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Selvamoorthy R, Macgregor LJ, Donald N, Hunter AM. Dryland Performance Tests Are Not Good Predictors of World Aquatics Points in Elite Male and Female Swimmers. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:104. [PMID: 38668572 PMCID: PMC11053844 DOI: 10.3390/sports12040104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Swim performance can be reliant on strength and power. Standardisation of swim performance in different events, distances, and sexes can be completed using World Aquatics points, allowing for ranking of swimmers. The aim of this retrospective cross-sectional study was to assess whether relationships between World Aquatics points and dryland markers of performance existed in male and female elite swimmers separately and combined. Methods: Dryland tests included Optojump® photoelectric cell countermovement jump, countermovement jump reach with a Vertec® system, standing broad jump using a tape measure, repetition maximum testing in the barbell back squat, barbell deadlift, and barbell bench press. Swim performance data and dryland test data on elite male (n = 38) and female (n = 20) Scottish swimmers from 2009-2017 were collected. Swim performance data were converted to World Aquatics federation points, and Bayesian linear regression analyses examined relationships between World Aquatics points and dryland performance tests: countermovement jump height (cm) using an Optojump® photoelectric cells system, countermovement jump height (cm) using a Vertec® device, standing broad jump distance (cm), relative strength (load lifted (kg) per kg of body mass) in the barbell bench press (kg/kg), barbell back squat (kg/kg), barbell deadlift (kg/kg). Results: The Bayesian estimates of change of World Aquatics points for a unit change in jump-based measures were: Optojump®-men = 0.6, women = 0.6, combined = 0.4; Vertec®-men = 4.3, women = -1.6, combined = 2.4; standing broad jump-men = 0, women = 0, combined = 0.4. Strength-based measures were: barbell back squat-men = 2.3, women = 22, combined = -2.5; barbell deadlift-men = -5; barbell bench press-men = 41.8. Conclusions: Dryland performance tests are not good predictors of World Aquatics points and should rather be used for assessing training quality and monitoring injury risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragul Selvamoorthy
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; (R.S.); (L.J.M.)
| | - Lewis J. Macgregor
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; (R.S.); (L.J.M.)
| | - Neil Donald
- Sportscotland: Institute of Sport, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK;
| | - Angus M. Hunter
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; (R.S.); (L.J.M.)
- Department of Sport Science, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
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Dugdale JH, Myers T, Sanders D, Andrew M, Clarke R, Hunter AM. Evaluation of multi-directional speed qualities throughout adolescence in youth soccer: The non-linear nature of transfer. J Sports Sci 2024; 42:301-312. [PMID: 38484363 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2329846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Training and assessment of agility is often prioritised by soccer coaches and practitioners aiming to develop multi-directional speed. Although the importance of agility is advocated throughout childhood and adolescence, limited data evidence agility performance at different stages of adolescence. The purpose of this study was to examine differences in multi-directional speed performance in youth soccer players spanning an entire soccer academy. A total of 86 male junior-elite soccer players volunteered to participate. Anthropometric data were collected, alongside performance data from a battery of physical tests including sprinting, jumping, change of direction, reaction time, and agility. Bayesian models using log-likelihoods from posterior simulations of parameter values displayed linear or curvilinear relationships between both chronological and biological age and performance in all tests other than agility and reaction time. For agility and reaction time tests, performance improved until ~14 years of age or the estimated age of peak height velocity whereby arrested development in performance was observed. Our results demonstrate that while most performance skills improve as chronological or biological age increases, measures of agility and reaction time may not. These findings support the notion that agility performance is complex and multifaceted, eliciting unique, challenging physical demands and non-linear development.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Dugdale
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tony Myers
- Sport, Physical Activity and Health Research Centre, Newman University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Dajo Sanders
- Department of Human Movement Science, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Matthew Andrew
- Department for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Richard Clarke
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Wales, UK
| | - Angus M Hunter
- Department of Sport Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
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Lember LM, Ntikas M, Mondello S, Wilson L, Di Virgilio TG, Hunter AM, Kobeissy F, Mechref Y, Donaldson DI, Ietswaart M. The Use of Biofluid Markers to Evaluate the Consequences of Sport-Related Subconcussive Head Impact Exposure: A Scoping Review. Sports Med Open 2024; 10:12. [PMID: 38270708 PMCID: PMC10811313 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00665-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amidst growing concern about the safety of sport-related repetitive subconcussive head impacts (RSHI), biofluid markers may provide sensitive, informative, and practical assessment of the effects of RSHI exposure. OBJECTIVE This scoping review aimed to systematically examine the extent, nature, and quality of available evidence from studies investigating the effects of RSHI on biofluid markers, to identify gaps and to formulate guidelines to inform future research. METHODS PRISMA extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines were adhered to. The protocol was pre-registered through publication. MEDLINE, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, OpenGrey, and two clinical trial registries were searched (until March 30, 2022) using descriptors for subconcussive head impacts, biomarkers, and contact sports. Included studies were assessed for risk of bias and quality. RESULTS Seventy-nine research publications were included in the review. Forty-nine studies assessed the acute effects, 23 semi-acute and 26 long-term effects of RSHI exposure. The most studied sports were American football, boxing, and soccer, and the most investigated markers were (in descending order): S100 calcium-binding protein beta (S100B), tau, neurofilament light (NfL), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), phosphorylated tau (p-tau), ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1), and hormones. High or moderate bias was found in most studies, and marker-specific conclusions were subject to heterogeneous and limited evidence. Although the evidence is weak, some biofluid markers-such as NfL-appeared to show promise. More markedly, S100B was found to be problematic when evaluating the effects of RSHI in sport. CONCLUSION Considering the limitations of the evidence base revealed by this first review dedicated to systematically scoping the evidence of biofluid marker levels following RSHI exposure, the field is evidently still in its infancy. As a result, any recommendation and application is premature. Although some markers show promise for the assessment of brain health following RSHI exposure, future large standardized and better-controlled studies are needed to determine biofluid markers' utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liivia-Mari Lember
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Michail Ntikas
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
- The School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Stefania Mondello
- Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Lindsay Wilson
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Thomas G Di Virgilio
- Physiology Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Angus M Hunter
- Physiology Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
- Department of Sports Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Center for Neurotrauma, Department of Neurobiology and Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine (MSM), Multiomics & Biomarkers, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - David I Donaldson
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St. Andrews, UK
| | - Magdalena Ietswaart
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK.
