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Tan W, Zhu L, Mikoviny T, Nielsen CJ, Wisthaler A, D’Anna B, Antonsen S, Stenstrøm Y, Farren NJ, Hamilton JF, Boustead GA, Ingham T, Heard DE. Experimental and Theoretical Study of the OH-Initiated Degradation of Piperidine under Simulated Atmospheric Conditions. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:2789-2814. [PMID: 38551452 PMCID: PMC11017256 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c08415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The OH-initiated photo-oxidation of piperidine and the photolysis of 1-nitrosopiperidine were investigated in a large atmospheric simulation chamber and in theoretical calculations based on CCSD(T*)-F12a/aug-cc-pVTZ//M062X/aug-cc-pVTZ quantum chemistry results and master equation modeling of the pivotal reaction steps. The rate coefficient for the reaction of piperidine with OH radicals was determined by the relative rate method to be kOH-piperidine = (1.19 ± 0.27) × 10-10 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 at 304 ± 2 K and 1014 ± 2 hPa. Product studies show the piperidine + OH reaction to proceed via H-abstraction from both CH2 and NH groups, resulting in the formation of the corresponding imine (2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine) as the major product and in the nitramine (1-nitropiperidine) and nitrosamine (1-nitrosopiperidine) as minor products. Analysis of 1-nitrosopiperidine photolysis experiments under natural sunlight conditions gave the relative rates jrel = j1-nitrosoperidine/jNO2 = 0.342 ± 0.007, k3/k4a = 0.53 ± 0.05 and k2/k4a = (7.66 ± 0.18) × 10-8 that were subsequently employed in modeling the piperidine photo-oxidation experiments, from which the initial branchings between H-abstraction from the NH and CH2 groups, kN-H/ktot = 0.38 ± 0.08 and kC2-H/ktot = 0.49 ± 0.19, were derived. All photo-oxidation experiments were accompanied by particle formation that was initiated by the acid-base reaction of piperidine with nitric acid. Primary photo-oxidation products including both 1-nitrosopiperidine and 1-nitropiperidine were detected in the particles formed. Quantum chemistry calculations on the OH initiated atmospheric photo-oxidation of piperidine suggest the branching in the initial H-abstraction routes to be ∼35% N1, ∼50% C2, ∼13% C3, and ∼2% C4. The theoretical study produced an atmospheric photo-oxidation mechanism, according to which H-abstraction from the C2 position predominantly leads to 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine and H-abstraction from the C3 position results in ring opening followed by a complex autoxidation, of which the first few steps are mapped in detail. H-abstraction from the C4 position is shown to result mainly in the formation of piperidin-4-one and 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridin-4-ol, whereas H-abstraction from N1 under atmospheric conditions primarily leads to 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine and in minor amounts of 1-nitrosopiperidine and 1-nitropiperidine. The calculated rate coefficient for the piperidine + OH reaction agrees with the experimental value within 35%, and aligning the theoretical numbers to the experimental value results in k(T) = 2.46 × 10-12 × exp(486 K/T) cm3 molecule-1 s-1 (200-400 K).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Tan
- Section
for Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O.Box. 1033 Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Liang Zhu
- Section
for Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O.Box. 1033 Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tomas Mikoviny
- Section
for Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O.Box. 1033 Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Claus J. Nielsen
- Section
for Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O.Box. 1033 Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Section
for Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O.Box. 1033 Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Barbara D’Anna
- Aix-Marseille
University, CNRS, LCE, UMR 7376, Marseille 13331, France
| | - Simen Antonsen
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Yngve Stenstrøm
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Naomi J. Farren
- Wolfson
Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, YO10 5DD York, U.K.
| | - Jacqueline F. Hamilton
- Wolfson
Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, YO10 5DD York, U.K.
| | | | - Trevor Ingham
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, U.K.
| | - Dwayne E. Heard
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, U.K.
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2
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Pagonis D, Selimovic V, Campuzano-Jost P, Guo H, Day DA, Schueneman MK, Nault BA, Coggon MM, DiGangi JP, Diskin GS, Fortner EC, Gargulinski EM, Gkatzelis GI, Hair JW, Herndon SC, Holmes CD, Katich JM, Nowak JB, Perring AE, Saide P, Shingler TJ, Soja AJ, Thapa LH, Warneke C, Wiggins EB, Wisthaler A, Yacovitch TI, Yokelson RJ, Jimenez JL. Impact of Biomass Burning Organic Aerosol Volatility on Smoke Concentrations Downwind of Fires. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:17011-17021. [PMID: 37874964 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning particulate matter (BBPM) affects regional air quality and global climate, with impacts expected to continue to grow over the coming years. We show that studies of North American fires have a systematic altitude dependence in measured BBPM normalized excess mixing ratio (NEMR; ΔPM/ΔCO), with airborne and high-altitude studies showing a factor of 2 higher NEMR than ground-based measurements. We report direct airborne measurements of BBPM volatility that partially explain the difference in the BBPM NEMR observed across platforms. We find that when heated to 40-45 °C in an airborne thermal denuder, 19% of lofted smoke PM1 evaporates. Thermal denuder measurements are consistent with evaporation observed when a single smoke plume was sampled across a range of temperatures as the plume descended from 4 to 2 km altitude. We also demonstrate that chemical aging of smoke and differences in PM emission factors can not fully explain the platform-dependent differences. When the measured PM volatility is applied to output from the High Resolution Rapid Refresh Smoke regional model, we predict a lower PM NEMR at the surface compared to the lofted smoke measured by aircraft. These results emphasize the significant role that gas-particle partitioning plays in determining the air quality impacts of wildfire smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demetrios Pagonis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder 80309, Colorado, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder 80309, Colorado, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Weber State University, Ogden 84408, Utah, United States
| | - Vanessa Selimovic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Montana, Missoula 59812, Montana, United States
| | - Pedro Campuzano-Jost
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder 80309, Colorado, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder 80309, Colorado, United States
| | - Hongyu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder 80309, Colorado, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder 80309, Colorado, United States
| | - Douglas A Day
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder 80309, Colorado, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder 80309, Colorado, United States
| | - Melinda K Schueneman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder 80309, Colorado, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder 80309, Colorado, United States
| | - Benjamin A Nault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder 80309, Colorado, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder 80309, Colorado, United States
| | - Matthew M Coggon
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder 80305, Colorado, United States
| | - Joshua P DiGangi
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton 23666, Virginia, United States
| | - Glenn S Diskin
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton 23666, Virginia, United States
| | - Edward C Fortner
- Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica 01821, Massachusetts, United States
| | | | - Georgios I Gkatzelis
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder 80309, Colorado, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder 80305, Colorado, United States
| | - Johnathan W Hair
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton 23666, Virginia, United States
| | - Scott C Herndon
- Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica 01821, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Christopher D Holmes
- Florida State University Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science, Tallahassee 32304, Florida, United States
| | - Joseph M Katich
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder 80309, Colorado, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder 80305, Colorado, United States
| | - John B Nowak
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton 23666, Virginia, United States
| | - Anne E Perring
- Department of Chemistry, Colgate University, Hamilton 13346, New York, United States
| | - Pablo Saide
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles 90095, California, United States
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles 90095, California, United States
| | - Taylor J Shingler
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton 23666, Virginia, United States
| | - Amber J Soja
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton 23666, Virginia, United States
| | - Laura H Thapa
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles 90095, California, United States
| | - Carsten Warneke
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder 80305, Colorado, United States
| | | | - Armin Wisthaler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo 0371, Norway
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Tara I Yacovitch
- Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica 01821, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Robert J Yokelson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Montana, Missoula 59812, Montana, United States
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder 80309, Colorado, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder 80309, Colorado, United States
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3
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Reinecke T, Leiminger M, Jordan A, Wisthaler A, Müller M. Ultrahigh Sensitivity PTR-MS Instrument with a Well-Defined Ion Chemistry. Anal Chem 2023; 95:11879-11884. [PMID: 37528801 PMCID: PMC10433242 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) is widely used for measuring organic trace gases in air. In traditional PTR-MS, both nonpolar and polar analytes are ionized with unit efficiency, as predicted from ion-molecule collision theories. This well-defined ion chemistry allows for direct quantification of analytes without prior calibration and therefore is an important characteristic of PTR-MS. In an effort to further increase the sensitivity, recently developed ultrahigh sensitivity chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS) analyzers have, however, been reported to have sacrificed unit ionization efficiency for selected analytes or classes of analytes. We herein report on the development of a novel ultrasensitive PTR-MS instrument, the FUSION PTR-TOF 10k, which exhibits the same universal unit response as conventional PTR-MS analyzers. The core component of this analyzer is the newly designed FUSION ion-molecule reactor, which is a stack of concentric ring electrodes generating a static longitudinal electric field superimposed by a focusing transversal radiofrequency (RF) field. The FUSION PTR-TOF 10k instrument is equipped with an improved ion source, capable of switching between different reagent ions (H3O+, O2+, NO+, NH4+) in less than one second. The improved time-of-flight mass spectrometer analyzes m/z signals with a mass resolution in the 10000-15000 range. FUSION PTR-TOF 10k achieves sensitivities up to 80000 cps ppbV-1 and detection limits down to 0.5 pptV for a 1 s measurement time. We show time-series of naphthalene and 13C-napthalene as measured in ambient air in Innsbruck for demonstrating the sub-pptV detection capability of this novel FUSION PTR-TOF 10k.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Reinecke
- IONICON
Analytik GmbH, Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Leiminger
- IONICON
Analytik GmbH, Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alfons Jordan
- IONICON
Analytik GmbH, Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Postboks 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
- Institut
für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Müller
- IONICON
Analytik GmbH, Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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4
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Nozière B, Durif O, Dubus E, Kylington S, Emmer Å, Fache F, Piel F, Wisthaler A. The reaction of organic peroxy radicals with unsaturated compounds controlled by a non-epoxide pathway under atmospheric conditions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:7772-7782. [PMID: 36857663 PMCID: PMC10015623 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05166d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Today, the reactions of gas-phase organic peroxy radicals (RO2) with unsaturated Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) are expected to be negligible at room temperature and ignored in atmospheric chemistry. This assumption is based on combustion studies (T ≥ 360 K), which were the only experimental data available for these reactions until recently. These studies also reported epoxide formation as the only reaction channel. In this work, the products of the reactions of 1-pentylperoxy (C5H11O2) and methylperoxy (CH3O2) with 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene ("2,3DM2B") and isoprene were investigated at T = 300 ± 5 K with Proton Transfer Reaction Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) and Gas Chromatography/Electron Impact Mass Spectrometry. Unlike what was expected, the experiments showed no measurable formation of epoxide. However, RO2 + alkene was found to produce compounds retaining the alkene structure, such as 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-butanone (C5H10O2) with 2,3DM2B and 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-butenal (C5H8O2) and methyl vinyl ketone with isoprene, suggesting that these reactions proceed through another reaction pathway under atmospheric conditions. We propose that, instead of forming an epoxide, the alkyl radical produced by the addtion of RO2 onto the alkene reacts with oxygen, producing a peroxy radical. The corresponding mechanisms are consistent with the products observed in the experiments. This alternative pathway implies that, under atmospheric conditions, RO2 + alkene reactions are kinetically limited by the initial addition step and not by the epoxide formation proposed until now for combustion systems. Extrapolating the combustion data to room temperature thus underestimates the rate coefficients, which is consistent with those recently reported for these reactions at room temperature. While slow for many classes of RO2, these reactions could be non-negligible at room temperature for some functionalized RO2. They might thus need to be considered in laboratory studies using large alkene concentrations and in biogenically-dominated regions of the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Nozière
- KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Olivier Durif
- KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Eloé Dubus
- KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Stephanie Kylington
- KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Åsa Emmer
- KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Fabienne Fache
- Université Lyon 1 and CNRS, UMR 5246, ICBMS, 69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Felix Piel
- University of Oslo, Department of Chemistry, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- University of Oslo, Department of Chemistry, 0315 Oslo, Norway
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5
