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Wetzel D, Barbian A, Jenzelewski V, Schembecker G, Merz J, Piontek M. Bioprocess optimization for purification of chimeric VLP displaying BVDV E2 antigens produced in yeast Hansenula polymorpha. J Biotechnol 2019; 306:203-212. [PMID: 31634510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric virus-like particles (VLP) are known as promising tools in the development of safe and effective subunit vaccines. Recently, a technology platform to produce VLP based on the small surface protein (dS) of the duck hepatitis B virus was established. In this study, chimeric VLP were investigated displaying the 195 N-terminal amino acids derived from the glycoprotein E2 of the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) on their surface. Isolation of the VLP from methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha was allowed upon co-expression of wild-type dS and a fusion protein composed of the BVDV-derived antigen N-terminally fused to the dS. It was shown the VLP could be purified by a process adapted from the production of a recombinant hepatitis B VLP vaccine. However, the process essentially depended on costly ultracentrifugation which is critical for low cost production. In novel process variants, this step was avoided after modification of the initial batch capture step, the introduction of a precipitation step and adjusting the ion exchange chromatography. The product yield could be improved by almost factor 8 to 93 ± 12 mg VLP protein per 100 g dry cell weight while keeping similar product purity and antigenicity. This allows scalable and cost efficient VLP production.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wetzel
- ARTES Biotechnology GmbH, Elisabeth-Selbert-Strasse 9, 40764 Langenfeld, Germany; Technical University of Dortmund, Laboratory of Plant and Process Design, Emil-Figge-Strasse 70, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Andreas Barbian
- Duesseldorf University Hospital, Institute for anatomy I, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Volker Jenzelewski
- ARTES Biotechnology GmbH, Elisabeth-Selbert-Strasse 9, 40764 Langenfeld, Germany
| | - Gerhard Schembecker
- Technical University of Dortmund, Laboratory of Plant and Process Design, Emil-Figge-Strasse 70, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Juliane Merz
- Evonik Technology & Infrastructure GmbH, Rodenbacher Chaussee 4, 63457 Hanau, Germany
| | - Michael Piontek
- ARTES Biotechnology GmbH, Elisabeth-Selbert-Strasse 9, 40764 Langenfeld, Germany
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Wetzel D, Chan JA, Suckow M, Barbian A, Weniger M, Jenzelewski V, Reiling L, Richards JS, Anderson DA, Kouskousis B, Palmer C, Hanssen E, Schembecker G, Merz J, Beeson JG, Piontek M. Display of malaria transmission-blocking antigens on chimeric duck hepatitis B virus-derived virus-like particles produced in Hansenula polymorpha. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221394. [PMID: 31483818 PMCID: PMC6726142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum is one of the major threats to human health globally. Despite huge efforts in malaria control and eradication, highly effective vaccines are urgently needed, including vaccines that can block malaria transmission. Chimeric virus-like particles (VLP) have emerged as a promising strategy to develop new malaria vaccine candidates. METHODS We developed yeast cell lines and processes for the expression of malaria transmission-blocking vaccine candidates Pfs25 and Pfs230 as VLP and VLP were analyzed for purity, size, protein incorporation rate and expression of malaria antigens. RESULTS In this study, a novel platform for the display of Plasmodium falciparum antigens on chimeric VLP is presented. Leading transmission-blocking vaccine candidates Pfs25 and Pfs230 were genetically fused to the small surface protein (dS) of the duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV). The resulting fusion proteins were co-expressed in recombinant Hansenula polymorpha (syn. Pichia angusta, Ogataea polymorpha) strains along with the wild-type dS as the VLP scaffold protein. Through this strategy, chimeric VLP containing Pfs25 or the Pfs230-derived fragments Pfs230c or Pfs230D1M were purified. Up to 100 mg chimeric VLP were isolated from 100 g dry cell weight with a maximum protein purity of 90% on the protein level. Expression of the Pfs230D1M construct was more efficient than Pfs230c and enabled VLP with higher purity. VLP showed reactivity with transmission-blocking antibodies and supported the surface display of the malaria antigens on the native VLP. CONCLUSION The incorporation of leading Plasmodium falciparum transmission-blocking antigens into the dS-based VLP scaffold is a promising novel strategy for their display on nano-scaled particles. Competitive processes for efficient production and purification were established in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wetzel
- ARTES Biotechnology GmbH, Langenfeld, Germany
- Laboratory of Plant and Process Design, Technical University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jo-Anne Chan
- Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Andreas Barbian
- Düsseldorf University Hospital, Institute for Anatomy I, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | - Linda Reiling
- Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jack S. Richards
- Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David A. Anderson
- Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Betty Kouskousis
- Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Catherine Palmer
- Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eric Hanssen
- The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gerhard Schembecker
- Laboratory of Plant and Process Design, Technical University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Juliane Merz
- Evonik Technology & Infrastructure GmbH, Hanau, Germany
| | - James G. Beeson
- Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Central Clinical School and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Nehrenheim L, Raschke S, Stefanski A, Barth M, Isabel Selig J, Barbian A, Fernández-Colino A, Stühler K, Mela P, Albert A, Lichtenberg A, Akhyari P. Native aortic valve derived extracellular matrix hydrogel for three dimensional culture analyses with improved biomimetic properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 14:035014. [PMID: 30769335 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ab0791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is the most common acquired heart valve disease with complex underlying pathomechanisms that are yet not fully understood. Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models as opposed to conventional two-dimensional (2D) techniques may reveal new aspects of CAVD and serve as a transitional platform between conventional 2D cell culture and in vivo experiments. METHODS Here we report on fabrication and characterization of a novel 3D hydrogel derived from cell-free native aortic valves. A detailed analysis containing protein composition, rheological behavior, cytotoxic and proliferative effects as well as results of 3D cell culture experiments are presented. Moreover, this aortic valve derived hydrogel (AVdH) is compared to commercially available biological extracellular matrix (ECM) components to evaluate and classify AVdH with respect to other currently used ECM solutions, i.e. Collagen type I and Matrigel®. RESULTS On the biochemical level, a complex composition of native proteins was detected. Using different techniques, including mass spectrometry with Gene Ontology network and enrichment analysis, different fundamental biological functions of AVdH were identified, including peptidase-, peptidase inhibitor-, growth- and binding activity. No cytotoxic effects were detected and AVdH showed positive effects on cell growth and proliferation in vitro when compared to Collagen type I and Matrigel®. CONCLUSION These results suggest AVdH as an organotypic ECM supporting sophisticated 3D cell culture model studies, while mimicking the native environment of the aortic valve to a greater level for enhanced in vitro analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Nehrenheim
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, D-40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
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Fink D, Dobbelstein E, Barbian A, Lohaus G. Ratio of sugar concentrations in the phloem sap and the cytosol of mesophyll cells in different tree species as an indicator of the phloem loading mechanism. Planta 2018; 248:661-673. [PMID: 29882156 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2933-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose concentration in phloem sap was several times higher than in the cytosol of mesophyll cells. The results suggest that phloem loading involves active steps in the analyzed tree species. Phloem loading in source leaves is a key step for carbon partitioning and passive symplastic loading has been proposed for several tree species. However, experimental evidence to prove the potential for sucrose diffusion from mesophyll to phloem is rare. Here, we analyzed three tree species (two angiosperms, Fagus sylvatica, Magnolia kobus, and one gymnosperm, Gnetum gnemon) to investigate the proposed phloem loading mechanism. For this purpose, the minor vein structure and the sugar concentrations in phloem sap as well as in the subcellular compartments of mesophyll cells were investigated. The analyzed tree species belong to the open type minor vein subcategory. The sucrose concentration in the cytosol of mesophyll cells ranged between 75 and 165 mM and was almost equal to the vacuolar concentration. Phloem sap could be collected from F. sylvatica and M. kobus and the concentration of sucrose in phloem sap was about five- and 11-fold higher, respectively, than in the cytosol of mesophyll cells. Sugar exudation of cut leaves was decreased by p-chloromercuribenzenesulfonic acid, an inhibitor of sucrose-proton transporter. The results suggest that phloem loading of sucrose in the analyzed tree species involves active steps, and apoplastic phloem loading seems more likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fink
- Molecular Plant Science/Plant Biochemistry, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Elena Dobbelstein
- Molecular Plant Science/Plant Biochemistry, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Andreas Barbian
- Core Facility Electron Microscopy, UKD, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gertrud Lohaus
- Molecular Plant Science/Plant Biochemistry, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany.
