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Thomas SP, Singh A, Grosjean A, Alhameedi K, Grønbech TBE, Piltz R, Edwards AJ, Iversen BB. The Ambiguous Origin of Thermochromism in Molecular Crystals of Dichalcogenides: Chalcogen Bonds versus Dynamic Se-Se/Te-Te Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311044. [PMID: 37718313 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
We report thermochromism in crystals of diphenyl diselenide (dpdSe) and diphenyl ditelluride (dpdTe), which is at variance with the commonly known mechanisms of thermochromism in molecular crystals. Variable temperature neutron diffraction studies indicated no conformational change, tautomerization or phase transition between 100 K and 295 K. High-pressure crystallography studies indicated no associated piezochromism in dpdSe and dpdTe crystals. The evolution of the crystal structures and their electronic band structure with pressure and temperature reveal the contributions of intramolecular and intermolecular factors towards the origin of thermochromism-especially the intermolecular Se⋅⋅⋅Se and Te⋅⋅⋅Te chalcogen bonds and torsional modes of vibrations around the dynamic Se-Se and Te-Te bonds. Further, a co-crystal of dpdSe with iodine (dpdSe-I2 ) and an alloy crystal of dpdSe and dpdTe implied a predominantly intramolecular origin of the observed thermochromism associated with vibronic coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajesh P Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
- Department of Chemistry and iNano, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Ashi Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Arnaud Grosjean
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076 (Taiwan)
| | - Khidhir Alhameedi
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Thomas Bjørn E Grønbech
- Department of Chemistry and iNano, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Ross Piltz
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, ANSTO, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Alison J Edwards
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, ANSTO, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Bo B Iversen
- Department of Chemistry and iNano, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
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2
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Vosegaard ES, Ahlburg JV, Krause L, Iversen BB. Comparative study of conventional and synchrotron X-ray electron densities on molecular crystals. Acta Crystallogr B Struct Sci Cryst Eng Mater 2023; 79:380-391. [PMID: 37669152 PMCID: PMC10552600 DOI: 10.1107/s2052520623006625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Five different electron density datasets obtained from conventional and synchrotron single crystal X-ray diffraction experiments are compared. The general aim of the study is to investigate the quality of data for electron density analysis from current state-of-the-art conventional sources, and to see how the data perform in comparison with high-quality synchrotron data. A molecular crystal of melamine was selected as the test compound due to its ability to form excellent single crystals, the light atom content, and an advantageous suitability factor of 3.6 for electron density modeling. These features make melamine an optimal system for conventional X-ray diffractometers since the inherent advantages of synchrotron sources such as short wavelength and high intensity are less critical in this case. Data were obtained at 100 K from new in-house diffractometers Rigaku Synergy-S (Mo and Ag source, HyPix100 detector) and Stoe Stadivari (Mo source, EIGER2 1M CdTe detector), and an older Oxford Diffraction Supernova (Mo source, Atlas CCD detector). The synchrotron data were obtained at 25 K from BL02B1 beamline at SPring-8 in Japan (λ = 0.2480 Å, Pilatus3 X 1M CdTe detector). The five datasets were compared on general quality parameters such as resolution, ⟨I/σ⟩, redundancy and R factors, as well as the more model specific fractal dimension plot and residual density maps. Comparison of the extracted electron densities reveals that all datasets can provide reliable multipole models, which overall convey similar chemical information. However, the new laboratory X-ray diffractometers with advanced pixel detector technology clearly measure data with significantly less noise and much higher reliability giving densities of higher quality, compared to the older instrument. The synchrotron data have higher resolution and lower measurement temperature, and they allow for finer details to be modeled (e.g. hydrogen κ parameters).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie S. Vosegaard
- Center for Integrated Materials Research, Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Jakob V. Ahlburg
- Center for Integrated Materials Research, Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Lennard Krause
- Center for Integrated Materials Research, Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Bo B. Iversen
- Center for Integrated Materials Research, Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, DK-8000, Denmark
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3
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Zhang J, Ishikawa D, Koza MM, Nishibori E, Song L, Baron AQR, Iversen BB. Dynamic Lone Pair Expression as Chemical Bonding Origin of Giant Phonon Anharmonicity in Thermoelectric InTe. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218458. [PMID: 36696593 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Loosely bonded ("rattling") atoms with s2 lone pair electrons are usually associated with strong anharmonicity and unexpectedly low thermal conductivity, yet their detailed correlation remains largely unknown. Here we resolve this correlation in thermoelectric InTe by combining chemical bonding analysis, inelastic X-ray and neutron scattering, and first principles phonon calculations. We successfully probe soft low-lying transverse phonons dominated by large In1+ z-axis motions, and their giant anharmonicity. We show that the highly anharmonic phonons arise from the dynamic lone pair expression with unstable occupied antibonding states induced by the covalency between delocalized In1+ 5s2 lone pair electrons and Te 5p states. This work pinpoints the microscopic origin of strong anharmonicity driven by rattling atoms with stereochemical lone pair activity, important for designing efficient materials for thermoelectric energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Zhang
- Center for Integrated Materials Research, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.,State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Daisuke Ishikawa
- Materials Dynamics Laboratory, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, 679-5148, Hyogo, Japan.,Precision Spectroscopy Division, SPring-8/JASRI, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, 679-5198, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Michael M Koza
- Institut Laue Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042, Grenoble, France
| | - Eiji Nishibori
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8571, Japan
| | - Lirong Song
- Center for Integrated Materials Research, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Alfred Q R Baron
- Materials Dynamics Laboratory, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, 679-5148, Hyogo, Japan.,Precision Spectroscopy Division, SPring-8/JASRI, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, 679-5198, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Bo B Iversen
- Center for Integrated Materials Research, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
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Kløve M, Sommer S, Iversen BB, Hammer B, Dononelli W. A Machine-Learning-Based Approach for Solving Atomic Structures of Nanomaterials Combining Pair Distribution Functions with Density Functional Theory. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2208220. [PMID: 36630711 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202208220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Determination of crystal structures of nanocrystalline or amorphous compounds is a great challenge in solid-state chemistry and physics. Pair distribution function (PDF) analysis of X-ray or neutron total scattering data has proven to be a key element in tackling this challenge. However, in most cases, a reliable structural motif is needed as a starting configuration for structure refinements. Here, an algorithm that is able to determine the crystal structure of an unknown compound by means of an on-the-fly trained machine learning model, which combines density functional theory calculations with comparison of calculated and measured PDFs for global optimization in an artificial landscape, is presented. Due to the nature of this landscape, even metastable configurations and stacking disorders can be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Kløve
- Center for Integrated Materials Research, Department of Chemistry and iNano, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Sanna Sommer
- Center for Integrated Materials Research, Department of Chemistry and iNano, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Bo B Iversen
- Center for Integrated Materials Research, Department of Chemistry and iNano, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Bjørk Hammer
- Center for Interstellar Catalysis, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, Aarhus, C 8000, Denmark
| | - Wilke Dononelli
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science and Hybrid Materials Interfaces Group, Bremen University, 28359, Bremen, Germany
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Koch RJ, Roth N, Liu Y, Ivashko O, Dippel AC, Petrovic C, Iversen BB, v. Zimmermann M, Bozin ES. On single-crystal total scattering data reduction and correction protocols for analysis in direct space. Corrigendum. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2022; 78:515. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053273322009081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The name of the third author of the article by Koch et al. [Acta Cryst. (2021). A77, 611–636] is corrected.
