Study on the mechanism of Ginseng-Gegen for mesenteric lymphadenitis based on network pharmacology

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to determine the main active ingredients of the Ginseng-Gegen (Panax Ginseng-Radix Puerariae) drug pair, to predict relevant action targets, and to establish a network of "drug-active ingredients-targets", to ultimately explore the mechanism of Ginseng-Gegen in the treatment of mesenteric lymphadenitis.

METHODS

The Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) platform was used to screen the chemical constituents of Ginseng-Gegen, and the active ingredient targets were retrieved by UniProt database. The databases of GeneCards and the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) were applied to search for mesenteric lymphadenitis-related targets. Cytoscape software was used to construct the network of active ingredient-action targets. The biological functions of the targets were analyzed in the Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) database.

RESULTS

A total of 26 potential active ingredients of the Ginseng-Gegen drug pair were screened, with 128 drug-related targets and 255 mesenteric lymphadenitis-related targets. After matching, 23 potential targets were obtained for treating mesenteric lymphadenitis. Among them, MOL012297 (puerarin), MOL005344 (ginsenoside Rh2), and MOL000358 (beta-sitosterol) were linked to 3 or more key target genes. They were supposed to be important ingredients of Ginseng-Gegen in the treatment of mesenteric lymphadenitis.

CONCLUSIONS

Ginseng-Gegen is related to oxidative stress and inflammation, and it is a part of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway, and the advanced glycation end products/receptor for advanced glycation end products (AGE-RAGE) signaling pathway. These biological processes and signaling pathways may be potential mechanisms of Ginseng-Gegen for treating mesenteric lymphadenitis.

The Value of Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy and Flap Surgery in Hidradenitis Suppurativa – A Single Center Analysis of Different Treatment Options

Background

Hidradenitis suppurativa is manifested by painful abscesses and scarring of sweat glands. Axillary, inguinal and genital regions are mostly affected. Multiple options exist in the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa. The aim of this retrospective, mono-center cohort study was to analyze the outcome of different treatment methods after radical excision of hidradenitis suppurativa.

Methods

We retrospectively evaluated the treatment strategy and recurrence rate of hidradenitis suppurativa. We included all eligible patients of legal age between February 2003 and October 2021, with the diagnosis of Hidradenitis suppurativa and the necessity for surgical treatment. All patients with surgical treatment and direct wound closure by suture were excluded. Bacterial load and flora were analyzed for primary and secondary reconstruction in combination with negative-pressure wound therapy. Patient data were analyzed for recurrence rate and remission time according to different reconstructive techniques.

Results

In 44 affected anatomical sites (n = 23 patients) we treated 15 patients with negative-pressure wound therapy. Bacterial load and flora were lower in the last wound swab of patients with multi-surgical procedures (22 localizations) compared to the first wound swab independent of the use of negative-pressure wound therapy.

Wound closure, independent of a direct and multi-stage procedure was achieved by local fasciocutaneous flaps (n = 12), secondary intention healing (n = 7), secondary intention healing with buried chip skin grafts (n = 10), or split-thickness skin grafts (n = 15). Radical excision combined with split-thickness skin grafts showed the lowest recurrence rate in the follow-up (16%; n = 4).

Conclusion

Radical excision of hidradenitis suppurativa as gold standard for surgical treatment combined with negative-pressure wound therapy as multi-stage procedures ultimately reduced bacterial load and flora in our study. The use of split-thickness skin grafts showed the lowest recurrence rate.

CNN-based qualitative detection of bone mineral density via diagnostic CT slices for osteoporosis screening

The features extracted from diagnostic computed tomography (CT) slices were used to qualitatively detect bone mineral density (BMD) through neural network models, and the evaluation results indicated that it may be a promising approach to perform osteoporosis screening in clinical practice.

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this study is to design a novelty diagnostic method for osteoporosis screening by using the convolutional neural network (CNN), which can be incorporated into the procedure of routine CT diagnostic in medical examination thereby improving the osteoporosis diagnosis and reducing the patient burden.

METHODS

The proposed CNN-based method mainly comprises two functional modules to perform qualitative detection of BMD by analyzing the diagnostic 2D CT slice. The first functional module aims to locate and segment the ROI of diagnostic 2D CT slice, called Mark-Segmentation-Network (MS-Net). The second functional module is used to determine the category of BMD by the features of ROI, called BMD-Classification-Network (BMDC-Net). The diagnostic 2D CT slice of pedicle level in lumbar vertebrae (L1) was selected from 3D CT image in our experiments firstly. Then, the trained MS-Net can get the mark image of input original 2D CT slice, thereby obtain the segmentation image. Finally, the trained BMDC-Net can obtain the probability value of normal bone mass, low bone mass, and osteoporosis by inputting the segmentation image. On the basis of network results, the radiologists can provide preliminary qualitative diagnosis results of BMD.

