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Gillard A, Mountjoy M, Vertommen T, Radziszewski S, Boudreault V, Durand-Bush N, Parent S. The role, readiness to change and training needs of the Athlete Health and Performance team members to safeguard athletes from interpersonal violence in sport: a mini review. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1406925. [PMID: 38770239 PMCID: PMC11103001 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1406925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Safeguarding athletes from interpersonal violence (IV) in sport is an important topic of concern. Athlete Health and Performance (AHP) team members working with athletes have a professional, ethical, and moral duty to protect the health of athletes, prevent IV, and intervene when it occurs. However, little is known on their respective roles regarding IV in sport and their needs to fulfill their responsibility of safeguarding athletes. The aim of this review is to synthesize knowledge about the roles, readiness to change and training needs of AHP team members to navigate IV in sport. A total of 43 articles are included in the review. Results show that all AHP team members have a role to play in safeguarding athletes and should therefore be trained in the area of IV in sport. Overall, very little research has directly assessed AHP team members' needs to positively foster safety and eliminate IV in sport. There are common training needs for all types of AHP team members such as the ability to recognize signs and symptoms of IV in sport. However, there are also specific needs based on the role of the AHP team members such as ways of facilitating behavioural change for sport managers. Findings from this review are mostly experts' recommendations and should therefore be interpreted as such. The results of the review can guide the development of future research and recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson Gillard
- Research Chair in Security and Integrity in Sport, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse (CRIPCAS), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Équipe Violence Sexuelle et Santé (ÉVISSA), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Margo Mountjoy
- Research Chair in Security and Integrity in Sport, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- International Research Network on Violence and Integrity in Sport (IRNOVIS), Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Tine Vertommen
- Research Chair in Security and Integrity in Sport, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- International Research Network on Violence and Integrity in Sport (IRNOVIS), Antwerp, Belgium
- Safeguarding Sport and Society, Center of Expertise Care and Well-Being, Thomas More University of Applied Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Physical Education, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stephanie Radziszewski
- Research Chair in Security and Integrity in Sport, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse (CRIPCAS), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Équipe Violence Sexuelle et Santé (ÉVISSA), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Véronique Boudreault
- Research Chair in Security and Integrity in Sport, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Kinanthropology, Faculty of Human Kinetics Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | | | - Sylvie Parent
- Research Chair in Security and Integrity in Sport, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse (CRIPCAS), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Équipe Violence Sexuelle et Santé (ÉVISSA), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- International Research Network on Violence and Integrity in Sport (IRNOVIS), Antwerp, Belgium
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Parent S, Radziszewski S, Gillard A, Bélanger-Gravel A, Gagné MH, St-Pierre E, Vertommen T, Woodburn A. Development and initial validation of the perceived instrumental effects of violence in sport scale. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1355958. [PMID: 38476580 PMCID: PMC10927836 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1355958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction A growing body of research is looking into risk factors for interpersonal violence (IV) in sport. This research suggests the existence of several important risk factors, especially organizational and social factors. One of these factors is the beliefs regarding instrumental effects of violence. Coaches may want to drive performance, deter failure, test resilience and commitment, develop toughness, assure interpersonal control, and promote internal competition. In sum, available evidence suggests the risk of IV increases when coaches believe in the effectiveness of strategies involving IV to enhance athlete performance or perceive external approval for these practices. Methods The studies presented in this article seeks to develop and validate the Perceived Instrumental Effects of Violence in Sport (PIEVS) Scale in order to measure those beliefs in coaches. In study 1, item generation, expert consultation, cognitive interviews, pilot test and item reduction phases led to 25 items for the PIEVS around six dimensions. In study 2, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted with 690 coaches in order to determine the PIEVS factorial structure and the convergent and divergent validity of the scale was tested (long and short form). Results Our results suggested a one-factor solution for the PIEVS (25 items). This one-factor model provided an excellent fit to the data and a very good internal consistency. The PIEVS and empowering motivational climate were negatively correlated, which supported divergent validity as expected. The PIEVS was positively correlated with the disempowering motivational climate and with sport ethic norms, which supported convergent validity as expected. Discussion These findings provide preliminary evidence for the appropriateness of the PIEVS Scale to measure perceived instrumental effects of violence in coaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Parent
- Research Chair in Security and Integrity in Sport, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- International Research Network on Violence and Integrity in Sport (IRNOVIS), Antwerp, Belgium
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse (CRIPCAS), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Équipe Violence Sexuelle et Santé (ÉVISSA), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Stephanie Radziszewski