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6
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Vosegaard ES, Thomsen MK, Krause L, Grønbech TBE, Mamakhel A, Takahashi S, Nishibori E, Iversen BB. Synchrotron X-ray Electron Density Analysis of Chemical Bonding in the Graphitic Carbon Nitride Precursor Melamine. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201295. [PMID: 35760733 PMCID: PMC9804335 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Melamine is a precursor and building block for graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) materials, a group of layered materials showing great promise for catalytic applications. The synthetic pathway to g-CN includes a polycondensation reaction of melamine by evaporation of ammonia. Melamine molecules in the crystal organize into wave-like planes with an interlayer distance of 3.3 Å similar to that of g-CN. Here we present an extensive investigation of the experimental electron density of melamine obtained from modelling of synchrotron radiation X-ray single-crystal diffraction data measured at 25 K with special focus on the molecular geometry and intermolecular interactions. Both intra- and interlayer structures are dominated by hydrogen bonding and π-interactions. Theoretical gas-phase optimizations of the experimental molecular geometry show that bond lengths and angles for atoms in the same chemical environment (C-N bonds in the ring, amine groups) differ significantly more for the experimental geometry than for the gas-phase-optimized geometries, indicating that intermolecular interactions in the crystal affects the molecular geometry. In the experimental crystal geometry, one amine group has significantly more sp3 -like character than the others, hinting at a possible formation mechanism of g-CN. Topological analysis and energy frameworks show that the nitrogen atom in this amine group participates in weak intralayer hydrogen bonding. We hypothesize that melamine condenses to g-CN within the layers and that the unique amine group plays a key role in the condensation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie S. Vosegaard
- Department of Chemistry and iNANOAarhus UniversityLangelandsgade 1408000Aarhus CDenmark
| | - Maja K. Thomsen
- Department of Chemistry and iNANOAarhus UniversityLangelandsgade 1408000Aarhus CDenmark
| | - Lennard Krause
- Department of Chemistry and iNANOAarhus UniversityLangelandsgade 1408000Aarhus CDenmark
| | - Thomas B. E. Grønbech
- Department of Chemistry and iNANOAarhus UniversityLangelandsgade 1408000Aarhus CDenmark
| | - Aref Mamakhel
- Department of Chemistry and iNANOAarhus UniversityLangelandsgade 1408000Aarhus CDenmark
| | - Seiya Takahashi
- Department of PhysicsFaculty of Pure and Applied Sciences andTsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS)University of TsukubaTsukubaIbaraki305-8571Japan
| | - Eiji Nishibori
- Department of PhysicsFaculty of Pure and Applied Sciences andTsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS)University of TsukubaTsukubaIbaraki305-8571Japan
| | - Bo B. Iversen
- Department of Chemistry and iNANOAarhus UniversityLangelandsgade 1408000Aarhus CDenmark
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7
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Støckler K, Roth N, Grønbech TBE, Iversen BB. Epitaxial intergrowths and local oxide displacements in natural bixbyite. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2022. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053273322097790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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8
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Nielsen CL, Turtos RM, Bondesgaard M, Nyemann JS, Jensen ML, Iversen BB, Muren LP, Julsgaard B, Balling P. A Novel Nanocomposite Material for Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dosimetry. Nano Lett 2022; 22:1566-1572. [PMID: 35130696 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is a well-established and important treatment for cancer tumors, and advanced technologies can deliver doses in complex three-dimensional geometries tailored to each patient's specific anatomy. A 3D dosimeter, based on optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), could provide a high accuracy and reusable tool for verifying such dose delivery. Nanoparticles of an OSL material embedded in a transparent matrix have previously been proposed as an inexpensive dosimeter, which can be read out using laser-based methods. Here, we show that Cu-doped LiF nanocubes (nano-LiF:Cu) are excellent candidates for 3D OSL dosimetry owing to their high sensitivity, dose linearity, and stability at ambient conditions. We demonstrate a scalable synthesis technique producing a material with the attractive properties of a single dosimetric trap and a single near-ultraviolet emission line well separated from visible-light stimulation sources. The observed transparency and light yield of silicone sheets with embedded nanocubes hold promise for future 3D OSL-based dosimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla L Nielsen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Rosana M Turtos
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Jacob S Nyemann
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mads L Jensen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Bo B Iversen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ludvig P Muren
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Danish Center for Proton Therapy, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Brian Julsgaard
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Peter Balling
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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9
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Søndergaard-Pedersen F, Lakhotiya H, Bøjesen ED, Bondesgaard M, Myekhlai M, Benedetti TM, Gooding JJ, Tilley RD, Iversen BB. Highly efficient and stable Ru nanoparticle electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction in alkaline conditions. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy00177b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ru nanoparticles are prepared via solvothermal synthesis with allotropism control. Both fcc and hcp samples are active catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction, but the hcp sample is stable during 12 hour operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Søndergaard-Pedersen
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, DK8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- iNANO, Aarhus University, DK8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Harish Lakhotiya
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, DK8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- iNANO, Aarhus University, DK8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Martin Bondesgaard
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, DK8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- iNANO, Aarhus University, DK8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Munkhshur Myekhlai
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Tania M. Benedetti
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - J. Justin Gooding
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Richard D. Tilley
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Bo B. Iversen
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, DK8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- iNANO, Aarhus University, DK8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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10
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Zhang J, Roth N, Tolborg K, Takahashi S, Song L, Bondesgaard M, Nishibori E, Iversen BB. Direct observation of one-dimensional disordered diffusion channel in a chain-like thermoelectric with ultralow thermal conductivity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6709. [PMID: 34795243 PMCID: PMC8602660 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27007-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural disorder, highly effective in reducing thermal conductivity, is important in technological applications such as thermal barrier coatings and thermoelectrics. In particular, interstitial, disordered, diffusive atoms are common in complex crystal structures with ultralow thermal conductivity, but are rarely found in simple crystalline solids. Combining single-crystal synchrotron X-ray diffraction, the maximum entropy method, diffuse scattering, and theoretical calculations, here we report the direct observation of one-dimensional disordered In1+ chains in a simple chain-like thermoelectric InTe, which contains a significant In1+ vacancy along with interstitial indium sites. Intriguingly, the disordered In1+ chains undergo a static-dynamic transition with increasing temperature to form a one-dimensional diffusion channel, which is attributed to a low In1+-ion migration energy barrier along the c direction, a general feature in many other TlSe-type compounds. Our work provides a basis towards understanding ultralow thermal conductivity with weak temperature dependence in TlSe-type chain-like materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Zhang
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Nikolaj Roth
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kasper Tolborg
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Seiya Takahashi
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8571, Japan
| | - Lirong Song
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Martin Bondesgaard
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Eiji Nishibori
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8571, Japan
| | - Bo B Iversen
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus, Denmark.
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11
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Koch RJ, Roth N, Liu Y, Ivashko O, Dippel AC, Petrovic C, Iversen BB, V Zimmermann M, Bozin ES. On single-crystal total scattering data reduction and correction protocols for analysis in direct space. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2021; 77:611-636. [PMID: 34726636 DOI: 10.1107/s2053273321010159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Data reduction and correction steps and processed data reproducibility in the emerging single-crystal total-scattering-based technique of three-dimensional differential atomic pair distribution function (3D-ΔPDF) analysis are explored. All steps from sample measurement to data processing are outlined using a crystal of CuIr2S4 as an example, studied in a setup equipped with a high-energy X-ray beam and a flat-panel area detector. Computational overhead as pertains to data sampling and the associated data-processing steps is also discussed. Various aspects of the final 3D-ΔPDF reproducibility are explicitly tested by varying the data-processing order and included steps, and by carrying out a crystal-to-crystal data comparison. Situations in which the 3D-ΔPDF is robust are identified, and caution against a few particular cases which can lead to inconsistent 3D-ΔPDFs is noted. Although not all the approaches applied herein will be valid across all systems, and a more in-depth analysis of some of the effects of the data-processing steps may still needed, the methods collected herein represent the start of a more systematic discussion about data processing and corrections in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Koch
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Nikolaj Roth
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Yiu Liu
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Oleh Ivashko
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Cedomir Petrovic
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Bo B Iversen
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Emil S Bozin
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
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12
