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Huhtala S, Nordgaard A, Ahrens B, Alberink I, Korpinsalo T, Bovens M. Chemometrics in Forensic Chemistry - Part III: Quality assessment and interpretation of chemometric output. Forensic Sci Int 2023:111612. [PMID: 36906436 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
The number of samples sent to forensic laboratories as well as the complexity of the drug situation has increased tremendously during recent years. At the same time the amount of data gathered from chemical measurements has been mounting. This creates challenges for forensic chemists: how to handle the data, how to reliably answer the questions asked, and how to examine the data to find new properties or how to disclose connections with respect to source attribution of samples within a case or retrospective to past cases, stored in a database. Previously published articles Chemometrics in Forensic Chemistry - Part I and II discussed where in the forensic workflow of routine casework chemometrics is applied, and presented examples of chemometric methods used in cases of illicit drugs. This article explains through examples that the chemometric results must never stand-alone. Before such results are reported, quality assessment steps, which may consist of operational, chemical, and forensic assessments are required. In each case a forensic chemist needs to consider the suitability of chemometric methods, based on their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT). This is because while chemometric methods are powerful tools managing complex data, they are to some extent chemically blind.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Huhtala
- National Bureau of Investigation, Jokiniemenkuja 4, 01370 Vantaa, Finland.
| | - A Nordgaard
- National Forensic Centre, Swedish Police Authority, 58194 Linköping, Sweden
| | - B Ahrens
- Federal Criminal Police Office, KT45, 65173 Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - I Alberink
- Netherlands Forensic Institute, Laan van Ypenburg 6, 2497 GB, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - T Korpinsalo
- National Bureau of Investigation, Jokiniemenkuja 4, 01370 Vantaa, Finland
| | - M Bovens
- Zurich Forensic Science Institute, P.O. Box 8021, Zurich, Switzerland
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Salonen T, Ahrens B, Bovens M, Eliaerts J, Huhtala S, Nordgaard A, Alberink I. Chemometrics in forensic chemistry — Part II: Standardized applications – Three examples involving illicit drugs. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 307:110138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.110138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Bovens M, Ahrens B, Alberink I, Nordgaard A, Salonen T, Huhtala S. Chemometrics in forensic chemistry - Part I: Implications to the forensic workflow. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 301:82-90. [PMID: 31132550 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The forensic literature shows a clear trend towards increasing use of chemometrics (i.e. multivariate analysis and other statistical methods). This can be seen in different disciplines such as drug profiling, arson debris analysis, spectral imaging, glass analysis, age determination, and more. In particular, current chemometric applications cover low-dimensional (e.g. drug impurity profiles) and high-dimensional data (e.g. Infrared and Raman spectra) and are therefore useful in many forensic disciplines. There is a dominant and increasing need in forensic chemistry for reliable and structured processing and interpretation of analytical data. This is especially true when classification (grouping) or profiling (batch comparison) is of interest. Chemometrics can provide additional information in complex crime cases and enhance productivity by improving the processes of data handling and interpretation in various applications. However, the use of chemometrics in everyday work tasks is often considered demanding by forensic scientists and, consequently, they are only reluctantly used. This article and following planned contributions are dedicated to those forensic chemists, interested in applying chemometrics but for any reasons are limited in the proper application of statistical tools - usually made for professionals - or the direct support of statisticians. Without claiming to be comprehensive, the literature reviewed revealed a sufficient overview towards the preferably used data handling and chemometric methods used to answer the forensic question. With this basis, a software tool will be designed (part of the EU project STEFA-G02) and handed out to forensic chemist with all necessary elements of data handling and evaluation. Because practical casework is less and less accompanied from the beginning to the end out of the same hand, more and more interfaces are built in through specialization of individuals. This article presents key influencing elements in the forensic workflow related to the most meaningful chemometric application and evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bovens
- Zurich Forensic Science Institute, P.O. Box, 8021 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - B Ahrens
- Federal Criminal Police Office, KT45, 65173 Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - I Alberink
- Netherlands Forensic Institute, Laan van Ypenburg 6, 2497 GB, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - A Nordgaard
- National Forensic Centre, Swedish Police Authority, 58194 Linköping, Sweden
| | - T Salonen
- University of Helsinki, Faculty of Science, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - S Huhtala
- National Bureau of Investigation, Jokiniemenkuja 4, 01370 Vantaa, Finland
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Sobolevsky T, Kucherova Y, Ahrens B. Identification of oxymorphone as decomposition product of the permitted drug methylnaltrexone. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:892-895. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Sobolevsky
- UCLA Olympic Analytical Laboratory, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine; Geffen School of Medicine; Los Angeles California USA
| | - Y. Kucherova
- UCLA Olympic Analytical Laboratory, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine; Geffen School of Medicine; Los Angeles California USA
| | - B. Ahrens
- UCLA Olympic Analytical Laboratory, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine; Geffen School of Medicine; Los Angeles California USA
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Caubet JC, Lin J, Ahrens B, Gimenez G, Bardina L, Niggemann B, Sampson HA, Beyer K. Natural tolerance development in cow's milk allergic children: IgE and IgG4 epitope binding. Allergy 2017; 72:1677-1685. [PMID: 28345783 DOI: 10.1111/all.13167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although most of cow's milk (CM) allergic children will outgrow their allergy, the pathomechanism of the natural development of tolerance remains poorly understood. It has been suggested that the balance between milk-specific IgE and IgG4 plays a major role. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate differences in IgE and IgG4 antibody binding to CM epitopes between patients with persistent CM allergy (CMA) and those that naturally became tolerant. METHODS Sera from 35 children with proven CMA (median age at inclusion of 10 months) were analyzed retrospectively; 22 patients have become tolerant (median age at tolerance acquisition of 51 months) during the study period as confirmed by a negative oral food challenge. IgE and IgG4 binding to sequential epitopes derived from five major CM proteins were measured with a peptide microarray-based immunoassay. RESULTS At baselines, greater intensity and broader diversity of IgE and IgG4 binding have been found in children with persistent CMA beyond 5 years of age compared to patients with transient CMA. Moreover, children with transient CMA had IgE and IgG4 antibodies that more often recognized the same epitopes, compared to those with persistent CMA. From baseline to the time of tolerance development, both IgE and IgG4 binding intensity decreased significantly, particularly in areas of α-s- and β-casein (P<.01, false discovery rate [FDR]<.1). Interestingly, differences between IgE and IgG4 binding intensity to CM peptides decreased when the patients became tolerant. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the overlap between IgE and IgG4 might be important in natural tolerance acquisition. Further studies are needed to confirm our data and can eventually lead to development of more targeted treatment of food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. C. Caubet
- Geneva University Hospital Geneva Switzerland