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Stockwell CE, Bela MM, Coggon MM, Gkatzelis GI, Wiggins E, Gargulinski EM, Shingler T, Fenn M, Griffin D, Holmes CD, Ye X, Saide PE, Bourgeois I, Peischl J, Womack CC, Washenfelder RA, Veres PR, Neuman JA, Gilman JB, Lamplugh A, Schwantes RH, McKeen SA, Wisthaler A, Piel F, Guo H, Campuzano-Jost P, Jimenez JL, Fried A, Hanisco TF, Huey LG, Perring A, Katich JM, Diskin GS, Nowak JB, Bui TP, Halliday HS, DiGangi JP, Pereira G, James EP, Ahmadov R, McLinden CA, Soja AJ, Moore RH, Hair JW, Warneke C. Airborne Emission Rate Measurements Validate Remote Sensing Observations and Emission Inventories of Western U.S. Wildfires. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:7564-7577. [PMID: 35579536 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Carbonaceous emissions from wildfires are a dynamic mixture of gases and particles that have important impacts on air quality and climate. Emissions that feed atmospheric models are estimated using burned area and fire radiative power (FRP) methods that rely on satellite products. These approaches show wide variability and have large uncertainties, and their accuracy is challenging to evaluate due to limited aircraft and ground measurements. Here, we present a novel method to estimate fire plume-integrated total carbon and speciated emission rates using a unique combination of lidar remote sensing aerosol extinction profiles and in situ measured carbon constituents. We show strong agreement between these aircraft-derived emission rates of total carbon and a detailed burned area-based inventory that distributes carbon emissions in time using Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite FRP observations (Fuel2Fire inventory, slope = 1.33 ± 0.04, r2 = 0.93, and RMSE = 0.27). Other more commonly used inventories strongly correlate with aircraft-derived emissions but have wide-ranging over- and under-predictions. A strong correlation is found between carbon monoxide emissions estimated in situ with those derived from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) for five wildfires with coincident sampling windows (slope = 0.99 ± 0.18; bias = 28.5%). Smoke emission coefficients (g MJ-1) enable direct estimations of primary gas and aerosol emissions from satellite FRP observations, and we derive these values for many compounds emitted by temperate forest fuels, including several previously unreported species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea E Stockwell
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Megan M Bela
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Matthew M Coggon
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Georgios I Gkatzelis
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Elizabeth Wiggins
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23681, United States
| | | | - Taylor Shingler
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23681, United States
| | - Marta Fenn
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23681, United States
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, Virginia 23666, United States
| | - Debora Griffin
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Christopher D Holmes
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Xinxin Ye
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Pablo E Saide
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Ilann Bourgeois
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Jeff Peischl
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Caroline C Womack
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | | | - Patrick R Veres
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - J Andrew Neuman
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Jessica B Gilman
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Aaron Lamplugh
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Rebecca H Schwantes
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Stuart A McKeen
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo 0371, Norway
| | - Felix Piel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo 0371, Norway
- Ionicon Analytik, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Hongyu Guo
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Pedro Campuzano-Jost
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Alan Fried
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Thomas F Hanisco
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, United States
| | - Lewis Gregory Huey
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Science, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30318, United States
| | - Anne Perring
- Department of Chemistry, Colgate University, Madison County, Hamilton, New York 13346, United States
| | - Joseph M Katich
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Glenn S Diskin
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23681, United States
| | - John B Nowak
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23681, United States
| | - T Paul Bui
- Atmospheric Sciences Branch, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, United States
| | - Hannah S Halliday
- Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Joshua P DiGangi
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23681, United States
| | - Gabriel Pereira
- Department of Geosciences, Federal University of Sao Joao del-Rei, Sao Joao del-Rei, MG 36307, Brazil
| | - Eric P James
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Global Systems Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Ravan Ahmadov
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Global Systems Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Chris A McLinden
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Amber J Soja
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23681, United States
- National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, Virginia 23666, United States
| | - Richard H Moore
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23681, United States
| | - Johnathan W Hair
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23681, United States
| | - Carsten Warneke
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
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6
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Schwantes RH, Lacey FG, Tilmes S, Emmons LK, Lauritzen PH, Walters S, Callaghan P, Zarzycki CM, Barth MC, Jo DS, Bacmeister JT, Neale RB, Vitt F, Kluzek E, Roozitalab B, Hall SR, Ullmann K, Warneke C, Peischl J, Pollack IB, Flocke F, Wolfe GM, Hanisco TF, Keutsch FN, Kaiser J, Bui TPV, Jimenez JL, Campuzano‐Jost P, Apel EC, Hornbrook RS, Hills AJ, Yuan B, Wisthaler A. Evaluating the Impact of Chemical Complexity and Horizontal Resolution on Tropospheric Ozone Over the Conterminous US With a Global Variable Resolution Chemistry Model. J Adv Model Earth Syst 2022; 14:e2021MS002889. [PMID: 35864945 PMCID: PMC9286600 DOI: 10.1029/2021ms002889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A new configuration of the Community Earth System Model (CESM)/Community Atmosphere Model with full chemistry (CAM-chem) supporting the capability of horizontal mesh refinement through the use of the spectral element (SE) dynamical core is developed and called CESM/CAM-chem-SE. Horizontal mesh refinement in CESM/CAM-chem-SE is unique and novel in that pollutants such as ozone are accurately represented at human exposure relevant scales while also directly including global feedbacks. CESM/CAM-chem-SE with mesh refinement down to ∼14 km over the conterminous US (CONUS) is the beginning of the Multi-Scale Infrastructure for Chemistry and Aerosols (MUSICAv0). Here, MUSICAv0 is evaluated and used to better understand how horizontal resolution and chemical complexity impact ozone and ozone precursors over CONUS as compared to measurements from five aircraft campaigns, which occurred in 2013. This field campaign analysis demonstrates the importance of using finer horizontal resolution to accurately simulate ozone precursors such as nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide. In general, the impact of using more complex chemistry on ozone and other oxidation products is more pronounced when using finer horizontal resolution where a larger number of chemical regimes are resolved. Large model biases for ozone near the surface remain in the Southeast US as compared to the aircraft observations even with updated chemistry and finer horizontal resolution. This suggests a need for adding the capability of replacing sections of global emission inventories with regional inventories, increasing the vertical resolution in the planetary boundary layer, and reducing model biases in meteorological variables such as temperature and clouds.
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7
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Bunkan AJC, Reijrink NG, Mikoviny T, Müller M, Nielsen CJ, Zhu L, Wisthaler A. Atmospheric Chemistry of N-Methylmethanimine (CH 3N═CH 2): A Theoretical and Experimental Study. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:3247-3264. [PMID: 35544412 PMCID: PMC9150125 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c01925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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The OH-initiated
photo-oxidation of N-methylmethanimine,
CH3N=CH2, was investigated in the 200
m3 EUPHORE atmospheric simulation chamber and in a 240
L stainless steel photochemical reactor employing time-resolved online
FTIR and high-resolution PTR-ToF-MS instrumentation and in theoretical
calculations based on quantum chemistry results and master equation
modeling of the pivotal reaction steps. The quantum chemistry calculations
forecast the OH reaction to primarily proceed via H-abstraction from
the =CH2 group and π-system C-addition, whereas
H-abstraction from the −CH3 group is a minor route
and forecast that N-addition can be disregarded under atmospheric
conditions. Theoretical studies of CH3N=CH2 photolysis and the CH3N=CH2 + O3 reaction show that these removal processes are too slow to
be important in the troposphere. A detailed mechanism for OH-initiated
atmospheric degradation of CH3N=CH2 was
obtained as part of the theoretical study. The photo-oxidation experiments,
obstructed in part by the CH3N=CH2 monomer–trimer
equilibrium, surface reactions, and particle formation, find CH2=NCHO and CH3N=CHOH/CH2=NCH2OH as the major primary products in a ratio
18:82 ± 3 (3σ-limit). Alignment of the theoretical results
to the experimental product distribution results in a rate coefficient,
showing a minor pressure dependency under tropospheric conditions
and that can be parametrized k(T) = 5.70 × 10–14 × (T/298 K)3.18 × exp(1245 K/T) cm3 molecule–1 s–1 with k298 = 3.7 × 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1. The atmospheric
fate of CH3N=CH2 is discussed, and it
is concluded that, on a global scale, hydrolysis in the atmospheric
aqueous phase to give CH3NH2 + CH2O will constitute a dominant loss process. N2O will not
be formed in the atmospheric gas phase degradation, and there are
no indications of nitrosamines and nitramines formed as primary products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Joakim C Bunkan
- Section of Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033-Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Nina G Reijrink
- Section of Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033-Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tomáš Mikoviny
- Section of Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033-Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Markus Müller
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Claus J Nielsen
- Section of Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033-Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Liang Zhu
- Section of Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033-Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Section of Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033-Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway.,Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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8
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Choi J, Henze DK, Cao H, Nowlan CR, González Abad G, Kwon H, Lee H, Oak YJ, Park RJ, Bates KH, Maasakkers JD, Wisthaler A, Weinheimer AJ. An Inversion Framework for Optimizing Non-Methane VOC Emissions Using Remote Sensing and Airborne Observations in Northeast Asia During the KORUS-AQ Field Campaign. J Geophys Res Atmos 2022; 127:e2021JD035844. [PMID: 35865789 PMCID: PMC9285978 DOI: 10.1029/2021jd035844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We aim to reduce uncertainties in CH2O and other volatile organic carbon (VOC) emissions through assimilation of remote sensing data. We first update a three-dimensional (3D) chemical transport model, GEOS-Chem with the KORUSv5 anthropogenic emission inventory and inclusion of chemistry for aromatics and C2H4, leading to modest improvements in simulation of CH2O (normalized mean bias (NMB): -0.57 to -0.51) and O3 (NMB: -0.25 to -0.19) compared against DC-8 aircraft measurements during KORUS-AQ; the mixing ratio of most VOC species are still underestimated. We next constrain VOC emissions using CH2O observations from two satellites (OMI and OMPS) and the DC-8 aircraft during KORUS-AQ. To utilize data from multiple platforms in a consistent manner, we develop a two-step Hybrid Iterative Finite Difference Mass Balance and four-dimensional variational inversion system (Hybrid IFDMB-4DVar). The total VOC emissions throughout the domain increase by 47%. The a posteriori simulation reduces the low biases of simulated CH2O (NMB: -0.51 to -0.15), O3 (NMB: -0.19 to -0.06), and VOCs. Alterations to the VOC speciation from the 4D-Var inversion include increases of biogenic isoprene emissions in Korea and anthropogenic emissions in Eastern China. We find that the IFDMB method alone is adequate for reducing the low biases of VOCs in general; however, 4D-Var provides additional refinement of high-resolution emissions and their speciation. Defining reasonable emission errors and choosing optimal regularization parameters are crucial parts of the inversion system. Our new hybrid inversion framework can be applied for future air quality campaigns, maximizing the value of integrating measurements from current and upcoming geostationary satellite instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkyul Choi
- Environmental Engineering ProgramUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
| | - Daven K. Henze
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
| | - Hansen Cao
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
| | | | | | | | - Hyung‐Min Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and EngineeringEwha Womans UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Yujin J. Oak
- School of Earth and Environmental SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Rokjin J. Park
- School of Earth and Environmental SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Kelvin H. Bates
- School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | | | - Armin Wisthaler
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied PhysicsUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Andrew J. Weinheimer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling LaboratoryNational Center for Atmospheric ResearchBoulderCOUSA
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9
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Xu L, Crounse JD, Vasquez KT, Allen H, Wennberg PO, Bourgeois I, Brown SS, Campuzano-Jost P, Coggon MM, Crawford JH, DiGangi JP, Diskin GS, Fried A, Gargulinski EM, Gilman JB, Gkatzelis GI, Guo H, Hair JW, Hall SR, Halliday HA, Hanisco TF, Hannun RA, Holmes CD, Huey LG, Jimenez JL, Lamplugh A, Lee YR, Liao J, Lindaas J, Neuman JA, Nowak JB, Peischl J, Peterson DA, Piel F, Richter D, Rickly PS, Robinson MA, Rollins AW, Ryerson TB, Sekimoto K, Selimovic V, Shingler T, Soja AJ, St. Clair JM, Tanner DJ, Ullmann K, Veres PR, Walega J, Warneke C, Washenfelder RA, Weibring P, Wisthaler A, Wolfe GM, Womack CC, Yokelson RJ. Ozone chemistry in western U.S. wildfire plumes. Sci Adv 2021; 7:eabl3648. [PMID: 34878847 PMCID: PMC8654285 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl3648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Wildfires are a substantial but poorly quantified source of tropospheric ozone (O3). Here, to investigate the highly variable O3 chemistry in wildfire plumes, we exploit the in situ chemical characterization of western wildfires during the FIREX-AQ flight campaign and show that O3 production can be predicted as a function of experimentally constrained OH exposure, volatile organic compound (VOC) reactivity, and the fate of peroxy radicals. The O3 chemistry exhibits rapid transition in chemical regimes. Within a few daylight hours, the O3 formation substantially slows and is largely limited by the abundance of nitrogen oxides (NOx). This finding supports previous observations that O3 formation is enhanced when VOC-rich wildfire smoke mixes into NOx-rich urban plumes, thereby deteriorating urban air quality. Last, we relate O3 chemistry to the underlying fire characteristics, enabling a more accurate representation of wildfire chemistry in atmospheric models that are used to study air quality and predict climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xu
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Corresponding author. (L.X.); (P.O.W.)