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Thomas R, Thomas SP, Lakhotiya H, Mamakhel AH, Bondesgaard M, Birkedal V, Iversen BB. Tuning of bandgaps and emission properties of light-emitting diode materials through homogeneous alloying in molecular crystals. Chem Sci 2021; 12:12391-12399. [PMID: 34603669 PMCID: PMC8480314 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03714e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alloy formation is ubiquitous in inorganic materials science, and it strongly depends on the similarity between the alloyed atoms. Since molecules have widely different shapes, sizes and bonding properties, it is highly challenging to make alloyed molecular crystals. Here we report the generation of homogenous molecular alloys of organic light emitting diode materials that leads to tuning in their bandgaps and fluorescence emission. Tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminium (Alq3) and its Ga, In and Cr analogues (Gaq3, Inq3, and Crq3) form homogeneous mixed crystal phases thereby resulting in binary, ternary and even quaternary molecular alloys. The MxM′(1−x)q3 alloy crystals are investigated using X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy on single crystal samples, and photoluminescence properties are measured on the exact same single crystal specimens. The different series of alloys exhibit distinct trends in their optical bandgaps compared with their parent crystals. In the AlxGa(1−x)q3 alloys the emission wavelengths lie in between those of the parent crystals, while the AlxIn(1−x)q3 and GaxIn(1−x)q3 alloys have red shifts. Intriguingly, efficient fluorescence quenching is observed for the MxCr(1−x)q3 alloys (M = Al, Ga) revealing the effect of paramagnetic molecular doping, and corroborating the molecular scale phase homogeneity. Multicomponent molecular alloy crystals exhibit intriguing effects of tuning and quenching in their photoluminescence, suggesting ‘alloy-crystal engineering’ as a useful design strategy for molecular functional materials.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshmi Thomas
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNano, Aarhus University Langelandsgade 140 Aarhus 8000 Denmark
| | - Sajesh P Thomas
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNano, Aarhus University Langelandsgade 140 Aarhus 8000 Denmark
| | - Harish Lakhotiya
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNano, Aarhus University Langelandsgade 140 Aarhus 8000 Denmark
| | - Aref H Mamakhel
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNano, Aarhus University Langelandsgade 140 Aarhus 8000 Denmark
| | - Martin Bondesgaard
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNano, Aarhus University Langelandsgade 140 Aarhus 8000 Denmark
| | - Victoria Birkedal
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNano) and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University Langelandsgade 140 Aarhus 8000 Denmark
| | - Bo B Iversen
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNano, Aarhus University Langelandsgade 140 Aarhus 8000 Denmark
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13
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Fischer KFF, Bjerg JH, Jørgensen LR, Iversen BB. Stability and Thermoelectric Properties of Zn 4Sb 3 with TiO 2 Nanoparticle Inclusions. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:45708-45716. [PMID: 34544237 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c11263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
β-Zn4Sb3 is a cheap nontoxic high-performance thermoelectric material, which unfortunately suffers from stability issues because of zinc migration in thermal and electrical gradients. Here, the thermoelectric properties and thermal stability of β-Zn4Sb3 mixed with varying sizes and weight percentages of TiO2 nanoparticles are investigated. Furthermore, the stability of pressed β-Zn4Sb3-TiO2 nanocomposite pellets is investigated by measuring high-energy synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) data during operating conditions using the Aarhus thermoelectric operando setup (ATOS). Through these studies, it is determined that TiO2 nanoparticle addition in pressed pellets of β-Zn4Sb3 does not prevent Zn migration, and even though effects are seen in the thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity, the overall zT remains unchanged regardless of TiO2 nanoinclusions. For the present samples, the Seebeck coefficients are unaffected by the addition of nanoparticles, and thus, there is no observed energy-filtering effect. The operando PXRD data reveal that the TiO2 nanoinclusions lower the degradation rate by up to 75%, but all samples eventually decompose. This is corroborated by long-term stability tests performed using a thermal gradient. In conclusion, TiO2 nanoinclusions do not degrade the excellent thermoelectric properties of β-Zn4Sb3, but the stabilizing effect is not sufficient for establishing long-term operating stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl F F Fischer
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Josephine H Bjerg
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lasse R Jørgensen
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bo B Iversen
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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14
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Dippel AC, Gutowski O, Roelsgaard M, Iversen BB, Sturm M, von Zimmermann M. Total scattering at grazing incidence to study real thin-film systems at variable temperature. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2021. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767321094162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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15
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Sarkar S, Mamakhel AH, Bondesgaard M, Reardon H, Iversen BB, Kasai H, Nishibori E. Thermal stability of glass forming metal–organic frameworks: role of metal–ligand bonding. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2021. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767321094058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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16
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Christensen RS, Kløve M, Roelsgaard M, Sommer S, Iversen BB. Unravelling the complex formation mechanism of HfO 2 nanocrystals using in situ pair distribution function analysis. Nanoscale 2021; 13:12711-12719. [PMID: 34477621 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr03044b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hafnia, HfO2, which is a wide band gap semiconducting oxide, is much less studied than the chemically similar zirconia (ZrO2). Here, we study the formation of hafnia nanocrystals from hafnium tetrachloride in methanol under solvothermal conditions (248 bar, 225-450 °C) using complementary in situ powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and Pair Distribution Function (PDF) analysis. The main structural motif of the precursor solution (HfCl4 dissolved in methanol) is a Hf oxide trimer with very similar local structure to that of m-HfO2. Different measurements on precursor solutions show large intensity variation for the Hf-Cl correlations signifying different extents of HCl elimation. A few seconds of heating lead to a correlation appearing at 3.9 Å corresponding to corner-sharing Hf-polyhedra in a disordered solid matrix. During the next minutes (depending on temperature) the disordered structure rearranges and the nearest neighbour Hf-Hf distance contracts while the Hf-O coordination number increases. After approximately 90 seconds (at T = 250 °C) the structural rearrangement terminates and 1-2 nm nanocrystals of m-HfO2 nucleate. Initially the m-HfO2 nanocrystals have significant disorder as reflected in large Hf atomic displacement parameter (ADP) values, but as the nanocrystals grow to 5-6 nm in size during extended heating, the Hf ADPs decrease toward the values obtained for ordered bulk structures. The nanocrystal growth is not well modelled by the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami expression reflecting that multiple complex chemical processes occur during this highly nonclassical nanocrystal formation under solvothermal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus S Christensen
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNano, Aarhus University, Denmark.
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17
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Dippel AC, Gutowski O, Roelsgaard M, Iversen BB, Sturm M, von Zimmermann M. In situ grazing-incidence total scattering: new in situ capabilities for pair distribution function analysis of thin films. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2021. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767321098512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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18
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Roth N, Beyer J, Fischer KFF, Xia K, Zhu T, Iversen BB. Tuneable local order in thermoelectric crystals. IUCrJ 2021; 8:695-702. [PMID: 34258017 PMCID: PMC8256708 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252521005479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although crystalline solids are characterized by their periodic structures, some are only periodic on average and deviate on a local scale. Such disordered crystals with distinct local structures have unique properties arising from both collective and localized behaviour. Different local orderings can exist with identical average structures, making their differences hidden to Bragg diffraction methods. Using high-quality single-crystal X-ray diffuse scattering the local order in thermoelectric half-Heusler Nb1-x CoSb is investigated, for which different local orderings are observed. It is shown that the vacancy distribution follows a vacancy repulsion model and the crystal composition is found always to be close to x = 1/6 irrespective of nominal sample composition. However, the specific synthesis method controls the local order and thereby the thermoelectric properties thus providing a new frontier for tuning material properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaj Roth
- Department of Chemistry and iNano, Aarhus University Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Jonas Beyer
- Department of Chemistry and iNano, Aarhus University Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Karl F. F. Fischer
- Department of Chemistry and iNano, Aarhus University Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Kaiyang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tiejun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo B. Iversen
- Department of Chemistry and iNano, Aarhus University Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
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19
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Song L, Roelsgaard M, Blichfeld AB, Dippel AC, Jensen KMØ, Zhang J, Iversen BB. Structural evolution in thermoelectric zinc antimonide thin films studied by in situ X-ray scattering techniques. IUCrJ 2021; 8:444-454. [PMID: 33953930 PMCID: PMC8086166 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252521002852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Zinc antimonides have been widely studied owing to their outstanding thermoelectric properties. Unlike in the bulk state, where various structurally unknown phases have been identified through their specific physical properties, a number of intermediate phases in the thin-film state remain largely unexplored. Here, in situ X-ray diffraction and X-ray total scattering are combined with in situ measurement of electrical resistivity to monitor the crystallization process of as-deposited amorphous Zn-Sb films during post-deposition annealing. The as-deposited Zn-Sb films undergo a structural evolution from an amorphous phase to an intermediate crystalline phase and finally the ZnSb phase during heat treatment up to 573 K. An intermediate phase (phase B) is identified to be a modified β-Zn8Sb7 phase by refinement of the X-ray diffraction data. Within a certain range of Sb content (∼42-55 at%) in the films, phase B is accompanied by an emerging Sb impurity phase. Lower Sb content leads to smaller amounts of Sb impurity and the formation of phase B at lower temperatures, and phase B is stable at room temperature if the annealing temperature is controlled. Pair distribution function analysis of the amorphous phase shows local ordered units of distorted ZnSb4 tetrahedra, and annealing leads to long-range ordering of these units to form the intermediate phase. A higher formation energy is required when the intermediate phase evolves into the ZnSb phase with a significantly more regular arrangement of ZnSb4 tetrahedra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Song