- Department of Pediatrics Division of Allergy and Immunology Jaffe Food Allergy Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA
| | - J. Lin
- Department of Pediatrics Division of Allergy and Immunology Jaffe Food Allergy Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA
- Bioinformatics Institute Institute of High Performance Computing A*STAR Singapore Singapore
| | - B. Ahrens
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - G. Gimenez
- Department of Pediatrics Division of Allergy and Immunology Jaffe Food Allergy Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA
| | - L. Bardina
- Department of Pediatrics Division of Allergy and Immunology Jaffe Food Allergy Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA
| | - B. Niggemann
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - H. A. Sampson
- Department of Pediatrics Division of Allergy and Immunology Jaffe Food Allergy Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA
| | - K. Beyer
- Department of Pediatrics Division of Allergy and Immunology Jaffe Food Allergy Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
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Sievers S, Cretich M, Gagni P, Ahrens B, Grishina G, Sampson HA, Niggemann B, Chiari M, Beyer K. Performance of a polymer coated silicon microarray for simultaneous detection of food allergen-specific IgE and IgG4. Clin Exp Allergy 2017; 47:1057-1068. [DOI: 10.1111/cea.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Sievers
- Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology; Charité Universitätsmedizin; Berlin Germany
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy; Free University; Berlin Germany
| | - M. Cretich
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare (ICRM); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; Milano Italy
| | - P. Gagni
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare (ICRM); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; Milano Italy
| | - B. Ahrens
- Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology; Charité Universitätsmedizin; Berlin Germany
| | - G. Grishina
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York NY USA
| | - H. A. Sampson
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York NY USA
| | - B. Niggemann
- Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology; Charité Universitätsmedizin; Berlin Germany
| | - M. Chiari
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare (ICRM); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; Milano Italy
| | - K. Beyer
- Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology; Charité Universitätsmedizin; Berlin Germany
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York NY USA
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7
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Levin JM, Holtzman SH, Maraganore J, Hastings PJ, Cohen R, Dahiyat B, Adams J, Adams C, Ahrens B, Albers J, Aspinall MG, Audia JE, Babler M, Barrett P, Barry Z, Bermingham N, Bloch S, Blum RI, Bolno PB, Bonney MW, Booth B, Bradbury DM, Brauer SK, Byers B, Cagnoni PJ, Cali BM, Ciechanover I, Clark C, Clayman MD, Cleland JL, Cobb P, Cooper R, Currie MG, Diekman J, Dobmeier EL, Doerfler D, Donley EL, Dunsire D, During M, Eckstein JW, Elenko E, Exter NA, Fleming JJ, Flesher GJ, Formela JF, Forrester R, Francois C, Franklin H, Freeman MW, Furst H, Gage LP, Galakatos N, Gallagher BM, Geraghty JA, Gill S, Goeddel DV, Goldsmith MA, Gowen M, Goyal V, Graney T, Grayzel D, Greene B, Grint P, Gutierrez-Ramos JC, Haney B, Ha-Ngoc T, Harris T, Hasnain F, Hata YS, Hecht P, Henshaw L, Heyman R, Hoppenot H, Horvitz HR, Hughes TE, Hutton WS, Isaacs ST, Jenkins A, Jonker J, Kaplan J, Karsen P, Keiper J, Kim J, Kindler J, King R, King V, Kjellson N, Koenig S, Koenig G, Kolchinsky P, Laikind P, Langer RB, Lee JJ, Leff JS, Leicher BA, Leschly N, Levin A, Levin M, Levine AJ, Levy A, Liu DR, Lodish HF, Lopatin U, Love TW, Macdonald G, Maderis GJ, Mahadevia A, Mahanthappa NK, Martin JF, Martin A, Martucci WE, McArthur JG, McCann CM, McCarthy SA, McDonough CG, Mendlein J, Miller L, Miralles D, Moch KI, More B, Myers AG, Narachi MA, Nashat A, Nelson W, Newell WJ, Olle B, Osborn JE, Owens JC, Pande A, Papadopoulos S, Parker HS, Parmar KM, Patterson MR, Paul SM, Perez R, Perry M, Pfeffer CG, Powell M, Pruzanski M, Purcell DJ, Rakhit A, Ramamoorthi K, Rastetter W, Rawcliffe AA, Reid LE, Renaud RC, Rhodes JP, Rieflin WJ, Robins C, Rocklage SM, Rosenblatt M, Rosin JG, Rutter WJ, Saha S, Samuels C, Sato VL, Scangos G, Scarlett JA, Schenkein D, Schreiber SL, Schwab A, Sekhri P, Shah R, Shenk T, Siegall CB, Simon NJ, Simonian N, Stein J, Su M, Szela MT, Taglietti M, Tandon N, Termeer H, Thornberry NA, Tolar M, Ulevitch R, Vaishnaw AK, VanLent A, Varsavsky M, Vlasuk GP, Vounatsos M, Waksal SG, Warma N, Watts RJ, Werber Y, Westphal C, Wierenga W, Williams DE, Williams LR, Xanthopoulos KG, Zohar D, Zweifach SS. US immigration order strikes against biotech. Nat Biotechnol 2017; 35:204-206. [PMID: 28267733 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ron Cohen
- Acorda Therapeutics, Inc., Ardsley, New York, USA
| | | | - Julian Adams
- Clal Biotechnology Industries (CBI), Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chris Adams
- Cydan Development Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Jeff Albers
- Blueprint Medicines, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - James E Audia
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Martin Babler
- Principia Biopharma, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Robert I Blum
- Cytokinetics, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Paul B Bolno
- Wave Life Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Bruce Booth
- Atlas Venture, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Brook Byers
- Biotech Venture Capitalist since 1978, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Pablo J Cagnoni
- Tizona Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Brian M Cali
- Ironwood Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Chip Clark
- Genocea Biosciences, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Paula Cobb
- Decibel Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ron Cooper
- Albireo Pharma Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark G Currie
- Ironwood Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Deborah Dunsire
- Southern Cross Biotech Consulting, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Simba Gill
- Evelo Biosciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Maxine Gowen
- Trevena Inc., King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Tom Graney
- Ironwood Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Barry Greene
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul Grint
- Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Bill Haney
- Dragonfly Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Tim Harris
- SV Life Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Peter Hecht
- Ironwood Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - H Robert Horvitz
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jeff Jonker
- NGM Biopharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jeff Kaplan
- Deerfield Management, New York, New York, USA
| | - Perry Karsen
- Intellia Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeb Keiper
- Nimbus Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jean Kim
- Deerfield Management, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jeff Kindler
- Centrexion Therapeutics Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rachel King
- GlycoMimetics, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Vanessa King
- Luc Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Robert Bob Langer
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John J Lee
- Decibel Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Bruce A Leicher
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Andrew Levin
- RA Capital Management, LLC, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark Levin
- Third Rock Ventures, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Alan Levy
- Chrono Therapeutics, Hayward, California, USA
| | - David R Liu
- Editas Medicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Ted W Love
- Global Blood Therapeutics, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Gail J Maderis
- Antiva Biosciences, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Joel F Martin
- Dauntless Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - Alex Martin
- Realm Therapeutics, Malvern, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Larry Miller
- Macrolide Pharmaceuticals, Watertown, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Kenneth I Moch