| | - John D. Crounse
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Krystal T. Vasquez
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Hannah Allen
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Paul O. Wennberg
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Corresponding author. (L.X.); (P.O.W.)
| | - Ilann Bourgeois
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Steven S. Brown
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Pedro Campuzano-Jost
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Matthew M. Coggon
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | - Alan Fried
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Georgios I. Gkatzelis
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Hongyu Guo
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Samuel R. Hall
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Thomas F. Hanisco
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Reem A. Hannun
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher D. Holmes
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - L. Gregory Huey
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jose L. Jimenez
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Aaron Lamplugh
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Young Ro Lee
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jin Liao
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, USA
| | - Jakob Lindaas
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - J. Andrew Neuman
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Jeff Peischl
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Felix Piel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- IONICON Analytik GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dirk Richter
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Pamela S. Rickly
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Michael A. Robinson
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Kanako Sekimoto
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Vanessa Selimovic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | | | - Amber J. Soja
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
- National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Jason M. St. Clair
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David J. Tanner
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kirk Ullmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - James Walega
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Petter Weibring
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Glenn M. Wolfe
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Caroline C. Womack
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Robert J. Yokelson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
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10
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Decker ZCJ, Wang S, Bourgeois I, Campuzano Jost P, Coggon MM, DiGangi JP, Diskin GS, Flocke FM, Franchin A, Fredrickson CD, Gkatzelis GI, Hall SR, Halliday H, Hayden K, Holmes CD, Huey LG, Jimenez JL, Lee YR, Lindaas J, Middlebrook AM, Montzka DD, Neuman JA, Nowak JB, Pagonis D, Palm BB, Peischl J, Piel F, Rickly PS, Robinson MA, Rollins AW, Ryerson TB, Sekimoto K, Thornton JA, Tyndall GS, Ullmann K, Veres PR, Warneke C, Washenfelder RA, Weinheimer AJ, Wisthaler A, Womack C, Brown SS. Novel Analysis to Quantify Plume Crosswind Heterogeneity Applied to Biomass Burning Smoke. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:15646-15657. [PMID: 34817984 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel method, the Gaussian observational model for edge to center heterogeneity (GOMECH), to quantify the horizontal chemical structure of plumes. GOMECH fits observations of short-lived emissions or products against a long-lived tracer (e.g., CO) to provide relative metrics for the plume width (wi/wCO) and center (bi/wCO). To validate GOMECH, we investigate OH and NO3 oxidation processes in smoke plumes sampled during FIREX-AQ (Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments and Air Quality, a 2019 wildfire smoke study). An analysis of 430 crosswind transects demonstrates that nitrous acid (HONO), a primary source of OH, is narrower than CO (wHONO/wCO = 0.73-0.84 ± 0.01) and maleic anhydride (an OH oxidation product) is enhanced on plume edges (wmaleicanhydride/wCO = 1.06-1.12 ± 0.01). By contrast, NO3 production [P(NO3)] occurs mainly at the plume center (wP(NO3)/wCO = 0.91-1.00 ± 0.01). Phenolic emissions, highly reactive to OH and NO3, are narrower than CO (wphenol/wCO = 0.96 ± 0.03, wcatechol/wCO = 0.91 ± 0.01, and wmethylcatechol/wCO = 0.84 ± 0.01), suggesting that plume edge phenolic losses are the greatest. Yet, nitrophenolic aerosol, their oxidation product, is the greatest at the plume center (wnitrophenolicaerosol/wCO = 0.95 ± 0.02). In a large plume case study, GOMECH suggests that nitrocatechol aerosol is most associated with P(NO3). Last, we corroborate GOMECH with a large eddy simulation model which suggests most (55%) of nitrocatechol is produced through NO3 in our case study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary C J Decker
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Siyuan Wang
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Ilann Bourgeois
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Pedro Campuzano Jost
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Matthew M Coggon
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Joshua P DiGangi
- NASA Langley Research Center, MS 483, Hampton, Virginia 23681, United States
| | - Glenn S Diskin
- NASA Langley Research Center, MS 483, Hampton, Virginia 23681, United States
| | - Frank M Flocke
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Alessandro Franchin
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Carley D Fredrickson
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Georgios I Gkatzelis
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Samuel R Hall
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Hannah Halliday
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Katherine Hayden
- Air Quality Research Division (AQRD), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto M3H 5T4, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher D Holmes
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32304, United States
| | - L Gregory Huey
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Young Ro Lee
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Jakob Lindaas
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Ann M Middlebrook
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Denise D Montzka
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - J Andrew Neuman
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - John B Nowak
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc. (SSAI), Hampton, Virginia 23666, United States
| | - Demetrios Pagonis
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Brett B Palm
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jeff Peischl
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Felix Piel
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo 0315, Norway
| | - Pamela S Rickly
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Michael A Robinson
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Andrew W Rollins
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Thomas B Ryerson
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Kanako Sekimoto
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0027, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Joel A Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Geoff S Tyndall
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Kirk Ullmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Patrick R Veres
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Carsten Warneke
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | | | - Andrew J Weinheimer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo 0315, Norway
| | - Caroline Womack
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Steven S Brown
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
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11
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Tan W, Zhu L, Mikoviny T, Nielsen CJ, Tang Y, Wisthaler A, Eichler P, Müller M, D'Anna B, Farren NJ, Hamilton JF, Pettersson JBC, Hallquist M, Antonsen S, Stenstrøm Y. Atmospheric Chemistry of 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol: A Theoretical and Experimental Study of the OH-Initiated Degradation under Simulated Atmospheric Conditions. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:7502-7519. [PMID: 34424704 PMCID: PMC8419843 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c04898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The OH-initiated
degradation of 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol [CH3C(NH2)(CH3)CH2OH, AMP] was
investigated in a large atmospheric simulation chamber, employing
time-resolved online high-resolution proton-transfer reaction-time-of-flight
mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) and chemical analysis of aerosol online
PTR-ToF-MS (CHARON-PTR-ToF-MS) instrumentation, and by theoretical
calculations based on M06-2X/aug-cc-pVTZ quantum chemistry results
and master equation modeling of the pivotal reaction steps. The quantum
chemistry calculations reproduce the experimental rate coefficient
of the AMP + OH reaction, aligning k(T) = 5.2 × 10–12 × exp (505/T) cm3 molecule–1 s–1 to the experimental value kexp,300K =
2.8 × 10–11 cm3 molecule–1 s–1. The theoretical calculations predict that
the AMP + OH reaction proceeds via hydrogen abstraction from the −CH3 groups (5–10%), −CH2– group,
(>70%) and −NH2 group (5–20%), whereas
hydrogen
abstraction from the −OH group can be disregarded under atmospheric
conditions. A detailed mechanism for atmospheric AMP degradation was
obtained as part of the theoretical study. The photo-oxidation experiments
show 2-amino-2-methylpropanal [CH3C(NH2)(CH3)CHO] as the major gas-phase product and propan-2-imine [(CH3)2C=NH], 2-iminopropanol [(CH3)(CH2OH)C=NH], acetamide [CH3C(O)NH2], formaldehyde (CH2O), and nitramine 2-methyl-2-(nitroamino)-1-propanol
[AMPNO2, CH3C(CH3)(NHNO2)CH2OH] as minor primary products; there is no experimental
evidence of nitrosamine formation. The branching in the initial H
abstraction by OH radicals was derived in analyses of the temporal
gas-phase product profiles to be BCH3/BCH2/BNH2 = 6:70:24. Secondary photo-oxidation products
and products resulting from particle and surface processing of the
primary gas-phase products were also observed and quantified. All
the photo-oxidation experiments were accompanied by extensive particle
formation that was initiated by the reaction of AMP with nitric acid
and that mainly consisted of this salt. Minor amounts of the gas-phase
photo-oxidation products, including AMPNO2, were detected
in the particles by CHARON-PTR-ToF-MS and GC×GC-NCD. Volatility
measurements of laboratory-generated AMP nitrate nanoparticles gave
ΔvapH = 80 ± 16 kJ mol–1 and an estimated vapor pressure of (1.3 ± 0.3)
× 10–5 Pa at 298 K. The atmospheric chemistry
of AMP is evaluated and a validated chemistry model for implementation
in dispersion models is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Tan
- Section for Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Liang Zhu
- Section for Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tomáš Mikoviny
- Section for Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Claus J Nielsen
- Section for Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Yizhen Tang
- Section for Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Section for Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway.,Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Philipp Eichler
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Müller
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Barbara D'Anna
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LCE, UMR 7376, 13331 Marseille, France
| | - Naomi J Farren
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Jacqueline F Hamilton
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Jan B C Pettersson
- Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mattias Hallquist
- Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Simen Antonsen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Yngve Stenstrøm
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
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12
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Pan D, Benedict KB, Golston LM, Wang R, Collett JL, Tao L, Sun K, Guo X, Ham J, Prenni AJ, Schichtel BA, Mikoviny T, Müller M, Wisthaler A, Zondlo MA. Ammonia Dry Deposition in an Alpine Ecosystem Traced to Agricultural Emission Hotpots. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:7776-7785. [PMID: 34061518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Elevated reactive nitrogen (Nr) deposition is a concern for alpine ecosystems, and dry NH3 deposition is a key contributor. Understanding how emission hotspots impact downwind ecosystems through dry NH3 deposition provides opportunities for effective mitigation. However, direct NH3 flux measurements with sufficient temporal resolution to quantify such events are rare. Here, we measured NH3 fluxes at Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP) during two summers and analyzed transport events from upwind agricultural and urban sources in northeastern Colorado. We deployed open-path NH3 sensors on a mobile laboratory and an eddy covariance tower to measure NH3 concentrations and fluxes. Our spatial sampling illustrated an upslope event that transported NH3 emissions from the hotspot to RMNP. Observed NH3 deposition was significantly higher when backtrajectories passed through only the agricultural region (7.9 ng m-2 s-1) versus only the urban area (1.0 ng m-2 s-1) and both urban and agricultural areas (2.7 ng m-2 s-1). Cumulative NH3 fluxes were calculated using observed, bidirectional modeled, and gap-filled fluxes. More than 40% of the total dry NH3 deposition occurred when air masses were traced back to agricultural source regions. More generally, we identified that 10 (25) more national parks in the U.S. are within 100 (200) km of an NH3 hotspot, and more observations are needed to quantify the impacts of these hotspots on dry NH3 deposition in these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Pan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton 08544, New Jersey, United States
- Center for Mid-Infrared Technologies for Health and the Environmental, NSF-ERC, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Katherine B Benedict
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Levi M Golston
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton 08544, New Jersey, United States
- Center for Mid-Infrared Technologies for Health and the Environmental, NSF-ERC, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton 08544, New Jersey, United States
- Center for Mid-Infrared Technologies for Health and the Environmental, NSF-ERC, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Jeffrey L Collett
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Lei Tao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton 08544, New Jersey, United States
- Center for Mid-Infrared Technologies for Health and the Environmental, NSF-ERC, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Kang Sun
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
- Research and Education in Energy, Environment and Water (RENEW) Institute, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Xuehui Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton 08544, New Jersey, United States
- Center for Mid-Infrared Technologies for Health and the Environmental, NSF-ERC, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Jay Ham
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, United States
| | - Anthony J Prenni
- Air Resources Division, National Park Service, Lakewood, Colorado 80235, United States
| | - Bret A Schichtel
- Air Resources Division, National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado 80525, United States
| | - Tomas Mikoviny
- Chemistry and Dynamics Branch, Science Directorate, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23666, United States
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo 0315, Norway
| | - Markus Müller
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo 0315, Norway
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Mark A Zondlo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton 08544, New Jersey, United States
- Center for Mid-Infrared Technologies for Health and the Environmental, NSF-ERC, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
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13