RESULTS

Training of the network was performed on diagnostic 2D CT slices of 150 patients. The network was tested on 63 patients. Each patient corresponds to a 2D CT slice. The proposed MS-Net has an excellent segmentation precision on the shape preservation of different lumbar vertebra. The dice index (DI), pixel accuracy (PA), and intersection over union (IOU) of segmentation results are greater than 0.8. The proposed BMDC-Net achieved an accuracy of 76.65% and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.9167.

CONCLUSIONS

This study proposed a novel method for qualitative detection of BMD via diagnostic CT slices and it has great potential in clinical applications for osteoporosis screening. The method can potentially reduce the manual burden to radiologists and diagnostic cost to patients.

Mesenchymal stem cells and myoblast differentiation under HGF and IGF-1 stimulation for 3D skeletal muscle tissue engineering

Background

Volumetric muscle loss caused by trauma or after tumour surgery exceeds the natural regeneration capacity of skeletal muscle. Hence, the future goal of tissue engineering (TE) is the replacement and repair of lost muscle tissue by newly generating skeletal muscle combining different cell sources, such as myoblasts and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), within a three-dimensional matrix. Latest research showed that seeding skeletal muscle cells on aligned constructs enhance the formation of myotubes as well as cell alignment and may provide a further step towards the clinical application of engineered skeletal muscle.

In this study the myogenic differentiation potential of MSCs upon co-cultivation with myoblasts and under stimulation with hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) was evaluated. We further analysed the behaviour of MSC-myoblast co-cultures in different 3D matrices.

Results

Primary rat myoblasts and rat MSCs were mono- and co-cultivated for 2, 7 or 14 days. The effect of different concentrations of HGF and IGF-1 alone, as well as in combination, on myogenic differentiation was analysed using microscopy, multicolour flow cytometry and real-time PCR. Furthermore, the influence of different three-dimensional culture models, such as fibrin, fibrin-collagen-I gels and parallel aligned electrospun poly-ε-caprolacton collagen-I nanofibers, on myogenic differentiation was analysed. MSCs could be successfully differentiated into the myogenic lineage both in mono- and in co-cultures independent of HGF and IGF-1 stimulation by expressing desmin, myocyte enhancer factor 2, myosin heavy chain 2 and alpha-sarcomeric actinin. An increased expression of different myogenic key markers could be observed under HGF and IGF-1 stimulation. Even though, stimulation with HGF/IGF-1 does not seem essential for sufficient myogenic differentiation. Three-dimensional cultivation in fibrin-collagen-I gels induced higher levels of myogenic differentiation compared with two-dimensional experiments. Cultivation on poly-ε-caprolacton-collagen-I nanofibers induced parallel alignment of cells and positive expression of desmin.

Conclusions

In this study, we were able to myogenically differentiate MSC upon mono- and co-cultivation with myoblasts. The addition of HGF/IGF-1 might not be essential for achieving successful myogenic differentiation. Furthermore, with the development of a biocompatible nanofiber scaffold we established the basis for further experiments aiming at the generation of functional muscle tissue.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12860-017-0131-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

A Pilot Metabolic Profiling Study of Patients With Neonatal Jaundice and Response to Phototherapy

Phototherapy has been widely used in treating neonatal jaundice, but detailed metabonomic profiles of neonatal jaundice patients and response to phototherapy have not been characterized. Our aim was to depict the serum metabolic characteristics of neonatal jaundice patients relative to controls and changes in response to phototherapy. A (1) H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabonomic approach was employed to study the metabolic profiling of serum from healthy infants (n = 25) and from infants with neonatal jaundice (n = 30) pre- and postphototherapy. The acquired data were processed by multivariate principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least-squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). The PLS-DA and OPLS-DA model identified nine metabolites capable of distinguishing patients from controls. In addition, 28 metabolites such as β-glucose, α-glucose, valine, and pyruvate changed in response to phototherapy. This study offers useful information on metabolic disorders in neonatal jaundice patients and the effects of phototherapy on lipids, amino acid, and energy metabolism.

ZnRF3 induces apoptosis of gastric cancer cells by antagonizing Wnt and Hedgehog signaling

AIM

The aim of this paper was to investigate the function an importance of E3-ubiquitin ligase ZnRF3 in the progression of cancer cell growth.

METHODS

A total of 58 patients (44 males and 14 females) were enrolled in the study and their gastric tumors were removed surgically and were staged by the TNM approach. Among these patients, 43 patients died and 15 survived at the time of this study. The tumors and the paracancerous tissues were examined by immunohostochemistry for the expression of ZnRF3. We assessed the expression of ZnRF3 in gastric tumors and paracancerous tissues from our patients and related this to patient survival.