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Ntikas M, Stewart W, Ietswaart M, Hunter AM, Maas AIR, Menon DK, Wilson L. Contrasting Characteristics and Outcomes of Sports-Related and Non-Sports-Related Traumatic Brain Injury. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e2353318. [PMID: 38265796 PMCID: PMC10809021 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.53318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance Exposure to traumatic brain injury (TBI) has raised widespread concern over participation in sports, particularly over possible long-term consequences. However, little is known about the outcomes of individuals presenting to hospitals with sports-related TBI. Objective To compare the characteristics and outcomes of individuals presenting to hospitals with sports-related and non-sports-related TBI. Design, Setting, and Participants The CENTER-TBI (Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in TBI) observational cohort study was conducted at hospitals in 18 countries. The study enrolled 4509 patients who had TBI and had an indication for computed tomography (CT), of whom 4360 were 16 years or older. Outcomes were assessed at 3 and 6 months, and groups were compared using regression analyses adjusting for clinical and demographic differences. Data were collected between December 9, 2014, and December 17, 2017, and analyzed from August 2022 to March 2023. Exposure Sports-related and non-sports-related TBI with subgroups selected by severity of injury. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcome was the Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOSE) at 6 months, with secondary outcomes covering postconcussion symptoms, health-related quality of life, and mental health. Results A total of 4360 patients were studied, including 256 (6%) with sports-related TBI (mean [SD] age, 38.9 [18.1] years; 161 [63%] male) and 4104 with non-sports-related TBI (mean [SD] age, 51.0 [20.2] years; 2773 [68%] male). Compared with patients with non-sports-related TBI, patients with sports-related TBI were younger, more likely to have tertiary education, more likely to be previously healthy, and less likely to have a major extracranial injury. After adjustment, the groups did not differ in incomplete recovery (GOSE scores <8) at 6 months (odds ratio [OR], 1.27; 95% CI, 0.90-1.78; P = .22 for all patients; OR, 1.20; 95% CI, 0.83-1.73; P = .34 for those with mild TBI; and OR, 1.19; 95% CI, 0.74-1.92; P = .65 for those with mild TBI and negative CT findings). At 6 months, there was incomplete recovery in 103 of 223 patients (46%) with outcomes in the sports-related TBI group, 65 of 168 (39%) in those with mild sports-related TBI, and 30 of 98 (31%) in those with mild sports-related TBI and negative CT findings. In contrast, at 6 months, the sports-related TBI group had lower prevalence of anxiety, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and postconcussion symptoms than the non-sports-related group. Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study of 4360 patients with TBI, functional limitations 6 months after injury were common after sports-related TBI, even mild sports-related TBI. Persisting impairment was evident in the sports-related TBI group despite better recovery compared with non-sports-related TBI on measures of mental health and postconcussion symptoms. These findings caution against taking an overoptimistic view of outcomes after sports-related TBI, even if the initial injury appears mild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail Ntikas
- Division of Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - William Stewart
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Magdalena Ietswaart
- Division of Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Angus M. Hunter
- Sport Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew I. R. Maas
- Department of Neurosurgery, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - David K. Menon
- Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsay Wilson
- Division of Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
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Wilson MT, Hunter AM, Fairweather M, Kerr S, Hamilton DL, Macgregor LJ. Enhanced skeletal muscle contractile function and corticospinal excitability precede strength and architectural adaptations during lower-limb resistance training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1911-1928. [PMID: 37185932 PMCID: PMC10460716 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05201-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Evolving investigative techniques are providing greater understanding about the early neuromuscular responses to resistance training among novice exercisers. The aim of this study was to investigate the time-course of changes in muscle contractile mechanics, architecture, neuromuscular, and strength adaptation during the first 6-weeks of lower-limb resistance training. METHODS Forty participants: 22 intervention (10 males/12 females; 173.48 ± 5.20 cm; 74.01 ± 13.13 kg) completed 6-week resistance training, and 18 control (10 males/8 females; 175.52 ± 7.64 cm; 70.92 ± 12.73 kg) performed no resistance training and maintained their habitual activity. Radial muscle displacement (Dm) assessed via tensiomyography, knee extension maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), voluntary activation (VA), corticospinal excitability and inhibition via transcranial magnetic stimulation, motor unit (MU) firing rate, and muscle thickness and pennation angle via ultrasonography were assessed before and after 2, 4, and 6-weeks of dynamic lower-limb resistance training or control. RESULTS After 2-weeks training, Dm reduced by 19-25% in the intervention group; this was before any changes in neural or morphological measures. After 4-weeks training, MVC increased by 15% along with corticospinal excitability by 16%; however, there was no change in VA, corticospinal inhibition, or MU firing rate. After 6-weeks training there was further MVC increase by 6% along with muscle thickness by 13-16% and pennation angle by 13-14%. CONCLUSION Enhanced contractile properties and corticospinal excitability occurred before any muscle architecture, neural, and strength adaptation. Later increases in muscular strength can be accounted for by architectural adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Wilson
- Physiology, Exercise, and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Angus M Hunter
- Physiology, Exercise, and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK.
- Department of Sports Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK.
| | | | - Stewart Kerr
- Life Fit Wellness, Healthcare & Exercise Centre, Falkirk, Scotland, UK
| | - D Lee Hamilton
- Faculty of Health, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Lewis J Macgregor
- Physiology, Exercise, and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
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Lithgow H, Johnston L, Ho FK, Celis-Morales C, Cobley J, Raastad T, Hunter AM, Lees JS, Mark PB, Quinn TJ, Gray SR. Protocol for a randomised controlled trial to investigate the effects of vitamin K2 on recovery from muscle-damaging resistance exercise in young and older adults-the TAKEOVER study. Trials 2022; 23:1026. [PMID: 36539791 PMCID: PMC9764575 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-022-06937-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regular participation in resistance exercise is known to have broad-ranging health benefits and for this reason is prominent in the current physical activity guidelines. Recovery after such exercise is important for several populations across the age range and nutritional strategies to enhance recovery and modulate post-exercise physiological processes are widely studied, yet effective strategies remain elusive. Vitamin K2 supplementation has emerged as a potential candidate, and the aim of the current study, therefore, is to test the hypothesis that vitamin K2 supplementation can accelerate recovery, via modulation of the underlying physiological processes, following a bout of resistance exercise in young and older adults. METHODS The current study is a two-arm randomised controlled trial which will be conducted in 80 (40 young (≤40 years) and 40 older (≥65 years)) adults to compare post-exercise recovery in those supplemented with vitamin K2 or placebo for a 12-week period. The primary outcome is muscle strength with secondary outcomes including pain-free range of motion, functional abilities, surface electromyography (sEMG) and markers of inflammation and oxidative stress. DISCUSSION Ethical approval has been granted by the College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences Ethical Committee at the University of Glasgow (Project No 200190189) and recruitment is ongoing. Study findings will be disseminated through a presentation at scientific conferences and in scientific journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicialTrials.gov NCT04676958. Prospectively registered on 21 December 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Lithgow
- grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XSchool of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA UK
| | - Lynsey Johnston
- grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XSchool of Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Frederick K. Ho
- grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XSchool of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Carlos Celis-Morales
- grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XSchool of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA UK
| | - James Cobley
- grid.23378.3d0000 0001 2189 1357Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of Highlands and Islands, Inverness, UK
| | - Truls Raastad
- grid.412285.80000 0000 8567 2092Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sports Science, Oslo, Norway
| | - Angus M. Hunter
- grid.12361.370000 0001 0727 0669Department of Sprots Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jennifer S. Lees
- grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XSchool of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA UK
| | - Patrick B. Mark
- grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XSchool of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA UK
| | - Terry J. Quinn
- grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XSchool of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA UK
| | - Stuart R. Gray
- grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XSchool of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA UK ,grid.419313.d0000 0000 9487 602XDepartment of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Di Virgilio TG, Ietswaart M, Selvamoorthy R, Hunter AM. The Reliability of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation-Derived Corticomotor Inhibition as a Brain Health Evaluation Tool in Soccer Players. Sports Med - Open 2022; 8:7. [PMID: 35029772 PMCID: PMC8760368 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00399-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background The suitability of corticomotor inhibition and corticospinal excitability to measure brain health outcomes and recovery of sport-related head impact (concussion and subconcussion) depends on good inter-day reliability, which is evaluated in this study. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) reliability in soccer players is assessed by comparing soccer players, for whom reliability on this measure may be reduced due to exposure to head impacts, to generally active individuals not engaged in contact sport. Methods TMS-derived corticomotor inhibition and corticospinal excitability were recorded from the rectus femoris muscle during two testing sessions, spaced 1–2 weeks apart in 19 soccer players (SOC—age 22 ± 3 years) and 20 generally active (CON—age 24 ± 4 years) healthy volunteers. Inter-day reliability between the two time points was quantified by using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC). Intra-group reliability and group differences on actual measurement values were also explored. Results Good inter-day reliability was evident for corticomotor inhibition (ICCSOC = 0.61; ICCCON = 0.70) and corticospinal excitability (ICCSOC = 0.59; ICCCON = 0.70) in both generally active individuals and soccer players routinely exposed to sport-related head impacts. Corticomotor inhibition showed lower coefficients of variation than excitability for both groups (InhibSOC = 15.2%; InhibCON = 9.7%; ExcitabSOC = 41.6%; ExcitabCON = 39.5%). No group differences between soccer players and generally active individuals were found on the corticomotor inhibition value (p > 0.05), but levels of corticospinal excitability were significantly lower in soccer players (45.1 ± 20.8 vs 85.4 ± 6.2%Mmax, p < 0.0001). Corticomotor inhibition also showed excellent inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.87). Conclusions Corticomotor inhibition and corticospinal excitability are stable and maintain good degrees of reliability when assessed over different days in soccer players, despite their routine exposure to head impacts. However, based on intra-group reliability and group differences of the levels of excitability, we conclude that corticomotor inhibition is best suited for the evaluation of neuromuscular alterations associated with head impacts in contact sports.