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Herrera SA, Diskin GS, Harward C, Sachse G, De Wekker SFJ, Yang M, Choi Y, Wisthaler A, Mallia DV, Pusede SE. Wintertime Nitrous Oxide Emissions in the San Joaquin Valley of California Estimated from Aircraft Observations. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:4462-4473. [PMID: 33759511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a long-lived greenhouse gas that also destroys stratospheric ozone. N2O emissions are uncertain and characterized by high spatiotemporal variability, making individual observations difficult to upscale, especially in mixed land use source regions like the San Joaquin Valley (SJV) of California. Here, we calculate spatially integrated N2O emission rates using nocturnal and convective boundary-layer budgeting methods. We utilize vertical profile measurements from the NASA DISCOVER-AQ (Deriving Information on Surface Conditions from COlumn and VERtically Resolved Observations Relevant to Air Quality) campaign, which took place January-February, 2013. For empirical constraints on N2O source identity, we analyze N2O enhancement ratios with methane, ammonia, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide separately in the nocturnal boundary layer, nocturnal residual layer, and convective boundary layer. We find that an established inventory (EDGAR v4.3.2) underestimates N2O emissions by at least a factor of 2.5, that wintertime emissions from animal agriculture are important to annual totals, and that there is evidence for higher N2O emissions during the daytime than at night.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solianna A Herrera
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Glenn S Diskin
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23681, United States
| | - Charles Harward
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23681, United States
| | - Glen Sachse
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23681, United States
| | - Stephan F J De Wekker
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Melissa Yang
- National Suborbital Research Center, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
| | - Yonghoon Choi
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23681, United States
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo 0315, Norway
| | - Derek V Mallia
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84054, United States
| | - Sally E Pusede
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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14
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Kim S, Seco R, Gu D, Sanchez D, Jeong D, Guenther AB, Lee Y, Mak JE, Su L, Kim DB, Lee Y, Ahn JY, Mcgee T, Sullivan J, Long R, Brune WH, Thames A, Wisthaler A, Müller M, Mikoviny T, Weinheimer A, Yang M, Woo JH, Kim S, Park H. The role of a suburban forest in controlling vertical trace gas and OH reactivity distributions - a case study for the Seoul metropolitan area. Faraday Discuss 2021; 226:537-550. [PMID: 33346290 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00081g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We present trace gas vertical profiles observed by instruments on the NASA DC-8 and at a ground site during the Korea-US air quality study (KORUS) field campaign in May to June 2016. We focus on the region near the Seoul metropolitan area and its surroundings where both anthropogenic and natural emission sources play an important role in local photochemistry. Integrating ground and airborne observations is the major research goal of many atmospheric chemistry field campaigns. Although airborne platforms typically aim to sample from near surface to the free troposphere, it is difficult to fly very close to the surface especially in environments with complex terrain or a populated area. A detailed analysis integrating ground and airborne observations associated with specific concentration footprints indicates that reactive trace gases are quickly oxidized below an altitude of 700 m. The total OH reactivity profile has a rapid decay in the lower part of troposphere from surface to the lowest altitude (700 m) sampled by the NASA DC-8. The decay rate is close to that of very reactive biogenic volatile organic compounds such as monoterpenes. Therefore, we argue that photochemical processes in the bottom of the boundary layer, below the typical altitude of aircraft sampling, should be thoroughly investigated to properly assess ozone and secondary aerosol formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saewung Kim
- Department of Earth System Science, School of Physical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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15
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Tan W, Zhu L, Mikoviny T, Nielsen CJ, Wisthaler A, D'Anna B, Antonsen S, Stenstrøm Y, Farren NJ, Hamilton JF, Boustead GA, Brennan AD, Ingham T, Heard DE. Experimental and Theoretical Study of the OH-Initiated Degradation of Piperazine under Simulated Atmospheric Conditions. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:411-422. [PMID: 33378187 PMCID: PMC8021224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c10223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The OH-initiated photo-oxidation
of piperazine and 1-nitropiperazine
as well as the photolysis of 1-nitrosopiperazine were investigated
in a large atmospheric simulation chamber. The rate coefficient for
the reaction of piperazine with OH radicals was determined by the
relative rate method to be kOH-piperazine = (2.8 ± 0.6) × 10–10 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 at 307 ±
2 K and 1014 ± 2 hPa. Product studies showed the piperazine +
OH reaction to proceed both via C–H and N–H abstraction,
resulting in the formation of 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrazine as the major
product and in 1-nitropiperazine and 1-nitrosopiperazine as minor
products. The branching in the piperazinyl radical reactions with
NO, NO2, and O2 was obtained from 1-nitrosopiperazine
photolysis experiments and employed analyses of the 1-nitropiperazine
and 1-nitrosopiperazine temporal profiles observed during piperazine
photo-oxidation. The derived initial branching between N–H
and C–H abstraction by OH radicals, kN–H/(kN–H + kC–H), was 0.18 ± 0.04. All experiments
were accompanied by substantial aerosol formation that was initiated
by the reaction of piperazine with nitric acid. Both primary and secondary
photo-oxidation products including 1-nitropiperazine and 1,4-dinitropiperazine
were detected in the aerosol particles formed. Corroborating atmospheric
photo-oxidation schemes for piperazine and 1-nitropiperazine were
derived from M06-2X/aug-cc-pVTZ quantum chemistry calculations and
master equation modeling of the pivotal reaction steps. The atmospheric
chemistry of piperazine is evaluated, and a validated chemical mechanism
for implementation in dispersion models is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Tan
- Section for Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Liang Zhu
- Section for Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tomas Mikoviny
- Section for Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Claus J Nielsen
- Section for Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Section for Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Barbara D'Anna
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, UMR 7376, 13331 Marseille, France
| | - Simen Antonsen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Yngve Stenstrøm
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Naomi J Farren
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U. K
| | - Jacqueline F Hamilton
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U. K
| | | | | | - Trevor Ingham
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U. K
| | - Dwayne E Heard
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U. K
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16
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Cassagnes LE, Zaira L, Håland A, Bell D, Zhu L, Bertrand A, Baltensperger U, El Haddad I, Wisthaler A, Geiser M, Dommen J. Online monitoring of volatile organic compounds emitted from human bronchial epithelial cells as markers for oxidative stress. J Breath Res 2020; 15. [PMID: 33045691 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/abc055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Particulate air pollution is associated with adverse respiratory effects and is a major factor for premature deaths. In-vitro assays are commonly used for investigating the direct cytotoxicity and inflammatory impacts due to particulate matter (PM) exposure. However, biological tests are often labor-intensive, destructive and limited to endpoints measured offline at single time points, making it impossible to observe the progression of cell response upon exposure. Here we explored the potential of a high-resolution proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS) to detect the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) upon exposure to PM. Cells were exposed to single components (1,4-naphthoquinone and Cu(II)) known to induce oxidative stress. We also tested filter extracts of aerosols generated in a smog chamber, including fresh and aged wood burning emissions, as well as α-pinene secondary organic aerosol (SOA). We found that 1,4-naphthoquinone was rapidly internalized by the cells. Exposing cells to each of these samples induced the emission of VOCs, which we tentatively assigned to acetonitrile, benzaldehyde and dimethylbenzaldehyde, respectively. Emission rates upon exposure to fresh and aged organic aerosol from α-pinene oxidation and from biomass burning significantly exceeded those observed after exposure to similar doses of Cu(II), a proxy for transition metals with high oxidative potential. Emission rates of biomarkers from cell exposure to α-pinene SOA exhibited a statistically significant, but weak dose dependence. The emission rates of benzaldehyde scaled with cell death, estimated by measuring the apical release of cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase. Particle mass doses delivered to the BEAS-2B cells match those deposited in the human tracheobronchial tract after several hours of inhalation at elevated ambient air pollution. The results presented here show that our method has the potential to determine biomarkers of PM induced pulmonary damage in toxicological and epidemiological research on air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leni Zaira
- University of Bern, Bern, BE, SWITZERLAND
| | | | - David Bell
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, SWITZERLAND
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Josef Dommen
- Paul Scherrer Institute Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Villigen, 5232, SWITZERLAND
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17
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Wang Z, Yuan B, Ye C, Roberts J, Wisthaler A, Lin Y, Li T, Wu C, Peng Y, Wang C, Wang S, Yang S, Wang B, Qi J, Wang C, Song W, Hu W, Wang X, Xu W, Ma N, Kuang Y, Tao J, Zhang Z, Su H, Cheng Y, Wang X, Shao M. High Concentrations of Atmospheric Isocyanic Acid (HNCO) Produced from Secondary Sources in China. Environ Sci Technol 2020; 54:11818-11826. [PMID: 32876440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Isocyanic acid (HNCO) is a potentially toxic atmospheric pollutant, whose atmospheric concentrations are hypothesized to be linked to adverse health effects. An earlier model study estimated that concentrations of isocyanic acid in China are highest around the world. However, measurements of isocyanic acid in ambient air have not been available in China. Two field campaigns were conducted to measure isocyanic acid in ambient air using a high-resolution time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometer (ToF-CIMS) in two different environments in China. The ranges of mixing ratios of isocyanic acid are from below the detection limit (18 pptv) to 2.8 ppbv (5 min average) with the average value of 0.46 ppbv at an urban site of Guangzhou in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region in fall and from 0.02 to 2.2 ppbv with the average value of 0.37 ppbv at a rural site in the North China Plain (NCP) during wintertime, respectively. These concentrations are significantly higher than previous measurements in North America. The diurnal variations of isocyanic acid are very similar to secondary pollutants (e.g., ozone, formic acid, and nitric acid) in PRD, indicating that isocyanic acid is mainly produced by secondary formation. Both primary emissions and secondary formation account for isocyanic acid in the NCP. The lifetime of isocyanic acid in a lower atmosphere was estimated to be less than 1 day due to the high apparent loss rate caused by deposition at night in PRD. Based on the steady state analysis of isocyanic acid during the daytime, we show that amides are unlikely enough to explain the formation of isocyanic acid in Guangzhou, calling for additional precursors for isocyanic acid. Our measurements of isocyanic acid in two environments of China provide important constraints on the concentrations, sources, and sinks of this pollutant in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelong Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Bin Yuan
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Chenshuo Ye
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - James Roberts
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Yi Lin
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Tiange Li
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Caihong Wu
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Yuwen Peng
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Chaomin Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Sihang Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Suxia Yang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Baolin Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Jipeng Qi
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Chen Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Wei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Weiwei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wanyun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry of China Meteorology Administration, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Nan Ma
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Ye Kuang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Jiangchuan Tao
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Zhanyi Zhang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Hang Su
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Yafang Cheng
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Min Shao
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
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18
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Wells KC, Millet DB, Payne VH, Deventer MJ, Bates KH, de Gouw JA, Graus M, Warneke C, Wisthaler A, Fuentes JD. Satellite isoprene retrievals constrain emissions and atmospheric oxidation. Nature 2020; 585:225-233. [PMID: 32908268 PMCID: PMC7490801 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2664-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Isoprene is the dominant non-methane organic compound emitted to the atmosphere1-3. It drives ozone and aerosol production, modulates atmospheric oxidation and interacts with the global nitrogen cycle4-8. Isoprene emissions are highly uncertain1,9, as is the nonlinear chemistry coupling isoprene and the hydroxyl radical, OH-its primary sink10-13. Here we present global isoprene measurements taken from space using the Cross-track Infrared Sounder. Together with observations of formaldehyde, an isoprene oxidation product, these measurements provide constraints on isoprene emissions and atmospheric oxidation. We find that the isoprene-formaldehyde relationships measured from space are broadly consistent with the current understanding of isoprene-OH chemistry, with no indication of missing OH recycling at low nitrogen oxide concentrations. We analyse these datasets over four global isoprene hotspots in relation to model predictions, and present a quantification of isoprene emissions based directly on satellite measurements of isoprene itself. A major discrepancy emerges over Amazonia, where current underestimates of natural nitrogen oxide emissions bias modelled OH and hence isoprene. Over southern Africa, we find that a prominent isoprene hotspot is missing from bottom-up predictions. A multi-year analysis sheds light on interannual isoprene variability, and suggests the influence of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley C Wells
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Dylan B Millet
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA.
