suggesting the tool supports a valid assessment of appraisals and coping in this age group. DISCUSSION The timelining activity is well-accepted by youth and supports reflexivity, prompting youth to share insights on strengths and resilience. The tool may augment existing practices for assessing and intervening in youth mental health in research and practice.
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Looman WS, Eull DJ, Bell AN, Gallagher TT, Nersesian PV. Participant-generated timelines as a novel strategy for assessing youth resilience factors: A mixed-methods, community-based study. J Pediatr Nurs 2022; 67:64-74. [PMID: 35964482 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2022.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to explore youth perceptions of resilience through participant-generated timelines as a potential new strategy for nursing research and practice. DESIGN AND METHODS We used a concurrent triangulation design to collect and analyze qualitative and quantitative data from a statewide, community-based sample of 448 youth ages 8 to 17 years. We collected three sources of data during two waves of data collection in 2019 and 2021: a participant-generated timeline, a brief structured interview, and a PROMIS pediatric global health measure. RESULTS The timeline activity was easy to administer and well accepted by youth in a community setting. Youth reporting an adverse experience or mental health challenge in the previous year had unique patterns of variability in the timelines, and more frequently reported certain resilience factors, including family support and regulatory, interpersonal, and meaning-making assets. Pandemic-related differences were noted between the two cohorts. CONCLUSIONS The timeline drawing activity reflects and extends findings from a standard measure of global health. This activity benefits both the participant and the clinician or researcher by helping youth to communicate how they make sense of the world, honoring different ways of knowing and prompting recollection of coping appraisals and resilience factors. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Participant-generated timelines are a developmentally appropriate and interactive strategy for assessing youth perceptions of their internal strengths. In conjunction with traditional assessments, this strategy may support the identification of malleable targets for intervention in practice with youth who have experienced adversity or mental health challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy S Looman
- University of Minnesota School of Nursing, 5-140 Weaver-Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Donna J Eull
- University of Minnesota School of Nursing, 5-140 Weaver-Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Adrianna N Bell
- University of Minnesota School of Nursing, 5-140 Weaver-Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Tiffany T Gallagher
- University of Minnesota School of Nursing, 5-140 Weaver-Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Paula V Nersesian
- University of Southern Maine, Masterson Hall, 71 Bedford Street, Portland, ME 04104, USA
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Kodavanti PR, Joshi UM, Young RA, Bell AN, Mehendale HM. Role of hepatocellular regeneration in chlordecone potentiated hepatotoxicity of carbon tetrachloride. Arch Toxicol 1989; 63:367-75. [PMID: 2479360 DOI: 10.1007/bf00303125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Previous histomorphometric studies led us to hypothesize that suppression of hepatocellular regeneration and the repair of the hepatolobular architecture was involved besides bioactivation phenomenon in the progressive and irreversible phase of toxicity resulting from CD + CCl4 interaction. We have recently observed significant protection from CD potentiated CCl4 toxicity in animals which are stimulated for active hepatocellular regeneration. The present work is an extension of our earlier histomorphometric investigation, taking 3H-thymidine (3H-T) incorporation as a biochemical parameter to assess hepatocellular regeneration followed by autoradiographic analysis of liver sections in normal (N) or chlordecone (CD) treated (10 ppm in diet for 15 days) male rats undergoing sham (SH) or partial hepatectomies (PH). Initial experiments established that in normal (N) rats, greatest 3H-T incorporation into hepatocellular nuclear DNA occurs at 2 days post-PH which returns to basal levels by 7 days. CD treatment alone did not change this phenomenon. 3H-T incorporation into nuclear DNA and the percentage of labelled cells as evidenced by autoradiography of liver sections were significantly elevated in N rats at 1-2 h after CCl4 (100 microliters/kg) administration and returned to basal level by 6 h. Serum enzymes (AST and ALT) in N rats undergoing SH and PH were not altered, but were significantly elevated in CD rats following CCl4 (100 microliters/kg) administration. CCl4-induced serum enzyme elevations were significantly lower in 2 days post-PH (PH2) rats when compared to SH rats or 7 days post-PH (PH7) rats maintained on CD diet, indicating that CD potentiated CCl4 hepatotoxicity is significantly reduced in livers stimulated for regenerative activity by PH.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Kodavanti
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson 39216-4505