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Wilson MT, Macgregor LJ, Fyfe J, Hunter AM, Hamilton DL, Gallagher IJ. Bayesian analysis of changes in standing horizontal and vertical jump after different modes of resistance training. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1700-1711. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2100676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Wilson
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Lewis J Macgregor
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Jackson Fyfe
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Angus M Hunter
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - D Lee Hamilton
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Iain J Gallagher
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
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Ntikas M, Hunter AM, Gallagher IJ, Di Virgilio TG. Longer Neurophysiological vs. Clinical Recovery Following Sport Concussion. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:737712. [PMID: 34957396 PMCID: PMC8695881 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.737712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess if injury-related alterations in the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool-5 (SCAT5) are matched by changes in transcranial magnetic stimulation-derived intracortical inhibition. We hypothesised that neurophysiological measures would take longer to return to normal than recovery assessed by the SCAT5 following sport related concussion (SRC). Methods: Thirteen male contact sport athletes (20.5 ± 4.5 years), who reported a concussion were recruited from local Rugby and American football clubs. Participants were tested at 4 timepoints throughout the concussion recovery period: within 24 h of concussion (day 0), and at 7, 9, and 11 days after concussion. All participants completed the SCAT5 and underwent TMS to assess cortical silent period duration (CSp), a measure of intracortical inhibition. Results: After concussion CSp significantly declined from day 0 (122 ± 28 ms) to day 11 (106 ± 15 ms) [F(3, 33) = 7.80, p < 0.001]. SCAT5 measures of symptom number and severity were significantly decreased [symptom number: χ(3)2 = 30.44, p < 0.01; symptom severity: χ(3)2 = 25.75, p < 0.001] between the day 0 timepoint and each of the other timepoints. SCAT5 balance errors (mBESS) decreased significantly [F(3, 33) = 19.55, p < 0.001] between the day 0 timepoint and each of the other timepoints. CSp and SCAT5 recovery patterns were different. SCAT5 domains recovered faster showing no further significant changes after day 7, whilst CSp was still decreasing between days 7 and 9. Due to the small sample size we also used a Bayesian linear model to investigate the recovery of CSp and mBESS. The posterior distribution of our Bayesian model provided evidence that CSp decreased at day 7 and it continued to decrease at day 9, unlike mBESS which decreased at day 7 and then reached a plateau. Conclusion: There are clinically important discrepancies between clinical and neurophysiological measures of concussion recovery. This finding has important implications for return to play (RTP) protocols and the prevention of complications after sport concussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail Ntikas
- Department of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Angus M Hunter
- Department of Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Iain J Gallagher
- Department of Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas G Di Virgilio
- Department of Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
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10
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Shore CB, Galloway SDR, Gorely T, Hunter AM, Hubbard G. Exercise Referral Instructors' Perspectives on Supporting and Motivating Participants to Uptake, Attend and Adhere to Exercise Prescription: A Qualitative Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 19:203. [PMID: 35010462 PMCID: PMC8750611 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Exercise referral schemes are designed to support people with non-communicable diseases to increase their levels of exercise to improve health. However, uptake and attendance are low. This exploratory qualitative study aims to understand uptake and attendance from the perspectives of exercise referral instructors using semi-structured interviews. Six exercise referral instructors from one exercise referral scheme across four exercise referral sites were interviewed. Four themes emerged: (i) the role that instructors perceive they have and approaches instructors take to motivate participants to take-up, attend exercise referral and adhere to their exercise prescription; (ii) instructors' use of different techniques, which could help elicit behaviour change; (iii) instructors' perceptions of participants' views of exercise referral schemes; and (iv) barriers towards providing an exercise referral scheme. Exercise referral instructors play an important, multifaceted role in the uptake, attendance and adherence to exercise referral. On-going education and peer support for instructors may be useful. Instructors' perspectives help us to further understand how health and leisure services can design successful exercise referral schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin B. Shore
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7YH, UK
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; (S.D.R.G.); (A.M.H.)
| | - Stuart D. R. Galloway
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; (S.D.R.G.); (A.M.H.)
| | - Trish Gorely
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI), Inverness IV2 3JH, UK; (T.G.); (G.H.)
| | - Angus M. Hunter
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; (S.D.R.G.); (A.M.H.)
- Department of Sports Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Gill Hubbard
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI), Inverness IV2 3JH, UK; (T.G.); (G.H.)
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11
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Dugdale JH, Sanders D, Myers T, Williams AM, Hunter AM. Progression from youth to professional soccer: A longitudinal study of successful and unsuccessful academy graduates. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31 Suppl 1:73-84. [PMID: 33871087 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To optimize use of available resources, professional academies develop strategies to assess, monitor, and evaluate players as they progress through adolescence toward adulthood. However, few published reports exist using longitudinal study designs to examine performance throughout adolescence and the transition from youth to professional soccer. We examined differences in the age of player recruitment alongside longitudinal performance differences on field-based fitness tests of successful vs. unsuccessful graduates across the entire age spectrum recruited by a professional soccer academy. Altogether, 537 youth soccer players volunteered to participate. We recorded the age of recruitment, biannual fitness test performance, and subsequent success in attaining a senior professional contract at the club across a period of 12 years. Only 53 (10%) of players were successful in obtaining a professional contract, with 68% of players who became professional being recruited at 12 years of age or older. Individuals recruited at an earlier age did not display a higher probability of success in attaining a professional contract. Bayesian regression models reported a consistent interaction between age and group for data on all performance measures. Moreover, "successful" academy graduates only physically outperformed their "unsuccessful" counterparts from age ~13-14 years onward, with either no differences in performance, or performance on physical fitness tests favoring "unsuccessful" players prior to this age. Findings suggest that high achievers during childhood and early adolescence may not develop into successful senior professionals, raising concerns about the predictive utility of talent identification models.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Dugdale
- Physiology Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Dajo Sanders
- Department of Human Movement Science, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tony Myers
- Sport, Physical Activity and Health Research Centre, Newman University, Birmingham, UK
| | - A Mark Williams
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Recreation, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Angus M Hunter
- Physiology Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
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12
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Pina I, Mendham AE, Tomaz SA, Goedecke JH, Micklesfield LK, Brooks NE, Gallagher IJ, Crockett R, Dudchenko P, Hunter AM. Intensity Matters for Musculoskeletal Health: A Cross-Sectional Study on Movement Behaviors of Older Adults from High-Income Scottish and Low-Income South African Communities. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:4310. [PMID: 33921644 PMCID: PMC8072994 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18084310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate differences in physical activity (PA) patterns and the associations between objectively measured 24-h movement behaviors and musculoskeletal measures (muscle strength, muscle mass, physical performance, and bone mineral density) in a high-income and a low-income community. This cross-sectional study recruited independent living older adults aged 60-85 years from high-income Scottish (n = 150) and low-income South African (n = 138) settings. Participants completed demographic and health questionnaires, and testing included body composition and bone mineral density (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry), physical performance (grip strength, gait speed), and PA (accelerometry). Participants accumulated similar amounts of weekly total PA, however, the Scottish cohort engaged in more moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA (MVPA) and sedentary behavior (SB), while the South African cohort spent more time sleeping and in light intensity PA (LPA). From compositional data analysis, more time spent in MVPA relative to the other movement behaviors was positively associated with higher muscle mass (p < 0.001) and strength (p = 0.001) in the Scottish cohort. Conversely, more time spent in MVPA was associated with faster gait speed (p < 0.001) and greater hip bone mineral density (p = 0.011) in the South African cohort. Our findings confirm the beneficial role of MVPA in both high- and low-income cohorts, however, the relationship MVPA had with components of musculoskeletal health in older adults differed between settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Pina
- Department of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; (R.C.); (P.D.)
| | - Amy E. Mendham
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa; (A.E.M.); (J.H.G.); (L.K.M.)
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Simone A. Tomaz
- Faculty of Health Science and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; (S.A.T.); (N.E.B.); (I.J.G.); (A.M.H.)
| | - Julia H. Goedecke
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa; (A.E.M.); (J.H.G.); (L.K.M.)
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Lisa K. Micklesfield
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa; (A.E.M.); (J.H.G.); (L.K.M.)
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Naomi E. Brooks
- Faculty of Health Science and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; (S.A.T.); (N.E.B.); (I.J.G.); (A.M.H.)
| | - Iain J. Gallagher
- Faculty of Health Science and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; (S.A.T.); (N.E.B.); (I.J.G.); (A.M.H.)
| | - Rachel Crockett
- Department of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; (R.C.); (P.D.)
| | - Paul Dudchenko
- Department of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; (R.C.); (P.D.)
| | - Angus M. Hunter
- Faculty of Health Science and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; (S.A.T.); (N.E.B.); (I.J.G.); (A.M.H.)