| | - Vivienne H Payne
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - M Julian Deventer
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
- Bioclimatology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kelvin H Bates
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joost A de Gouw
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Martin Graus
- Department of Atmospheric and Cryogenic Sciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Carsten Warneke
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jose D Fuentes
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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19
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Antonsen S, Bunkan AJC, Mikoviny T, Nielsen CJ, Stenstrøm Y, Wisthaler A, Zardin E. Atmospheric Chemistry of Methyl Isocyanide-An Experimental and Theoretical Study. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:6562-6571. [PMID: 32663395 PMCID: PMC7458469 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c05127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of CH3NC with OH radicals was studied in smog chamber experiments employing PTR-ToF-MS and long-path FTIR detection. The rate coefficient was determined to be kCH3NC+OH = (7.9 ± 0.6) × 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 at 298 ± 3 K and 1013 ± 10 hPa; methyl isocyanate was the sole observed product of the reaction. The experimental results are supported by CCSD(T*)-F12a/aug-cc-pVTZ//M06-2X/aug-cc-pVTZ quantum chemistry calculations showing the reaction to proceed primarily via electrophilic addition to the isocyanide carbon atom. On the basis of the quantum chemical data, the kinetics of the OH reaction was simulated using a master equation model revealing the rate coefficient to be nearly independent of pressure at tropospheric conditions and having a negative temperature dependence with kOH = 4.2 × 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 at 298 K. Additional quantum chemistry calculations on the CH3NC reactions with O3 and NO3 show that these reactions are of little importance under atmospheric conditions. The atmospheric fate of methyl isocyanide is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arne Joakim C. Bunkan
- Section
for Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033
− Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tomas Mikoviny
- Section
for Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033
− Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Claus J. Nielsen
- Section
for Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033
− Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Yngve Stenstrøm
- Department
of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Aas, Norway
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Section
for Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033
− Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Erika Zardin
- Section
for Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033
− Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
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20
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Antonsen SG, Bunkan AJC, Mikoviny T, Nielsen CJ, Stenstrøm Y, Wisthaler A, Zardin E. Atmospheric chemistry of diazomethane – an experimental and theoretical study. Mol Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2020.1718227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tomas Mikoviny
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Yngve Stenstrøm
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Aas, Norway
| | | | - Erika Zardin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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21
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Leglise J, Müller M, Piel F, Otto T, Wisthaler A. Bulk Organic Aerosol Analysis by Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometry: An Improved Methodology for the Determination of Total Organic Mass, O:C and H:C Elemental Ratios, and the Average Molecular Formula. Anal Chem 2019; 91:12619-12624. [PMID: 31525909 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have recently shown in this journal (Müller et al. Anal. Chem. 2017 , 89 , 10889 - 10897 ) how a proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) analyzer measured particulate organic matter in urban atmospheres using the "Chemical Analysis of Aerosol Online" (CHARON) inlet. Our initial CHARON studies did not take into account fragmentation of protonated analyte molecules, which introduced a small but significant negative bias in the determination of bulk organic aerosol parameters. Herein, we studied the ionic fragmentation of 26 oxidized organic compounds typically found in atmospheric particles. This allowed us to derive a correction algorithm for the determination of the bulk organic mass concentration, mOA, the bulk-average hydrogen-to-carbon ratio, (H:C)bulk, the bulk-average oxygen-to-carbon ratio, (O:C)bulk, and the bulk-average molecular formula, MFbulk. The correction algorithm was validated against AMS data using two sets of published data. Finally, we determined MFbulk of particles generated from the reaction of α-pinene and ozone and compared and discussed the results in relation to the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Felix Piel
- IONICON Analytik GmbH , 6020 Innsbruck , Austria.,Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik , Universität Innsbruck , 6020 Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Tobias Otto
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD) , Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS) , 04318 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik , Universität Innsbruck , 6020 Innsbruck , Austria.,Department of Chemistry , University of Oslo , 0315 Oslo , Norway
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22
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Cai S, Zhu L, Wang S, Wisthaler A, Li Q, Jiang J, Hao J. Time-Resolved Intermediate-Volatility and Semivolatile Organic Compound Emissions from Household Coal Combustion in Northern China. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:9269-9278. [PMID: 31288521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Coal combustion in low-efficiency household stoves results in the emission of large amounts of nonmethane organic compounds (NMOCs), including intermediate-volatility compounds (IVOCs) and semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs). This conceptual picture is reasonably well established, however, quantitative assessment of I/SVOC emissions from household stoves is rare. We used a proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS) to quantify the emissions of organic gases from a typical Chinese household coal stove operated with anthracite and bituminous coals. Most NMOCs (approximately 64-88%) were dominated by hydrocarbons and emitted during the ignition and flaming phases. The ratio of oxidized hydrocarbons increased during the flaming and smoldering stages due to the elevated combustion efficiency. The average emission factors of NMOCs were 121 ± 25.7 and 3690 ± 930 mg/kg for anthracite and bituminous coals, respectively. I/SVOCs contributed to approximately 30% of the total emitted NMOC mass during bituminous coal combustion, much higher than the contribution of biomass burning (approximately 1.5%). Furthermore, I/SVOCs may contribute over 70% of the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) mass formed from gaseous organic species emitted as a result of bituminous coal combustion. This study highlights the importance of inventorying coal-originated I/SVOCs when conducting SOA formation simulation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Cai
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
| | - Liang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Oslo , Postboks 1033 Blindern , NO-0315 Oslo , Norway
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Department of Chemistry , University of Oslo , Postboks 1033 Blindern , NO-0315 Oslo , Norway
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , P. R. China
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
| | - Jiming Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
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23
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Chen X, Millet DB, Singh HB, Wisthaler A, Apel EC, Atlas EL, Blake DR, Bourgeois I, Brown SS, Crounse JD, de Gouw JA, Flocke FM, Fried A, Heikes BG, Hornbrook RS, Mikoviny T, Min KE, Müller M, Neuman JA, O'Sullivan DW, Peischl J, Pfister GG, Richter D, Roberts JM, Ryerson TB, Shertz SR, Thompson CR, Treadaway V, Veres PR, Walega J, Warneke C, Washenfelder RA, Weibring P, Yuan B. On the sources and sinks of atmospheric VOCs: an integrated analysis of recent aircraft campaigns over North America. Atmos Chem Phys 2019; 19:9097-9123. [PMID: 33688334 PMCID: PMC7939023 DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-9097-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We apply a high-resolution chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem CTM) with updated treatment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and a comprehensive suite of airborne datasets over North America to (i) characterize the VOC budget and (ii) test the ability of current models to capture the distribution and reactivity of atmospheric VOCs over this region. Biogenic emissions dominate the North American VOC budget in the model, accounting for 70 % and 95 % of annually emitted VOC carbon and reactivity, respectively. Based on current inventories anthropogenic emissions have declined to the point where biogenic emissions are the dominant summertime source of VOC reactivity even in most major North American cities. Methane oxidation is a 2x larger source of nonmethane VOCs (via production of formaldehyde and methyl hydroperoxide) over North America in the model than are anthropogenic emissions. However, anthropogenic VOCs account for over half of the ambient VOC loading over the majority of the region owing to their longer aggregate lifetime. Fires can be a significant VOC source episodically but are small on average. In the planetary boundary layer (PBL), the model exhibits skill in capturing observed variability in total VOC abundance (R 2 = 0:36) and reactivity (R 2 = 0:54). The same is not true in the free troposphere (FT), where skill is low and there is a persistent low model bias (~ 60 %), with most (27 of 34) model VOCs underestimated by more than a factor of 2. A comparison of PBL: FT concentration ratios over the southeastern US points to a misrepresentation of PBL ventilation as a contributor to these model FT biases. We also find that a relatively small number of VOCs (acetone, methanol, ethane, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, isoprene C oxidation products, methyl hydroperoxide) drive a large fraction of total ambient VOC reactivity and associated model biases; research to improve understanding of their budgets is thus warranted. A source tracer analysis suggests a current overestimate of biogenic sources for hydroxyacetone, methyl ethyl ketone and glyoxal, an underestimate of biogenic formic acid sources, and an underestimate of peroxyacetic acid production across biogenic and anthropogenic precursors. Future work to improve model representations of vertical transport and to address the VOC biases discussed are needed to advance predictions of ozone and SOA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis-Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Dylan B. Millet
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis-Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - Armin Wisthaler
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eric C. Apel
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Elliot L. Atlas
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Donald R. Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ilann Bourgeois
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Steven S. Brown
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - John D. Crounse
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Joost A. de Gouw
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Frank M. Flocke
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Alan Fried
- Institute of Arctic & Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Brian G. Heikes
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Rebecca S. Hornbrook
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Tomas Mikoviny
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kyung-Eun Min
- School of Earth Science and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Markus Müller
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - J. Andrew Neuman
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Jeff Peischl
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Gabriele G. Pfister
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Dirk Richter
- Institute of Arctic & Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - James M. Roberts
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Thomas B. Ryerson
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Stephen R. Shertz
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Chelsea R. Thompson
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Victoria Treadaway
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Patrick R. Veres
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - James Walega
- Institute of Arctic & Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Carsten Warneke
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Petter Weibring
- Institute of Arctic & Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Bin Yuan
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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24
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Sullivan JT, McGee TJ, Stauffer RM, Thompson AM, Weinheimer A, Knote C, Janz S, Wisthaler A, Long R, Szykman J, Park J, Lee Y, Kim S, Jeong D, Sanchez D, Twigg L, Sumnicht G, Knepp T, Schroeder JR. Taehwa Research Forest: A receptor site for severe domestic pollution events in Korea during 2016. Atmos Chem Phys 2019; 19:5051-5067. [PMID: 31534447 PMCID: PMC6750018 DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-5051-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
During the May-June 2016 International Cooperative Air Quality Field Study in Korea (KORUS-AQ), light synoptic meteorological forcing facilitated Seoul metropolitan pollution outflow to reach the remote Taehwa Research Forest (TRF) site and cause regulatory exceedances of ozone on 24 days. Two of these severe pollution events are thoroughly examined. The first, occurring on 17 May 2016, tracks transboundary pollution transport exiting eastern China and the Yellow Sea, traversing the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA), and then reaching TRF in the afternoon hours with severely polluted conditions. This case study indicates that although outflow from China and the Yellow Sea were elevated with respect to chemically unperturbed conditions, the regulatory exceedance at TRF was directly linked in time, space, and altitude to urban Seoul emissions. The second case studied, occurring on 09 June 2016, reveals that increased levels of biogenic emissions, in combination with amplified urban emissions, were associated with severe levels of pollutions and a regulatory exceedance at TRF. In summary, domestic emissions may be causing more pollution than by trans-boundary pathways, which have been historically believed to be the major source of air pollution in South Korea. The case studies are assessed with multiple aircraft, model (photochemical and meteorological) simulations, in-situ chemical sampling, and extensive ground-based profiling at TRF. These observations clearly identify TRF and the surrounding rural communities as receptor sites for severe pollution events associated with Seoul outflow, which will result in long-term negative effects to both human health and agriculture in the affected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T. Sullivan
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA
| | - Thomas J. McGee
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA
| | - Ryan M. Stauffer
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, 21046, USA
| | - Anne M. Thompson
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA
| | | | - Christoph Knote
- Meteorologisches Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Scott Janz
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Russell Long
- US EPA/Office of Research and Development/National Exposure Research Lab, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - James Szykman
- US EPA/Office of Research and Development/National Exposure Research Lab, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, 2368, USA
| | - Jinsoo Park
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Youngjae Lee
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Saewung Kim
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Daun Jeong
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Dianne Sanchez
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Laurence Twigg
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Lanham, MD, 20706, USA
| | - Grant Sumnicht
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Lanham, MD, 20706, USA
| | - Travis Knepp
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, 2368, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, 23666, USA
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25
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Huang J, Hartmann H, Hellén H, Wisthaler A, Perreca E, Weinhold A, Rücker A, van Dam NM, Gershenzon J, Trumbore S, Behrendt T. New Perspectives on CO 2, Temperature, and Light Effects on BVOC Emissions Using Online Measurements by PTR-MS and Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:13811-13823. [PMID: 30335995 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOC) play important roles in atmospheric chemistry, plant ecology, and physiology, and biogenic VOC (BVOC) emitted by plants is the largest VOC source. Our knowledge about how environmental drivers (e.g., carbon, light, and temperature) may regulate BVOC emissions is limited because they are often not controlled. We combined a greenhouse facility to manipulate atmospheric CO2 ([CO2]) with proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) and cavity ring-down spectroscopy to investigate the regulation of BVOC in Norway spruce. Our results indicate a direct relationship between [CO2] and methanol and acetone emissions, and their temperature and light dependencies, possibly related to substrate availability. The composition of monoterpenes stored in needles remained constant, but emissions of mono-(linalool) and sesquiterpenes (β-farnesene) increased at lower [CO2], with the effects being most pronounced at the highest air temperature. Pulse-labeling suggested an immediate incorporation of recently assimilated carbon into acetone, mono- and sesquiterpene emissions even under 50 ppm [CO2]. Our results provide new perspectives on CO2, temperature and light effects on BVOC emissions, in particular how they depend on stored pools and recent photosynthetic products. Future studies using smaller but more seedlings may allow sufficient replication to examine the physiological mechanisms behind the BVOC responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbei Huang
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry , Jena , Germany
| | | | - Heidi Hellén
- Finnish Meteorological Institute , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Department of Chemistry , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Erica Perreca
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology , Jena , Germany
| | | | | | - Nicole M van Dam
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research , Leipzig , Germany
- Institute of Ecology , Friedrich Schiller University , Jena , Germany
| | | | - Susan Trumbore
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry , Jena , Germany