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Bell AN, Young RA, Lockard VG, Mehendale HM. Protection of chlordecone-potentiated carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity and lethality by partial hepatectomy. Arch Toxicol 1988; 61:392-405. [PMID: 2456051 DOI: 10.1007/bf00334621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chlordecone (CD) pretreatment is known to markedly potentiate CCl4 hepatotoxicity. Previous studies have shown that prior exposure to CD obtunds the increased hepatocellular regeneration and repair observed in non-treated rats challenged with a single, low dose of CCl4. These observations allowed us to hypothesize that suppression of hepatic regeneration and tissue repair by CD + CCl4 combination treatment might be involved in this interaction. To test this hypothesis, CCl4 hepatotoxicity was evaluated in actively regenerating livers using CD-treated (10 ppm in the diet for 15 days), surgically partially hepatectomized (PH) male Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats undergoing no surgical manipulation (CTRL) and sham operation (SH) were included as appropriate controls. Surgical manipulations were conducted on day 15 of the dietary protocol. Based on liver-to-body weight ratios (LW/BW), mitotic indices, hepatic cytochrome P-450 content, and hepatic glutathione (GSH and GSSG) levels, PH-induced hepatocellular regeneration was not affected by pretreatment with CD. Thus, the PH model was considered valid for assessing the effects of CD + CCl4 combination treatment. CCl4 (100 microliter/kg; i.p.) was administered 1, 2, 4 or 7 days after the surgical manipulations. Hepatotoxicity was assessed 24 h later by measuring LW/BW and serum enzymes (SGPT, SGOT and ICD) in all four groups. Hepatic histopathological, histomorphometric and lethal effects were assessed in animals receiving CCl4 1 or 7 days after the surgical manipulations. CCl4-induced increases in LW/BW were observed in CD + PH rats receiving CCl4 4 or 7 days post-PH, but not in the 1 or 2 day post-PH groups in which the hepatocellular regeneration was maximal. CCl4-induced serum enzyme elevations were significantly less in the CD + PH rats as compared to CD + SH. This decrease in the serum enzyme elevations was most prominent in the 1 day post-PH group, where the hepatocellular mitotic activity was most pronounced. CCl4 lethality, assessed in the 1 day post-surgical manipulation group, was also decreased in the CD + PH rats in comparison to CD + SH rats. Such a protection was not observed in rats receiving CCl4 7 days post-PH. These data are consistent with and are supportive of the hypothesis that a suppression of otherwise normally stimulated hepatocellular regeneration following low-dose CCl4 administration is involved in the marked amplification of CCl4 toxicity by CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Bell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson 39216
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Bell AN, Mehendale HM. Comparative changes in hepatic DNA, RNA, protein, lipid, and glycogen induced by a subtoxic dose of CCl4 in chlordecone, mirex, and phenobarbital pretreated rats. Toxicol Lett 1987; 35:191-200. [PMID: 2435023 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4274(87)90206-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-250 g) were maintained on a normal powdered diet or on a similar diet containing 10 ppm chlordecone (CD), 10 ppm mirex (M) or 225 ppm phenobarbital (PB) for 15 days. On day 15, the animals received a single i.p. administration of CCl4 (100 microliters/kg). Hepatic DNA, RNA, protein, lipid and glycogen were determined 1, 4, 6, 12, 24 and 36 h after CCl4 administration. A significant decrease (18%) in hepatic protein was observed 24 h after CCl4 challenge in the CD-pretreated rats; significant changes were not observed in the other treatment groups. Hepatic RNA was decreased (37%) in CD-pretreated rats at 36 h; no changes were observed in the DNA content. Hepatic RNA and DNA were increased (20% and 16%, respectively) 6 h after exposure to CCl4 alone. Lipid content was increased at all time points starting at 4 h in response to CCl4 challenge in the CD-pretreated rats. In the M- and PB-pretreated rats increases in hepatic lipid (22 and 28%, respectively) were observed only at the 6-h time point. Only a transient increase occurred after CCl4 alone at 4 h. While depletion of hepatic glycogen was manifested in all groups at all time points following CCl4, that in the CD + CCl4 group was the greatest. A recovery of glycogen beginning at 12 h was observed in the rats receiving CCl4 alone and in the M and PB pretreated animals. No such recovery was evident in CD + CCl4 group. These studies indicate that biochemical changes compatible with cellular death are more pronounced in the CD-pretreated rats than in those receiving CCl4 alone, suggesting that the metabolic and supportive biochemical mechanisms for hepatocellular repair are suppressed in rats receiving CD + CCl4.
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Bell AN, Mehendale HM. The effect of dietary exposure to a mirex plus chlordecone combination on CCl4 hepatotoxicity. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1985; 5:679-87. [PMID: 2412926 DOI: 10.1016/0272-0590(85)90192-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of these studies was to investigate the effect of a mirex plus chlordecone combination on CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were maintained on control diet or on diets containing 10 ppm chlordecone (CD), 10 ppm mirex (M), or M plus CD (10 ppm each; MCD) for 15 days. On Day 15 the rats received a single ip injection of CCl4 (100 microliters/kg) and hepatotoxicity was assessed 24 hr later. Animals in the control group receiving CCl4 alone were unaffected. Significant increases in liver-to-body weight ratios were observed in all three pretreatment groups following CCl4 challenge. Increases in serum enzymes (SGPT, SGOT, and ICD) occurred in all three pretreatment groups with CD = MCD greater than M greater than control. While MCD and CD pretreatment led to significant cholestasis and decreases in PG excretion, no such effect was observed with M. Light microscopic examination of tissues revealed swollen hepatocytes (balloon cells), hepatocellular necrosis, and lipid accumulation in the MCD, CD, and M groups following CCl4 challenge. In summary, as assessed by serum enzyme elevation, biliary flow and hepatic excretory function, M pretreatment led to only a slight increase in CCl4 hepatotoxicity. The MCD combination pretreatment did not potentiate hepatotoxicity above that seen with CD alone. These results provide additional evidence that CD pretreatment results in a rather specific sensitization of animals to CCl4 toxicity in ways independent of the actions of M.