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13
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Mendham AE, Lundin-Olsson L, Goedecke JH, Micklesfield LK, Christensen DL, Gallagher IJ, Myburgh KH, Odunitan-Wayas FA, Lambert EV, Kalula S, Hunter AM, Brooks NE. Sarcopenic Obesity in Africa: A Call for Diagnostic Methods and Appropriate Interventions. Front Nutr 2021; 8:661170. [PMID: 33937309 PMCID: PMC8085278 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.661170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This perspective aims to highlight the lack of current knowledge on sarcopenic obesity in Africa and to call for diagnostic methods and appropriate interventions. Sarcopenic obesity has been defined as obesity that occurs in combination with low muscle mass and function, which is typically evident in older adults. However, there has been no clear consensus on population-specific diagnostic criterion, which includes both gold-standard measures that can be used in a more advanced health care system, and surrogate measures that can be used in low-income settings with limited resources and funding. Importantly, low and middle-income countries (LMICs) across Africa are in an ongoing state of economic and social transition, which has contributed to an increase in the aging population, alongside the added burden of poverty, obesity, and associated co-morbidities. It is anticipated that alongside the increased prevalence of obesity, these countries will further experience an increase in age-related musculoskeletal diseases such as sarcopenia. The developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) approach will allow clinicians and researchers to consider developmental trajectories, and the influence of the environment, for targeting high-risk individuals and communities for treatment and/or prevention-based interventions that are implemented throughout all stages of the life course. Once a valid and reliable diagnostic criterion is developed, we can firstly assess the prevalence and burden of sarcopenic obesity in LMICs in Africa, and secondly, develop appropriate and sustainable interventions that target improved dietary and physical activity behaviors throughout the life course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Mendham
- SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Health through Physical Activity and Lifestyle Research Centre & Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Julia H Goedecke
- Health through Physical Activity and Lifestyle Research Centre & Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Non-communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lisa K Micklesfield
- SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Health through Physical Activity and Lifestyle Research Centre & Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dirk L Christensen
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Iain J Gallagher
- Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn H Myburgh
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Feyisayo A Odunitan-Wayas
- Health through Physical Activity and Lifestyle Research Centre & Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Estelle V Lambert
- Health through Physical Activity and Lifestyle Research Centre & Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sebastiana Kalula
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Angus M Hunter
- Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi E Brooks
- Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
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14
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Mendham AE, Goedecke JH, Micklesfield LK, Brooks NE, Faber M, Christensen DL, Gallagher IJ, Lundin-Olsson L, Myburgh KH, Odunitan-Wayas FA, Lambert EV, Kalula S, Hunter AM. Understanding factors associated with sarcopenic obesity in older African women from a low-income setting: a cross-sectional analysis. BMC Geriatr 2021; 21:247. [PMID: 33853546 PMCID: PMC8048063 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-021-02132-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High rates of food insecurity, obesity and obesity-related comorbidities in ageing South African (SA) women may amplify the risk of developing sarcopenic obesity. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and correlates of sarcopenic obesity and its diagnostic components [grip strength, appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) and body mass index (BMI)] in older SA women from a low-income setting. METHODS This cross-sectional study recruited black SA women between the ages of 60-85 years (n = 122) from a low-income community. Testing included a fasting blood sample (markers of cardiometabolic risk, HIV), whole body and regional muscle and fat mass (dual-energy absorptiometry x-ray), anthropometry, blood pressure, functional movement tests, current medication use, demographic and health questionnaires, physical activity (PA; accelerometery), household food insecurity access scale, and a one-week quantified food frequency questionnaire. Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH) criteria (grip strength and ASM, adjusted for BMI) were used to classify sarcopenia. Participants with sarcopenia alongside a BMI of > 30.0 kg/m2 were classified as having sarcopenic obesity. Prevalence using other criteria (European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People, Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia and the International Working Group for Sarcopenia) were also explored. RESULTS The prevalence of sarcopenia was 27.9%, which comprised of sarcopenia without obesity (3.3%) and sarcopenic obesity (24.6%). Other classification criteria showed that sarcopenia ranged from 0.8-14.7%, including 0.8-9.8% without obesity and 0-4.9% with sarcopenic obesity. Using multivariate-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) those with sarcopenic obesity presented with a descriptive profile of higher C-reactive protein, waist circumference, food security and sedentary time than women without sarcopenic obesity (p = 0.046). A similar profile described women with low BMI-adjusted grip strength (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The majority of women with sarcopenia were also obese (88%). We show a large discrepancy in the diagnostic criteria and the potential for significantly underestimating the prevalence of sarcopenia if BMI is not adjusted for. The main variables common to women with sarcopenic obesity were higher food security, lower PA and chronic inflammation. Our data highlights the importance of addressing obesity within these low-income communities to ensure the prevention of sarcopenic obesity and that quality of life is maintained with ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Mendham
- SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. .,Research Centre for Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport, Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Julia H Goedecke
- Research Centre for Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport, Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Non-communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lisa K Micklesfield
- SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Research Centre for Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport, Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Naomi E Brooks
- Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland
| | - Mieke Faber
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dirk L Christensen
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Iain J Gallagher
- Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland
| | | | - Kathryn H Myburgh
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Feyisayo A Odunitan-Wayas
- Research Centre for Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport, Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Estelle V Lambert
- Research Centre for Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport, Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sebastiana Kalula
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Angus M Hunter
- Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland
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15
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Odunitan-Wayas FA, Faber M, Mendham AE, Goedecke JH, Micklesfield LK, Brooks NE, Christensen DL, Gallagher IJ, Myburgh KH, Hunter AM, Lambert EV. Food Security, Dietary Intake, and Foodways of Urban Low-Income Older South African Women: An Exploratory Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:3973. [PMID: 33918829 PMCID: PMC8069086 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18083973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study explored the differences in sociodemographics, dietary intake, and household foodways (cultural, socioeconomic practices that affect food purchase, consumption, and preferences) of food secure and food insecure older women living in a low-income urban setting in South Africa. Women (n = 122) aged 60-85 years old were recruited, a sociodemographic questionnaire was completed, and food security categories were determined. The categories were dichotomised into food secure (food secure and mild food insecurity) and food insecure (moderate and severe). A one-week quantified food frequency questionnaire was administered. Height and weight were measured to calculate body mass index (BMI, kg/m2). Most participants (>90%) were overweight/obese, unmarried/widowed, and breadwinners with a low monthly household income. Food insecure participants (36.9%) more frequently borrowed money for food (57.8% vs. 39.0%, p = 0.04), ate less so that their children could have more to eat (64.4%. vs. 27.3%, p = 0.001), and had higher housing density (1.2 vs. 1.0, p = 0.03), compared to their food-secure counterparts. Overall, <30% of participants met the WHO (Geneva, Switzerland) recommended daily servings of healthy foods (fruits, vegetables, and dairy products), but >60% perceived that they consumed an adequate amount of healthy foods. The overall low-quality diet of our cohort was associated with poor nutritional perceptions and choices, coupled with financial constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feyisayo A Odunitan-Wayas
- Research Centre for Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport, Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa; (A.E.M.); (J.H.G.); (L.K.M.); (E.V.L.)
| | - Mieke Faber
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa;
| | - Amy E Mendham
- Research Centre for Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport, Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa; (A.E.M.); (J.H.G.); (L.K.M.); (E.V.L.)
- SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Julia H Goedecke
- Research Centre for Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport, Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa; (A.E.M.); (J.H.G.); (L.K.M.); (E.V.L.)
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa;
| | - Lisa K Micklesfield
- Research Centre for Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport, Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa; (A.E.M.); (J.H.G.); (L.K.M.); (E.V.L.)
- SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Naomi E Brooks
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; (N.E.B.); (I.J.G.); (A.M.H.)
| | - Dirk L Christensen
- Section of Global Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, 1014 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Iain J Gallagher
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; (N.E.B.); (I.J.G.); (A.M.H.)
| | - Kathryn H Myburgh
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa;
| | - Angus M Hunter
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; (N.E.B.); (I.J.G.); (A.M.H.)
| | - Estelle V Lambert
- Research Centre for Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport, Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa; (A.E.M.); (J.H.G.); (L.K.M.); (E.V.L.)