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Akhyari P, Oberle F, Hülsmann J, Heid H, Lehr S, Barbian A, Nakanishi S, Aubin H, Jenke A, Lichtenberg A. Characterization of the Epicardial Adipose Tissue in Decellularized Human-Scaled Whole Hearts: Implications for the Whole-Heart Tissue Engineering. Tissue Eng Part A 2018; 24:682-693. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2017.0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Payam Akhyari
- Research Group for Experimental Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Fabian Oberle
- Research Group for Experimental Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Jörn Hülsmann
- Research Group for Experimental Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans Heid
- Helmholtz Group for Cell Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Lehr
- Proteomics Group, German Diabetes Center, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Barbian
- Core Facility for Electron Microscopy, Division of Clinical Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Sentaro Nakanishi
- Research Group for Experimental Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hug Aubin
- Research Group for Experimental Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexander Jenke
- Research Group for Experimental Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Artur Lichtenberg
- Research Group for Experimental Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
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Wetzel D, Rolf T, Suckow M, Kranz A, Barbian A, Chan JA, Leitsch J, Weniger M, Jenzelewski V, Kouskousis B, Palmer C, Beeson JG, Schembecker G, Merz J, Piontek M. Establishment of a yeast-based VLP platform for antigen presentation. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:17. [PMID: 29402276 PMCID: PMC5798182 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-0868-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chimeric virus-like particles (VLP) allow the display of foreign antigens on their surface and have proved valuable in the development of safe subunit vaccines or drug delivery. However, finding an inexpensive production system and a VLP scaffold that allows stable incorporation of diverse, large foreign antigens are major challenges in this field. Results In this study, a versatile and cost-effective platform for chimeric VLP development was established. The membrane integral small surface protein (dS) of the duck hepatitis B virus was chosen as VLP scaffold and the industrially applied and safe yeast Hansenula polymorpha (syn. Pichia angusta, Ogataea polymorpha) as the heterologous expression host. Eight different, large molecular weight antigens of up to 412 amino acids derived from four animal-infecting viruses were genetically fused to the dS and recombinant production strains were isolated. In all cases, the fusion protein was well expressed and upon co-production with dS, chimeric VLP containing both proteins could be generated. Purification was accomplished by a downstream process adapted from the production of a recombinant hepatitis B VLP vaccine. Chimeric VLP were up to 95% pure on protein level and contained up to 33% fusion protein. Immunological data supported surface exposure of the foreign antigens on the native VLP. Approximately 40 mg of chimeric VLP per 100 g dry cell weight could be isolated. This is highly comparable to values reported for the optimized production of human hepatitis B VLP. Purified chimeric VLP were shown to be essentially stable for 6 months at 4 °C. Conclusions The dS-based VLP scaffold tolerates the incorporation of a variety of large molecular weight foreign protein sequences. It is applicable for the display of highly immunogenic antigens originating from a variety of pathogens. The yeast-based production system allows cost-effective production that is not limited to small-scale fundamental research. Thus, the dS-based VLP platform is highly efficient for antigen presentation and should be considered in the development of future vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wetzel
- ARTES Biotechnology GmbH, Elisabeth-Selbert-Straße 9, 40764, Langenfeld, Germany. .,Laboratory of Plant and Process Design, Technical University of Dortmund, Emil-Figge-Straße 70, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Theresa Rolf
- ARTES Biotechnology GmbH, Elisabeth-Selbert-Straße 9, 40764, Langenfeld, Germany
| | - Manfred Suckow
- ARTES Biotechnology GmbH, Elisabeth-Selbert-Straße 9, 40764, Langenfeld, Germany
| | - Andreas Kranz
- ARTES Biotechnology GmbH, Elisabeth-Selbert-Straße 9, 40764, Langenfeld, Germany
| | - Andreas Barbian
- Institute for Anatomy I, Düsseldorf University Hospital, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jo-Anne Chan
- Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Joachim Leitsch
- ARTES Biotechnology GmbH, Elisabeth-Selbert-Straße 9, 40764, Langenfeld, Germany
| | - Michael Weniger
- ARTES Biotechnology GmbH, Elisabeth-Selbert-Straße 9, 40764, Langenfeld, Germany
| | - Volker Jenzelewski
- ARTES Biotechnology GmbH, Elisabeth-Selbert-Straße 9, 40764, Langenfeld, Germany
| | - Betty Kouskousis
- Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Catherine Palmer
- Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - James G Beeson
- Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Gerhard Schembecker
- Laboratory of Plant and Process Design, Technical University of Dortmund, Emil-Figge-Straße 70, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Juliane Merz
- Laboratory of Plant and Process Design, Technical University of Dortmund, Emil-Figge-Straße 70, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michael Piontek
- ARTES Biotechnology GmbH, Elisabeth-Selbert-Straße 9, 40764, Langenfeld, Germany
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Massie I, Spaniol K, Barbian A, Geerling G, Metzger M, Schrader S. Development of lacrimal gland spheroids for lacrimal gland tissue regeneration. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 12:e2001-e2009. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Isobel Massie