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Martin Roelsgaard
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, DK-8000, Denmark
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anders B. Blichfeld
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, DK-8000, Denmark
| | | | | | - Jiawei Zhang
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Bo B. Iversen
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, DK-8000, Denmark
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20
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Jakobsen HJ, Bildsøe H, Bondesgaard M, Iversen BB, Brorson M, Larsen FH, Gan Z, Hung I. Exciting Opportunities for Solid-State 95Mo NMR Studies of MoS 2 Nano-structures in Materials Research from Low to Ultra-high Magnetic Field (35.2 T). J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces 2021; 125:7824-7838. [PMID: 34262634 PMCID: PMC8276973 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c10522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state, natural-abundance 95Mo NMR experiments of four different MoS2 materials have been performed on a magnet B 0 = 19.6 T and on a new Series Connected Hybrid (SCH) magnet at 35.2 T. Employing two different 2H-MoS2 (2H phase) materials, a "pseudo-amorphous" MoS2 nano-material, and a MoS2 layer on the Al2O3 support of a hydrodesulphurization (HDS) catalyst have enabled introduction of solid-state 95Mo NMR as an important analytical tool in studies of MoS2 nano-materials. 95Mo spin-lattice relaxation time (T 1) studies of 160- and 4-layer 2H-MoS2 samples at 19.6 and 35.2 T show their relaxation rates (1/T 1) increase in proportion to B 0 2. This is in accord with chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) relaxation being the dominant T 1(95Mo) mechanism, with a large 95Mo CSA = 1025 ppm determined for all four MoS2 nano-materials. The dominant CSA mechanism suggests the MoS2 band-gap electrons are delocalized throughout the lattice-layer structures, thereby acting as a fast modulation source (ω oτc << 1) for 95Mo CSA in 2H-MoS2. A decrease in T 1(95Mo) is observed for an increase in B 0 field and for a decrease in the number of 2H-MoS2 layers. All four nano-materials exhibit identical 95Mo electric field gradient (EFG) parameters. The T 1 results account for the several failures to retrieve 95Mo spectral EFG and CSA parameters for multilayer 2H-MoS2 samples in the pioneering solid-state 95Mo NMR studies performed during the past two decades (1990-2010), because of the extremely long T 1(95Mo) = ~200-250 s observed at low B 0 (~9.4 T) used at that time. Much shorter T 1(95Mo) values are observed even at 19.6 T for the "pseudo-amorphous" and the HDS catalyst (MoS2-Al2O3 support) MoS2 nano-materials. These allowed useful solid-state 95Mo NMR spectra for these two samples to be obtained at 19.6 T in a few to < 24 h. Most importantly, this research led to observation of an impressive 95Mo MAS spectrum for an average of 1-4 thick MoS2-layers on a Al2O3 support, i.e., the first MAS NMR spectrum of a low natural-abundance, low-γ quadrupole-nucleus species layered on a catalyst support. While a huge gain in NMR sensitivity, factor ~ 60, is observed for the 95Mo MAS spectrum of the 160-layer sample at 35.2 T compared to 14.1 T, the MAS spectrum for the 4-layer sample is almost completely wiped out at 35.2 T. This unusual observation for the 4-layer sample (crumpled, rose-like and defective Mo-edge structures) is due to an increased distribution of the isotropic 95Mo shifts in the 95Mo MAS spectra at B 0 up to 35.2 T upon reduction of the number of sample layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans J. Jakobsen
- Department of Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Henrik Bildsøe
- Department of Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Martin Bondesgaard
- Department of Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Bo B. Iversen
- Department of Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Flemming H. Larsen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Zhehong Gan
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1860 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Ivan Hung
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1860 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
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21
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Thomas SP, Thomas R, Grønbech TBE, Bondesgaard M, Mamakhel AH, Birkedal V, Iversen BB. Bandgap Tuning in Molecular Alloy Crystals Formed by Weak Chalcogen Interactions. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:3059-3065. [PMID: 33740368 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate systematic tuning in the optical bandgaps of molecular crystals achieved by the generation of molecular alloys/solid solutions of a series of diphenyl dichalcogenides-characterized by weak chalcogen bonding interactions involving S, Se, and Te atoms. Despite the variety in chalcogen bonding interactions found in this series of dichalcogenide crystals, they show isostructural interaction topologies, enabling the formation of solid solutions. The alloy crystals exhibit Vegard's law-like trends of variation in their unit cell dimensions and a nonlinear trend for the variation in optical bandgaps with respect to their compositions. Energy-dispersive X-ray and spatially resolved Raman spectroscopic studies indicate significant homogeneity in the domain structure of the solid solutions. Quantum periodic calculations of the projected density of states provide insights into the bandgap tuning in terms of the mixing of states in the alloy crystal phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajesh P Thomas
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNano, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Reshmi Thomas
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNano, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Thomas Bjørn E Grønbech
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNano, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Martin Bondesgaard
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNano, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Aref H Mamakhel
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNano, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Victoria Birkedal
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNano) and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Bo B Iversen
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNano, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
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22
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Zhang J, Song L, Iversen BB. Improved Thermoelectric Properties of N-Type Mg 3Sb 2 through Cation-Site Doping with Gd or Ho. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:10964-10971. [PMID: 33621038 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c22558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The success of n-type doping has attracted strong research interest for exploring effective n-type dopants for Mg3Sb2 thermoelectrics. Herein, we experimentally study Gd and Ho as n-type dopants for Mg3Sb2 thermoelectrics. The synthesis, structural characterization, and thermoelectric properties of Gd-doped, Ho-doped, (Gd, Te)-codoped, and (Ho, Te)-codoped Mg3Sb2 samples are reported. It is found that Gd and Ho are effective n-type cation-site dopants showing a higher doping efficiency as well as a superior carrier concentration in comparison with anion-site doping with Te, consistent with the previous theoretical prediction. For n-type Mg3Sb2 samples doped with Gd or Ho, optimal thermoelectric figure of merit zT values of ∼1.26 and ∼0.94 at 725 K are obtained, respectively, in Mg3.5Gd0.04Sb2 and Mg3.5Ho0.04Sb2, which are superior to many reported Te-doped Mg3Sb2 without alloying with Mg3Bi2. By codoping with Gd (or Ho) and Te, reduced thermal conductivity and enhanced power factor values are achieved at high temperatures, which results in enhanced peak zT values well above unity at 725 K. This work reveals Gd and Ho as effective n-type dopants for Mg3Sb2 thermoelectric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Zhang
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Lirong Song
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Bo B Iversen
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark
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23
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Mendes RG, Ta HQ, Yang X, Bachmatiuk A, Praus P, Mamakhel A, Iversen BB, Su R, Gemming T, Rümmeli MH. Tailoring the stoichiometry of C 3N 4 nanosheets under electron beam irradiation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:4747-4756. [PMID: 33599219 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06518h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional polymeric graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a low-cost material with versatile properties that can be enhanced by the introduction of dopant atoms and by changing the degree of polymerization/stoichiometry, which offers significant benefits for numerous applications. Herein, we investigate the stability of g-C3N4 under electron beam irradiation inside a transmission electron microscope operating at different electron acceleration voltages. Our findings indicate that the degradation of g-C3N4 occurs with N species preferentially removed over C species. However, the precise nitrogen group from which N is removed from g-C3N4 (C-N-C, [double bond, length as m-dash]NH or -NH2) is unclear. Moreover, the rate of degradation increases with decreasing electron acceleration voltage, suggesting that inelastic scattering events (radiolysis) dominate over elastic events (knock-on damage). The rate of degradation by removing N atoms is also sensitive to the current density. Hence, we demonstrate that both the electron acceleration voltage and the current density are parameters with which one can use to control the stoichiometry. Moreover, as N species were preferentially removed, the d-spacing of the carbon nitride structure increased. These findings provide a deeper understanding of g-C3N4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael G Mendes
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Huy Q Ta
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Xiaoqin Yang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Alicja Bachmatiuk
- Polish Center for Technology Development (PORT), Ul. Stabłowicka 147, Wrocław 54-066, Poland and Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 34, Zabrze 41-819, Poland
| | - Petr Praus
- Department of Chemistry, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic and Center for Energy and Environmental Technologies, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17 Listopadu 15, Ostrava, 708 33, Czech Republic
| | - Aref Mamakhel
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Bo B Iversen
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ren Su
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, College of Energy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.
| | - Thomas Gemming
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Mark H Rümmeli
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany. and Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 34, Zabrze 41-819, Poland and Center for Energy and Environmental Technologies, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17 Listopadu 15, Ostrava, 708 33, Czech Republic and Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, College of Energy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.