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16
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Newell ML, Macgregor LJ, Galloway SDR, Hunter AM. Prolonged cycling exercise alters neural control strategy, irrespective of carbohydrate dose ingested. Transl Sports Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Newell
- School of Sport Science and Physical Activity University of Bedfordshire Bedford England UK
| | - Lewis J. Macgregor
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport University of Stirling Stirling Scotland UK
| | | | - Angus M. Hunter
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport University of Stirling Stirling Scotland UK
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17
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Dugdale JH, Sanders D, Myers T, Williams AM, Hunter AM. A case study comparison of objective and subjective evaluation methods of physical qualities in youth soccer players. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:1304-1312. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1766177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James H. Dugdale
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | - Dajo Sanders
- Department of Human Movement Science, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Tony Myers
- Sport, Physical Activity and Health Research Centre, Newman University, Birmingham, UK
| | - A. Mark Williams
- Department of Health Kinesiology, and Recreation, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Angus M. Hunter
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
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18
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Clark DR, Lambert MI, Grigson C, Hunter AM. Increased strength is associated with lower trunk muscle activation during loaded back squats and dynamic body weight jumps. Transl Sports Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David R. Clark
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science Liverpool John Moore’s University Liverpool UK
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport University of Stirling Stirling UK
| | - Michael I. Lambert
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa
| | - Chris Grigson
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport University of Stirling Stirling UK
| | - Angus M. Hunter
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport University of Stirling Stirling UK
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Wilson MT, Ryan AMF, Vallance SR, Dias-Dougan A, Dugdale JH, Hunter AM, Hamilton DL, Macgregor LJ. Tensiomyography Derived Parameters Reflect Skeletal Muscle Architectural Adaptations Following 6-Weeks of Lower Body Resistance Training. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1493. [PMID: 31920699 PMCID: PMC6914863 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Measurement of muscle specific contractile properties in response to resistance training (RT) can provide practitioners valuable information regarding physiological status of individuals. Field based measurements of such contractile properties within specific muscle groups, could be beneficial when monitoring efficacy of training or rehabilitation interventions. Tensiomyography (TMG) quantifies contractile properties of individual muscles via an electrically stimulated twitch contraction and may serve as a viable option in the aforementioned applications. Thus, aims of this study were; (i) to investigate the potential use of TMG to quantify training adaptations and differences, in response to exercise specific lower limb RT; and (ii) investigate any associations between TMG parameters and accompanying muscle architectural measures. Non-resistance trained male participants (n = 33) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 single-exercise intervention groups (n = 11 per group); back squat (BS), deadlift (DL), or hip thrust (HT). Participants completed a 6-week linearized training program (2× per week), where the assigned exercise was the sole method of lower body training. Pre- and post-intervention testing of maximal dynamic strength was assessed by one repetition maximum (1RM) of BS, DL, and HT. Radial muscle belly displacement (Dm) and contraction time (Tc) were obtained via TMG from the rectus femoris (RF) and vastus lateralis (VL) pre- and post-intervention, alongside muscle architectural measures (pennation angle and muscle thickness). All three groups displayed significant increases all 1RM strength tests (p < 0.001; pη2 = 0.677-0.753). Strength increases were accompanied by significant overall increases in RF muscle thickness (p < 0.001, pη2 = 0.969), and pennation angle (p = 0.007, pη2 = 0.220). Additionally, an overall reduction in RF Dm (p < 0.001, pη2 = 0.427) was observed. Significant negative relationships were observed between RF Dm and pennation angle (p = 0.003, r = -0.36), and with RF Dm and muscle thickness (p < 0.001, r = -0.50). These findings indicate that TMG is able to detect improved contractile properties, alongside improvements in muscle function within an untrained population. Furthermore, the observed associations between Dm and muscle architecture suggest that TMG contractile property assessments could be used to obtain information on muscle geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Wilson
- Physical Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M. F. Ryan
- Physical Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Scott R. Vallance
- Physical Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair Dias-Dougan
- Physical Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - James H. Dugdale
- Physical Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Angus M. Hunter
- Physical Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - D. Lee Hamilton
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Lewis J. Macgregor
- Physical Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
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Kwiecien SY, McHugh MP, Goodall S, Hicks KM, Hunter AM, Howatson G. Exploring the Efficacy of a Safe Cryotherapy Alternative: Physiological Temperature Changes From Cold-Water Immersion Versus Prolonged Cooling of Phase-Change Material. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019; 14:1288-1296. [PMID: 30958051 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effectiveness between cold-water immersion (CWI) and phase-change-material (PCM) cooling on intramuscular, core, and skin-temperature and cardiovascular responses. METHODS In a randomized, crossover design, 11 men completed 15 min of 15°C CWI to the umbilicus and 2-h recovery or 3 h of 15°C PCM covering the quadriceps and 1 h of recovery, separated by 24 h. Vastus lateralis intramuscular temperature at 1 and 3 cm, core and skin temperature, heart-rate variability, and thermal comfort were recorded at baseline and 15-min intervals throughout treatment and recovery. RESULTS Intramuscular temperature decreased (P < .001) during and after both treatments. A faster initial effect was observed from 15 min of CWI (Δ: 4.3°C [1.7°C] 1 cm; 5.5°C [2.1°C] 3 cm; P = .01). However, over time (2 h 15 min), greater effects were observed from prolonged PCM treatment (Δ: 4.2°C [1.9°C] 1 cm; 2.2°C [2.2°C] 3 cm; treatment × time, P = .0001). During the first hour of recovery from both treatments, intramuscular temperature was higher from CWI at 1 cm (P = .013) but not 3 cm. Core temperature deceased 0.25° (0.32°) from CWI (P = .001) and 0.28°C (0.27°C) from PCM (P = .0001), whereas heart-rate variability increased during both treatments (P = .001), with no differences between treatments. CONCLUSIONS The magnitude of temperature reduction from CWI was comparable with PCM, but intramuscular temperature was decreased for longer during PCM. PCM cooling packs offer an alternative for delivering prolonged cooling whenever application of CWI is impractical while also exerting a central effect on core temperature and heart rate.
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Di Virgilio TG, Ietswaart M, Wilson L, Donaldson DI, Hunter AM. Understanding the Consequences of Repetitive Subconcussive Head Impacts in Sport: Brain Changes and Dampened Motor Control Are Seen After Boxing Practice. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:294. [PMID: 31551732 PMCID: PMC6746992 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The potential effects of exposure to repetitive subconcussive head impacts through routine participation in sport are not understood. To investigate the effects of repetitive subconcussive head impacts we studied boxers following customary training (sparring) using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), decomposition electromyographic (EMG) and tests of memory. Methods Twenty amateur boxers performed three 3-min sparring bouts. Parameters of brain function and motor control were assessed prior to sparring and again immediately, 1 h and 24 h post-sparring. Twenty control participants were assessed following mock-sparring. Results One hour after sparring boxers showed increased corticomotor inhibition, altered motor unit recruitment strategies, and decreased memory performance relative to controls, with values returning to baseline by the 24 h follow up. Conclusion Repetitive subconcussive head impacts associated with sparring resulted in acute and transient brain changes similar to those previously reported in soccer heading, providing convergent evidence that sport-related head impacts produce a GABAergic response. These acute changes in brain health are reminiscent of effects seen following brain injury, and suggest a potential mechanism underlying the damaging long-term effects of routine repetitive head impacts in sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Di Virgilio
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Magdalena Ietswaart
- Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsay Wilson
- Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - David I Donaldson
- Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Angus M Hunter
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
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Clark DR, Lambert MI, Hunter AM. Trunk Muscle Activation in the Back and Hack Squat at the Same Relative Loads. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33 Suppl 1:S60-S69. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Macgregor LJ, Hunter AM, Orizio C, Fairweather MM, Ditroilo M. Assessment of Skeletal Muscle Contractile Properties by Radial Displacement: The Case for Tensiomyography. Sports Med 2019; 48:1607-1620. [PMID: 29605838 PMCID: PMC5999145 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0912-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle operates as a near-constant volume system; as such muscle shortening during contraction is transversely linked to radial deformation. Therefore, to assess contractile properties of skeletal muscle, radial displacement can be evoked and measured. Mechanomyography measures muscle radial displacement and during the last 20 years, tensiomyography has become the most commonly used and widely reported technique among the various methodologies of mechanomyography. Tensiomyography has been demonstrated to reliably measure peak radial displacement during evoked muscle twitch, as well as muscle twitch speed. A number of parameters can be extracted from the tensiomyography displacement/time curve and the most commonly used and reliable appear to be peak radial displacement and contraction time. The latter has been described as a valid non-invasive means of characterising skeletal muscle, based on fibre-type composition. Over recent years, applications of tensiomyography measurement within sport and exercise have appeared, with applications relating to injury, recovery and performance. Within the present review, we evaluate the perceived strengths and weaknesses of tensiomyography with regard to its efficacy within applied sports medicine settings. We also highlight future tensiomyography areas that require further investigation. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to critically examine the existing evidence surrounding tensiomyography as a tool within the field of sports medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis J Macgregor
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | - Angus M Hunter
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK.
| | - Claudio Orizio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Sperimentali, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Massimiliano Ditroilo
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Abstract
This study aimed to establish between-day reliability and validity of commonly used field-based fitness tests in youth soccer players of varied age and playing standards, and to discriminate between players without ("unidentified") or with ("identified") a direct route to professional football through their existing club pathway. Three-hundred-and-seventy-three Scottish youth soccer players (U11-U17) from three different playing standards (amateur, development, performance) completed a battery of commonly used generic field-based fitness tests (grip dynamometry, standing broad jump, countermovement vertical jump, 505 (505COD) and T-Drill (T-Test) change of direction and 10/20 m sprint tests) on two separate occasions within 7-14 days. The majority of field-based fitness tests selected within this study proved to be reliable measures of physical performance (ICC = 0.83-0.97; p < .01). However, COD tests showed weaker reliability in younger participants (ICC = 0.57-0.79; p < .01). The field-based fitness testing battery significantly discriminated between the unidentified and identified players; χ2 (7) = 101.646, p < .001, with 70.2% of players being correctly classified. We have shown field-based fitness tests to be reliable measures of physical performance in youth soccer players. However, results from the 505COD and T-Test change of direction tests may be more variable in younger players, potentially due to complex demands of these tests and the limited training age established by these players. While the testing battery selected in this study was able to discriminate between unidentified and identified players, findings were inconsistent when attempting to differentiate between individual playing standards within the "identified" player group (development vs. performance).