RESULTS

A large proportion of malignant cancers of the stomach are gastric adenocarcinoma type. In spite of many studies, the molecular basis for this cancer is still unclear. Deregulated cell proliferative signaling via Wnt/β-catenin and Hedgehog pathways is considered important in the pathogenesis of many cancers including the gastric cancer. Recent studies identified ZnRF3 protein, which is a E3-ubiquitin ligase and which is either deleted or mutated in cancers, to inhibit Wnt signaling. However, the significance of ZnRF3 in the control of gastric cancer and whether it also regulates Hedgehog signaling pathway, is not known. ZnRF3 expression was much higher in tumors from aged patients. Male patients showed higher mortality than the females. Mechanistic studies using normal gastric cells (GES1) and gastric cancer cells (MGC-803) infected with either AdZnRF3 or AdGFP viral vectors, revealed that ZnRF3 overexpression causes significantly more apoptosis and lowered proliferation of cancer cells. ZnRF3 overexpression led to greatly reduced levels of Lgr5, a component of Wnt signaling and also Gli1, a component of Hedgehog signaling. Thus, ZnRF3 negatively influences both the Wnt and Hedgehog proliferative pathways and probably this way it negatively regulates cancer progression. These results suggest the importance of normal ZnRF3 function in checking the progression of cancer cell growth and indicate that a lack of this protein can lead to poorer clinical outcomes for gastric cancer patients.

CONCLUSION

We observed a clear relationship between ZnRF3 expression in paracancerous tissue and tumor size.

Pituitary hormone gene expression and secretion in human growth hormone-releasing hormone transgenic mice: focus on lactotroph function

The human GH-releasing hormone (hGHRH) transgenic mouse has a hyperplastic anterior pituitary gland that eventually develops into an adenoma. We showed previously that the number of lactotrophs in the male hGHRH transgenic mouse is increased 2-fold, yet there is no concomitant increase in plasma levels of PRL. To further elucidate underlying changes in lactotroph function in the hGHRH transgenic mouse, the objectives of this study were to 1) examine the relative differences in PRL gene expression in transgenic mice and their siblings, 2) quantify PRL secretion at the level of the individual cell, 3) determine whether tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression and/or activity are altered in the hypothalamus of transgenic mice, and 4) assess dopamine receptor gene expression and functional sensitivity in lactotrophs of transgenic mice. Total PRL messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were increased nearly 5-fold in the hGHRH transgenic mouse, whereas the concentrations of PRL mRNA (PRL mRNA per microg total RNA) were unchanged. In contrast, total PRL contents were unchanged, whereas the concentrations of PRL (micrograms of PRL per mg total protein) were decreased 3-fold. Hypothalamic tyrosine hydroxylase steady state mRNA levels were not altered in the hGHRH transgenic mice, but hypothalamic tyrosine hydroxylase activity was increased 2-fold in transgenic mice. Dopamine D2 receptor mRNA concentrations in the anterior pituitary were increased 2.5-fold in hGHRH transgenic mice, and total pituitary D2 receptor mRNA levels were increased nearly 10-fold. Furthermore, the basal secretory capacity of lactotrophs from transgenic mice was increased significantly at the level of the single cell, and dopamine inhibited the secretion of PRL to a greater extent in hGHRH transgenic mice. Thus, although the total number of lactotrophs is increased 2-fold in hGHRH transgenic mice, the present data are consistent with the hypothesis that increased hypothalamic dopamine synthesis and release coupled with an increase in D2 dopamine receptor gene expression and functional sensitivity in the pituitary result in normal plasma levels of PRL.

Targeted overexpression of galanin in lactotrophs of transgenic mice induces hyperprolactinemia and pituitary hyperplasia

We generated transgenic mice that carry 4.6 kb of the mouse galanin gene fused to 2.5 kb of the rat PRL promoter. In all transgenic lines that carried and transmitted the transgene, there were significant increases in galanin messenger RNA and peptide levels in the anterior pituitary in both male and female transgenic mice, and the elevation of galanin was restricted to the anterior lobe. Furthermore, galanin release from pituitary cells in vitro of both male and female transgenic mice was dramatically increased compared with that in control mice. At 2-4 months of age, pituitary PRL contents in female transgenic mice were increased compared with those in normal controls. Moreover, PRL messenger RNA levels were increased in female transgenic mice. However, plasma levels of PRL in female transgenic mice were not significantly higher until 6 months of age. By 11 months of age, cell numbers in the anterior pituitary were increased in female, but not male, transgenic mice. The percentage of lactotrophs in female transgenic mice as well as PRL gene expression per cell were significantly higher. No differences were detected in PRL content, gene expression, or release between normal and transgenic male mice. Six weeks of estrogen treatment significantly increased anterior pituitary weights and PRL secretion in male transgenic mice compared with that in normal male mice. In addition, anterior pituitary weights and PRL secretion were decreased in female transgenic mice compared with controls 6 weeks after ovariectomy. We conclude that overexpression of galanin in lactotrophs stimulates PRL synthesis and secretion and acts as a growth factor resulting in the formation of pituitary hyperplasia and hyperprolactinemia. Furthermore, estrogen appears critical for these galanin-mediated events.