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24
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Eikeland EZ, Silva H, Jørgensen LR, Beyer J, Ina T, Hellstern HL, Kallesøe C, Christensen LH, Iversen BB. Locating Fe dopants in catalytic PtPd nanoparticles on γ-alumina using X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy02307h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Adding Fe to the PtPd nanocatalyst increases propene activity by forming more metallic Pt and PdO during synthesis and increasing Pt–Pd bond formation upon aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Espen Z. Eikeland
- Center for Materials Crystallography
- Department of Chemistry and iNANO
- Aarhus University
- DK-8000 Aarhus C
- Denmark
| | - Hugo Silva
- Danish Technological Institute (DTI)
- Nano Production and Micro Analysis
- Taastrup
- Denmark
| | - Lasse R. Jørgensen
- Center for Materials Crystallography
- Department of Chemistry and iNANO
- Aarhus University
- DK-8000 Aarhus C
- Denmark
| | - Jonas Beyer
- Center for Materials Crystallography
- Department of Chemistry and iNANO
- Aarhus University
- DK-8000 Aarhus C
- Denmark
| | - Toshiaki Ina
- Spectroscopy and Imaging Division
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute
- Japan
| | - Henrik L. Hellstern
- Danish Technological Institute (DTI)
- Nano Production and Micro Analysis
- Taastrup
- Denmark
| | - Christian Kallesøe
- Danish Technological Institute (DTI)
- Nano Production and Micro Analysis
- Taastrup
- Denmark
| | - Leif H. Christensen
- Danish Technological Institute (DTI)
- Nano Production and Micro Analysis
- Taastrup
- Denmark
| | - Bo B. Iversen
- Center for Materials Crystallography
- Department of Chemistry and iNANO
- Aarhus University
- DK-8000 Aarhus C
- Denmark
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25
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Abstract
Bi2WO6 nanocrystals exhibit excellent photocatalytic properties in the visible range of the solar spectrum, and intense efforts are directed at designing effective synthesis processes with control of size, morphology, and hierarchical structure. All known hydrothermal syntheses produce either nanoplatelet morphology or hierarchical structures based on such primary entities. Here we investigate the nucleation and growth of Bi2WO6 nanocrystals under hydrothermal conditions using in situ X-ray total scattering (TS) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) measurements. It is shown that the preferential growth of Bi2WO6 nanoplates is due to the presence of disordered layers of Bi2O22+ molecular complexes in the precursor solution with an approximate length of 13 Å. These layers interact with tetrahedral WO42- molecular units and eventually form the disordered cubic (Bi0.933W0.067)O1.6) crystalline phase. When enough tungsten units are intertwined between Bi2O22+ layers formation of Bi2WO6 pristine nanoplates takes place by necessary sideways addition of units in the ac plane. The experimentally observed formation mechanism suggests that the Bi/W atomic ratio must play a central role in the nucleation (assembly of initial crystal layers). Indeed, it is observed in separate continuous flow supercritical synthesis that for a stoichiometric (Bi/W = 2:1) precursor, a (Bi0.933W0.067)O1.6) impurity phase is always observed together with the main Bi2WO6 product. Excess tungsten is required in the precursor to form phase-pure Bi2WO6 material. Thus, the present study also reports a fast, scalable, and green method for production of this highly attractive photocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipankar Saha
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Espen D Bøjesen
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Aref Hasen Mamakhel
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bo B Iversen
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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26
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Roth N, Zhu T, Iversen BB. A simple model for vacancy order and disorder in defective half-Heusler systems. IUCrJ 2020; 7:673-680. [PMID: 32695414 PMCID: PMC7340261 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252520005977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Defective half-Heusler systems X 1-x YZ with large amounts of intrinsic vacancies, such as Nb1-x CoSb, Ti1-x NiSb and V1-x CoSb, are a group of promising thermoelectric materials. Even with high vacancy concentrations they maintain the average half-Heusler crystal structure. These systems show high electrical conductivity but low thermal conductivity arising from an ordered YZ substructure, which conducts electrons, while the large amounts of vacancies in the X substructure effectively scatters phonons. Using electron scattering, it was recently observed that, in addition to Bragg diffraction from the average cubic half-Heusler structure, some of these samples show broad diffuse scattering indicating short-range vacancy order, while other samples show sharp additional peaks indicating long-range vacancy ordering. Here it is shown that both the short- and long-range ordering can be explained using the same simple model, which assumes that vacancies in the X substructure avoid each other. The samples showing long-range vacancy order are in agreement with the predicted ground state of the model, while short-range order samples are quenched high-temperature states of the system. A previous study showed that changes in sample stoichiometry affect whether the short- or long-range vacancy structure is obtained, but the present model suggests that thermal treatment of samples should allow controlling the degree of vacancy order, and thereby the thermal conductivity, without changes in composition. This is important as the composition also dictates the amount of electrical carriers. Independent control of electrical carrier concentration and degree of vacancy order should allow further improvements in the thermoelectric properties of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaj Roth
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Tiejun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo B. Iversen
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
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27
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Tolborg K, Gatti C, Iversen BB. Expression and interactions of stereochemically active lone pairs and their relation to structural distortions and thermal conductivity. IUCrJ 2020; 7:480-489. [PMID: 32431831 PMCID: PMC7201275 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252520003619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In chemistry, stereochemically active lone pairs are typically described as an important non-bonding effect, and recent interest has centred on understanding the derived effect of lone pair expression on physical properties such as thermal conductivity. To manipulate such properties, it is essential to understand the conditions that lead to lone pair expression and provide a quantitative chemical description of their identity to allow comparison between systems. Here, density functional theory calculations are used first to establish the presence of stereochemically active lone pairs on antimony in the archetypical chalcogenide MnSb2O4. The lone pairs are formed through a similar mechanism to those in binary post-transition metal compounds in an oxidation state of two less than their main group number [e.g. Pb(II) and Sb(III)], where the degree of orbital interaction (covalency) determines the expression of the lone pair. In MnSb2O4 the Sb lone pairs interact through a void space in the crystal structure, and their their mutual repulsion is minimized by introducing a deflection angle. This angle increases significantly with decreasing Sb-Sb distance introduced by simulating high pressure, thus showing the highly destabilizing nature of the lone pair interactions. Analysis of the chemical bonding in MnSb2O4 shows that it is dominated by polar covalent interactions with significant contributions both from charge accumulation in the bonding regions and from charge transfer. A database search of related ternary chalcogenide structures shows that, for structures with a lone pair (SbX 3 units), the degree of lone pair expression is largely determined by whether the antimony-chalcogen units are connected or not, suggesting a cooperative effect. Isolated SbX 3 units have larger X-Sb-X bond angles and therefore weaker lone pair expression than connected units. Since increased lone pair expression is equivalent to an increased orbital interaction (covalent bonding), which typically leads to increased heat conduction, this can explain the previously established correlation between larger bond angles and lower thermal conductivity. Thus, it appears that for these chalcogenides, lone pair expression and thermal conductivity may be related through the degree of covalency of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Tolborg
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Carlo Gatti
- CNR-SCITEC Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche ‘Giulio Natta’, via Golgi Section, via Golgi 19, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Bo B. Iversen
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
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28
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Tolborg K, Iversen BB. Frontispiece: Electron Density Studies in Materials Research. Chemistry 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201986661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Tolborg
- Center for Materials CrystallographyDepartment of Chemistry and iNANOAarhus University Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Bo B. Iversen
- Center for Materials CrystallographyDepartment of Chemistry and iNANOAarhus University Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
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29
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Alinezhad A, Gloag L, Benedetti TM, Cheong S, Webster RF, Roelsgaard M, Iversen BB, Schuhmann W, Gooding JJ, Tilley RD. Direct Growth of Highly Strained Pt Islands on Branched Ni Nanoparticles for Improved Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Activity. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:16202-16207. [PMID: 31580659 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The direct growth of Pt islands on lattice mismatched Ni nanoparticles is a major synthetic challenge and a promising strategy to create highly strained Pt atoms for electrocatalysis. By using very mild reaction conditions, Pt islands with tunable strain were formed directly on Ni branched particles. The highly strained 1.9 nm Pt-island on branched Ni nanoparticles exhibited high specific activity and the highest mass activity for hydrogen evolution (HER) in a pH 13 electrolyte. These results show the ability to synthetically tune the size of the Pt islands to control the strain to give higher HER activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Alinezhad
- School of Chemistry , The University of New South Wales , Sydney , New South Wales 2052 , Australia
| | - Lucy Gloag
- School of Chemistry , The University of New South Wales , Sydney , New South Wales 2052 , Australia
| | - Tania M Benedetti
- School of Chemistry , The University of New South Wales , Sydney , New South Wales 2052 , Australia
| | - Soshan Cheong
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre , The University of New South Wales , Sydney , New South Wales 2052 , Australia
| | - Richard F Webster
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre , The University of New South Wales , Sydney , New South Wales 2052 , Australia
| | - Martin Roelsgaard
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO , Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140 , DK-8000 Aarhus C , Denmark.,PETRA III, Deutsches-Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY) , Notkestr. 85 , D-22607 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Bo B Iversen
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO , Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140 , DK-8000 Aarhus C , Denmark
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Ruhr University Bochum , Universitätsstr. 150 , D-44780 Bochum , Germany
| | - J Justin Gooding
- School of Chemistry , The University of New South Wales , Sydney , New South Wales 2052 , Australia.,Australian Centre for NanoMedicine , The University of New South Wales , Sydney , New South Wales 2052 , Australia
| | - Richard D Tilley
- School of Chemistry , The University of New South Wales , Sydney , New South Wales 2052 , Australia.,Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre , The University of New South Wales , Sydney , New South Wales 2052 , Australia.,Australian Centre for NanoMedicine , The University of New South Wales , Sydney , New South Wales 2052 , Australia
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30