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Bell AN. President's address (operating room nursing). AORN J 1969; 9:74-6. [PMID: 4180341 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-2092(08)71098-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Bell AN. November 22, 1963. Forty-eight hours and thirty-one minutes (John F. Kennedy). Am Assoc Ind Nurses J 1968; 16:7-10. [PMID: 4868639 DOI: 10.1177/216507996801600401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Bell AN, Burley W. An improvement in scrub technic. Hosp Top 1966; 44:108-9. [PMID: 5980134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Bell AN. Fomites and Yellow Fever. Public Health Pap Rep 1901; 27:144-151. [PMID: 19600977 PMCID: PMC2329363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Bell AN. Stamina: with Special Reference to the Consumption of Fat Food for its Maintenance and as a Preventive of Tuberculosis. Trans Am Climatol Assoc 1900; 16:163-172. [PMID: 21408271 PMCID: PMC2262481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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Bell AN. Drunkenness a Vice-It should be so Treated. Public Health Pap Rep 1896; 22:237-247. [PMID: 19600712 PMCID: PMC2329157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Bell AN. The Climate and Mineral Springs of North Carolina. Trans Am Climatol Assoc 1895; 10:124-150. [PMID: 21409078 PMCID: PMC2526878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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Bell AN. The Long Island Water Basin-Brooklyn's Reservoir. Public Health Pap Rep 1894; 20:41-43. [PMID: 19600610 PMCID: PMC2266471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Bell AN. Quarantine and the United States Marine Hospital Service. Public Health Pap Rep 1892; 18:349-362.2. [PMID: 19600479 PMCID: PMC2266532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Bell AN. The Bath-Its Necessity and Adaptations. Public Health Pap Rep 1891; 17:180-192. [PMID: 19600417 PMCID: PMC2266414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Bell AN. The Relation of the Mechanical Arts to Preventive Medicine, Particularly Illustrated by the Artesian Wells and Tidal Drains of Charleston, S. C. Public Health Pap Rep 1890; 16:227-235. [PMID: 19600394 PMCID: PMC2266363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Bell AN. The Influence of an Ocean Atmosphere on a Staid Population, with Special Reference to Pulmonary Consumption. Trans Am Climatol Assoc Meet 1889; 6:70-75. [PMID: 21407393 PMCID: PMC2526769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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Bell AN. Some Observations on Yellow-Fever and its Habitudes, as opposed to the Fallacies and Dangers of Personal Quarantine. Public Health Pap Rep 1888; 14:55-61. [PMID: 19600335 PMCID: PMC2266123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Bell AN, Duffield SP, Rice AR. Report of the Committee to Consider and Report upon such Sanitary and Medical Services on Board Emigrant Passenger Vessels as may be subject to Congress. Public Health Pap Rep 1888; 14:257-262. [PMID: 19600324 PMCID: PMC2266116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Bell AN. Southern Pines Park; a New Winter Health-Resort. Trans Am Climatol Assoc Meet 1887; 3:214-218. [PMID: 21407339 PMCID: PMC2526668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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Bell AN. Sanitary Inspection. Public Health Pap Rep 1882; 8:34-38. [PMID: 19600133 PMCID: PMC2272336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Bell AN. The Relations of Certain Filth Diseases to Cold Weather. Public Health Pap Rep 1880; 6:154-157. [PMID: 19600031 PMCID: PMC2272536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Bell AN. Marine Hygiene on Board Passenger Vessels: Practical Conclusions Based upon the Experience of Ocean Lines in Communication with New York. Public Health Pap Rep 1876; 3:98-100. [PMID: 19599963 PMCID: PMC2272135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Bell AN. Perils of the School-Room. Public Health Pap Rep 1875; 2:283-291. [PMID: 19599904 PMCID: PMC2272517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Bell AN, Loines JP, Bulkley HD, Nebinger A, Hibberd JF. Protection from Small-Pox by Means of Vaccination and Re-Vaccination. Chic Med Exam 1865; 6:193-205. [PMID: 37473168 PMCID: PMC9997317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
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Bell AN. On the Use of Sulphate of Quinine in Typhoid Fever. Med Exam (Phila) 1846; 2:275-286. [PMID: 38120188 PMCID: PMC10285837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
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