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Dugdale
- a Physiology Exercise and Nutrition Research Group , Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling , Scotland , UK
| | - Calum A Arthur
- a Physiology Exercise and Nutrition Research Group , Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling , Scotland , UK
| | - Dajo Sanders
- a Physiology Exercise and Nutrition Research Group , Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling , Scotland , UK
| | - Angus M Hunter
- a Physiology Exercise and Nutrition Research Group , Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling , Scotland , UK
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Clark DR, Lambert MI, Hunter AM. Contemporary perspectives of core stability training for dynamic athletic performance: a survey of athletes, coaches, sports science and sports medicine practitioners. Sports Med Open 2018; 4:32. [PMID: 30014195 PMCID: PMC6047949 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-018-0150-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Core stability training has grown in popularity over 25 years, initially for back pain prevention or therapy. Subsequently, it developed as a mode of exercise training for health, fitness and sport. The scientific basis for traditional core stability exercise has recently been questioned and challenged, especially in relation to dynamic athletic performance. Reviews have called for clarity on what constitutes anatomy and function of the core, especially in healthy and uninjured people. Clinical research suggests that traditional core stability training is inappropriate for development of fitness for heath and sports performance. However, commonly used methods of measuring core stability in research do not reflect functional nature of core stability in uninjured, healthy and athletic populations. Recent reviews have proposed a more dynamic, whole body approach to training core stabilization, and research has begun to measure and report efficacy of these modes training. The purpose of this study was to assess extent to which these developments have informed people currently working and participating in sport. METHODS An online survey questionnaire was developed around common themes on core stability training as defined in the current scientific literature and circulated to a sample population of people working and participating in sport. Survey results were assessed against key elements of the current scientific debate. RESULTS Perceptions on anatomy and function of the core were gathered from a representative cohort of athletes, coaches, sports science and sports medicine practitioners (n = 241), along with their views on effectiveness of various current and traditional exercise training modes. Most popular method of testing and measuring core function was subjective assessment through observation (43%), while a quarter (22%) believed there was no effective method of measurement. Perceptions of people in sport reflect the scientific debate, and practitioners have adopted a more functional approach to core stability training. There was strong support for loaded, compound exercises performed upright, compared to moderate support for traditional core stability exercises. Half of the participants (50%) in the survey, however, still support a traditional isolation core stability training. CONCLUSION Perceptions in applied practice on core stability training for dynamic athletic performance are aligned to a large extent to the scientific literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Clark
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moore’s University, 102, 2 Moorfields, Liverpool, L2 2BS UK
| | - Michael I. Lambert
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Angus M. Hunter
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
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Macgregor LJ, Fairweather MM, Bennett RM, Hunter AM. The Effect of Foam Rolling for Three Consecutive Days on Muscular Efficiency and Range of Motion. Sports Med Open 2018; 4:26. [PMID: 29884972 PMCID: PMC5993692 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-018-0141-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foam rolling (FR) has been shown to alleviate some symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage and has been suggested to increase range of motion (ROM) without negatively impacting strength. However, it is unclear what neuromuscular effects, if any, mediate these changes. METHODS In a randomized, crossover design, 16 healthy active males completed 2 min of rest or FR of the knee extensors on three consecutive days. Mechanical properties of vastus lateralis (VL) and rectus femoris (RF) were assessed via Tensiomyography. Knee extension maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and knee flexion ROM were also assessed, and surface electromyography amplitude (RMS) was recorded during a submaximal isometric contraction (50% of MVC). Measures were performed before and after (0, 15, and 30 min) FR or rest. RESULTS MVC was reduced on subsequent days in the rest condition compared to FR (p = 0.002, pη2 = 0.04); ROM was not different across time or condition (p = 0.193, pη2 = 0.01). Stiffness characteristics of the VL were different on the third day of FR (p = 0.002, pη2 = 0.03). RMS was statistically reduced 0, 15, and 30 min after FR compared to rest (p = 0.006, pη2 = 0.03; p = 0.003, pη2 = 0.04; p = 0.002, pη2 = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Following FR, MVC was elevated compared to rest and RMS was transiently reduced during a submaximal task. Excitation efficiency of the involved muscles may have been enhanced by FR, which protected against the decline in MVC which was observed with rest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis J Macgregor
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK.
| | | | - Ryan M Bennett
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Angus M Hunter
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
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Hunter AM, Grigson C, Wade A. INFLUENCE OF TOPICALLY APPLIED MENTHOL COOLING GEL ON SOFT TISSUE THERMODYNAMICS AND ARTERIAL AND CUTANEOUS BLOOD FLOW AT REST. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2018; 13:483-492. [PMID: 30038834 PMCID: PMC6044592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Topical application of menthol is a popular form of cold therapy and chemically triggers cold receptors and increases cutaneous blood flow. However, although cutaneous blood flow increases, it remains unknown where this increase arises from. Intramuscular temperature assessment may indirectly indicate a change in muscular blood flow. PURPOSE To establish intramuscular temperature, blood flow responses and subjective temperature sensation following application of menthol-based cooling gel to the anterior thigh. STUDY DESIGN Controlled, randomized cross over interventional study. METHODS Twenty (age: 21.4 + 1.7) healthy males were treated on three separate days in random order with ice, a menthol-based gel or placebo gel (participant single blinded) on one anterior thigh. All measurements were taken at baseline and for 80 mins following treatment: 1) Skin, core, and intramuscular temperatures (1 & 3 cm deep); 2) femoral arterial blood flow (duplex ultrasound); 3) cutaneous blood flow (laser Doppler) and 4) subjective cold sensation. RESULTS Ice and both gels decreased (p<0.0001, CI (Ice): -5.2 to -6.2 and CI (gels) -1.4 to -2.5) intramuscular temperature by 5.7 and 1.9 °C respectively, but by 80 mins were similar to each other (1.5-2 °C less than pre-treatment). Skin temperature mirrored muscle temperature with 8.8 and 4.2 °C respective decline for ice and gels. Menthol gel increased (p<0.0001) cutaneous blood flow by 0.3 ml/min compared to unaltered flow associated with the placebo gel and a decline of 0.3 ml/min for the ice. Menthol gel cold sensation was subjectively reported to be cooler (p<0.0001) than the other two treatments. Core temperature and arterial flow were unaffected. CONCLUSION This is the first study to demonstrate the intramuscular cooling effect of menthol-based gel. However, the likely cause was from evaporative cooling despite menthol-derived increases in cutaneous blood flow and cooling sensation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Treatment, level 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus M Hunter
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland
| | - Christopher Grigson
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland
| | - Adam Wade
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland
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Kwiecien SY, McHugh MP, Goodall S, Hicks KM, Hunter AM, Howatson G. Effect of Cold Water Immersion versus Phase Change Material Cooling On Core and Intramuscular Temperature. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000538194.56035.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Macgregor LJ, Hunter AM. High-threshold motor unit firing reflects force recovery following a bout of damaging eccentric exercise. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195051. [PMID: 29630622 PMCID: PMC5890972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) is associated with impaired muscle function and reduced neuromuscular recruitment. However, motor unit firing behaviour throughout the recovery period is unclear. EIMD impairment of maximal voluntary force (MVC) will, in part, be caused by reduced high-threshold motor unit firing, which will subsequently increase to recover MVC. Fourteen healthy active males completed a bout of eccentric exercise on the knee extensors, with measurements of MVC, rate of torque development and surface electromyography performed pre-exercise and 2, 3, 7 and 14 days post-exercise, on both damaged and control limb. EIMD was associated with decreased MVC (235.2 ± 49.3 Nm vs. 161.3 ± 52.5 Nm; p <0.001) and rate of torque development (495.7 ± 136.9 Nm.s-1 vs. 163.4 ± 163.7 Nm.s-1; p <0.001) 48h post-exercise. Mean motor unit firing rate was reduced (16.4 ± 2.2 Hz vs. 12.6 ± 1.7 Hz; p <0.01) in high-threshold motor units only, 48h post-exercise, and common drive was elevated (0.36 ± 0.027 vs. 0.56 ± 0.032; p< 0.001) 48h post-exercise. The firing rate of high-threshold motor units was reduced in parallel with impaired muscle function, whilst early recruited motor units remained unaltered. Common drive of motor units increased in offset to the firing rate impairment. These alterations correlated with the recovery of force decrement, but not of pain elevation. This study provides fresh insight into the central mechanisms associated with EIMD recovery, relative to muscle function. These findings may in turn lead to development of novel management and preventative procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis J. Macgregor
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland
| | - Angus M. Hunter
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland
- * E-mail:
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Martín-Rodríguez S, Loturco I, Hunter AM, Rodríguez-Ruiz D, Munguia-Izquierdo D. Reliability and Measurement Error of Tensiomyography to Assess Mechanical Muscle Function: A Systematic Review. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:3524-3536. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Balshaw TG, Pahar M, Chesham R, Macgregor LJ, Hunter AM. Reduced firing rates of high threshold motor units in response to eccentric overload. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/2/e13111. [PMID: 28108648 PMCID: PMC5269413 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute responses of motor units were investigated during submaximal voluntary isometric tasks following eccentric overload (EO) and constant load (CL) knee extension resistance exercise. Ten healthy resistance-trained participants performed four experimental test sessions separated by 5 days over a 20 day period. Two sessions involved constant load and the other two used eccentric overload. EO and CL used both sessions for different target knee eccentric extension phases; one at 2 sec and the other at 4 sec. Maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) and isometric trapezoid efforts for 10 sec at 70% MVC were completed before and after each intervention and decomposed electromyography was used to measure motor unit firing rate. The firing rate of later recruited, high-threshold motor units declined following the 2-sec EO but was maintained following 2sec CL (P < 0.05), whereas MUFR for all motor units were maintained for both loading types following 4-sec extension phases. MVC and rate of force development where maintained following both EO and CL and 2 and 4 sec phases. This study demonstrates a slower firing rate of high-threshold motor units following fast eccentric overload while MVC was maintained. This suggests that there was a neuromuscular stimulus without cost to the force-generating capacity of the knee extensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom G Balshaw