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Dai Y, Bu Q, Sooriyagoda R, Tavadze P, Pavlic O, Lim T, Shen Y, Mamakhel A, Wang X, Li Y, Niemantsverdriet H, Iversen BB, Besenbacher F, Xie T, Lewis JP, Bristow AD, Lock N, Su R. Boosting Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production by Modulating Recombination Modes and Proton Adsorption Energy. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:5381-5386. [PMID: 31448921 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Solar-driven production of renewable energy (e.g., H2) has been investigated for decades. To date, the applications are limited by low efficiency due to rapid charge recombination (both radiative and nonradiative modes) and slow reaction rates. Tremendous efforts have been focused on reducing the radiative recombination and enhancing the interfacial charge transfer by engineering the geometric and electronic structure of the photocatalysts. However, fine-tuning of nonradiative recombination processes and optimization of target reaction paths still lack effective control. Here we show that minimizing the nonradiative relaxation and the adsorption energy of photogenerated surface-adsorbed hydrogen atoms are essential to achieve a longer lifetime of the charge carriers and a faster reaction rate, respectively. Such control results in a 16-fold enhancement in photocatalytic H2 evolution and a 15-fold increase in photocurrent of the crystalline g-C3N4 compared to that of the amorphous g-C3N4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitao Dai
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO) , Aarhus University , Gustav Wieds Vej 14 , DK-8000 Aarhus C , Denmark
- SynCat@Beijing , Synfuels China Technology Co. Ltd. , Leyuan South Street II, No.1 , Yanqi Economic Development Zone C#, Huairou District, Beijing 101407 , China
| | - Qijing Bu
- College of Chemistry , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , China
| | - Rishmali Sooriyagoda
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , West Virginia University , Morgantown , West Virginia 26506-6315 , United States
| | - Pedram Tavadze
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , West Virginia University , Morgantown , West Virginia 26506-6315 , United States
| | - Olivia Pavlic
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , West Virginia University , Morgantown , West Virginia 26506-6315 , United States
| | - Tingbin Lim
- SynCat@Beijing , Synfuels China Technology Co. Ltd. , Leyuan South Street II, No.1 , Yanqi Economic Development Zone C#, Huairou District, Beijing 101407 , China
| | - Yanbin Shen
- SynCat@Beijing , Synfuels China Technology Co. Ltd. , Leyuan South Street II, No.1 , Yanqi Economic Development Zone C#, Huairou District, Beijing 101407 , China
| | - Aref Mamakhel
- Centre for Materials Crystallography (CMC), Department of Chemistry and iNANO , Aarhus University , DK-8000 Aarhus C , Denmark
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- SynCat@Beijing , Synfuels China Technology Co. Ltd. , Leyuan South Street II, No.1 , Yanqi Economic Development Zone C#, Huairou District, Beijing 101407 , China
| | - Yongwang Li
- SynCat@Beijing , Synfuels China Technology Co. Ltd. , Leyuan South Street II, No.1 , Yanqi Economic Development Zone C#, Huairou District, Beijing 101407 , China
| | - Hans Niemantsverdriet
- SynCat@Beijing , Synfuels China Technology Co. Ltd. , Leyuan South Street II, No.1 , Yanqi Economic Development Zone C#, Huairou District, Beijing 101407 , China
- SynCat@DIFFER , Syngaschem BV , 6336 HH Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Bo B Iversen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , West Virginia University , Morgantown , West Virginia 26506-6315 , United States
| | - Flemming Besenbacher
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO) , Aarhus University , Gustav Wieds Vej 14 , DK-8000 Aarhus C , Denmark
| | - Tengfeng Xie
- College of Chemistry , Jilin University , Changchun 130012 , China
| | - James P Lewis
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , West Virginia University , Morgantown , West Virginia 26506-6315 , United States
| | - Alan D Bristow
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , West Virginia University , Morgantown , West Virginia 26506-6315 , United States
| | - Nina Lock
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO) , Aarhus University , Gustav Wieds Vej 14 , DK-8000 Aarhus C , Denmark
- Carbon Dioxide Activation Center, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO) and Dept. of Engineering , Aarhus University , Gustav Wieds Vej 14 , DK-8000 Aarhus C , Denmark
| | - Ren Su
- SynCat@Beijing , Synfuels China Technology Co. Ltd. , Leyuan South Street II, No.1 , Yanqi Economic Development Zone C#, Huairou District, Beijing 101407 , China
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS), Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province , Soochow University , Suzhou 215006 , China
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Tolborg
- Center for Materials CrystallographyDepartment of Chemistry and iNANOAarhus University Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Bo B. Iversen
- Center for Materials CrystallographyDepartment of Chemistry and iNANOAarhus University Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
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32
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Thomas SP, Grosjean A, Flematti GR, Karton A, Sobolev AN, Edwards AJ, Piltz RO, Iversen BB, Koutsantonis GA, Spackman MA. Investigation of an Unusual Crystal Habit of Hydrochlorothiazide Reveals Large Polar Enantiopure Domains and a Possible Crystal Nucleation Mechanism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:10255-10259. [PMID: 31136063 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201905085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The observation of an unusual crystal habit in the common diuretic drug hydrochlorothiazide (HCT), and identification of its subtle conformational chirality, has stimulated a detailed investigation of its crystalline forms. Enantiomeric conformers of HCT resolve into an unusual structure of conjoined enantiomorphic twin crystals comprising enantiopure domains of opposite chirality. The purity of the domains and the chiral molecular conformation are confirmed by spatially revolved synchrotron micro-XRD experiments and neutron diffraction, respectively. Macroscopic inversion twin symmetry observed between the crystal wings suggests a pseudoracemic structure that is not a solid solution or a layered crystal structure, but an unusual structural variant of conglomerates and racemic twins. Computed interaction energies for molecular pairs in the racemic and enantiopure polymorphs of HCT, and the observation of large opposing unit-cell dipole moments for the enantiopure domains in these twin crystals, suggest a plausible crystal nucleation mechanism for this unusual crystal habit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajesh P Thomas
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.,Department of Chemistry and iNano, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Arnaud Grosjean
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Gavin R Flematti
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Amir Karton
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Alexandre N Sobolev
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Alison J Edwards
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, ANSTO, Lucas Heights, NSW, 2234, Australia
| | - Ross O Piltz
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, ANSTO, Lucas Heights, NSW, 2234, Australia
| | - Bo B Iversen
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - George A Koutsantonis
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Mark A Spackman
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
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33
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Dippel AC, Roelsgaard M, Iversen BB, Gutowski O, Zimmermann MV, Ruett U. Real-time study of local order in thin films by grazing-incidence total scattering and pair distribution function analysis. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2019. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767319099008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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34
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Thomas SP, Grosjean A, Flematti GR, Karton A, Sobolev AN, Edwards AJ, Piltz RO, Iversen BB, Koutsantonis GA, Spackman MA. Investigation of an Unusual Crystal Habit of Hydrochlorothiazide Reveals Large Polar Enantiopure Domains and a Possible Crystal Nucleation Mechanism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201905085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sajesh P. Thomas
- School of Molecular Sciences University of Western Australia Perth WA 6009 Australia
- Department of Chemistry and iNano Aarhus University 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Arnaud Grosjean
- School of Molecular Sciences University of Western Australia Perth WA 6009 Australia
| | - Gavin R. Flematti
- School of Molecular Sciences University of Western Australia Perth WA 6009 Australia
| | - Amir Karton
- School of Molecular Sciences University of Western Australia Perth WA 6009 Australia
| | - Alexandre N. Sobolev
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis University of Western Australia Perth WA 6009 Australia
| | - Alison J. Edwards
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering ANSTO Lucas Heights NSW 2234 Australia
| | - Ross O. Piltz
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering ANSTO Lucas Heights NSW 2234 Australia
| | - Bo B. Iversen
- Center for Materials Crystallography Department of Chemistry Aarhus University 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | | | - Mark A. Spackman
- School of Molecular Sciences University of Western Australia Perth WA 6009 Australia
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35
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Roth N, Iversen BB. Solving the disordered structure of β-Cu 2-xSe using the three-dimensional difference pair distribution function. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2019; 75:465-473. [PMID: 31041902 DOI: 10.1107/s2053273319004820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
High-performing thermoelectric materials such as Zn4Sb3 and clathrates have atomic disorder as the root to their favorable properties. This makes it extremely difficult to understand and model their properties at a quantitative level, and thus effective structure-property relations are challenging to obtain. Cu2-xSe is an intensely studied, cheap and non-toxic high performance thermoelectric, which exhibits highly peculiar transport properties, especially near the β-to-α phase transition around 400 K, which must be related to the detailed nature of the crystal structure. Attempts to solve the crystal structure of the low-temperature phase, β-Cu2-xSe, have been unsuccessful since 1936. So far, all studies have assumed that β-Cu2-xSe has a three-dimensional periodic structure, but here we show that the structure is ordered only in two dimensions while it is disordered in the third dimension. Using the three-dimensional difference pair distribution function (3D-ΔPDF) analysis method for diffuse single-crystal X-ray scattering, the structure of the ordered layer is solved and it is shown that there are two modes of stacking disorder present which give rise to an average structure with higher symmetry. The present approach allows for a direct solution of structures with disorder in some dimensions and order in others, and can be thought of as a generalization of the crystallographic Patterson method. The local and extended structure of a solid determines its properties and Cu2-xSe represents an example of a high-performing thermoelectric material where the local atomic structure differs significantly from the average periodic structure observed from Bragg crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaj Roth
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Bo B Iversen
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
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36
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Tolborg K, Jørgensen MRV, Sist M, Mamakhel A, Overgaard J, Iversen BB. Low‐Barrier Hydrogen Bonds in Negative Thermal Expansion Material H
3
[Co(CN)
6
]. Chemistry 2019; 25:6814-6822. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Tolborg
- Center for Materials CrystallographyDepartment of Chemistry and iNANOAarhus University Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Mads R. V. Jørgensen
- Center for Materials CrystallographyDepartment of Chemistry and iNANOAarhus University Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
- MAXIV LaboratoryLund University Fotongatan 2 22594 Lund Sweden
| | - Mattia Sist
- Center for Materials CrystallographyDepartment of Chemistry and iNANOAarhus University Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Aref Mamakhel
- Center for Materials CrystallographyDepartment of Chemistry and iNANOAarhus University Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Jacob Overgaard
- Center for Materials CrystallographyDepartment of Chemistry and iNANOAarhus University Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Bo B. Iversen
- Center for Materials CrystallographyDepartment of Chemistry and iNANOAarhus University Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
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37