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26
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Kelly JT, Parworth CL, Zhang Q, Miller DJ, Sun K, Zondlo MA, Baker KR, Wisthaler A, Nowak JB, Pusede SE, Cohen RC, Weinheimer AJ, Beyersdorf AJ, Tonnesen GS, Bash JO, Valin LC, Crawford JH, Fried A, Walega JG. Modeling NH 4NO 3 Over the San Joaquin Valley During the 2013 DISCOVER-AQ Campaign. J Geophys Res Atmos 2018; 123:4727-4745. [PMID: 30245954 PMCID: PMC6145493 DOI: 10.1029/2018jd028290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The San Joaquin Valley (SJV) of California experiences high concentrations of particulate matter NH4NO3 during episodes of meteorological stagnation in winter. A rich data set of observations related to NH4NO3 formation was acquired during multiple periods of elevated NH4NO3 during the Deriving Information on Surface Conditions from Column and Vertically Resolved Observations Relevant to Air Quality (DISCOVER-AQ) field campaign in SJV in January and February 2013. Here NH4NO3 is simulated during the SJV DISCOVER-AQ study period with the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model, diagnostic model evaluation is performed using the DISCOVER-AQ data set, and integrated reaction rate analysis is used to quantify HNO3 production rates. Simulated NO3- generally agrees well with routine monitoring of 24-hr average NO3-, but comparisons with hourly average NO3- measurements in Fresno revealed differences at higher time resolution. Predictions of gas-particle partitioning of total nitrate (HNO3 + NO3-) and NHx (NH3 + NH4+) generally agree well with measurements in Fresno, although partitioning of total nitrate to HNO3 is sometimes overestimated at low relative humidity in afternoon. Gas-particle partitioning results indicate that NH4NO3 formation is limited by HNO3 availability in both the model and ambient. NH3 mixing ratios are underestimated, particularly in areas with large agricultural activity, and additional work on the spatial allocation of NH3 emissions is warranted. During a period of elevated NH4NO3, the model predicted that the OH + NO2 pathway contributed 46% to total HNO3production in SJV and the N2O5 heterogeneous hydrolysis pathway contributed 54%. The relative importance of the OH + NO2 pathway for HNO3 production is predicted to increase as NOx emissions decrease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Kelly
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC, USA
| | - Caroline L Parworth
- Ames Research Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Kang Sun
- Atomic and Molecular Physics Division, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mark A Zondlo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Kirk R Baker
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC, USA
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - John B Nowak
- Langley Research Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Sally E Pusede
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ronald C Cohen
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Andreas J Beyersdorf
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, San Bernardino, CA, USA
| | - Gail S Tonnesen
- Region 8, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Jesse O Bash
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC, USA
| | - Luke C Valin
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC, USA
| | - James H Crawford
- Langley Research Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Alan Fried
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - James G Walega
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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27
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Tan W, Zhu L, Mikoviny T, Nielsen CJ, Wisthaler A, Eichler P, Müller M, D'Anna B, Farren NJ, Hamilton JF, Pettersson JBC, Hallquist M, Antonsen S, Stenstrøm Y. Theoretical and Experimental Study on the Reaction of tert-Butylamine with OH Radicals in the Atmosphere. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:4470-4480. [PMID: 29659281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b01862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The OH-initiated atmospheric degradation of tert-butylamine (tBA), (CH3)3CNH2, was investigated in a detailed quantum chemistry study and in laboratory experiments at the European Photoreactor (EUPHORE) in Spain. The reaction was found to mainly proceed via hydrogen abstraction from the amino group, which in the presence of nitrogen oxides (NO x), generates tert-butylnitramine, (CH3)3CNHNO2, and acetone as the main reaction products. Acetone is formed via the reaction of tert-butylnitrosamine, (CH3)3CNHNO, and/or its isomer tert-butylhydroxydiazene, (CH3)3CN═NOH, with OH radicals, which yield nitrous oxide (N2O) and the (CH3)3Ċ radical. The latter is converted to acetone and formaldehyde. Minor predicted and observed reaction products include formaldehyde, 2-methylpropene, acetamide and propan-2-imine. The reaction in the EUPHORE chamber was accompanied by strong particle formation which was induced by an acid-base reaction between photochemically formed nitric acid and the reagent amine. The tert-butylaminium nitrate salt was found to be of low volatility, with a vapor pressure of 5.1 × 10-6 Pa at 298 K. The rate of reaction between tert-butylamine and OH radicals was measured to be 8.4 (±1.7) × 10-12 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 at 305 ± 2 K and 1015 ± 1 hPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Tan
- Department of Chemistry , University of Oslo , P.O. Box 1033, Blindern , 0315 Oslo , Norway
| | - Liang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Oslo , P.O. Box 1033, Blindern , 0315 Oslo , Norway
| | - Tomáš Mikoviny
- Department of Chemistry , University of Oslo , P.O. Box 1033, Blindern , 0315 Oslo , Norway
| | - Claus J Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Oslo , P.O. Box 1033, Blindern , 0315 Oslo , Norway.,Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences , University of Oslo , P.O. Box 1033, Blindern , 0315 Oslo , Norway
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Department of Chemistry , University of Oslo , P.O. Box 1033, Blindern , 0315 Oslo , Norway.,Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics , University of Innsbruck , 6020 Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Philipp Eichler
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics , University of Innsbruck , 6020 Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Markus Müller
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics , University of Innsbruck , 6020 Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Barbara D'Anna
- IRCELYON, CNRS, University of Lyon , 69626 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Naomi J Farren
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry , University of York , York YO10 5DD , United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline F Hamilton
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry , University of York , York YO10 5DD , United Kingdom
| | - Jan B C Pettersson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Atmospheric Science , University of Gothenburg , 41296 Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Mattias Hallquist
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Atmospheric Science , University of Gothenburg , 41296 Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Simen Antonsen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science , Norwegian University of Life Sciences , P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås , Norway
| | - Yngve Stenstrøm
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science , Norwegian University of Life Sciences , P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås , Norway
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28
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Schripp T, Anderson B, Crosbie EC, Moore RH, Herrmann F, Oßwald P, Wahl C, Kapernaum M, Köhler M, Le Clercq P, Rauch B, Eichler P, Mikoviny T, Wisthaler A. Impact of Alternative Jet Fuels on Engine Exhaust Composition During the 2015 ECLIF Ground-Based Measurements Campaign. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:4969-4978. [PMID: 29601722 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b06244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The application of fuels from renewable sources ("alternative fuels") in aviation is important for the reduction of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions, but may also attribute to reduced release of particles from jet engines. The present experiment describes ground-based measurements in the framework of the ECLIF (Emission and Climate Impact of Alternative Fuels) campaign using an Airbus A320 (V2527-A5 engines) burning six fuels of chemically different composition. Two reference Jet A-1 with slightly different chemical parameters were applied and further used in combination with a Fischer-Tropsch synthetic paraffinic kerosene (FT-SPK) to prepare three semi synthetic jet fuels (SSJF) of different aromatic content. In addition, one commercially available fully synthetic jet fuel (FSJF) featured the lowest aromatic content of the fuel selection. Neither the release of nitrogen oxide or carbon monoxide was significantly affected by the different fuel composition. The measured particle emission indices showed a reduction up to 50% (number) and 70% (mass) for two alternative jet fuels (FSJF, SSJF2) at low power settings in comparison to the reference fuels. The reduction is less pronounced at higher operating conditions but the release of particle number and particle mass is still significantly lower for the alternative fuels than for both reference fuels. The observed correlation between emitted particle mass and fuel aromatics is not strict. Here, the H/C ratio is a better indicator for soot emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Schripp
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Combustion Technology , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Bruce Anderson
- NASA Langley Research Center , Hampton , Virginia 23666 , United States
| | - Ewan C Crosbie
- NASA Langley Research Center , Hampton , Virginia 23666 , United States
| | - Richard H Moore
- NASA Langley Research Center , Hampton , Virginia 23666 , United States
| | - Friederike Herrmann
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Combustion Technology , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Patrick Oßwald
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Combustion Technology , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Claus Wahl
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Combustion Technology , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Manfred Kapernaum
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Combustion Technology , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Markus Köhler
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Combustion Technology , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Patrick Le Clercq
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Combustion Technology , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Bastian Rauch
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Combustion Technology , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Philipp Eichler
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik , Universität Innsbruck , 6020 Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Tomas Mikoviny
- Department of Chemistry , University of Oslo , Blindern , 0371 Oslo , Norway
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik , Universität Innsbruck , 6020 Innsbruck , Austria
- Department of Chemistry , University of Oslo , Blindern , 0371 Oslo , Norway
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29
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Sanchez KJ, Chen CL, Russell LM, Betha R, Liu J, Price DJ, Massoli P, Ziemba LD, Crosbie EC, Moore RH, Müller M, Schiller SA, Wisthaler A, Lee AKY, Quinn PK, Bates TS, Porter J, Bell TG, Saltzman ES, Vaillancourt RD, Behrenfeld MJ. Substantial Seasonal Contribution of Observed Biogenic Sulfate Particles to Cloud Condensation Nuclei. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3235. [PMID: 29459666 PMCID: PMC5818515 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21590-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Biogenic sources contribute to cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) in the clean marine atmosphere, but few measurements exist to constrain climate model simulations of their importance. The chemical composition of individual atmospheric aerosol particles showed two types of sulfate-containing particles in clean marine air masses in addition to mass-based Estimated Salt particles. Both types of sulfate particles lack combustion tracers and correlate, for some conditions, to atmospheric or seawater dimethyl sulfide (DMS) concentrations, which means their source was largely biogenic. The first type is identified as New Sulfate because their large sulfate mass fraction (63% sulfate) and association with entrainment conditions means they could have formed by nucleation in the free troposphere. The second type is Added Sulfate particles (38% sulfate), because they are preexisting particles onto which additional sulfate condensed. New Sulfate particles accounted for 31% (7 cm-3) and 33% (36 cm-3) CCN at 0.1% supersaturation in late-autumn and late-spring, respectively, whereas sea spray provided 55% (13 cm-3) in late-autumn but only 4% (4 cm-3) in late-spring. Our results show a clear seasonal difference in the marine CCN budget, which illustrates how important phytoplankton-produced DMS emissions are for CCN in the North Atlantic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Sanchez
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chia-Li Chen
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lynn M Russell
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Raghu Betha
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jun Liu
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Derek J Price
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Ewan C Crosbie
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
- Science Systems and Applications Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
| | | | - Markus Müller
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sven A Schiller
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- The Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alex K Y Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Timothy S Bates
- Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, NOAA, Seattle, WA, USA
- Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jack Porter
- The Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Thomas G Bell
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth, United Kingdom
- The Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Eric S Saltzman
- The Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Mike J Behrenfeld
- The Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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30
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Müller M, Eichler P, D'Anna B, Tan W, Wisthaler A. Direct Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheric Particulate Organic Matter by Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2017; 89:10889-10897. [PMID: 28911223 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report on a new method for analyzing atmospheric submicrometer particulate organic matter which combines direct particle sampling and volatilization with online chemical ionization mass spectrometric analysis. Technically, the method relies on the combined use of a CHARON ("Chemical Analysis of Aerosol Online") particle inlet and a proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS). Laboratory studies on target analytes showed that the ionization conditions in the PTR-ToF-MS lead to extensive fragmentation of levoglucosan and cis-pinonic acid, while protonated oleic acid and 5α-cholestane molecules remain intact. Potential problems and biases in quantitative and qualitative analyses are discussed. Side-by-side atmospheric comparison measurements of total particulate organic mass and levoglucosan with an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) were in good agreement. Complex and clearly distinct organic mass spectra were obtained from atmospheric measurements in three European cities (Lyon, Valencia, Innsbruck). Data visualization in reduced-parameter frameworks (e.g., oxidation state of carbon vs carbon number) revealed that the CHARON-PTR-ToF-MS technique adds significant analytical capabilities for characterizing particulate organic carbon in the Earth's atmosphere. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was used for apportioning sources of atmospheric particles in late fall in Innsbruck. The m/z signatures of known source marker compounds (levoglucosan and resin acids, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nicotine) in the mass spectra were used to assign PMF factors to biomass burning, traffic, and smoking emission sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Müller
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck , Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Ionicon Analytik GmbH, Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Philipp Eichler
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck , Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Barbara D'Anna
- CNRS, UMR5256, IRCELYON, Institut de recherches sur la catalyse et l'environnement de Lyon, Université de Lyon , 2 Avenue Albert Einstein, Villeurbanne, Lyon, 69626, France
| | - Wen Tan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo , Postboks 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck , Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo , Postboks 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
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31
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Pfister GG, Reddy P, Barth MC, Flocke FF, Fried A, Herndon SC, Sive BC, Sullivan JT, Thompson AM, Yacovitch TI, Weinheimer AJ, Wisthaler A. Using observations and source specific model tracers to characterize pollutant transport during FRAPPÉ and DISCOVER-AQ. J Geophys Res Atmos 2017; 122:10510-10538. [PMID: 33006328 PMCID: PMC7526682 DOI: 10.1002/2017jd027257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Transport is a key parameter in air quality research and plays a dominant role in the Colorado Northern Front Range Metropolitan Area (NFRMA), where terrain induced flows and recirculation patterns can lead to vigorous mixing of different emission sources. To assess different transport processes and their connection to air quality in the NFRMA during the FRAPPÉ and DISCOVER-AQ campaigns in summer 2014, we use the Weather Research and Forecasting Model with inert tracers. Overall, the model represents well the measured winds and the inert tracers are in good agreement with observations of comparable trace gas concentrations. The model tracers support the analysis of surface wind and ozone measurements and allow for the analysis of transport patterns and interactions of emissions. A main focus of this study is on characterizing pollution transport from the NFRMA to the mountains by mountain-valley flows and the potential for recirculating pollution back into the NFRMA. One such event on 12 August 2014 was well captured by the aircraft and is studied in more detail. The model represents the flow conditions and demonstrates that during upslope events, frequently there is a separation of air masses that are heavily influenced by oil and gas emissions to the North and dominated by urban emissions to the South. This case study provides evidence that NFRMA pollution not only can impact the nearby Foothills and mountain areas to the East of the Continental Divide, but that pollution can "spill over" into the valleys to the West of the Continental Divide.