Hydrodynamic Interactions and Mean Settling Velocity of Porous Particles in a Dilute Suspension

A theoretical investigation is conducted to study hydrodynamic interactions among porous spheres under creeping flow conditions. The particles may differ in size and permeability. Based on the Brinkman equation governing the fluid flow inside the particle, the flow field, and the drag force and torque on the particle are calculated numerically using a boundary collocation method. The results show that the hydrodynamic interaction increases with decreasing permeability. An important feature is that unlike the singular force and torque for two touching identical impermeable spheres undergoing certain motions with planar symmetry, the force and torque always remain finite for the case of two porous spheres. Using the resulting hydrodynamic interactions, the average sedimentation velocity of porous spheres suspended in a bounded fluid is also evaluated to determine the leading order effect of the particle concentration. Because of weaker hydrodynamic interactions among porous spheres, the hindrance coefficient is smaller than that for impermeable particles. When the porous spheres carry charge, the hindrance effect is augmented by increasing the double layer thickness. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.

The human growth hormone-releasing hormone transgenic mouse as a model of modest obesity: differential changes in leptin receptor (OBR) gene expression in the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus after fasting and OBR localization in somatotrophs

We reported previously an increase in leptin receptor (OBR) gene expression in the anterior pituitary of human GH-releasing hormone (hGHRH) transgenic mice. The primary goal of this study was to investigate the possible mechanisms regulating OBR expression in these mice. Compared with normal sibling controls, hGHRH transgenic mice had significantly greater amounts of abdominal fat, higher levels of leptin messenger RNA (mRNA), and a 2-fold increase in plasma leptin concentrations. Despite normal plasma glucose levels, hGHRH transgenic mice had 4.5-fold elevated levels of plasma insulin. Using a ribonuclease protection assay, we measured the mRNA levels of the OBR long form (OBR(L)) in the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus after 48 h of fasting. In the anterior pituitary, food deprivation induced dramatic increases in OBR(L) mRNA levels in both normal and transgenic mice. In contrast, in the hypothalamus, fasting resulted in a significant decrease in OBR(L) gene expression in normal mice, and no changes were detected in hGHRH transgenic mice. Using dual in situ hybridization, OBR(L) mRNA was detected in somatotrophs. Moreover, the number of OBR(L)-positive pituitary cells as well as the percentage of OBR(L)-positive cells that express GH mRNA were increased in transgenic mice. In conclusion, 1) the modest obesity in hGHRH transgenic mice is associated with increases in leptin synthesis and secretion as well as insulin secretion; 2) GH and/or GHRH as well as leptin and insulin may differentially contribute to the changes in OBR(L) gene expression in the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus; 3) the response of OBR(L) gene expression in the hypothalamus to fasting is absent in the modestly obese hGHRH transgenic mice; and 4) somatotrophs are target cells for leptin, and the increase in OBR(L) gene expression in the pituitary of hGHRH transgenic mice is due at least in part to the increase in the number of cells expressing OBR(L).

Quantitative assessment of mRNA cap analogues as inhibitors of in vitro translation

Fifty-eight analogues of the 5'-terminal 7-methylguanosine-containing cap of eukaryotic messenger RNA were synthesized and tested for their ability to inhibit in vitro protein synthesis. A new algorithm was developed for extracting KI, the dissociation constant for the cap analogue.eIF4E complex, from protein synthesis data. The results indicated that addition of a methyl group to the N2 of guanine produced more inhibitory compounds, but addition of a second methyl group to N2 decreased the level of inhibition dramatically. Aryl substitution at N7 improved the efficacy of guanine nucleoside monophosphate analogues. Substitution of the aromatic ring at the para position with methyl or NO2 groups abolished this effect, but substitution with Cl or F enhanced it. By contrast, aryl substitution at N7 in nucleoside di- or triphosphate analogues produced only minor effects, both positive and negative. By far the strongest determinants of inhibitory activity for cap analogues were phosphate residues. The beneficial effect of more phosphate residues was related more to anionic charge than to the number of phosphate groups per se. The second nucleotide residue in analogues of the form m7GpppN affected inhibitory activity in the order G > C > U > A, but there was no effect of 2'-O-modification. Opening the first ribose ring of m7GpppG analogues dramatically decreased activity, but alterations at the 2'-position of this ribose had no effect. Non-nucleotide-based cap analogues containing benzimidazole derivatives were inhibitory, though less so than those containing 7-methylguanine.

Galanin within the normal and hyperplastic anterior pituitary gland: localization, secretion, and functional analysis in normal and human growth hormone-releasing hormone transgenic mice