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Madhu Pahar
- Computing Science and Mathematics, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Ross Chesham
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Lewis J Macgregor
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Angus M Hunter
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Dugdale JH, Hunter AM, Di Virgilio TG, Macgregor LJ, Hamilton DL. Influence of the "Slingshot" Bench Press Training Aid on Bench Press Kinematics and Neuromuscular Activity in Competitive Powerlifters. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 33:327-336. [PMID: 28234710 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dugdale, JH, Hunter, AM, Di Virgilio, TG, Macgregor, LJ, and Hamilton, DL. Influence of the "Slingshot" bench press training aid on bench press kinematics and neuromuscular activity in competitive powerlifters. J Strength Cond Res 33(2): 327-336, 2019-This study examined the acute effects of the "Slingshot" (SS) on bench press performance, prime mover surface electromyographic (sEMG) amplitude, and barbell velocity during maximal and submaximal bench pressing in competitive male powerlifters. Fifteen male powerlifters (mean ± SD; age: 27.05 ± 5.94 years; mass: 94.15 ± 13.43 kg; 1 repetition maximum [1RM] bench press: 139.7 ± 16.79 kg) participated in the study. Bench press strength, average barbell velocity, and sEMG amplitude of the prime mover muscles (triceps brachii, pectoralis major, and anterior deltoid) were measured during 2 conditions; "Raw" (without use of any assistance) and "SS" (using the "Slingshot" to perform both the weight achieved during "Raw" 1RM testing [Raw max/SS], and absolute 1RM using the "SS"). The results showed that the "SS" significantly increased bench press 1RM performance by a mean ± SD of 20.67 ± 3.4 kg. Barbell velocity and stick point analysis indicate that this improvement is likely driven by an increase in peak and prestick barbell velocity as triceps root mean square (RMS) was lower throughout all rep max phases with the "SS." The "SS" also caused reductions in RMS, specifically of the triceps at all rep ranges but barbell velocity was better maintained in the last reps of all sets. These data indicate that the "SS" specifically deloaded the triceps muscle throughout all rep ranges and provide assistance to maintaining barbell velocity under fatigue during later repetitions of multiple repetition sets. The "SS" training aid could therefore be used in deload phases of bench press training or as an overreaching and velocity training aid.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Dugdale
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
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Da Boit M, Hunter AM, Gray SR. Fit with good fat? The role of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on exercise performance. Metabolism 2017; 66:45-54. [PMID: 27923448 PMCID: PMC5155640 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
N-3 PUFA (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are a family of fatty acids mainly found in oily fish and fish oil supplements. The effects of n-3 PUFA on health are mainly derived from its anti-inflammatory proprieties and its influence on immune function. Lately an increased interest in n-3 PUFA supplementation has reached the world of sport nutrition, where the majority of athletes rely on nutrition strategies to improve their training and performance. A vast amount of attention is paid in increasing metabolic capacity, delaying the onset of fatigue, and improving muscle hypertrophy and neuromuscular function. Nutritional strategies are also frequently considered for enhancing recovery, improving immune function and decreasing oxidative stress. The current review of the literature shows that data regarding the effects of n-3PUFA supplementation are conflicting and we conclude that there is, therefore, not enough evidence supporting a beneficial role on the aforementioned aspects of exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariasole Da Boit
- Department of Life and Natural Sciences, University of Derby, Derby, England, DE22 1GB, UK.
| | - Angus M Hunter
- Health & Exercise Sciences Research Group, School of Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Stuart R Gray
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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Macgregor LJ, Hunter AM. FOAM ROLLING INCREASES SKELETAL MUSCULAR EFFICIENCY WITHOUT AFFECTING RANGE OF MOTION. Br J Sports Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096952.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Di Virgilio TG, Hunter AM, Goodall S, Howatson G, Wilson L, Ietswaart M. The Effect of Repeated Soccer Ball Heading on Cortico-spinal Excitability and Inhibition. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000486219.87648.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hunter AM, Wade A. The Effects of Topically Applied Menthol Cooling Gel on Intramuscular and Skin Temperatures. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000486123.80093.a8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Trunk muscle activation (TMA) has been reported during back squat exercise, however reliability and sensitivity to different loads alongside kinematic measures has not. Hence the aim was to determine the interday reliability and load sensitivity of TMA and kinematics during back squats. 10 males performed 3 test sessions: 1) back squat 1RM, 2) and 3) 3 reps at 65, 75, 85 and 95% of system mass max (SMmax). Kinematics were measured from an electrogoniometer and linear transducer, and surface electromyography (sEMG) recorded 4 muscles of the trunk: rectus abdominis (RA), external oblique (EO), upper lumbar erector spinae (ULES) and lumbar sacral erector spinae (LSES), and a reference leg muscle, the vastus lateralus (VL). sEMG amplitude was root mean squared (RMS). No differences (p>0.05) found between tests for any kinematic and RMS data. CV demonstrated moderate interday reliability (~16.1%) for EO, LSES and ULES but not RA (29.4%) during the velocity-controlled eccentric phase; whereas it was moderately acceptable for just LSES and ULES (~17.8%) but not RA and EO (27.9%) during the uncontrolled concentric phase. This study demonstrated acceptable interday reliability for kinematic data while sEMG for most trunk muscle sites was moderately acceptable during controlled contraction. sEMG responded significantly to load.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Clark
- Fitness Department, Irish Rugby Football Union, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M I Lambert
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Department of Human Biology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - A M Hunter
- School of Sport Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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Macgregor LJ, Hunter AM. Motor Unit Firing Rate Behaviour in Response to Eccentric Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000477299.36484.b9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Brandon R, Howatson G, Strachan F, Hunter AM. Neuromuscular response differences to power vs strength back squat exercise in elite athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2014; 25:630-9. [PMID: 24995719 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The study's aim was to establish the neuromuscular responses in elite athletes during and following maximal 'explosive' regular back squat exercise at heavy, moderate, and light loads. Ten elite track and field athletes completed 10 sets of five maximal squat repetitions on three separate days. Knee extension maximal isometric voluntary contraction (MIVC), rate of force development (RFD) and evoked peak twitch force (Pt) assessments were made pre- and post-session. Surface electromyography [root mean square (RMS)] and mechanical measurements were recorded during repetitions. The heavy session resulted in the greatest repetition impulse in comparison to moderate and light sessions (P < 0.001), while the latter showed highest repetition power (P < 0.001). MIVC, RFD, and Pt were significantly reduced post-session (P < 0.01), with greatest reduction observed after the heavy, followed by the moderate and light sessions accordingly. Power significantly reduced during the heavy session only (P < 0.001), and greater increases in RMS occurred during heavy session (P < 0.001), followed by moderate, with no change during light session. In conclusion, this study has shown in elite athletes that the moderate load is optimal for providing a neuromuscular stimulus but with limited fatigue. This type of intervention could be potentially used in the development of both strength and power in elite athletic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Brandon
- English Institute of Sport, Marlow, UK
- Health and Exercise Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - G Howatson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK
- Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, Northwest University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - F Strachan
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - A M Hunter
- Health and Exercise Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
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Ditroilo M, Smith IJ, Fairweather MM, Hunter AM. Long-term stability of tensiomyography measured under different muscle conditions. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2013; 23:558-63. [PMID: 23461833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2013.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tensiomyography (TMG) is a technique utilised to measure mechanical and contractile properties of skeletal muscle. Aim of this study was to assess long-term stability of TMG across a variety of muscle conditions. Gastrocnemius Medialis of 21 healthy males was measured using TMG in rested conditions, after a warm-up, after a maximal voluntary contraction and after a fatigue protocol. Participants were re-tested on a second occasion 4weeks apart. Among the parameters examined, Contraction Time, Sustain Time and Delay time exhibited a good level of absolute reliability (CV=3.8-9.4%) and poor to excellent level of relative reliability (ICC=0.56-0.92). On the other hand, relative reliability was good to excellent for muscle Displacement (ICC=0.86-0.96), whereas its level of absolute reliability was questionable (CV=8.0-14.8%). Minimum detectable change was less than 20% in most conditions for the aforementioned parameters. Half-relaxation Time yielded overall insufficient reliability. In general, the level of reliability tended to increase after the maximal voluntary contraction and the fatigue protocol were administered, probably because of more controlled conditions preceding the measurement. Information about the long-term stability of TMG across different muscle conditions is essential when intervention studies are undertaken with an exercising population, particularly athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Ditroilo
- Department of Sport, Health & Exercise Science, Faculty of Science, University of Hull, England, UK.