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Affiliation(s)
- G G Pfister
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - P Reddy
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- formerly Air Pollution Control Division, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - M C Barth
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - F F Flocke
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - A Fried
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - S C Herndon
- Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts, USA
| | - B C Sive
- Air Resources Division, National Park Service, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - J T Sullivan
- Earth Sciences Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - A M Thompson
- Earth Sciences Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - T I Yacovitch
- Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts, USA
| | - A J Weinheimer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - A Wisthaler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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32
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Morken AK, Pedersen S, Kleppe ER, Wisthaler A, Vernstad K, Ullestad Ø, Flø NE, Faramarzi L, Hamborg ES. Degradation and Emission Results of Amine Plant Operations from MEA Testing at the CO2 Technology Centre Mongstad. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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33
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Lakey PSJ, Wisthaler A, Berkemeier T, Mikoviny T, Pöschl U, Shiraiwa M. Chemical kinetics of multiphase reactions between ozone and human skin lipids: Implications for indoor air quality and health effects. Indoor Air 2017; 27:816-828. [PMID: 27943451 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ozone reacts with skin lipids such as squalene, generating an array of organic compounds, some of which can act as respiratory or skin irritants. Thus, it is important to quantify and predict the formation of these products under different conditions in indoor environments. We developed the kinetic multilayer model that explicitly resolves mass transport and chemical reactions at the skin and in the gas phase (KM-SUB-Skin). It can reproduce the concentrations of ozone and organic compounds in previous measurements and new experiments. This enabled the spatial and temporal concentration profiles in the skin oil and underlying skin layers to be resolved. Upon exposure to ~30 ppb ozone, the concentrations of squalene ozonolysis products in the gas phase and in the skin reach up to several ppb and on the order of ~10 mmol m-3 . Depending on various factors including the number of people, room size, and air exchange rates, concentrations of ozone can decrease substantially due to reactions with skin lipids. Ozone and dicarbonyls quickly react away in the upper layers of the skin, preventing them from penetrating deeply into the skin and hence reaching the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S J Lakey
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - A Wisthaler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - T Berkemeier
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - T Mikoviny
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - U Pöschl
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - M Shiraiwa
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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34
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Ortega A, Shingler T, Crosbie E, Wonaschütz A, Froyd K, Gao RS, Schwarz J, Perring A, Beyersdorf A, Ziemba L, Jimenez J, Jost PC, Wisthaler A, Russell L, Sorooshian A. Ambient observations of sub-1.0 hygroscopic growth factor and f(RH) values: Case studies from surface and airborne measurements. J Geophys Res Atmos 2016; 121:661-677. [PMID: 33489645 PMCID: PMC7821680 DOI: 10.1002/2016jd025471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This study reports on the first set of ambient observations of sub-1.0 hygroscopicity values (i.e., growth factor, ratio of humidified-to-dry diameter, GF=D p,wet /D p,dry and f(RH), ratio of humidified-to-dry scattering coefficients, less than 1) with consistency across different instruments, regions, and platforms. We utilized data from (i) a shipboard humidified tandem differential mobility analyzer (HTDMA) during Eastern Pacific Emitted Aerosol Cloud Experiment (E-PEACE) in 2011, (ii) multiple instruments on the DC-8 aircraft during Studies of Emissions, Atmospheric Composition, Clouds and Climate Coupling by Regional Surveys (SEAC4RS) in 2013, as well as (iii) the Differential Aerosol Sizing and Hygroscopicity Spectrometer Probe (DASH-SP) during measurement intensives during Summer 2014 and Winter 2015 in Tucson, Arizona. Sub-1.0 GFs were observed across the range of relative humidity (RH) investigated (75-95%), and did not show a RH-dependent trend in value below 1.0 or frequency of occurrence. A commonality between suppressed hygroscopicity in these experiments, including sub-1.0 GF, was the presence of smoke. Evidence of externally mixed aerosol, and thus multiple GFs, was observed during smoke periods resulting in at least one mode with GF < 1. Time periods during which the DASH-SP detected externally mixed aerosol coincide with sub-1.0 f(RH) observations. Mechanisms responsible for sub-1.0 hygroscopicity are discussed and include refractive index (RI) modifications due to aqueous processing, particle restructuring, and volatilization effects. To further investigate ambient observations of sub-1.0 GFs, f(RH), and particle restructuring, modifying hygroscopicity instruments with pre-humidification modules is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Ortega
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Taylor Shingler
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | | | - Karl Froyd
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Ru-Shan Gao
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Joshua Schwarz
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Anne Perring
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Luke Ziemba
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Jose Jimenez
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Pedro Campuzano Jost
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lynn Russell
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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35
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Schroeder JR, Crawford JH, Fried A, Walega J, Weinheimer A, Wisthaler A, Müller M, Mikoviny T, Chen G, Shook M, Blake DR, Diskin G, Estes M, Thompson AM, Lefer BL, Long R, Mattson E. Formaldehyde column density measurements as a suitable pathway to estimate near-surface ozone tendencies from space. J Geophys Res Atmos 2016; 121:13088-13112. [PMID: 32812915 PMCID: PMC7430524 DOI: 10.1002/2016jd025419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In support of future satellite missions that aim to address the current shortcomings in measuring air quality from space, NASA's Deriving Information on Surface Conditions from Column and Vertically Resolved Observations Relevant to Air Quality (DISCOVER-AQ) field campaign was designed to enable exploration of relationships between column measurements of trace species relevant to air quality at high spatial and temporal resolution. In the DISCOVER-AQ data set, a modest correlation (r 2 = 0.45) between ozone (O3) and formaldehyde (CH2O) column densities was observed. Further analysis revealed regional variability in the O3-CH2O relationship, with Maryland having a strong relationship when data were viewed temporally and Houston having a strong relationship when data were viewed spatially. These differences in regional behavior are attributed to differences in volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. In Maryland, biogenic VOCs were responsible for ~28% of CH2O formation within the boundary layer column, causing CH2O to, in general, increase monotonically throughout the day. In Houston, persistent anthropogenic emissions dominated the local hydrocarbon environment, and no discernable diurnal trend in CH2O was observed. Box model simulations suggested that ambient CH2O mixing ratios have a weak diurnal trend (±20% throughout the day) due to photochemical effects, and that larger diurnal trends are associated with changes in hydrocarbon precursors. Finally, mathematical relationships were developed from first principles and were able to replicate the different behaviors seen in Maryland and Houston. While studies would be necessary to validate these results and determine the regional applicability of the O3-CH2O relationship, the results presented here provide compelling insight into the ability of future satellite missions to aid in monitoring near-surface air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Schroeder
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA
- NASA Postdoctoral Program, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Alan Fried
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - James Walega
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Armin Wisthaler
- Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Markus Müller
- Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tomas Mikoviny
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gao Chen
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA
| | - Michael Shook
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA
| | - Donald R Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Glenn Diskin
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA
| | - Mark Estes
- Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Anne M Thompson
- Department of Meteorology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Barry L Lefer
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Science, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
- Now at NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Russell Long
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Eric Mattson
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, Colorado, USA
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Bunkan AJC, Mikoviny T, Nielsen CJ, Wisthaler A, Zhu L. Experimental and Theoretical Study of the OH-Initiated Photo-oxidation of Formamide. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:1222-30. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arne Joakim C. Bunkan
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of
Chemistry, and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tomas Mikoviny
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of
Chemistry, and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Claus J. Nielsen
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of
Chemistry, and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of
Chemistry, and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Liang Zhu
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of
Chemistry, and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
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37
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Fisher JA, Jacob DJ, Travis KR, Kim PS, Marais EA, Miller CC, Yu K, Zhu L, Yantosca RM, Sulprizio MP, Mao J, Wennberg PO, Crounse JD, Teng AP, Nguyen TB, St Clair JM, Cohen RC, Romer P, Nault BA, Wooldridge PJ, Jimenez JL, Campuzano-Jost P, Day DA, Hu W, Shepson PB, Xiong F, Blake DR, Goldstein AH, Misztal PK, Hanisco TF, Wolfe GM, Ryerson TB, Wisthaler A, Mikoviny T. Organic nitrate chemistry and its implications for nitrogen budgets in an isoprene- and monoterpene-rich atmosphere: constraints from aircraft (SEAC 4RS) and ground-based (SOAS) observations in the Southeast US. Atmos Chem Phys 2016; 16:5969-5991. [PMID: 29681921 PMCID: PMC5906813 DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-5969-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Formation of organic nitrates (RONO2) during oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs: isoprene, monoterpenes) is a significant loss pathway for atmospheric nitrogen oxide radicals (NOx), but the chemistry of RONO2 formation and degradation remains uncertain. Here we implement a new BVOC oxidation mechanism (including updated isoprene chemistry, new monoterpene chemistry, and particle uptake of RONO2) in the GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model with ∼25 × 25 km2 resolution over North America. We evaluate the model using aircraft (SEAC4RS) and ground-based (SOAS) observations of NOx, BVOCs, and RONO2 from the Southeast US in summer 2013. The updated simulation successfully reproduces the concentrations of individual gas- and particle-phase RONO2 species measured during the campaigns. Gas-phase isoprene nitrates account for 25-50% of observed RONO2 in surface air, and we find that another 10% is contributed by gas-phase monoterpene nitrates. Observations in the free troposphere show an important contribution from long-lived nitrates derived from anthropogenic VOCs. During both campaigns, at least 10% of observed boundary layer RONO2 were in the particle phase. We find that aerosol uptake followed by hydrolysis to HNO3 accounts for 60% of simulated gas-phase RONO2 loss in the boundary layer. Other losses are 20% by photolysis to recycle NOx and 15% by dry deposition. RONO2 production accounts for 20% of the net regional NOx sink in the Southeast US in summer, limited by the spatial segregation between BVOC and NOx emissions. This segregation implies that RONO2 production will remain a minor sink for NOx in the Southeast US in the future even as NOx emissions continue to decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Fisher
- Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - D J Jacob
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - K R Travis
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - P S Kim
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - E A Marais
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - C Chan Miller
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - K Yu
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - L Zhu
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - R M Yantosca
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M P Sulprizio
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - J Mao
- Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - P O Wennberg
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - J D Crounse
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - A P Teng
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - T B Nguyen
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Now at Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - J M St Clair
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Now at Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA and Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - R C Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - P Romer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - B A Nault
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Now at Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - P J Wooldridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - J L Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - P Campuzano-Jost
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - D A Day
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - W Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - P B Shepson
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - F Xiong
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - D R Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - A H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - P K Misztal
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - T F Hanisco