- Cognition Therapeutics, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bob More
- Alta Partners, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Amir Nashat
- Polaris Partners, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wendy Nelson
- Boston Biotech Forum, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Bernat Olle
- Vedanta Biosciences, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Julia C Owens
- Millendo Therapeutics, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Atul Pande
- Verity BioConsulting, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Stelios Papadopoulos
- Biogen Inc., Exelixis Inc. &Regulus Therapeutics Inc., Great Neck, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | - Steve M Paul
- Voyager Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rob Perez
- Life Science Cares, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Mike Powell
- Sofinnova Ventures, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ron C Renaud
- RaNa Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Chad Robins
- Adaptive Biotechnologies, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Vicki L Sato
- Harvard Business School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rajeev Shah
- RA Capital Management, LLC, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas Shenk
- Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Nick J Simon
- Clarus Ventures LLC, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Jeff Stein
- Cidara Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Michael Su
- Decibel Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mary T Szela
- Novelion Therapeutics, Vancouver, British Columbia, USA
| | | | | | - Henri Termeer
- Genzyme Corporation (former CEO), Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - George P Vlasuk
- Navitor Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Neil Warma
- Opexa Therapeutics, Inc., The Woodlands, Texas, USA
| | - Ryan J Watts
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
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Ahrens B, Niggemann B, Wahn U, Beyer K. Positive reactions to placebo in children undergoing double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge. Clin Exp Allergy 2014; 44:572-8. [PMID: 24479560 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gold standard in the diagnosis of food allergy is the double-blind, placebo-controlled oral food challenge (DBPCFC). During this challenge, patients receive the allergenic food and placebo on separate randomized days, while being monitored for clinical reactions. Interestingly, some reactions are assessed as positive although the patients had received placebo. The aim of our study was to analyze incidence and characteristics of positive placebo reactions during DBPCFCs. METHODS In food-allergic children, we retrospectively analyzed positive placebo reactions in DBPCFCs in 740 placebo challenges in our department. Individual characteristics were compared, such as age or IgE levels, as well as clinical symptoms. RESULTS Of all placebo challenges, 2.8% (21 of 740) were assessed as positive. Young children (age ≤ 1.5 years) had more (P = 0.047) positive placebo challenges (4.0%) compared to older children (age > 1.5 years; 1.5%). Children with positive placebo challenges had higher levels of total IgE (median 201 kU/L) compared to negatively classified children (median 110 kU/L). In children with positive placebo reactions, skin symptoms were observed significantly more often, with a worsening of atopic eczema (AE) as the most reported symptom. CONCLUSION Placebo reactions in DBPCFC are not common. Worsening of AE is the most frequent clinical reaction associated with positive placebo challenges, and young children (age ≤ 1.5 years) seem to be affected more often. Therefore - contrary to current recommendations - DBPCFC tests should be considered in infants and young children, especially those with a history of AE.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ahrens
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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Sheklabadi M, Mahmoudzadeh H, Mahboubi AA, Gharabaghi B, Ahrens B. Land use effects on phosphorus sequestration in soil aggregates in western Iran. Environ Monit Assess 2014; 186:6493-6503. [PMID: 24957658 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-3869-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cultivating native lands may alter soil phosphorus (P) distribution and availability. The present study aimed to determine the distribution of P in soil aggregates for different long-term land management practices. The partitioned P in labile (L), Fe/Al-bound, Ca-bound, organic pools, and total P in four aggregate size fractions were determined for five land uses (forest, vineyard after 30 years, wetland, alfalfa, and wheat cultivated soil after 20 years). Both native land uses (forest and wetland) were distinguished by high and low amounts of large macro- and micro-aggregates, respectively, compared with disturbed soils (vineyard, alfalfa, and wheat soils). Labile P in large macro-aggregates were higher in native land use when compared with the other land uses, which led to increasing lability of P and accelerated water pollution. Soils under native conditions sequestered more Ca-bound P in large macro-aggregates than the soils in disturbed conditions. Conversion of native lands to agricultural land caused enhanced organic P storage in aggregates smaller than the 2 mm from 31.0 to 54.3%. Soils under forest had 30% total P more than the vineyard for the aggregates >2 mm after 30 years land use change. However, the amount of P in smaller (<2 mm) sized aggregates was increased by 29% for the vineyard when compared with the forest. The P storage as bound Ca particles for the large macro-aggregates had negative correlation with the micro-aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sheklabadi
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 65174, Iran,
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10
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Ahrens B, Mehl A, Lau S, Kroh L, Magdorf K, Wahn U, Beyer K, Niggemann B. Think twice: misleading food-induced respiratory symptoms in children with food allergy. Pediatr Pulmonol 2014; 49:E59-62. [PMID: 24167079 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.22816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Reported food-related symptoms of patients may sometimes be misleading. A correct delineation of food-induced symptoms is often difficult and various differential diagnoses have to be considered. We report on two cases of food-induced, predominantly respiratory symptoms (in one case life-threatening) in children with food allergy. First, a two-year-old boy with no history of allergies and suspected foreign body aspiration which was finally diagnosed as an anaphylactic reaction to fish, and secondly a six-year-old girl with multiple food allergies and allergic asthma who during an electively performed oral food challenge developed severe respiratory distress, drop in blood pressure, and asphyxia not due to an anaphylactic reaction but due to choking on an unnoticed sweet. These two cases represent challenging, life-threatening symptom constellations involving food-induced reactions in food allergic children, reminding us to question first impressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ahrens
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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11
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Pfau C, Skrzypczak U, Ahrens B, Schweizer S. Multiphonon relaxation in rare-earth doped fluorozirconate-based glasses containing BaCl2 nanocrystals. J Phys Condens Matter 2014; 26:025406. [PMID: 24334404 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/26/2/025406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nd3+-doped fluorozirconate-based glasses which contain hexagonal BaCl2 nanocrystals are analyzed for their photoluminescence and multiphonon relaxation (MPR) properties. The MPR rates of various Nd3+ levels are obtained from time-resolved spectroscopy using selective laser pulse excitation. The nonradiative decay rates are estimated from the difference between measured and calculated radiative decay rates as well as from the analysis of luminescence rise times. The MPR rates display an exponential dependence on the energy gap. Temperature-dependent studies of the decay indicate that phonons of the BaCl2 nanocrystals are involved in the MPR processes leading to extremely low MPR rates which are orders of magnitude lower than in conventional oxide and halide glasses. Photoluminescence emissions,which are usually quenched by MPR, and enhanced radiative quantum efficiencies are found.