- Research Chair in Security and Integrity in Sport, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse (CRIPCAS), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Équipe Violence Sexuelle et Santé (ÉVISSA), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Allyson Gillard
- Research Chair in Security and Integrity in Sport, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse (CRIPCAS), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Équipe Violence Sexuelle et Santé (ÉVISSA), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Elisabeth St-Pierre
- Research Chair in Security and Integrity in Sport, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Tine Vertommen
- Research Chair in Security and Integrity in Sport, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- International Research Network on Violence and Integrity in Sport (IRNOVIS), Antwerp, Belgium
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse (CRIPCAS), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Safe Sport Lab, Center of Expertise Care and Well-Being, Thomas More University of Applied Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Physical Education, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andrea Woodburn
- Research Chair in Security and Integrity in Sport, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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Ducrot F, Gillard A. MIEUX CONNAÎTRE LE DROIT : un atout en période COVID. ARCH MAL PROF ENVIRO 2022. [PMCID: PMC9384459 DOI: 10.1016/j.admp.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Gillard A, St-Pierre E, Radziszewski S, Parent S. Putting the Puzzle Back Together-A Narrative Case Study of an Athlete Who Survived Child Sexual Abuse in Sport. Front Psychol 2022; 13:856957. [PMID: 35422731 PMCID: PMC9001933 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.856957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Denunciations of child sexual abuse (CSA) in the sport context have been increasing in the last decades. Studies estimate that between 14 and 29% of athletes have been victim of at least one form of sexual violence in sport before the age of 18. However, studies suggest that many do not disclose their experience of CSA during childhood. This finding is alarming since studies have shown that the healing process usually starts with disclosure. Moreover, little is known about the healing process of CSA experienced in the sport context. The aim of the study is to present a single case study of a CSA in sport to better understand the global experience over time from the perspective of the athlete. A narrative inquiry approach was adopted. Three non-structured interviews were conducted with the participant. Three pathways in the survivor journey have been identified through inductive thematic analysis: (a) pathway to understanding, (b) pathway to disclosure, and (c) pathway to healing. These pathways represent distinct processes but are intertwined as they are dynamic and iterative. Indeed, the survivor explained how she had been, and is still, going back and forth between them. Results are consistent with those found in the literature on CSA in the general population. It suggests that theoretical models of CSA in the general population could be applied to CSA in sport. Practical implications include a need for education and clearer boundaries in the coach-athlete relationship. Sport stakeholders also need to be better equipped to recognize the signs of sexual violence in sport. Our results indicate that qualitative research could be a potential avenue to help victims heal from CSA. It gives them the chance to talk about and make sense of their abuse in a safe space. Finally, our results demonstrate the importance of reviewing the current justice system for victims. It should be based on a trauma-informed approach that places the victim at the center of the judicial process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson Gillard
- Physical Education, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada.,Research Chair on Security and Integrity in Sport (SIMS), Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada.,Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse (CRIPCAS), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Équipe Violence Sexuelle et Santé (ÉVISSA), Faculty of Social Science, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Elisabeth St-Pierre
- Physical Education, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada.,Research Chair on Security and Integrity in Sport (SIMS), Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada.,Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse (CRIPCAS), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Équipe Violence Sexuelle et Santé (ÉVISSA), Faculty of Social Science, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Stephanie Radziszewski
- Research Chair on Security and Integrity in Sport (SIMS), Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada.,Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse (CRIPCAS), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Équipe Violence Sexuelle et Santé (ÉVISSA), Faculty of Social Science, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Faculty of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvie Parent
- Physical Education, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada.,Research Chair on Security and Integrity in Sport (SIMS), Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada.,Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse (CRIPCAS), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Équipe Violence Sexuelle et Santé (ÉVISSA), Faculty of Social Science, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Techer C, Baron F, Delbrassinne L, Belaïd R, Brunet N, Gillard A, Gonnet F, Cochet MF, Grosset N, Gautier M, Andjelkovic M, Lechevalier V, Jan S. Global overview of the risk linked to the Bacillus cereus group in the egg product industry: identification of food safety and food spoilage markers. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 116:1344-58. [PMID: 24484429 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the food safety and spoilage risks associated with psychrotrophic Bacillus cereus group bacteria for the egg product industry and to search for relevant risk markers. METHODS AND RESULTS A collection of 68 psychrotrophic B. cereus group isolates, coming from pasteurized liquid whole egg products, was analysed through a principal component analysis (PCA) regarding their spoilage and food safety risk potentials. The principal component analysis showed a clear differentiation between two groups within the collection, one half of the isolates representing a safety risk and the other half a spoilage risk. CONCLUSIONS Relevant risk markers were highlighted by PCA, that is (i) for the food safety risk, the presence of the specific 16S rDNA-1m genetic signature and the ability to grow at 43°C on solid medium and (ii) for the spoilage risk, the presence of the cspA genetic signature. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This work represents a first step in the development of new diagnostic technologies for the assessment of the microbiological quality of foods likely to be contaminated with psychrotrophic B. cereus group bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Techer