Studies evaluating estrogen-induced anterior pituitary tumors revealed a strong direct correlation between expression of the peptide galanin and tumor growth. To evaluate further the potential roles of galanin in the hyperplastic pituitary, we used a model of estrogen-independent anterior pituitary tumor formation, the male human GH-releasing hormone (hGHRH) transgenic mouse. Pituitaries of hGHRH transgenic mice are characterized by a hyperplasia of somatotrophs and contain markedly elevated levels of galanin. We examined the population of galanin-producing pituitary cells in 4- to 6-month-old male hGHRH transgenic mice and their nontransgenic siblings. The percentage of galanin-containing pituitary cells was significantly increased within the anterior pituitaries of hGHRH transgenic mice. By using the cell immunoblot assay we found that the basal secretion of galanin and GH from individual pituitary cells of hGHRH transgenic mice was significantly greater than that from pituitary cells of nontransgenic mice. By modifying the cell immunoblot assay, we determined that somatotrophs from both hGHRH transgenic and normal mice that were positive for galanin immunoreactivity secreted significantly greater amounts of GH than those somatotrophs devoid of galanin immunoreactivity. Moreover, immunoneutralization of galanin significantly decreased GH secretion from pituitary cells obtained from hGHRH transgenic mice. Thus, we now show that the increased levels of galanin peptide within the hyperplastic pituitaries of hGHRH transgenic mice are due to an increase in the population of cells containing galanin, and that galanin participates in the augmented secretion of GH from hyperplastic proliferating pituitary cells.

Cleavage of Poly(A)-binding protein by coxsackievirus 2A protease in vitro and in vivo: another mechanism for host protein synthesis shutoff?

Infection of cells by picornaviruses of the rhinovirus, aphthovirus, and enterovirus groups results in the shutoff of host protein synthesis but allows viral protein synthesis to proceed. Although considerable evidence suggests that this shutoff is mediated by the cleavage of eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4G by sequence-specific viral proteases (2A protease in the case of coxsackievirus), several experimental observations are at variance with this view. Thus, the cleavage of other cellular proteins could contribute to the shutoff of host protein synthesis and stimulation of viral protein synthesis. Recent evidence indicates that the highly conserved 70-kDa cytoplasmic poly(A)-binding protein (PABP) participates directly in translation initiation. We have now found that PABP is also proteolytically cleaved during coxsackievirus infection of HeLa cells. The cleavage of PABP correlated better over time with the host translational shutoff and onset of viral protein synthesis than did the cleavage of eIF4G. In vitro experiments with purified rabbit PABP and recombinant human PABP as well as in vivo experiments with Xenopus oocytes and recombinant Xenopus PABP demonstrate that the cleavage is catalyzed by 2A protease directly. N- and C-terminal sequencing indicates that cleavage occurs uniquely in human PABP at 482VANTSTQTM downward arrowGPRPAAAAAA500, separating the four N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (80%) from the C-terminal homodimerization domain (20%). The N-terminal cleavage product of PABP is less efficient than full-length PABP in restoring translation to a PABP-dependent rabbit reticulocyte lysate translation system. These results suggest that the cleavage of PABP may be another mechanism by which picornaviruses alter the rate and spectrum of protein synthesis.

Galanin in normal and hyperplastic anterior pituitary cells. From pituitary tumor cell lines to transgenic mice

Studies on the regulation of galanin expression in the epithelial cells of the anterior pituitary gland have provided a wealth of insight into the cellular and molecular biology of this unique peptide. Galanin is localized within subpopulations of specific pituitary cell types, and hypothalamic as well as gonadal factors including dopamine, somatostatin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), estrogen, and progesterone dynamically regulate its expression and release. Galanin gene expression and peptide secretion are markedly increased in estrogen-induced prolactinomas, wherein galanin serves as both an autocrine and paracrine hormone regulating prolactin secretion. Galanin mRNA and peptide levels are also dramatically elevated in somatotroph adenomas of human GHRH transgenic mice. Moreover, galanin secretion is increased from the hyperplastic somatotrophs of hGHRH transgenic mice. However, not all pituitary adenomas are associated with increased galanin gene expression; galanin synthesis is repressed in 131I-induced thyrotroph adenomas. Thus, galanin acts locally to regulate pituitary hormone secretion and appears to act as a mitogenic factor to increase the proliferation of pituitary cells in a cell-type specific manner.

Function of galanin in the anterior pituitary of estrogen-treated Fischer 344 rats: autocrine and paracrine regulation of prolactin secretion

Estrogen is a robust stimulator of galanin synthesis and secretion in the anterior pituitary. Galanin is colocalized in lactotrophs in the estrogen-treated anterior pituitary, and its roles in lactotroph function are still being elucidated. In the present studies, we quantified the phenotypes of estrogen-treated Fischer 344 rat anterior pituitary cells expressing the galanin gene by dual in situ hybridization. The total population of galanin-positive pituitary cells increased from undetectable levels to 16% of all cells after 2 weeks of estrogen treatment. More than 90% of the galanin-positive cells coexpressed PRL messenger RNA, and one-third of the lactotrophs expressed galanin messenger RNA. We hypothesized that galanin in the anterior pituitary may contribute to the heterogeneous secretion of PRL, and that one of the functions of galanin is to regulate PRL secretion in an autocrine/paracrine manner. To test this hypothesis, we performed the reverse hemolytic plaque assay combined with in situ hybridization to measure PRL secretion and galanin gene expression within the same individual cells. PRL secretion from galanin-positive lactotrophs was significantly greater than that from galanin-negative lactotrophs. Moreover, treatment with galanin antiserum significantly attenuated PRL secretion from galanin-positive cells, and treatment with galanin significantly enhanced PRL secretion from galanin-negative lactotrophs. In conclusion, these data provide direct evidence that galanin derived from the estrogen-treated anterior pituitary stimulates PRL secretion in both autocrine and paracrine manners.