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Trendelenburg V, Ahrens B, Wehrmann AK, Kalb B, Niggemann B, Beyer K. Peanut allergen in house dust of eating area and bed--a risk factor for peanut sensitization? Allergy 2013; 68:1460-2. [PMID: 24351066 DOI: 10.1111/all.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that high environmental exposure to peanut allergens may be a potent risk factor for cutaneous sensitization. Therefore, we wanted to investigate whether peanut proteins are detectable in house dust of different household areas. Peanut levels of dust samples were measured with ELISA. Overall, peanut was detectable in 19 of 21 households in the eating area and/or in bed. The frequency of peanut consumption correlated with peanut levels. Forty-eight hours after intentional peanut consumption, peanut levels were highly increased. Nevertheless, further research is required to prove whether peanut allergen in house dust can cause sensitization via skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Trendelenburg
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology; Charité Universitätsmedizin; Berlin Germany
| | - B. Ahrens
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology; Charité Universitätsmedizin; Berlin Germany
| | - A.-K. Wehrmann
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology; Charité Universitätsmedizin; Berlin Germany
| | - B. Kalb
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology; Charité Universitätsmedizin; Berlin Germany
| | - B. Niggemann
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology; Charité Universitätsmedizin; Berlin Germany
| | - K. Beyer
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology; Charité Universitätsmedizin; Berlin Germany
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Bellach J, Niggemann B, Beyer K, Ahrens B. Secondary prevention of peanut allergy – continuous feeding or restriction of peanut protein. Clin Transl Allergy 2013. [PMCID: PMC3723508 DOI: 10.1186/2045-7022-3-s3-p139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Ahrens B, Lopes de Oliveira LC, Grabenhenrich L, Schulz G, Niggemann B, Wahn U, Beyer K. Individual cow's milk allergens as prognostic markers for tolerance development? Clin Exp Allergy 2013; 42:1630-7. [PMID: 23106663 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cow's milk allergy (CMA) is one of the most common causes of food allergy in the first years of life. Fortunately, the majority of children with CMA develop clinical tolerance with time. However, no good individual markers exist to predict whether this will occur. Therefore, a prognosis to identify children with persistent CMA at diagnosis would be helpful. OBJECTIVE In this study, we sought to assess whether measurement of IgE to individual allergens of cow's milk (CM) would separate patients with persistent CMA from those who became clinically tolerant to CM over time. METHODS A total of 52 patients ranging from 3 months to 114 months of age with proven CMA by DBPCFC were followed over time. From these 52 patients, 32 (61.5%) patients became tolerant in the analysed time period. All patients were rechallenged at least once, some were rechallenged two or three times. Serum was analysed prior to each challenge for specific IgE, IgG and IgG4 binding to crude CM protein as well as to individual allergens of CM. RESULTS The individual likelihood of outgrowing CMA significantly correlates with a low level of CM-specific IgE as well as a low level of specific IgE to α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin (Bos d5.0102), κ-casein and α(s1) -casein. No significant correlation was found for IgE levels to total casein, lactoferrin, β-casein and β-lactoglobulin (Bos d5.0101) as well as IgG and IgG4 levels to α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin and total casein. CONCLUSIONS CM-specific IgE is a good prognostic marker for persistence of CMA. In addition, component-resolved diagnostic showed similar results. However, in our view, the rising laboratory costs do not justify a measurement on a daily basis. Additional determination of specific IgG or IgG4 levels was not useful in predicting tolerance development in our study population.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ahrens
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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Dobler A, Ahrens B. Four climate change scenarios for the Indian summer monsoon by the regional climate model COSMO-CLM. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Abstract. Towards the goal to understand the role of land-surface processes over the Indian sub-continent, a series of soil-moisture sensitivity simulations have been performed using a non-hydrostatic regional climate model COSMO-CLM. The experiments were driven by the lateral boundary conditions provided by the ERA-Interim (ECMWF) reanalysis. The simulation results show that the pre-monsoonal soil moisture has a significant influence on the monsoonal precipitation. Both, positive and negative soil-moisture precipitation (S-P) feedback processes are of importance. The negative S-P feedback process is especially influential in the western and the northern parts of India.
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Abstract
A series of fluorochlorozirconate (FCZ) glasses, each doped with a different rare-earth, was prepared and examined to determine thermal stability and activation energy, Ea , of the dopant dependent BaCl2 crystallization. Non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements were done to investigate the endothermic and exothermic reactions upon heat treatment of the glass samples. In comparison to the rare-earth free FCZ glass, significant changes in the Hruby constant, Hr , and Ea were found due to the addition of a rare-earth and also between the individual dopants.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Paßlick
- Centre for Innovation Competence SiLi-nano®, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Karl-Freiherr-von-Fritsch-Str. 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - B. Ahrens
- Fraunhofer Center for Silicon Photovoltaics, Walter-Hülse-Str. 1, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - B. Henke
- Centre for Innovation Competence SiLi-nano®, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Karl-Freiherr-von-Fritsch-Str. 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Fraunhofer Center for Silicon Photovoltaics, Walter-Hülse-Str. 1, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - J.A. Johnson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee Space Institute, Tullahoma, TN 37388, USA
| | - S. Schweizer
- Centre for Innovation Competence SiLi-nano®, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Karl-Freiherr-von-Fritsch-Str. 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Fraunhofer Center for Silicon Photovoltaics, Walter-Hülse-Str. 1, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Kalinka F, Ahrens B. A modification of the mixed form of Richards equation and its application in vertically inhomogeneous soils. Adv Sci Res 2011. [DOI: 10.5194/asr-6-123-2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract. Recently, new soil data maps were developed, which include vertical soil properties like soil type. Implementing those into a multilayer Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere-Transfer (SVAT) scheme, discontinuities in the water content occur at the interface between dissimilar soils. Therefore, care must be taken in solving the Richards equation for calculating vertical soil water fluxes. We solve a modified form of the mixed (soil water and soil matric potential based) Richards equation by subtracting the equilibrium state of soil matrix potential ψE from the hydraulic potential ψh. The sensitivity of the modified equation is tested under idealized conditions. The paper will show that the modified equation can handle with discontinuities in soil water content at the interface of layered soils.
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Dobler A, Yaoming M, Sharma N, Kienberger S, Ahrens B. Regional climate projections in two alpine river basins: Upper Danube and Upper Brahmaputra. Adv Sci Res 2011. [DOI: 10.5194/asr-7-11-2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract. Projections from coarse-grid global circulation models are not suitable for regional estimates of water balance or trends of extreme precipitation and temperature, especially not in complex terrain. Thus, downscaling of global to regionally resolved projections is necessary to provide input to integrated water resources management approaches for river basins like the Upper Danube River Basin (UDRB) and the Upper Brahmaputra River Basin (UBRB). This paper discusses the application of the regional climate model COSMO-CLM as a dynamical downscaling tool. To provide accurate data the COSMO-CLM model output was post-processed by statistical means. This downscaling chain performs well in the baseline period 1971 to 2000. However, COSMO-CLM performs better in the UDRB than in the UBRB because of a longer application experience and a less complex climate in Europe. Different climate change scenarios were downscaled for the time period 1960–2100. The projections show an increase of temperature in both basins and for all seasons. The values are generally higher in the UBRB with the highest values occurring in the region of the Tibetan Plateau. Annual precipitation shows no substantial change. However, seasonal amounts show clear trends, for instance an increasing amount of spring precipitation in the UDRB. Again, the largest trends for different precipitation statistics are projected in the region of the Tibetan Plateau. Here, the projections show up to 50% longer dry periods in the months June to September with a simultaneous increase of about 10% for the maximum amount of precipitation on five consecutive days. For the Assam region in India, the projections also show an increase of 25% in the number of consecutive dry days during the monsoon season leading to prolonged monsoon breaks.