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - G M Wolfe
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - T B Ryerson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Lab, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - A Wisthaler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - T Mikoviny
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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38
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Nault BA, Garland C, Wooldridge PJ, Brune WH, Campuzano-Jost P, Crounse JD, Day DA, Dibb J, Hall SR, Huey LG, Jimenez JL, Liu X, Mao J, Mikoviny T, Peischl J, Pollack IB, Ren X, Ryerson TB, Scheuer E, Ullmann K, Wennberg PO, Wisthaler A, Zhang L, Cohen RC. Observational Constraints on the Oxidation of NOx in the Upper Troposphere. J Phys Chem A 2015; 120:1468-78. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b07824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - William H. Brune
- Department
of Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Pedro Campuzano-Jost
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences and Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | | | - Douglas A. Day
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences and Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jack Dibb
- Earth
Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth Oceans and
Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
| | - Samuel R. Hall
- Atmospheric
Chemistry Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, Colorado 80307, United States
| | - L. Gregory Huey
- School of
Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - José L. Jimenez
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences and Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Xiaoxi Liu
- School of
Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Jingqiu Mao
- Geophyiscal
Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Tomas Mikoviny
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Jeff Peischl
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Earth System Research Lab, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Ilana B. Pollack
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Earth System Research Lab, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Xinrong Ren
- Air Resources
Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Thomas B. Ryerson
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Earth System Research Lab, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Eric Scheuer
- Earth
Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth Oceans and
Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
| | - Kirk Ullmann
- Atmospheric
Chemistry Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, Colorado 80307, United States
| | | | - Armin Wisthaler
- Institute
of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Li Zhang
- Department
of Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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39
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Liao J, Froyd KD, Murphy DM, Keutsch FN, Yu G, Wennberg PO, St Clair JM, Crounse JD, Wisthaler A, Mikoviny T, Jimenez JL, Campuzano-Jost P, Day DA, Hu W, Ryerson TB, Pollack IB, Peischl J, Anderson BE, Ziemba LD, Blake DR, Meinardi S, Diskin G. Airborne measurements of organosulfates over the continental U.S. J Geophys Res Atmos 2015; 120:2990-3005. [PMID: 26702368 PMCID: PMC4677836 DOI: 10.1002/2014jd022378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Organosulfates are important secondary organic aerosol (SOA) components and good tracers for aerosol heterogeneous reactions. However, the knowledge of their spatial distribution, formation conditions, and environmental impact is limited. In this study, we report two organosulfates, an isoprene-derived isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX) (2,3-epoxy-2-methyl-1,4-butanediol) sulfate and a glycolic acid (GA) sulfate, measured using the NOAA Particle Analysis Laser Mass Spectrometer (PALMS) on board the NASA DC8 aircraft over the continental U.S. during the Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry Experiment (DC3) and the Studies of Emissions and Atmospheric Composition, Clouds, and Climate Coupling by Regional Surveys (SEAC4RS). During these campaigns, IEPOX sulfate was estimated to account for 1.4% of submicron aerosol mass (or 2.2% of organic aerosol mass) on average near the ground in the southeast U.S., with lower concentrations in the western U.S. (0.2-0.4%) and at high altitudes (<0.2%). Compared to IEPOX sulfate, GA sulfate was more uniformly distributed, accounting for about 0.5% aerosol mass on average, and may be more abundant globally. A number of other organosulfates were detected; none were as abundant as these two. Ambient measurements confirmed that IEPOX sulfate is formed from isoprene oxidation and is a tracer for isoprene SOA formation. The organic precursors of GA sulfate may include glycolic acid and likely have both biogenic and anthropogenic sources. Higher aerosol acidity as measured by PALMS and relative humidity tend to promote IEPOX sulfate formation, and aerosol acidity largely drives in situ GA sulfate formation at high altitudes. This study suggests that the formation of aerosol organosulfates depends not only on the appropriate organic precursors but also on emissions of anthropogenic sulfur dioxide (SO2), which contributes to aerosol acidity. KEY POINTS IEPOX sulfate is an isoprene SOA tracer at acidic and low NO conditions Glycolic acid sulfate may be more abundant than IEPOX sulfate globally SO2 impacts IEPOX sulfate by increasing aerosol acidity and water uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Liao
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAABoulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Karl D Froyd
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAABoulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Daniel M Murphy
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAABoulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Frank N Keutsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, Wisconsin, USA
- Now at Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard UniversityCambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ge Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Paul O Wennberg
- Division of Geology & Planetary SciencesPasadena, California, USA
- Division of Engineering and Applied SciencePasadena, California, USA
| | - Jason M St Clair
- Division of Geology & Planetary SciencesPasadena, California, USA
| | - John D Crounse
- Division of Geology & Planetary SciencesPasadena, California, USA
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Leopold-Franzens Universität InnsbruckInnsbruck, Austria
- Now at Department of Chemistry, University of OlsoOslo, Norway
| | - Tomas Mikoviny
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Leopold-Franzens Universität InnsbruckInnsbruck, Austria
- Now at Department of Chemistry, University of OlsoOslo, Norway
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Pedro Campuzano-Jost
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Douglas A Day
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Weiwei Hu
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Thomas B Ryerson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAABoulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Ilana B Pollack
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAABoulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Jeff Peischl
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAABoulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA
| | | | | | - Donald R Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of CaliforniaIrvine, California, USA
| | - Simone Meinardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of CaliforniaIrvine, California, USA
| | - Glenn Diskin
- NASA Langley Research CenterHampton, Virginia, USA
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40
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Nozière B, Kalberer M, Claeys M, Allan J, D'Anna B, Decesari S, Finessi E, Glasius M, Grgić I, Hamilton JF, Hoffmann T, Iinuma Y, Jaoui M, Kahnt A, Kampf CJ, Kourtchev I, Maenhaut W, Marsden N, Saarikoski S, Schnelle-Kreis J, Surratt JD, Szidat S, Szmigielski R, Wisthaler A. The molecular identification of organic compounds in the atmosphere: state of the art and challenges. Chem Rev 2015; 115:3919-83. [PMID: 25647604 DOI: 10.1021/cr5003485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Nozière
- †Ircelyon/CNRS and Université Lyon 1, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | - Barbara D'Anna
- †Ircelyon/CNRS and Université Lyon 1, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | - Irena Grgić
- ○National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | - Yoshiteru Iinuma
- ¶Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Ivan Kourtchev
- ‡University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Willy Maenhaut
- §University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium.,□Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Jason D Surratt
- ▼University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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41
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Bunkan AJC, Hetzler J, Mikoviny T, Wisthaler A, Nielsen CJ, Olzmann M. The reactions of N-methylformamide and N,N-dimethylformamide with OH and their photo-oxidation under atmospheric conditions: experimental and theoretical studies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:7046-59. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05805d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The atmospheric oxidation of amides is studied with a combination of laser photolysis and smog chamber experiments along with quantum chemical and statistical rate theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Joakim C. Bunkan
- Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oslo
- 0315 Oslo
- Norway
| | - Jens Hetzler
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Tomáš Mikoviny
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics
- University of Innsbruck
- A-6020 Innsbruck
- Austria
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics
- University of Innsbruck
- A-6020 Innsbruck
- Austria
| | - Claus J. Nielsen
- Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oslo
- 0315 Oslo
- Norway
| | - Matthias Olzmann
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
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42
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Maguta MM, Aursnes M, Bunkan AJC, Edelen K, Mikoviny T, Nielsen CJ, Stenstrøm Y, Tang Y, Wisthaler A. Atmospheric Fate of Nitramines: An Experimental and Theoretical Study of the OH Reactions with CH3NHNO2 and (CH3)2NNO2. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:3450-62. [DOI: 10.1021/jp500305w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mihayo Musabila Maguta
- Centre
for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.
O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marius Aursnes
- Norwegian
University of Life Sciences, IKBM, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Aas, Norway
| | - Arne Joakim Coldevin Bunkan
- Centre
for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.
O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Katie Edelen
- Centre
for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.
O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tomáš Mikoviny
- Centre
for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.
O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Claus Jørgen Nielsen
- Centre
for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.
O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Yngve Stenstrøm
- Norwegian
University of Life Sciences, IKBM, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Aas, Norway
| | - Yizhen Tang
- School
of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao Technological University, Fushun Road 11, 266033 Qingdao, Shandong P.R. China
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Centre
for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.
O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
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43
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Morken AK, Nenseter B, Pedersen S, Chhaganlal M, Feste JK, Tyborgnes RB, Ullestad Ø, Ulvatn H, Zhu L, Mikoviny T, Wisthaler A, Cents T, Bade OM, Knudsen J, de Koeijer G, Falk-Pedersen O, Hamborg ES. Emission Results of Amine Plant Operations from MEA Testing at the CO2 Technology Centre Mongstad. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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44
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Kohl I, Beauchamp J, Cakar-Beck F, Herbig J, Dunkl J, Tietje O, Tiefenthaler M, Boesmueller C, Wisthaler A, Breitenlechner M, Langebner S, Zabernigg A, Reinstaller F, Winkler K, Gutmann R, Hansel A. First observation of a potential non-invasive breath gas biomarker for kidney function. J Breath Res 2013; 7:017110. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/7/1/017110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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45
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Sahu LK, Kondo Y, Moteki N, Takegawa N, Zhao Y, Cubison MJ, Jimenez JL, Vay S, Diskin GS, Wisthaler A, Mikoviny T, Huey LG, Weinheimer AJ, Knapp DJ. Emission characteristics of black carbon in anthropogenic and biomass burning plumes over California during ARCTAS-CARB 2008. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd017401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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46
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Matsui H, Kondo Y, Moteki N, Takegawa N, Sahu LK, Koike M, Zhao Y, Fuelberg HE, Sessions WR, Diskin G, Anderson BE, Blake DR, Wisthaler A, Cubison MJ, Jimenez JL. Accumulation-mode aerosol number concentrations in the Arctic during the ARCTAS aircraft campaign: Long-range transport of polluted and clean air from the Asian continent. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Vay SA, Choi Y, Vadrevu KP, Blake DR, Tyler SC, Wisthaler A, Hecobian A, Kondo Y, Diskin GS, Sachse GW, Woo JH, Weinheimer AJ, Burkhart JF, Stohl A, Wennberg PO. Patterns of CO2and radiocarbon across high northern latitudes during International Polar Year 2008. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd015643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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48
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Kondo Y, Matsui H, Moteki N, Sahu L, Takegawa N, Kajino M, Zhao Y, Cubison MJ, Jimenez JL, Vay S, Diskin GS, Anderson B, Wisthaler A, Mikoviny T, Fuelberg HE, Blake DR, Huey G, Weinheimer AJ, Knapp DJ, Brune WH. Emissions of black carbon, organic, and inorganic aerosols from biomass burning in North America and Asia in 2008. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Matsui H, Kondo Y, Moteki N, Takegawa N, Sahu LK, Zhao Y, Fuelberg HE, Sessions WR, Diskin G, Blake DR, Wisthaler A, Koike M. Seasonal variation of the transport of black carbon aerosol from the Asian continent to the Arctic during the ARCTAS aircraft campaign. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Nielsen CJ, D’Anna B, Dye C, Graus M, Karl M, King S, Maguto MM, Müller M, Schmidbauer N, Stenstrøm Y, Wisthaler A, Pedersen S. Atmospheric chemistry of 2-aminoethanol (MEA). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2011.02.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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