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Símonarson G, Sommer S, Lotsari A, Elgh B, Iversen BB, Palmqvist AE. Evolution of the Polymorph Selectivity of Titania Formation under Acidic and Low-Temperature Conditions. ACS Omega 2019; 4:5750-5757. [PMID: 31459727 PMCID: PMC6648717 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b03440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Evolution of the polymorph selectivity of titanium dioxide was studied under acidic and low-temperature synthesis conditions. Short synthesis times resulted in high relative amounts of the rutile phase, and long synthesis times resulted in high relative amounts of the brookite and anatase phases. The effect of titania precursor concentration was investigated and found to have a large impact on the polymorph selectivity. As the reaction proceeds with time, changes in the chemical environment, caused in particular by the gradually decreasing titania precursor concentration, are therefore likely the cause of the change in polymorph selectivity observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Símonarson
- Applied
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Sanna Sommer
- Center
for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Antiope Lotsari
- Applied
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Björn Elgh
- Applied
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Bo B. Iversen
- Center
for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders E.C. Palmqvist
- Applied
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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38
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Shi MW, Thomas SP, Hathwar VR, Edwards AJ, Piltz RO, Jayatilaka D, Koutsantonis GA, Overgaard J, Nishibori E, Iversen BB, Spackman MA. Measurement of Electric Fields Experienced by Urea Guest Molecules in the 18-Crown-6/Urea (1:5) Host-Guest Complex: An Experimental Reference Point for Electric-Field-Assisted Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:3965-3976. [PMID: 30761898 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b12927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution synchrotron and neutron single-crystal diffraction data of 18-crown-6/(pentakis)urea measured at 30 K are combined, with the aim of better appreciating the electrostatics associated with intermolecular interactions in condensed matter. With two 18-crown-6 molecules and five different urea molecules in the crystal, this represents the most ambitious combined X-ray/synchrotron and neutron experimental charge density analysis to date on a cocrystal or host-guest system incorporating such a large number of unique molecules. The dipole moments of the five urea guest molecules in the crystal are enhanced considerably compared to values determined for isolated molecules, and 2D maps of the electrostatic potential and electric field show clearly how the urea molecules are oriented with dipole moments aligned along the electric field exerted by their molecular neighbors. Experimental electric fields in the range of 10-19 GV m-1, obtained for the five different urea environments, corroborate independent measurements of electric fields in the active sites of enzymes and provide an important experimental reference point for recent discussions focused on electric-field-assisted catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming W Shi
- School of Molecular Sciences , University of Western Australia , 35 Stirling Highway , Crawley , WA 6009 , Australia
| | - Sajesh P Thomas
- School of Molecular Sciences , University of Western Australia , 35 Stirling Highway , Crawley , WA 6009 , Australia.,Center for Materials Crystallography and Department of Chemistry , Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140 , DK-8000 Aarhus C , Denmark
| | - Venkatesha R Hathwar
- Center for Materials Crystallography and Department of Chemistry , Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140 , DK-8000 Aarhus C , Denmark.,Division of Physics, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences , University of Tsukuba , 1-1-1 Tennodai , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8571 , Japan
| | - Alison J Edwards
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization , Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering , New Illawarra Road , Lucas Heights , New South Wales 2234 , Australia
| | - Ross O Piltz
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization , Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering , New Illawarra Road , Lucas Heights , New South Wales 2234 , Australia
| | - Dylan Jayatilaka
- School of Molecular Sciences , University of Western Australia , 35 Stirling Highway , Crawley , WA 6009 , Australia
| | - George A Koutsantonis
- School of Molecular Sciences , University of Western Australia , 35 Stirling Highway , Crawley , WA 6009 , Australia
| | - Jacob Overgaard
- Center for Materials Crystallography and Department of Chemistry , Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140 , DK-8000 Aarhus C , Denmark
| | - Eiji Nishibori
- Division of Physics, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences , University of Tsukuba , 1-1-1 Tennodai , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8571 , Japan
| | - Bo B Iversen
- Center for Materials Crystallography and Department of Chemistry , Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140 , DK-8000 Aarhus C , Denmark
| | - Mark A Spackman
- School of Molecular Sciences , University of Western Australia , 35 Stirling Highway , Crawley , WA 6009 , Australia
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Thomas SP, Spackman PR, Alhameedi K, Jayatilaka D, Iversen BB, Spackman MA. Quantum crystallography towards 'quantitative crystal engineering'. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2018. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053273318094044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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40
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Tamtögl A, Campi D, Bremholm M, Hedegaard EMJ, Iversen BB, Bianchi M, Hofmann P, Marzari N, Benedek G, Ellis J, Allison W. Nanoscale surface dynamics of Bi 2Te 3(111): observation of a prominent surface acoustic wave and the role of van der Waals interactions. Nanoscale 2018; 10:14627-14636. [PMID: 30028450 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr03102a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present a combined experimental and theoretical study of the surface vibrational modes of the topological insulator Bi2Te3. Using high-resolution helium-3 spin-echo spectroscopy we are able to resolve the acoustic phonon modes of Bi2Te3(111). The low energy region of the lattice vibrations is mainly dominated by the Rayleigh mode which has been claimed to be absent in previous experimental studies. The appearance of the Rayleigh mode is consistent with previous bulk lattice dynamics studies as well as theoretical predictions of the surface phonon modes. Density functional perturbation theory calculations including van der Waals corrections are in excellent agreement with the experimental data. Comparison of the experimental results with theoretically obtained values for films with a thickness of several layers further demonstrate, that for an accurate theoretical description of three-dimensional topological insulators with their layered structure the inclusion of van der Waals corrections is essential. The presence of a prominent surface acoustic wave and the contribution of van der Waals bonding to the lattice dynamics may hold important implications for the thermoelectric properties of thin-film and nanoscale devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Tamtögl
- Cavendish Laboratory, J. J. Thompson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK.
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41
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Abstract
Synthesis of phase pure hopeite pigment through a solvothermal flow method is reported here for the first time. The products show two-step dehydration behaviour from thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and a higher degree of purity and homogeniety than commercial zinc phosphate pigment. By increasing the reaction temperature stepwise from room temperature to 350 °C it was possible to decrease the size of the individual crystallite sheets and to tune their packing into larger assemblies. The conversion of reactants to product proved to be significantly higher at increased temperature with a measured yield of 98.7% at 250 °C versus 85.4% at room temperature. The synthesis route demonstrated here is environmentally sustainable, increases cost-efficiency through minimization of waste, and is compatible with a scale-up strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L N Broge
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Institute of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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42
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Dalgaard KJ, Eikeland EZ, Sist M, Iversen BB. Maximum Entropy Method Visualization of Disorder and Ion Migration in Thermoelectric Cu2-δSe. Adv Theory Simul 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.201800068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirstine J. Dalgaard
- Center for Materials Crystallography; Department of Chemistry and iNANO; Aaarhus University; DK-8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Espen Z. Eikeland
- Center for Materials Crystallography; Department of Chemistry and iNANO; Aaarhus University; DK-8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Mattia Sist
- Center for Materials Crystallography; Department of Chemistry and iNANO; Aaarhus University; DK-8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Bo B. Iversen
- Center for Materials Crystallography; Department of Chemistry and iNANO; Aaarhus University; DK-8000 Aarhus C Denmark
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43
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Fischer KFF, Jørgensen LR, Reardon H, Zhang J, Iversen BB. Is RuAs 2 a candidate for high temperature thermoelectric applications? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:9930-9937. [PMID: 29619460 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp00820e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The mineral inspired material RuAs2 shows promise as a thermoelectric material with its high stability and attractive band structure. In order to validate these expectations phase-pure polycrystalline ruthenium arsenide was synthesized and densified using Spark Plasma Sintering. RuAs2 is an n-type semiconductor with an indirect band gap 0.69 eV as estimated from temperature dependent resistivity data, while the band gap calculated with DFT is 0.64 eV. The thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity are both high with room temperature values of 16 W m-1 K-1 and 170 mΩ cm respectively, leading to modest thermoelectric properties for the intrinsic system. Band structure calculations suggest that chemical modification should preferably be done at the As site to improve the intrinsic properties. Synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction and Rietveld structural refinements show RuAs2 to be a stable line phase up to 1000 K in both in air and in vacuum, and both as a powder and as a dense pellet. No indication of preferential orientation or material gradients are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl F F Fischer
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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44
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Andersen HL, Bøjesen ED, Birgisson S, Christensen M, Iversen BB. Pitfalls and reproducibility ofin situsynchrotron powder X-ray diffraction studies of solvothermal nanoparticle formation. J Appl Crystallogr 2018. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576718003552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In situpowder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) is a powerful characterization tool owing to its ability to provide time-resolved information about phase composition, crystal structure and microstructure. The application of high-flux synchrotron X-ray beams and the development of custom-built reactors have facilitated second-scale time-resolved studies of nanocrystallite formation and growth during solvothermal synthesis. The short exposure times required for good time resolution limit the data quality, while the employed high-temperature–high-pressure reactors further complicate data acquisition and treatment. Based on experience gathered during ten years of conductingin situstudies of solvothermal reactions at a number of different synchrotrons, a compilation of useful advice for conductingin situPXRD experiments and data treatment is presented here. In addition, the reproducibility of the employed portablein situPXRD setup, experimental procedure and data analysis is evaluated. This evaluation is based on repeated measurements of an LaB6line-profile standard throughout 5 d of beamtime and on the repetition of ten identicalin situsynchrotron PXRD experiments on the hydrothermal formation of γ-Fe2O3nanocrystallites. The study reveals inconsistencies in the absolute structural and microstructural values extracted by Rietveld refinement and whole powder pattern modelling of thein situPXRD data, but also illustrates the robustness of trends and relative changes in the extracted parameters. From the data, estimates of the effective errors and reproducibility ofin situPXRD studies of solvothermal nanocrystallite formation are provided.