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Dittrich AM, Krokowski M, Meyer HA, Quarcoo D, Avagyan A, Ahrens B, Kube SM, Witzenrath M, Loddenkemper C, Cowland JB, Hamelmann E. Lipocalin2 protects against airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in a murine model of allergic airway disease. Clin Exp Allergy 2011; 40:1689-700. [PMID: 20412141 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2010.03508.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergen-induced bronchial asthma is a chronic airway disease that involves the interplay of various genes with environmental factors triggering different inflammatory pathways. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to identify possible mediators of airway inflammation (AI) in a model of allergic AI via microarray comparisons and to analyse one of these mediators, Lipocalin2 (Lcn2), for its role in a murine model of allergic airway disease. METHODS Gene microarrays were used to identify genes with at least a twofold increase in gene expression in the lungs of two separate mouse strains with high and low allergic susceptibility, respectively. Validation of mRNA data was obtained by Western blotting, followed by functional analysis of one of the identified genes, Lcn2, in mice with targeted disruption of specific gene expression. Epithelial cell cultures were undertaken to define induction requirements and possible mechanistic basis of the results observed in the Lcn2 knock-out mice. RESULTS Lcn2 was up-regulated upon allergen sensitization and airway challenges in lung tissues of both mouse strains and retraced on the protein level in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. Functional relevance was assessed in mice genetically deficient for Lcn2, which showed enhanced airway resistance and increased AI associated with decreased apoptosis of lung inflammatory cells, compared with wild-type controls. Similarly, application of Lcn2-blocking antibodies before airway challenges resulted in increased inflammation and reduced apoptosis. CONCLUSION These data indicate a protective role for Lcn2 in allergic airway disease, suggesting a pro-apoptotic effect as the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Dittrich
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Paßlick C, Ahrens B, Henke B, Johnson JA, Schweizer S. Differential scanning calorimetry investigations on Eu-doped fluorozirconate-based glass ceramics. J Non Cryst Solids 2010; 356:3085-3089. [PMID: 21286235 PMCID: PMC3030260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2010.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The properties of Eu-doped fluorochlorozirconate (FCZ) glass ceramics upon thermal processing and the influence of Eu-doping on the formation of BaCl(2) nanocrystals therein have been investigated. Differential scanning calorimetry indicates that higher Eu-doping shifts the crystallization peak of the nanocrystals in the glass to lower temperatures, while the glass transition temperature remains constant. The activation energy and the thermal stability parameters for the BaCl(2) crystallization are determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Paßlick
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Paderborn, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - B. Ahrens
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Paderborn, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - B. Henke
- Fraunhofer Center for Silicon Photovoltaics, Walter-Hülse-Str. 1, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - J. A. Johnson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee Space Institute, Tullahoma, TN 37388, USA
| | - S. Schweizer
- Fraunhofer Center for Silicon Photovoltaics, Walter-Hülse-Str. 1, 06120 Halle, Germany
- Institute of Physics, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Heinrich-Damerow-Str. 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
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Ahrens B, Lopes de Oliveira LC, Schulz G, Borres MP, Niggemann B, Wahn U, Beyer K. The role of hen's egg-specific IgE, IgG and IgG4 in the diagnostic procedure of hen's egg allergy. Allergy 2010; 65:1554-7. [PMID: 20608920 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02429.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hen's egg (HE) allergy is a common disease in childhood. HE-specific serum IgE has been correlated with the outcome of oral food challenge tests, and diagnostic decision points have been described as helpful but still not sufficient to reduce the requirement for oral food challenges. The aim of the study was to correlate HE-specific IgE, IgG and IgG4 levels with the outcome of double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenges (DBPCFC) in patients with suspected HE allergy to improve diagnostic procedures. METHODS HE-specific IgE, IgG, and IgG4 levels were compared between 150 children with suspected HE allergy based on sensitization and/or patient's history who underwent DBPCFC. Sixty-six patients were HE-allergic (HE-sensitized with a positive DBPCFC), 48 HE-sensitized but tolerant (negative DBPCFC), and 36 patients were nonsensitized and tolerant (negative DBPCFC). Prior to food challenge HE-specific serum IgE, IgG, and IgG4 were measured with the Phadia CAP-system. RESULTS HE-specific IgE was significantly higher in HE-allergic patients than in clinically tolerant ones. However, there was no difference in HE-specific IgG and IgG4 concentrations between the patient groups. CONCLUSION A proposed cut-off level of 12 kU/l IgE would identify children above this level correctly as HE-allergic. The level of HE-specific IgG or IgG4 in serum of children with suspected HE allergy does not add any additional information in the diagnostic procedure of HE allergy. For diagnostic purposes, specific IgG or IgG4 should not routinely be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ahrens
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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Henke B, Pientka F, Johnson JA, Ahrens B, Miclea PT, Schweizer S. Saturation effects in the upconversion efficiency of Er-doped fluorozirconate glasses. J Phys Condens Matter 2010; 22:155107. [PMID: 21389552 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/22/15/155107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A series of transparent erbium-doped fluorozirconate glasses has been investigated using differential scanning calorimetry, optical absorption, and upconverted fluorescence spectroscopy. The upconverted fluorescence intensity versus excitation power dependence shows that the ratio of the two-photon upconverted emission in the near infrared at 980 nm to the three-photon upconverted emissions in the visible at 530, 550, and 660 nm decreases with increasing excitation power. The integrated upconverted fluorescence intensity to excitation power ratio shows 'saturation' with increasing excitation power, while the point of saturation shifts to lower excitation power with increasing erbium concentration. The experimental lifetime of the upconverted fluorescence decreases with increasing erbium concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Henke
- Fraunhofer Center for Silicon Photovoltaics, Walter-Hülse-Straße 1, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Abstract
Abstract. This paper investigates the potential impact of secondary information on rainfall mapping applying Ordinary Kriging. Secondary information tested is a natural area indicator, which is a combination of topographic features and weather conditions. Cross validation shows that secondary information only marginally improves the final mapping, indicating that a one-day accumulation time is possibly too short.