- Laboratory of Experimental OphthalmologyUniversity Clinic Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Germany
| | | | - Andreas Barbian
- Division of Clinical AnatomyUniversity Clinic Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Gerd Geerling
- Eye ClinicUniversity Clinic Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Marco Metzger
- Translational Center “Regenerative Therapies for Oncology and Musculoskeletal Diseases” (TZKME), Branch of the Fraunhofer Institute Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB), and Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative MedicineUniversity Hospital Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| | - Stefan Schrader
- Laboratory of Experimental OphthalmologyUniversity Clinic Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Germany
- Eye ClinicUniversity Clinic Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Germany
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Massie I, Spaniol K, Barbian A, Poschmann G, Stühler K, Geerling G, Metzger M, Mertsch S, Schrader S. Evaluation of Decellularized Porcine Jejunum as a Matrix for Lacrimal Gland Reconstruction In Vitro for Treatment of Dry Eye Syndrome. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:5564-5574. [PMID: 29079859 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-20759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Dry eye syndrome (DES) can cause blindness in severe cases, but mainly palliative treatments exist. A tissue-engineered lacrimal gland (LG) could provide a curative treatment. We aimed to evaluate decellularized porcine jejunum (SIS-Muc) as a scaffold for porcine LG epithelial cells. Methods To evaluate SIS-Muc as a potential scaffold, basement membrane proteins in SIS-Muc and native LG were compared (immunohistochemistry [IHC]). Porcine LG epithelial cells cultured on plastic were characterized (immunocytochemistry), and their culture supernatant was compared with porcine tears (proteomics). Epithelial cells were then seeded onto SIS-Muc in either a static (cell crown) or dynamic culture (within a perfusion chamber) and metabolic (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and secretory capacities (β-hexosaminidase assay), protein expression (IHC), and ultrastructure transmission electron microscopy (TEM) compared in each. Results Collagen IV and laminin were found in both native LG and SIS-Muc. When cultured on plastic, LG epithelial cells expressed pan-cytokeratin, Rab3D, HexA, and produced mucins, but lysozyme and lactoferrin expression was nearly absent. Some porcine tear proteins (lipocalin-2 and lactoferrin) were found in LG epithelial cell culture supernatants. When LG cells were cultured on SIS-Muc, metabolic and β-hexosaminidase activities were greater in dynamic cultures than static cultures (P < 0.05). In both static and dynamic cultures, cells expressed pan-cytokeratin, Rab3D, lysozyme, and lactoferrin and produced mucins, and TEM revealed cell polarization at the apical surface and cell-cell and cell-scaffold contacts. Conclusions SIS-Muc is a suitable scaffold for LG cell expansion and may be useful toward reconstruction of LG tissue to provide a curative treatment for DES. Dynamic culture enhances cell metabolic and functional activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobel Massie
- Laboratory of Experimental Ophthalmology, University Clinic Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kristina Spaniol
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Clinic Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Barbian
- Division of Clinical Anatomy, University Clinic Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gereon Poschmann
- Molecular Proteomics Laboratory, Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungzentrum, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kai Stühler
- Molecular Proteomics Laboratory, Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungzentrum, Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Clinic Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerd Geerling
- Laboratory of Experimental Ophthalmology, University Clinic Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Ophthalmology, University Clinic Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marco Metzger
- Translational Center "Regenerative Therapies for Oncology and Musculoskeletal Diseases," Branch of the Fraunhofer Institute Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology and Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sonja Mertsch
- Laboratory of Experimental Ophthalmology, University Clinic Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefan Schrader
- Laboratory of Experimental Ophthalmology, University Clinic Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Ophthalmology, University Clinic Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Raschke S, Nehrenheim L, Barth M, Barbian A, Lichtenberg A, Akhyari P. Novel Three-Dimensional Hydrogel Model from Ovine Aortic Valve ECM to Study ECM Remodeling. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2017. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1598740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Raschke
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Experimental Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - L. Nehrenheim
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Experimental Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - M. Barth
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Experimental Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - A. Barbian
- Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - A. Lichtenberg
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Experimental Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - P. Akhyari
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Experimental Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
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