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Neal CM, Hunter AM, Brennan L, O'Sullivan A, Hamilton DL, DeVito G, Galloway SDR. Six weeks of a polarized training-intensity distribution leads to greater physiological and performance adaptations than a threshold model in trained cyclists. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 114:461-71. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00652.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was undertaken to investigate physiological adaptation with two endurance-training periods differing in intensity distribution. In a randomized crossover fashion, separated by 4 wk of detraining, 12 male cyclists completed two 6-wk training periods: 1) a polarized model [6.4 (±1.4 SD) h/wk; 80%, 0%, and 20% of training time in low-, moderate-, and high-intensity zones, respectively]; and 2) a threshold model [7.5 (±2.0 SD) h/wk; 57%, 43%, and 0% training-intensity distribution]. Before and after each training period, following 2 days of diet and exercise control, fasted skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained for mitochondrial enzyme activity and monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 1 and 4 expression, and morning first-void urine samples were collected for NMR spectroscopy-based metabolomics analysis. Endurance performance (40-km time trial), incremental exercise, peak power output (PPO), and high-intensity exercise capacity (95% maximal work rate to exhaustion) were also assessed. Endurance performance, PPOs, lactate threshold (LT), MCT4, and high-intensity exercise capacity all increased over both training periods. Improvements were greater following polarized rather than threshold for PPO [mean (±SE) change of 8 (±2)% vs. 3 (±1)%, P < 0.05], LT [9 (±3)% vs. 2 (±4)%, P < 0.05], and high-intensity exercise capacity [85 (±14)% vs. 37 (±14)%, P < 0.05]. No changes in mitochondrial enzyme activities or MCT1 were observed following training. A significant multilevel, partial least squares-discriminant analysis model was obtained for the threshold model but not the polarized model in the metabolomics analysis. A polarized training distribution results in greater systemic adaptation over 6 wk in already well-trained cyclists. Markers of muscle metabolic adaptation are largely unchanged, but metabolomics markers suggest different cellular metabolic stress that requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig M. Neal
- Health and Exercise Sciences Research Group, School of Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Angus M. Hunter
- Health and Exercise Sciences Research Group, School of Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Lorraine Brennan
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; and
| | - Aifric O'Sullivan
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; and
| | - D. Lee Hamilton
- Health and Exercise Sciences Research Group, School of Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe DeVito
- Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stuart D. R. Galloway
- Health and Exercise Sciences Research Group, School of Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Hunter AM, Galloway SDR, Smith IJ, Tallent J, Ditroilo M, Fairweather MM, Howatson G. Assessment of eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage of the elbow flexors by tensiomyography. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2012; 22:334-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Balshaw TG, Hunter AM. Evaluation of electromyography normalisation methods for the back squat. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2011; 22:308-19. [PMID: 22155060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate maximal isometric (dynamometer based {MVC-NORM} and isometric squat {MIS-NORM}) and sub-maximal EMG normalisation methods (60%-NORM, 70%-NORM, 80%-NORM) for dynamic back squat exercise (DSQ-EX). The absolute reliability (limits of agreement {LOA}, coefficient of variation {CV%}), relative reliability (intra-class correlation coefficient {ICC}) and sensitivity of each method was assessed. Ten resistance-trained males attended four sessions. Session one assessed maximum back squat strength (three repetition maximum {3RM}). In the remaining three sessions Vastus lateralis (VL) and Bicep femoris (BF) EMG were measured whilst participants completed normalisation tasks and DSQ-EX sets at 65%, 75%, 85% and 95% of 3RM. MIS-NORM produced lower intra-participant CV% compared to MVC-NORM. 80%-NORM produced lower intra-participant CV% than other sub-maximal methods for VL and BF during eccentric and concentric phases. 80%-NORM also produced narrower 95% LOA results than all other normalisation methods. The MIS-NORM method displayed higher ICC values for both muscles during eccentric and concentric phases. The 60%-NORM and 70%-NORM methods were the most sensitive for VL and BF during eccentric and concentric phases. Only normalisation methods for the concentric action of the VL enhanced sensitivity compared to unnormalised EMG. Overall, dynamic normalisation methods demonstrated better absolute reliability and sensitivity for reporting VL and BF EMG within the current study compared to maximal isometric methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Balshaw
- Health & Exercise Sciences Research Group, University of Stirling, Scotland, UK.
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Neal CM, Hunter AM, Galloway SD. A 6-month analysis of training-intensity distribution and physiological adaptation in Ironman triathletes. J Sports Sci 2011; 29:1515-23. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2011.596217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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47
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Ditroilo M, Hunter AM, Haslam S, De Vito G. The effectiveness of two novel techniques in establishing the mechanical and contractile responses of biceps femoris. Physiol Meas 2011; 32:1315-26. [DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/32/8/020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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48
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Neal CM, Simpson RJ, Brown FF, Bigley JAB, Spielmann G, Hunter AM, Galloway SDR. The Frequency Of Highly Differentiated And Senescent Blood T-cells Following Two Different Endurance Training Programmes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000401340.02439.9c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hunter AM, Leuchter AF, Cook IA, Abrams M. Brain functional changes (QEEG cordance) and worsening suicidal ideation and mood symptoms during antidepressant treatment. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2010; 122:461-9. [PMID: 20384600 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2010.01560.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Antidepressant medications are efficacious overall; however, some individuals experience worsening mood symptoms and increased suicidal ideation (SI) during treatment. We examined the quantitative electroencephalographic (QEEG) cordance biomarker of brain function biomarker in relation to treatment-emergent symptom worsening. METHOD Seventy-two major depressive disorder (MDD) subjects were treated with fluoxetine 20 mg (n = 13), venlafaxine 150 mg (n = 24), or placebo (n = 35) under double-blind conditions. Behavioral ratings determined whether each subject demonstrated worsening of depressed mood, anxiety, or SI during treatment. QEEG cordance data were analyzed to determine whether symptom worsening was associated with neurophysiological changes. RESULTS Antidepressant treatment-emergent SI (13.5%) was associated with a large transient decrease in midline-and-right-frontal (MRF) cordance 48 h after start of medication. CONCLUSION Hypothesis-generating results suggest a pattern of functional changes in midline and right frontal brain regions associated with antidepressant treatment-emergent SI in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Hunter
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1759, USA.
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50
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Swaine IL, Hunter AM, Carlton KJ, Wiles JD, Coleman D. Reproducibility of limb power outputs and cardiopulmonary responses to exercise using a novel swimming training machine. Int J Sports Med 2010; 31:854-9. [PMID: 20936591 DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1265175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the reproducibility of limb power outputs and cardiopulmonary responses, to incremental whole-body exercise using a novel swimming training machine. 8 swimmers with a mean age of 23.7 ± 4.6 (yrs), stature 1.77 ± 0.13 (m) and body mass of 74.7 ± 2.8 (kg) gave informed consent and participated in repeat exercise testing on the machine. All subjects performed 2 incremental exercise tests to exhaustion using front crawl movements. From these tests peak oxygen consumption (VO(₂peak)), peak heart rate (HR(peak)), peak power output (W (peak)) and individual limb power outputs were determined. Results showed there were no significant differences between test 1 and 2 for any variable at exhaustion, and the CV% ranged from 2.8 to 3.4%. The pooled mean values were; VO(₂peak) 3.7 ± 0.65 L.min⁻¹, HR (peak) 178.7 ± 6.6 b.min⁻¹ and W (peak) 349.7 ± 16.5 W. The mean contributions to the total power output from the legs and arms were (37.3 ± 4.1% and 62.7 ± 5.1% respectively). These results show that it is possible to measure individual limb power outputs and cardiopulmonary parameters reproducibly during whole-body exercise using this training machine, at a range of exercise intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- I L Swaine
- Canterbury Christ Church University, Department of Sport Science, Tourism and Leisure, Canterbury, United Kingdom.
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