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Dittrich AM, Meyer HA, Krokowski M, Quarcoo D, Ahrens B, Kube SM, Witzenrath M, Esworthy RS, Chu FF, Hamelmann E. Glutathione peroxidase-2 protects from allergen-induced airway inflammation in mice. Eur Respir J 2009; 35:1148-54. [PMID: 19897562 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00026108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to identify and validate the biological significance of new genes/proteins involved in the development of allergic airway disease in a murine asthma model. Gene microarrays were used to identify genes with at least a two-fold increase in gene expression in lungs of two separate mouse strains with high and low allergic susceptibility. Validation of mRNA data was obtained by western blotting and immunohistochemistry, followed by functional analysis of one of the identified genes in mice with targeted disruption of specific gene expression. Expression of two antioxidant enzymes, glutathione peroxidase-2 (GPX2) and glutathione S-transferase omega (GSTO) 1-1 was increased in both mouse strains after induction of allergic airway disease and localised in lung epithelial cells. Mice with targeted disruption of the Gpx-2 gene showed significantly enhanced airway inflammation compared to sensitised and challenged wild-type mice. Our data indicate that genes encoding the antioxidants GPX2 and GSTO 1-1 are common inflammatory genes expressed upon induction of allergic airway inflammation, and independently of allergic susceptibility. Furthermore, we provide evidence to illustrate the importance of a single antioxidant enzyme, GPX2, in protection from allergen-induced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Dittrich
- Dept of Paediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité Humboldt University, Germany
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Ahrens B, Gruber C, Rha RD, Freund T, Quarcoo D, Awagyan A, Hutloff A, Dittrich AM, Wahn U, Hamelmann E. BCG priming of dendritic cells enhances T regulatory and Th1 function and suppresses allergen-induced Th2 function in vitro and in vivo. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2009; 150:210-20. [PMID: 19494518 DOI: 10.1159/000222673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inverse correlation of mycobacterial infection with asthma prevalence and the inhibitory effects of vaccination with Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) on airway hyperreactivity in asthma models suggest modulation of dendritic cell (DC) and T cell functions by mycobacterial compounds. METHODS To delineate these immunological effects, the immunogenicity of BCG Copenhagen, BCG Chicago and BCG Pasteur was compared in a mouse model. Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) from BALB/c mice were stimulated with ovalbumin (OVA) with or without BCG. BMDCs were phenotypically characterized by flow cytometry, and we used ELISA to measure the cytokine production of BMDCs as well as of co-cultivated allergen-specific T cells in response to OVA-pulsed. Immunomodulatory effects of BCG were studied in a model of allergic airway inflammation by adoptive transfer of allergen-pulsed BMDCs. RESULTS Immunomodulation with BCG induced production of IL-10 and IL-12 by BMDCs. Co-cultured allergen-specific T cells produced less IL-5, IL-13 and IFN-gamma but more IL-10. Also the number of FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells was enhanced. Strongest effects were seen with BCG Chicago and BCG Pasteur. In vivo, administration of BCG modulated OVA-pulsed BMDCs then reduced eosinophilic airway inflammation but enhanced infiltration with granulocytes. Airway hyperreactivity and mucus production were reduced and more FoxP3(+) T cells were observed. CONCLUSION BCG-induced suppression of Th2-type allergic airway inflammation was associated with enhancement of regulatory T cell function but also of Th1-associated neutrophilic airway inflammation. These findings raise concerns regarding the safety profile of BCG as a potential tool for prevention and therapy of allergic airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ahrens
- Department of Paediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Abstract
Upon excitation at 796 nm, Nd(3+)-doped BaCl(2) single crystals show several upconverted fluorescence bands in the visible spectral range, with the most intense bands at 530, 590 and 660 nm, in addition to the typical fluorescence bands in the infrared spectral range. The power dependence of the infrared fluorescence and the two-photon upconversion fluorescence intensities as well as the corresponding radiative lifetimes have been investigated. No 'saturation' of the fluorescence intensities was observed upon increasing the excitation power.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ahrens
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Paderborn, Warburger Strasse 100, D-33098 Paderborn, Germany
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Lauterbach E, Felber W, Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Ahrens B, Bronisch T, Meyer T, Kilb B, Lewitzka U, Hawellek B, Quante A, Richter K, Broocks A, Hohagen F. Adjunctive lithium treatment in the prevention of suicidal behaviour in depressive disorders: a randomised, placebo-controlled, 1-year trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2008; 118:469-79. [PMID: 18808400 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01266.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evidence based on controlled studies is still limited for treatment strategies that prevent recurrence of suicide attempts. Findings from observational as well as meta-analytic studies strongly suggest that lithium may have suicide-protective properties. METHOD Patients with a recent suicide attempt in the context of an affective spectrum disorder (n = 167) were treated with either lithium or placebo during a 12-month period. RESULTS Survival analysis showed no significant difference of suicidal acts between lithium and placebo-treated individuals (adjusted hazard ratio 0.517; 95% CI 0.18-1.43). However, post hoc analysis revealed that all completed suicides had occurred in the placebo group accounting for a significant difference in incidence rates (P = 0.049). CONCLUSION Results indicate that lithium treatment might be effective in reducing the risk of completed suicide in adult patients with affective disorders. Our findings contribute to the growing body of evidence suggesting a specific antisuicidal effect of lithium.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lauterbach
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany.
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Minne A, Jaworska J, Gerhold K, Ahrens B, Avagyan A, Vanbever R, Matricardi PM, Schmidt AC, Hamelmann E. Intranasal delivery of whole influenza vaccine prevents subsequent allergen-induced sensitization and airway hyper-reactivity in mice. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 37:1250-8. [PMID: 17651156 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02767.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection with influenza virus has been associated with seemingly opposing effects on the development of asthma. However, there are no data about the effects of mucosal vaccination with inactivated influenza on the inception of allergic asthma. OBJECTIVE To assess the immunological effects of inhaled inactivated influenza vaccine, using two different types of flu vaccines, on the inception of allergic sensitization and allergen-mediated airway disease in a mouse model. METHODS BALB/c mice were intranasally or intratracheally vaccinated with whole or split influenza virus vaccine (days -1 or -1, 27) before systemic sensitization with ovalbumin (OVA) (days 1, 14) and repeated airway allergen challenges (days 28-30). Allergen sensitization (IgE serum levels), airway inflammation (differential cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid) and airway hyper-reactivity (AHR) (in vivo lung function) were analysed. RESULTS The intranasal instillation of whole influenza vaccine before allergen sensitization significantly reduced the serum levels of total and OVA-specific IgE as well as allergen-induced AHR. Prevention was due to an allergen-specific shift from a predominant T helper (Th)2- towards a Th1-immune response. Application of split influenza vaccine did not show the same preventive effect. CONCLUSION Intranasal administration of inactivated whole influenza vaccine reduced subsequent allergen sensitization and prevented allergen-induced AHR. Our results show that the composition of the influenza vaccine has a major influence on subsequent development of allergen-induced sensitization and AHR, and suggest that mucosal inactivated whole influenza vaccination may represent a step towards the development of a preventive strategy for atopic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Minne
- Department for Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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Feleszko W, Jaworska J, Rha RD, Steinhausen S, Avagyan A, Jaudszus A, Ahrens B, Groneberg DA, Wahn U, Hamelmann E. Probiotic-induced suppression of allergic sensitization and airway inflammation is associated with an increase of T regulatory-dependent mechanisms in a murine model of asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 37:498-505. [PMID: 17430345 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02629.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial intestinal colonization in early in life is regarded to play a major role for the maturation of the immune system. Application of non-pathogenic probiotic bacteria during early infancy might protect from allergic disorders but underlying mechanisms have not been analysed so far. OBJECTIVE The aim of the current study was to investigate the immune effects of oral application of probiotic bacteria on allergen-induced sensitization and development of airway inflammation and airway hyper-reactivity, cardinal features of bronchial asthma. METHODS Newborn Balb/c mice received orally 10(9) CFU every second day either Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG or Bifidobacterium lactis (Bb-12) starting from birth for consecutive 8 weeks, during systemic sensitization (six intraperitoneal injections, days 29-40) and airway challenge (days 54-56) with ovalbumin. RESULTS The administration of either Bb-12 or LGG suppressed all aspects of the asthmatic phenotype: airway reactivity, antigen-specific immunoglobulin E production and pulmonary eosinophilia (mean: 137 vs. 17 and 13 cellsx10(3)/mL, respectively). Antigen-specific recall proliferation by spleen cells and T-helper type 2 cytokine production (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10) by mesenteric lymph node cells also showed significant reduction, while TGF production remained unchanged. Oral LGG administration particularly suppressed allergen-induced proliferative responses and was associated with an increase in numbers of TGF-beta-secreting CD4+/CD3+ T cells in mesenteric lymph nodes (6.5, 16.7%) as well as nearly 2-fold up-regulation of Foxp3-expressing cells in peribronchial lymph nodes. CONCLUSIONS Neonatal application of probiotic bacteria inhibits subsequent allergic sensitization and airway disease in a murine model of asthma by induction of T regulatory cells associated with increased TGF-beta production.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Feleszko
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Allergy, The Medical University Children's Hospital, Warszawa, Poland.
