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Etayeb K, Galidana A, Berbash A, Eisa A, Al-kordi A, Al-Helali E, Abuhajar M, Alswyeb A, Abdulqader H, Azabi N, Ghriba N, Deryaq S, Algnaien A, Buirzayqah S, Buijlayyil M, Bujazlya M, Hamhoom A, Hamza A, Sharif E, Dayhum A, Kammon A, Eldaghayes I. Results of the eighteenth winter waterbird census in Libya in 2022. Open Vet J 2023; 13:407-418. [PMID: 37251270 PMCID: PMC10219821 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2023.v13.i4.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Libyan wetlands are diverse; the coastline of Libya, in particular, has different kinds of wetlands, such as salt marshes, bays, lakes, lagoons, and islands. These varieties in habitats provide good shelters and foraging sites for migratory birds during their journeys between Eurasia and Africa. Since the beginning of the Libyan winter census of waterbirds International waterbirds census (Libya IWC) in 2005, which continued regularly until 2012, it has had relatively the same performance in the number of covered sites. However, since 2013, due to the security situation that Libya has experienced due to wars and conflict, which negatively affected the quality of the IWC in Libya, the number of sites has dramatically decreased, reaching only six locations during the middle of the previous decade. Aim The IWC 2022 aimed to count the birds along the Libyan coast from January 10 to 29. Methods The census activities were conducted from dawn to dusk during the study period by using high-quality Telescopes, binoculars, and digital cameras for the documentation. Point transects method was used to cover the sites. Results The results of this year showed that a total of 64 sites were covered, and 68 species of waterbirds were counted, with an abundance of 61,850 individuals. During the census period, a total of 52 non-waterbird species found in Wetlands were recorded, and the number of individuals was 14,836 birds. A total of 18 threatened species were observed during this survey, 12 of them are mentioned in the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List, and nine species are mentioned in the regional activities center of specially protected areas annex II as threatened in the Mediterranean, where the species; Larus audouinii (Payraudeau, 1826), Larus genei (Breme, 1839), and Puffinus yelkouan (Acerbi, 1827) are mentioned in both of them. Conclusion The lack of the number of ornithologists and bird watchers is still one of the factors affecting the quality of the IWC in Libya, as well as lack of funding remains an important factor that plays a major role in the success of the waterbirds census.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Etayeb
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
- Libyan Society for Birds (LSB), Libya
- National Research Center for Tropical and Transboundary Diseases (NRCTTD), Zintan, Libya
| | | | - Ali Berbash
- Libyan Society for Birds (LSB), Libya
- Ministry of Environment, Tripoli, Libya
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hussien Abdulqader
- Ministry of Environment, Tripoli, Libya
- Libyan Organization for Conservation of Nature, Misrata, Libya
| | - Naders Azabi
- Bisida Society for Conservation of Farwa Island and Lagoon, Zwara, Libya
| | - Nader Ghriba
- Bisida Society for Conservation of Farwa Island and Lagoon, Zwara, Libya
| | - Saleh Deryaq
- Ministry of Environment, Tripoli, Libya
- Amwaje Society for Environment Conservation, Libya
| | | | - Saleh Buirzayqah
- Alhaya Organization for Protection of Wildlife and Marine Organisms, Libya
| | - Murad Buijlayyil
- Alhaya Organization for Protection of Wildlife and Marine Organisms, Libya
| | | | - Abdulmajid Hamhoom
- National Research Center for Tropical and Transboundary Diseases (NRCTTD), Zintan, Libya
| | - Abdulmoula Hamza
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Ehab Sharif
- National Research Center for Tropical and Transboundary Diseases (NRCTTD), Zintan, Libya
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Abdunaser Dayhum
- National Research Center for Tropical and Transboundary Diseases (NRCTTD), Zintan, Libya
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Abdulwahab Kammon
- National Research Center for Tropical and Transboundary Diseases (NRCTTD), Zintan, Libya
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Ibrahim Eldaghayes
- National Research Center for Tropical and Transboundary Diseases (NRCTTD), Zintan, Libya
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
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Durant SM, Mitchell N, Groom R, Pettorelli N, Ipavec A, Jacobson AP, Woodroffe R, Böhm M, Hunter LTB, Becker MS, Broekhuis F, Bashir S, Andresen L, Aschenborn O, Beddiaf M, Belbachir F, Belbachir-Bazi A, Berbash A, Brandao de Matos Machado I, Breitenmoser C, Chege M, Cilliers D, Davies-Mostert H, Dickman AJ, Ezekiel F, Farhadinia MS, Funston P, Henschel P, Horgan J, de Iongh HH, Jowkar H, Klein R, Lindsey PA, Marker L, Marnewick K, Melzheimer J, Merkle J, M'soka J, Msuha M, O'Neill H, Parker M, Purchase G, Sahailou S, Saidu Y, Samna A, Schmidt-Küntzel A, Selebatso E, Sogbohossou EA, Soultan A, Stone E, van der Meer E, van Vuuren R, Wykstra M, Young-Overton K. The global decline of cheetah Acinonyx jubatus and what it means for conservation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:528-533. [PMID: 28028225 PMCID: PMC5255576 