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45
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Kasai H, Tolborg K, Sist M, Zhang J, Hathwar VR, Filsø MØ, Cenedese S, Sugimoto K, Overgaard J, Nishibori E, Iversen BB. X-ray electron density investigation of chemical bonding in van der Waals materials. Nat Mater 2018; 17:249-252. [PMID: 29434305 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-017-0012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Van der Waals (vdW) solids have attracted great attention ever since the discovery of graphene, with the essential feature being the weak chemical bonding across the vdW gap. The nature of these weak interactions is decisive for many extraordinary properties, but it is a strong challenge for current theory to accurately model long-range electron correlations. Here we use synchrotron X-ray diffraction data to precisely determine the electron density in the archetypal vdW solid, TiS2, and compare the results with density functional theory calculations. Quantitative agreement is observed for the chemical bonding description in the covalent TiS2 slabs, but significant differences are identified for the interactions across the gap, with experiment revealing more electron deformation than theory. The present data provide an experimental benchmark for testing theoretical models of weak chemical bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetaka Kasai
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Center for Materials Crystallography (CMC), Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kasper Tolborg
- Center for Materials Crystallography (CMC), Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mattia Sist
- Center for Materials Crystallography (CMC), Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- Center for Materials Crystallography (CMC), Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Venkatesha R Hathwar
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mette Ø Filsø
- Center for Materials Crystallography (CMC), Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Simone Cenedese
- Center for Materials Crystallography (CMC), Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kunihisa Sugimoto
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Sayo-gun, Japan
| | - Jacob Overgaard
- Center for Materials Crystallography (CMC), Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Eiji Nishibori
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Bo B Iversen
- Center for Materials Crystallography (CMC), Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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46
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Fugel M, Jayatilaka D, Hupf E, Overgaard J, Hathwar VR, Macchi P, Turner MJ, Howard JAK, Dolomanov OV, Puschmann H, Iversen BB, Bürgi HB, Grabowsky S. Probing the accuracy and precision of Hirshfeld atom refinement with HARt interfaced with Olex2. IUCrJ 2018; 5:32-44. [PMID: 29354269 PMCID: PMC5755575 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252517015548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Hirshfeld atom refinement (HAR) is a novel X-ray structure refinement technique that employs aspherical atomic scattering factors obtained from stockholder partitioning of a theoretically determined tailor-made static electron density. HAR overcomes many of the known limitations of independent atom modelling (IAM), such as too short element-hydrogen distances, r(X-H), or too large atomic displacement parameters (ADPs). This study probes the accuracy and precision of anisotropic hydrogen and non-hydrogen ADPs and of r(X-H) values obtained from HAR. These quantities are compared and found to agree with those obtained from (i) accurate neutron diffraction data measured at the same temperatures as the X-ray data and (ii) multipole modelling (MM), an established alternative method for interpreting X-ray diffraction data with the help of aspherical atomic scattering factors. Results are presented for three chemically different systems: the aromatic hydro-carbon rubrene (orthorhombic 5,6,11,12-tetra-phenyl-tetracene), a co-crystal of zwitterionic betaine, imidazolium cations and picrate anions (BIPa), and the salt potassium hydrogen oxalate (KHOx). The non-hydrogen HAR-ADPs are as accurate and precise as the MM-ADPs. Both show excellent agreement with the neutron-based values and are superior to IAM-ADPs. The anisotropic hydrogen HAR-ADPs show a somewhat larger deviation from neutron-based values than the hydrogen SHADE-ADPs used in MM. Element-hydrogen bond lengths from HAR are in excellent agreement with those obtained from neutron diffraction experiments, although they are somewhat less precise. The residual density contour maps after HAR show fewer features than those after MM. Calculating the static electron density with the def2-TZVP basis set instead of the simpler def2-SVP one does not improve the refinement results significantly. All HARs were performed within the recently introduced HARt option implemented in the Olex2 program. They are easily launched inside its graphical user interface following a conventional IAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Fugel
- Department 2: Biology/Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße NW2, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Dylan Jayatilaka
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Emanuel Hupf
- Department 2: Biology/Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße NW2, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Jacob Overgaard
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNano, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Venkatesha R. Hathwar
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNano, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
- Division of Physics, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8571, Japan
| | - Piero Macchi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestraße 3, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Michael J. Turner
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | | | - Oleg V. Dolomanov
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Horst Puschmann
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Bo B. Iversen
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNano, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Hans-Beat Bürgi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestraße 3, Bern 3012, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstraße 190, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Simon Grabowsky
- Department 2: Biology/Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße NW2, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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47
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Tolborg K, Jørgensen MRV, Kasai H, Becker J, Dippel AC, Als-Nielsen J, Iversen BB. Core electron deformation in silicon from powder X-ray diffraction. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053273317090015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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48
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Kasai H, Tolborg K, Zhang J, Kevy SM, Sist M, Hathwar VR, Overgaard J, Nishibori E, Iversen BB. Charge-density study of van der Waals layered MoS 2 and TiS 2. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053273317081864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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49
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Tolborg K, Jørgensen MRV, Christensen S, Kasai H, Becker J, Walter P, Dippel AC, Als-Nielsen J, Iversen BB. Accurate charge densities from powder X-ray diffraction - a new version of the Aarhus vacuum imaging-plate diffractometer. Acta Crystallogr B Struct Sci Cryst Eng Mater 2017; 73:521-530. [PMID: 28762964 DOI: 10.1107/s2052520617006357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years powder X-ray diffraction has proven to be a valuable alternative to single-crystal X-ray diffraction for determining electron-density distributions in high-symmetry inorganic materials, including subtle deformation in the core electron density. This was made possible by performing diffraction measurements in vacuum using high-energy X-rays at a synchrotron-radiation facility. Here we present a new version of our custom-built in-vacuum powder diffractometer with the sample-to-detector distance increased by a factor of four. In practice this is found to give a reduction in instrumental peak broadening by approximately a factor of three and a large improvement in signal-to-background ratio compared to the previous instrument. Structure factors of silicon at room temperature are extracted using a combined multipole-Rietveld procedure and compared with ab initio calculations and the results from the previous diffractometer. Despite some remaining issues regarding peak asymmetry, the new diffractometer yields structure factors of comparable accuracy to the previous diffractometer at low angles and improved accuracy at high angles. The high quality of the structure factors is further assessed by modelling of core electron deformation with results in good agreement with previous investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Tolborg
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mads R V Jørgensen
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Sebastian Christensen
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Hidetaka Kasai
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jacob Becker
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Peter Walter
- PETRA III, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ann Christin Dippel
- PETRA III, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jens Als-Nielsen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bo B Iversen
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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50
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Eikeland E, Blichfeld AB, Borup KA, Zhao K, Overgaard J, Shi X, Chen L, Iversen BB. Crystal structure across the β to α phase transition in thermoelectric Cu 2-x Se. IUCrJ 2017; 4:476-485. [PMID: 28875034 PMCID: PMC5571810 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252517005553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The crystal structure uniquely imparts the specific properties of a material, and thus provides the starting point for any quantitative understanding of thermoelectric properties. Cu2-x Se is an intensely studied high performing, non-toxic and cheap thermoelectric material, and here for the first time, the average structure of β-Cu2-x Se is reported based on analysis of multi-temperature single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. It consists of Se-Cu layers with additional copper between every alternate layer. The structural changes during the peculiar zT enhancing phase transition mainly consist of changes in the inter-layer distance coupled with subtle Cu migration. Just prior to the transition the structure exhibits strong negative thermal expansion due to the reordering of Cu atoms, when approached from low temperatures. The phase transition is fully reversible and group-subgroup symmetry relations are derived that relate the low-temperature β-phase to the high-temperature α-phase. Weak superstructure reflections are observed and a possible Cu ordering is proposed. The structural rearrangement may have a significant impact on the band structure and the Cu rearrangement may also be linked to an entropy increase. Both factors potentially contribute to the extraordinary zT enhancement across the phase transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Espen Eikeland
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus 8000-DK, Denmark
| | - Anders B. Blichfeld
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus 8000-DK, Denmark
| | - Kasper A. Borup
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus 8000-DK, Denmark
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver W Pkwy, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Kunpeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jacob Overgaard
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus 8000-DK, Denmark
| | - Xun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lidong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo B. Iversen
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus 8000-DK, Denmark
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