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Roggenbach J, Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Franke L, Uebelhack R, Blank S, Ahrens B. Peripheral serotonergic markers in acutely suicidal patients. 1. Comparison of serotonergic platelet measures between suicidal individuals, nonsuicidal patients with major depression and healthy subjects. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2006; 114:479-87. [PMID: 16988795 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-006-0555-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2006] [Accepted: 07/06/2006] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A robust association between "suicidality" and deficits of the serotoninergic neurotransmission has been claimed in the past. However, many studies having investigated the relationship between suicidality and peripheral indicators of serotoninergic neurotransmission suffer from considering only one or a very small number of potentially useful serotoninergic parameters, whereas a synoptic multidimensional approach appears to be more appropriate. Furthermore, the psychiatric context within which suicidal behaviour occurs should be considered when interpreting biochemical findings of patients with suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. METHODS In the present study 5 peripheral serotonergic markers, (platelet 5HT concentration, 5HT uptake activity, 5HT(2A) receptor binding characteristics, MAO-B activity and tryptophan concentration in plasma) were assessed simultaneously. Of the 60 acutely suicidal inpatients (ICD-10: F43.xx, n = 52; F31/32/33, n = 8), 45 were suicide attempters. Data of 28 nonsuicidal patients with major depression (F31, n = 4; F32, n = 14; F33, n = 10) and 123 healthy volunteers represented the control groups. RESULTS Mean platelet 5HT concentration was significantly lower in suicidal inpatients when compared to nonsuicidal depressed patients, but did not differ from the figure in healthy subjects. Nonsuicidal depressed patients showed significantly higher mean platelet-5HT concentration than healthy controls. Mean V(max) of 5HT uptake in washed platelets, but not in platelet-rich plasma, was significantly higher in suicidal patients than in healthy controls, not, however, when compared to nonsuicidal depressed patients. Mean K(D) for the platelet 5HT(2A) receptor and MAO-B activity were significantly lower in suicidal patients as compared to nonsuicidal depressed patients and healthy controls. The observed differences in peripheral serotonergic markers between groups are partially due to a significant gender effect. A lower MAO-B activity was observed only in suicidal females, while the higher V(max) of 5HT uptake in washed platelets of suicidal patients was due to suicidal males. CONCLUSIONS In view of conflicting observations made by other authors and the present findings on suicidal patients with adjustment disorder it remains doubtful whether and if so to which extent platelet studies can provide valid information on serotonergic mechanisms related to suicidal behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Roggenbach
- Former Research Group Clinical Psychopharmacology, Department of Psychiatry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Grüber C, Gerhold K, von Stuckrad SL, Avagyan A, Quarcoo D, Ahrens B, Wahn U, Hamelmann E. Common vaccine antigens inhibit allergen-induced sensitization and airway hyperresponsiveness in a murine model. Allergy 2006; 61:820-7. [PMID: 16792579 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01093.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Co-vaccination with cellular pertussis vaccine down-regulates allergic sensitization to diphtheria and tetanus antigens. Using a murine model, we investigated whether vaccination with diphtheria/tetanus toxoids, administered separately or simultaneously with the whole cell vaccine of Bordetella pertussis, inhibits subsequent allergen-induced immune and inflammatory responses. METHODS BALB/c-mice were vaccinated intracutaneously with a combination of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids or a combination of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids with a whole cell vaccine of B. pertussis (three times, days -21 to -7) prior to systemic sensitization (days 1-14) and repeated airway challenges (days 28-30) with ovalbumin. RESULTS Compared with negative controls, systemic sensitization and airway allergen challenges induced high serum levels of allergen-specific IgE, predominant Th2-type cytokine production, airway inflammation and development of in vivo airway hyperreactivity. Vaccination with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids prior to sensitization suppressed IgE formation and development of eosinophilic airway inflammation. Co-vaccination with a whole cell pertussis vaccine inhibited allergen sensitization, airway inflammation and development of in vivo airway hyperreactivity. Prevention was due to an allergen-specific and general shift from a predominant Th2 towards a predominant Th1 immune response. CONCLUSION Vaccination with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids alone or in combination with whole cell pertussis vaccine prior to allergen sensitization prevented allergen-induced Th2 immune responses. Vaccine antigens may down-regulate allergic responses to a range of common allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Grüber
- Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
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Witzenrath M, Ahrens B, Kube S, Hocke A, Rosseau S, Hamelmann E, Suttorp N, Schütte H. Die allergische Inflammation der Lunge induziert pulmonalvaskuläre Hyperreagibilität. Pneumologie 2006. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-934012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Witzenrath M, Ahrens B, Schmeck B, Kube S, Hippenstiel S, Hocke A, Rosseau S, Hamelmann E, Suttorp N, Schütte H. Erhöhte pulmonale Expression von RhoA und von Proteinen des kontraktilen Apparates bei muriner Hyperreagibilität der Atemwege. Pneumologie 2006. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-934011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Dittrich AM, Quarcoo D, Krokowski M, Ahrens B, Hamelmann E. Gene expression profiling as novel tool in experimental asthma research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 57 Suppl 2:31-3. [PMID: 16580825 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2006.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2005] [Revised: 02/16/2006] [Accepted: 02/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
With the advances achieved in decoding of the genetic structures of species and the novel possibilities of simultaneous measurements of the regulation of all genes of a given tissue, the last 10 years have seen a massive increase of our knowledge about genetic regulation of diseases. Additionally, the possibilities to control transcriptional processes within the cells will speed up the process of disentangling the various pathways leading to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Dittrich
- Department of Pediatric Pneumonology and Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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Witzenrath M, Ahrens B, Kube SM, Hocke AC, Rosseau S, Hamelmann E, Suttorp N, Schütte H. Allergic lung inflammation induces pulmonary vascular hyperresponsiveness. Eur Respir J 2006; 28:370-7. [PMID: 16571613 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.06.00080105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial vasoconstriction is an important early component of pulmonary hypertension. Inflammatory mechanisms play a prominent role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension. The present authors investigated the potential role of acute allergic lung inflammation for alterations in pulmonary haemodynamics. BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally sensitised to ovalbumin and challenged by ovalbumin inhalation. Subsequently, lungs were ventilated and perfused ex vivo, and pulmonary arterial pressure (P(pa)) was continuously monitored. Isolated perfused lungs of allergen-sensitised and -challenged mice showed five-fold enhanced P(pa) responses to serotonin, which is reported to be a significant contributor to pulmonary hypertension in humans. This increase in P(pa) was abolished by the serotonin receptor-2A antagonist ketanserin, but not the serotonin receptor-1B antagonist GR127935. Intracellular signalling to serotonin involved phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C and protein kinase C, as well as Rho-kinase, as assessed by employing the specific inhibitors D609, bisindolylmaleimide and Y27632, respectively. In addition to serotonin, impressively enhanced P(pa) increases in allergic lungs were also evoked by the thromboxane receptor agonist U46619, angiotensin II and endothelin-1. In conclusion, allergic lung inflammation was accompanied by impressive pulmonary vascular hyperresponsiveness. These results suggest a possible role for allergic inflammation in the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Witzenrath