Basic fibroblast growth factor-2 and interleukin-1 beta regulate S100 beta expression in cultured astrocytes

Basic fibroblast growth factor and interleukin-1 beta are known to regulate the expression of other trophic factors and to stimulate reactive gliosis in vivo. S100 beta is a glial-specific putative neurotrophic factor and has been considered a marker of the reactive status of astrocytes. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that basic fibroblast growth factor-2 and interleukin-1 beta achieve their effects by altering S100 beta gene expression in cultured rat astrocytes using an RNase protection assay. Short-term treatment with basic fibroblast growth factor-2 produced a transient decrease in S100 beta messenger RNA which was followed by an increase after longer term treatment. In contrast, both short- and long-term treatment with interleukin-1 beta suppressed S100 beta messenger RNA. We measured levels of S100 beta nuclear primary transcript to assess whether alterations in transcriptional rate explain the changes in messenger RNA. Our results indicate that changes in transcription account for changes in steady state levels of messenger RNA since basic fibroblast growth factor-2-induced changes in S100 beta primary transcript temporally preceded changes in messenger RNA. We further measured intracellular S100 beta protein levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to determine whether changes in gene expression were translated into parallel changes in protein. Our results clearly demonstrate that basic fibroblast growth factor-2 and interleukin-1 beta influence the expression of the S100 beta gene, that this regulation appears to occur at the level of transcription, and that alterations in messenger RNA are sometimes, but not always, reflected in changes at the level of protein. These observations suggest that basic fibroblast growth factor-2 may amplify its trophic effects, in part, by influencing the expression of another trophic factor.

Upregulation of leptin receptor gene expression in the anterior pituitary of human growth hormone-releasing hormone transgenic mice

The recently cloned leptin receptor (OB-R) is expressed in many tissues, including the anterior pituitary. It is not known whether OB-R gene expression is regulated by pituitary hormones. In the present study, we detected the long isoform of OB-R (OB-R(L)) in the anterior pituitary of normal mice using RT-PCR, but were unable to detect the short isoform (OB-R(S)). In human growth hormone-releasing hormone (hGHRH) transgenic mice, we discovered a significant increase in OB-R(L) mRNA levels in the anterior pituitary as compared to controls, and OB-R(S) gene expression was detectable. In contrast to the pituitary, there were no significant changes in OB-R gene expression for either isoform in the hypothalamus of hGHRH mice. The dramatic increase in the gene expression of OB-R(L) in the anterior pituitary of hGHRH transgenic mice was confirmed by RNase protection assay. This is the first study to demonstrate that OB-R gene expression in the anterior pituitary gland is increased by GH and/or GHRH.

Fetal grafts containing suprachiasmatic nuclei restore the diurnal rhythm of CRH and POMC mRNA in aging rats

We assessed whether fetal tissue containing the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) can restore age-related changes in the diurnal rhythm of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and anterior pituitary proopiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA. Young, middle-aged, and middle-aged SCN-transplanted rats were killed at seven times of day. In young rats, CRH mRNA exhibited a diurnal rhythm in the dorsomedial paraventricular nuclei but not in other subdivisions of the nuclei. No rhythm was detected in aging rats. SCN transplants restored a rhythm in CRH mRNA, but the timing was not precisely the same as in young animals. POMC mRNA exhibited a daily rhythm in young rats. Aging abolished the rhythm and decreased the average mRNA level; fetal transplants restored the rhythm, but the amplitude remained attenuated. These data are the first demonstration that fetal tissue can restore the diurnal rhythm of a neuroendocrine axis that is driven by the SCN. We conclude that the neuroendocrine substrate from the aging host remains capable of responding to diurnal cues to express diurnal rhythmicity in CRH/POMC mRNA when fetal SCN transplants confer the appropriate signals.

Angiogenic protein expression in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer

We set out to determine whether advanced epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is associated with elevated serum and ascitic concentrations of the angiogenic factors angiogenin (ANG), basic fibroblastic growth factor (bFGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and whether the expression of angiogenic factors was associated with tumor vascularity. Serum and ascitic samples were collected from previously untreated patients with FIGO stage III and IV EOC and stored at -70 degreesC. Levels of the three factors were determined by enzyme-linked immunoassay. Histological sections from paraffin blocks of ovarian cancers were stained immunochemically for factor VIII, CD34, and VEGF. Thirty-nine patients were studied, although not all had paired serum and ascitic samples. For each angiogenic factor, the following findings were noted: (a) there was a wide range in serum and ascitic fluid concentrations; (b) the mean serum concentration was higher (P < 0.05) than the mean concentration in normal serum; and (c) the mean serum concentration was lower (P < 0. 05) than the mean ascitic concentration. Overall, the most consistent pattern of elevated serum and ascitic concentrations was with bFGF. With serum samples, 38.9% of patients had a normal VEGF concentration, as did 15.3% for ANG and 7.7% for bFGF. In ascites, the VEGF concentration was in the range for normal serum in 24.5% of samples, compared to 39.4% for ANG and 2.8% for bFGF. In paired samples, both VEGF and bFGF showed higher ascitic concentrations in 100 and 88.3% of samples, compared to 53.3% for ANG. There was no correlation between the serum and/or ascitic concentration of one factor and that of another, suggesting that these factors are independently regulated. Staining with anti-CD34 was more sensitive and reliable than with anti-factor VIII. VEGF staining was most prominent in poorly differentiated tumors and was observed only on tumor cells. There was no correlation between the serum or ascitic concentrations of angiogenic factors and tumor vascularity. Advanced EOC is associated with raised serum and ascitic bFGF concentrations and with markedly elevated ascitic VEGF in most cases. Serum VEGF and serum and ascitic ANG are less often elevated. There was no correlation between the angiogenic profile in serum and ascites and tumor vascularity.

Aging of the female reproductive system: a window into brain aging

The menopause marks the permanent end of fertility in women. It was once thought that the exhaustion of ovarian follicles was the single, most important explanation for the transition to the menopause. Over the past decade, this perception has gradually changed with the realization that there are multiple pacemakers of reproductive senescence. We will present evidence that lends credence to the hypothesis that the central nervous system is a critical pacemaker of reproductive aging and that changes at this level contribute to the timing of the menopause. Studies demonstrate that an increasing de-synchronization of the temporal order of neuroendocrine signals may contribute to the accelerated rate of follicular loss that occurs during middle age. We suggest that the dampening and destabilization of the precisely orchestrated ultradian, circadian, and infradian neural signals lead to miscommunication between the brain and the pituitary-ovarian axis. This constellation of hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian events leads to the inexorable decline of regular cyclicity and heralds menopausal transition.

Transplantation of fetal suprachiasmatic nuclei into middle-aged rats restores diurnal Fos expression in host

In young animals, the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus, which are critical circadian pacemakers, exhibit a light-induced diurnal rhythm in Fos expression. The expression of this immediate-early gene has been used as an index of the activity of the SCN and their ability to respond to external cues that entrain them, such as light. In the present study, we show that by the time rats reach middle age baseline Fos expression increases prematurely during the dark and that light-induced Fos expression is blunted and delayed. We also demonstrate that transplantation of fetal tissue containing the SCN into the third cerebral ventricle of middle-aged rats enables aged hosts to regain the ability to exhibit diurnal patterns of Fos expression that are strikingly similar to those observed in young animals. Our findings lead to the following conclusions: 1) the diurnal pattern of activity of SCN cells is blunted in middle-aged rats, and 2) SCN transplants provide unique signals that enable the cellular systems of the host to regain rhythmic functional capabilities. These results provide new insights into the critical active role that the host plays in restoration of function evoked by the presence of a transplant.

Age-related changes in light-induced Jun-B and Jun-D expression: effects of transplantation of fetal tissue containing the suprachiasmatic nucleus

Fos and Jun mRNA and peptide exhibit a daily light-induced rhythm in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). The authors previously have reported that Fos expression in the SCN is elevated prematurely during the dark, light-induced Fos expression is attenuated in middle-aged rats, and transplantation of fetal SCN tissue into the third ventricle of rats of this age restores the daily pattern of Fos expression to that of the young. Using immunocytochemistry, the authors performed the present study to determine whether Jun-B and Jun-D expression in the SCN is altered at the same stage during aging and, if so, whether transplantation of fetal tissue containing the SCN can restore the light-induced rhythms of these two immediate early genes. All groups of rats were transcardially perfused 90 min prior to and after light onset. In young rats, light induced a robust increase in the number of Jun-B positive cells in the SCN, whereas very few cells were labeled before light onset. In middle-aged rats, the light-induced increase in the number of Jun-B positive cells was significantly attenuated. Transplantation of fetal SCN tissue into the middle-aged rats successfully restored light-induced Jun-B expression to the levels of young rats. By contrast, Jun-D exhibited a constitutively high level of expression in the SCN both before and after light onset, and light induced only a slight but significant increase. No age-related changes were detected in the expression of Jun-D either before or after light onset. Transplantation of fetal SCN tissue did not alter the daily pattern of Jun-D expression in the middle-aged rats. These data suggest that (1) light-induced activation of SCN neural activity is blunted during aging, (2) fetal SCN tissue can provide the critical support to allow the host to respond properly to light cues, and (3) the age-related change in Jun-B expression in the middle-aged host SCN can be rescued by fetal SCN transplants.