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1611122114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishing and maintaining protected areas (PAs) are key tools for biodiversity conservation. However, this approach is insufficient for many species, particularly those that are wide-ranging and sparse. The cheetah Acinonyx jubatus exemplifies such a species and faces extreme challenges to its survival. Here, we show that the global population is estimated at ∼7,100 individuals and confined to 9% of its historical distributional range. However, the majority of current range (77%) occurs outside of PAs, where the species faces multiple threats. Scenario modeling shows that, where growth rates are suppressed outside PAs, extinction rates increase rapidly as the proportion of population protected declines. Sensitivity analysis shows that growth rates within PAs have to be high if they are to compensate for declines outside. Susceptibility of cheetah to rapid decline is evidenced by recent rapid contraction in range, supporting an uplisting of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List threat assessment to endangered. Our results are applicable to other protection-reliant species, which may be subject to systematic underestimation of threat when there is insufficient information outside PAs. Ultimately, conserving many of these species necessitates a paradigm shift in conservation toward a holistic approach that incentivizes protection and promotes sustainable human-wildlife coexistence across large multiple-use landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Durant
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom;
- Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, NY 10460
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Mitchell
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom
- Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, NY 10460
| | - Rosemary Groom
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom
- Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, NY 10460
| | - Nathalie Pettorelli
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Audrey Ipavec
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom
- Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, NY 10460
| | - Andrew P Jacobson
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom
- Department of Geography, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Rosie Woodroffe
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Monika Böhm
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Matthew S Becker
- Zambian Carnivore Programme, Mfuwe, Zambia
- Conservation Biology and Ecology Program, Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
| | - Femke Broekhuis
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX13 5QL, United Kingdom
- Mara Cheetah Project, Kenya Wildlife Trust, Kenya
| | - Sultana Bashir
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom
| | - Leah Andresen
- Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa
| | - Ortwin Aschenborn
- Bwabwata Ecological Institute, Susuwe Park Station, Zambezi Region, Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Namibia
| | - Mohammed Beddiaf
- Office National du Parc Culturel du Tassili N'Ajjer, Djanet, Algeria
| | - Farid Belbachir
- Laboratoire d'Écologie et Environnement, Université de Béjaïa, Béjaïa, Algeria
| | - Amel Belbachir-Bazi
- Laboratoire d'Écologie et Environnement, Université de Béjaïa, Béjaïa, Algeria
| | - Ali Berbash
- Nature Conservation Department, Environment General Authority (EGA), Tripoli, Libya
| | | | - Christine Breitenmoser
- Carnivore Ecology and Wildlife Management (KORA), 3074 Muri, Switzerland
- International Union for the Conservation of Nature/Species Survival Commission Cat Specialist Group, 3074 Muri, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Amy J Dickman
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX13 5QL, United Kingdom
| | - Fabiano Ezekiel
- Department of Wildlife Management and Ecotourism, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Mohammad S Farhadinia
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX13 5QL, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Jane Horgan
- Cheetah Conservation Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Hans H de Iongh
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Houman Jowkar
- Persian Wildlife Heritage Foundation, Tehran 15856-86341, Iran
- Conservation of Asiatic Cheetah Program, Department of Environment, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | | | - Joerg Melzheimer
- Department Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Jassiel M'soka
- Department of National Parks and Wildlife, Chilanga, Zambia
| | - Maurus Msuha
- Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Helen O'Neill
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Megan Parker
- Working Dogs for Conservation, Bozeman, MT 59771
| | - Gianetta Purchase
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom
| | - Samaila Sahailou
- Direction de la Faune, de la Chasse et des Aires Protégées, Niamey, Niger
| | - Yohanna Saidu
- Nigeria National Park Service, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Abdoulkarim Samna
- Direction de la Faune, de la Chasse et des Aires Protégées, Niamey, Niger
| | | | | | | | | | - Emma Stone
- Carnivore Research Malawi, Conservation Research Africa, Lilongwe, Malawi
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