- Dept of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Schumannstr 20/21, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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Dittrich A, Quarcoo D, Krokowski M, Awagjan A, Ahrens B, Hamelmann E. Lipocalin2 (lcn2) is Upregulated and May Serve as a Novel Protective Factor in Allergic Airway Disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2005.12.724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Gerhold K, Avagyan A, Seib C, Ahrens B, Jaworska J, Dittrich A, Wahn U, Hamelmann E. Prenatal Exposure with Aerosolized Allergen Prevents Subsequent Allergen-Induced Sensitization and Airway Inflammation in Young Mice. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2005.12.982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Quarcoo D, Dittrich A, Krokowski M, Awagjan A, Ahrens B, Hamelmann E. The Antioxidants, Glutathione-S-Transferase-Omega1-1 (GST1-1) and Glutathione Peroxidase2 (GPX2), Are Increased in Allergic Airway Inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2005.12.600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Witzenrath M, Ahrens B, Kube S, Hocke AC, Rosseau S, Suttorp N, Hamelmann E, Schütte H. Ovalbumin-induzierte Atemwegshyperreagibilität in isoliert perfundierten Mauslungen. Pneumologie 2005. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-864484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Lauterbach E, Rumpf HJ, Ahrens B, Haug HJ, Schaub R, Schönell H, Stieglitz RD, Hohagen F. Assessing dimensional and categorical aspects of depression: validation of the AMDP Depression Scale. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2005; 255:15-9. [PMID: 15538595 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-004-0529-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2003] [Accepted: 04/23/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A new observer depression scale which is based on the descriptive operationalized classification principles of ICD-10 is introduced. The AMDP Depression Scale (AMDP-DS), a 22-item clinician-rated inventory, provides the opportunity of dimensional as well as categorical depression severity assessment. METHODS A sample of 50 patients with depressive symptoms were assessed with the AMDP-DS by two raters in a joint rater session. A number of widely used depression scales were applied separately by an independent rater. The ICD-10 symptom checklist was used for categorical assessment of depressive disorders. RESULTS The inter-rater reliability for the total score of the AMDP-DS was excellent (Intraclass coefficient: 0.97). There were high correlations with the sum scores of the other scales under study. The correlations between the ICD-10 symptom-checklist and the AMDP-DS ranged from 0.75 to 0.89 for the total sample and 0.44 to 0.51 for patients with acute depressive episode. LIMITATIONS The results are limited by the method of a joint rater setting and the relatively small subsample of patients with depressive episode. CONCLUSIONS The AMDP-DS satisfies the requirements of psychometric criteria with a sufficient degree. A new depression scale designed to cover dimensional as well as categorical aspects has successfully been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lauterbach
- Departtment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Schleswig-Holstein Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany.
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Gerhold K, Avagyan A, Beier K, Ahrens B, Quarcoo D, Hamelmann E. Prenatal exposure with lipopolysaccharides prevents allergen sensitization and eosinophilic airway inflammation in a murine model. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2004.12.1056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Dittrich A, Erbacher A, Diesner F, Ahrens B, Quarcoo D, Hoffmann W, Hamelmann E. Infection with Litosomoides sigmodontis suppresses allergen-induced sensitization and pulmonary inflammation in a murine asthma model. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2004.12.833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Zerell U, Ahrens B, Gerz P. Documentation of a heroin manufacturing process in Afghanistan. Bull Narc 2005; 57:11-31. [PMID: 21338014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The present article documents an authentic process of heroin manufacturing in Afghanistan: white heroin hydrochloride produced using simple equipment and a small quantity of chemicals. The quantities of chemicals actually used corresponded to the minimum needed for manufacturing heroin. The only organic solvent used was acetone, and only a very small quantity of it was used. Because the chemicals used in the demonstration were from actual seizures in Afghanistan, some of the chemicals had been disguised or repackaged by smugglers. Others had been put into labelled containers that proved to be counterfeit, and some glass containers used were not the original containers of the manufacturer displayed on the label. The brown heroin base prepared as an intermediate step in the process shares some of the characteristics of the South-West Asia type of heroin preparations often seized in Germany. The final product of the documented heroin manufacturing process was white heroin hydrochloride, which shares the key characteristics of the white heroin occasionally seized in Germany and other countries in Western Europe since 2000. The present article demonstrates that this kind of heroin can be produced in Afghanistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Zerell
- Federal Criminal Police Office, Wiesbaden, Germany
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Quarcoo D, Weixler S, Joachim RA, Stock P, Kallinich T, Ahrens B, Hamelmann E. Resiquimod, a new immune response modifier from the family of imidazoquinolinamines, inhibits allergen-induced Th2 responses, airway inflammation and airway hyper-reactivity in mice. Clin Exp Allergy 2004; 34:1314-20. [PMID: 15298575 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.02023.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergen-induced sensitization and airway disease are the results of adverse immune reactions against environmental antigens that may be prevented or inhibited by immune modifying strategies. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of the novel immune response modifier resiquimod (R-848), from the family of imidazol-derivates, in a murine model of allergen-mediated Th2-immune responses and concomitant airway inflammation and airway hyper-reactivity. METHODS BALB/c mice were systemically sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) on days 1 and 14 and challenged with OVA aerosol on days 28 and 29. R-848 was applied intranasally to sensitized animals once prior to the first allergen airway challenge, on day 27. RESULTS A single application of R-848 significantly reduced numbers of eosinophils and lymphocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and inhibited mucus gland hyperplasia, compared with sensitized and challenged controls. Associated with the decrease in airway inflammation, single intranasal treatment with R-848 abolished the development of airway hyper-reactivity after allergen sensitization and airway challenges. Additionally, Th2-cytokine production in lung tissues from sensitized and R-848-treated animals was reduced, whereas IL-12 and IFN-gamma production was increased, compared with non-treated sensitized mice. CONCLUSION These data indicate that R-848 effectively inhibits allergen-induced airway inflammation and hyper-reactivity by modulation of increased Th2-immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Quarcoo
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité-Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
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Quarcoo D, Weixler S, Joachim R, Groneberg D, Ahrens B, Wagner A, Hecker M, Hamelmann E. STAT-1 is a major factor regulating allergen-induced airway inflammation and hyperreactivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6749(03)80334-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Linden M, Zäske H, Ahrens B. Correlates of suicidal ideation in general healthcare patients - Results of the WHO Collaborative Study on Psychological Problems in General Health Care (WHO-PPGHC). Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2003; 7:17-25. [PMID: 24937237 DOI: 10.1080/136515003100310001022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In the WHO study on Psychological Problems in General Health Care (WHO-PPGHC), a random sample of 5438 patients from 15 international centres were investigated to study prevalence and type of mental disorders by use of standardized methods. Using the General Health Questionnaire, 9.7% of the practice attenders admitted that they have or recently had suicidal ideations. In a logistic regression analysis, predictors of suicidal ideation were hopelessness, presence of an ICD-10 diagnosis, social disability in terms of occupational role functioning and daily routine, and lack of social adaptation in terms of lower age and being less educated. The predictors are discussed in an explanatory model of suicidal ideation in general healthcare. Implications for patient care in general healthcare are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Linden
- Outpatient Research Group Department of Psychiatry, Free University of Berlin Teltow/Berlin
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