- Equipe Microbiologie de l'Œuf et des Ovoproduits (MICOV), Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, UMR1253 Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, Rennes, France
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Jan S, Brunet N, Techer C, Le Maréchal C, Koné AZ, Grosset N, Cochet MF, Gillard A, Gautier M, Puterflam J, Baron F. Biodiversity of psychrotrophic bacteria of the Bacillus cereus group collected on farm and in egg product industry. Food Microbiol 2010; 28:261-5. [PMID: 21315982 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2010.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Revised: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was (i) to type, by genotypic and phenotypic methods, a collection of psychrotrophic bacteria belonging to the Bacillus cereus group collected in a farm and in 6 egg breaking industries during a period covering a warm and a cold season, and (ii) to characterize the egg product spoilage (growth in liquid whole egg) and the sanitary risk potential (cytotoxic activity on Caco-2 cells and adhesion on stainless steel) of each isolate of the collection. The investigation of specific psychrotrophic and mesophilic signatures together with the study of ability to grow at 6 °C and/or at 43 °C on optimal agar medium allowed highlighting twelve profiles, the major one corresponding to the species Bacillus weihenstephanensis (46.2% of the collection). The diversity of the profiles depended on the season and on the origin of the isolates. In terms of food spoilage, all the isolates were able to grow at the same level in liquid whole egg and in optimal medium, even at low temperature. Under the same conditions, the cytotoxic activity depended on the isolate, the medium and the temperature. At 10 °C, no isolate was cytotoxic at 10 °C in liquid whole egg and only one, belonging to the Bacillus weihenstephansensis species, in the optimal medium. All the isolates were able to adhere on stainless steel at various levels, from 2.6±0.2 log cfu/cm(2) to 4.9±0.1 log cfu/cm(2). A large majority (80.8%) was strongly adhering and could lead to the formation of biofilms in industrial equipments.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jan
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, UMR1253, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, F-35000 Rennes, France.
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Bollengier F, Mahler A, Gillard A, Wijffels E. A paraprotein IgA1 occurring in serum, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): immunochemical and idiotypic evidence of synthesis in situ by the central nervous system (CNS). J Clin Immunol 1986; 6:319-25. [PMID: 3091630 DOI: 10.1007/bf00917333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A patient affected with multiple myeloma displayed in the serum, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid a paraprotein with identical electrophoretic mobility. The paraprotein, which was polymeric, appeared in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid mainly as the dimer and tetramer, whereas in the urine the tetramer was predominant. The myeloma protein, identified as an IgA1 kappa, was isolated from the serum and urine and submitted to structural analysis. For reasons of scarcity of material, it was decided to approach the structure of the cerebrospinal fluid paraprotein by means of antiidiotypic antiserum. Complete idiotypic identity between, on the one hand, cerebrospinal fluid and, on the other hand, IgA1 isolated from serum and urine and F(ab)2 alpha derived from serum IgA1 was observed. Adsorption experiments confirmed the idiotypic identity among the three biological fluids. Although the blood-brain barrier of the patient was only slightly disturbed, IgA polymers of MW varying from approximately 280,000 to approximately 840,000 appeared in the cerebrospinal fluid. Consequently the results are good evidence for synthesis within the central nervous system by subsequent generations of a malignant B-cell line which invaded the central nervous system.
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Nubourgh Y, Nguyen TH, Brihaye J, Lustman J, Gillard A, De Neve W. [Epidural metastases at the spinal level. Clinical study of 82 cases]. Acta Neurol Belg 1985; 85:44-56. [PMID: 3984676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This is a retrospective review of 82 cases of spinal epidural metastasis. A warning vertebral or radicular pain was present in 85% of the cases. In 33% of the patients, who complained only of pain without any neurological deficit, a complete myelographic block was already present. It is thus of prime importance not to neglect a vertebro-radicular pain in cancer patients, and even in patients without known cancer since the epidural metastasis was the first manifestation of the neoplasm in 30% of our cases. The indications for myelography are defined. The functional result (i.e. ability to walk) after treatment depends on the neurological state before treatment. In our series, total paraplegia was always irreversible. Early diagnosis and treatment are thus very important. The surgical treatment alone is judged insufficient. We were not able to prove the superiority of one of the following therapeutic modalities: laminectomy followed by radiotherapy or radiotherapy alone. Radiotherapy is indicated in all cases, often as the sole treatment. The indications for surgery are defined; they are based on our own experience and the literature. High dose steroids are indicated as adjuvant therapy.
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Gillard A. The Curves described by the Pedals of a Bicycle. Sci Am 1897. [DOI: 10.1038/scientificamerican02201897-17628asupp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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