Age-related changes in the diurnal rhythm of CRH gene expression in the paraventricular nuclei

A circadian rhythm secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is thought to regulate the circadian pattern of secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosterone. We have previously reported that the amplitude of the diurnal rhythm of serum corticosterone concentrations decreases in 17- to 20-mo-old rats. In the present experiment, we tested whether an age-related alteration in the daily rhythm and/or level of CRH mRNA in the paraventricular nuclei (PVN) occurs during middle age. Groups of young and middle-aged animals were killed at several times of day. We assessed the level of CRH mRNA in the PVN and dorsal medial subdivision of the PVN using in situ hybridization. In young rats, CRH mRNA expression exhibited a diurnal rhythm in the dorsal medial PVN. The same trend was observed in the entire medial PVN. In middle-aged rats, no rhythm was detected in either region. The overall average level of CRH mRNA was not different between these two age groups. These findings suggest that changes in the suprachiasmatic nucleus or in its ability to entrain neuroendocrine outputs occur relatively early during the aging process.

Neuroendocrine concomitants of reproductive aging

Depletion of ovarian follicles is often thought to be the determining factor in female reproductive aging. However, increasing evidence suggests that neural and neuroendocrine changes play important causative roles in the decline of regular reproductive cycles leading to the menopause. A blunting or suppression in the daily pattern of secretion of several neuroendocrine hormones has been documented in aging laboratory animals and humans. Investigators have designed experiments to test whether these changes reflect multiple unrelated changes in the regulation of each of these hormones, or whether these alterations result from a fundamental change in the time-keeping mechanism that underlie these patterns of hormone secretion. Oscillations that occur approximately every 24 h are a hallmark of most living organisms. These cycles provide the organism with the capability of coordinating events that occur at higher (hourly) and lower (weekly or monthly) frequencies within an individual organism, and with the capability of synchronizing these events with the external environment. In mammals, the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus is thought to be a master oscillator that regulates most circadian rhythms in mammals. Perturbations in temporal organization occur during aging and influence multiple physiological systems, including reproductive cyclicity in females. Thus, the question for neuroendocrinologists is: Do changes in the cyclic pattern of hormone secretion reflect a change in the master oscillator, and do these changes play a role in female reproductive aging? Data from our laboratory demonstrate that the timing of the preovulatory and steroid-induced luteinizing hormone (LH) surge changes during middle-age in rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Assessment of gene expression and peptide secretion from individual cells

We have developed an assay that allows one to monitor gene expression in and peptide secretion from individual cells. By combining the reverse hemolytic plaque with in situ hybridization, investigators can quantitate simultaneously the level of gene expression and the level of secretion of a peptide. The method can be used in any system in which an appropriate antibody for the reverse hemolytic plaque assay and probes complementary to the mRNA of interest are available. It can be used to monitor the level of mRNA and secretion of the peptide product, or expression of one gene and the secretion of another peptide. In this paper we will describe the major steps of the method. We have used the pituitary lactotroph as a model to demonstrate the power of this technique. However, we believe that this method may be an important approach to answer many questions regarding the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate the coupling of peptide secretion and gene expression at the single cell level.

Protection of germ-free mice from infection by Helicobacter felis after active oral or passive IgA immunization

Helicobacter pylori infection of human gastric epithelium has been associated with gastritis, ulcers and gastric cancers. In an H. felis, germ-free mouse model of infection, oral immunization with bacterial antigens plus cholera toxin resulted in elevated serum, gastric and intestinal anti-H. felis antibody titres and protection from acute infection. Mice given monoclonal IgA anti-H. felis antibody at the time of initial challenge were also protected from infection. These results demonstrate that oral vaccination may be a feasible approach for the prevention of H. pylori infection of humans.

Incremental backprojection algorithm: modification of the searching flow scheme and utilization of the relationship among projection views

A two-dimensional (2-D) search flow scheme is proposed for the incremental backprojection algorithm. In this scheme, the searching direction in a beam is determined only by the distance from the current pixel to the corresponding ray; no pixels outside the beam are involved in the procedure. In addition, the geometrical relationships between the image grids and the projection rays in different views are fully exploited to further reduce the search operations. It is found that backprojection of four views can be performed at the same time, and the search operation is only required for one of them if the number of views is even. Thus, backprojection is accomplished on a quartet-by-quartet of views basis as well as on beam-by-beam basis. These approaches not only minimize the number of search operations but also possess a simple algorithm structure. Implementation results obtained with an AST-386 computer for the incremental backprojection algorithm using this search flow scheme and the relationship among projection views show that the processing time can be reduced by a factor of about 2.

Imaging the acoustic nonlinear parameter with diffraction tomography

An approach to take diffraction into account in acoustic nonlinear parameter imaging is described. In this type of tomography, two collinear planar waves with different frequencies are used to insonify the object. The complex-amplitude of the generated secondary wave at the difference frequency is detected for producing the projections. The algorithmic formulation relies on the use of two simultaneous governing wave equations for the primary and difference-frequency waves. Three algorithms are presented respectively for reconstructing weakly, moderately, and strongly scattering objects. Illustrations of quantitative tomograms of the nonlinear parameter generated from simulated data show good correlations with theoretical results.