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Yurash B, Dixon A, Espinoza C, Mikhailovsky A, Chae S, Nakanotani H, Adachi C, Nguyen TQ. Efficiency of Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Sensitized Triplet Upconversion Doubled in Three-Component System. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2103976. [PMID: 34793602 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As in many fields, the most exciting endeavors in photon upconversion research focus on increasing the efficiency (upconversion quantum yield) and performance (anti-Stokes shift) while diminishing the cost of production. In this vein, studies employing metal-free thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) sensitizers have garnered increased interest. Here, for the first time, the strategy of ternary photon upconversion is utilized with the TADF sensitizer 2,4,5,6-tetrakis(carbazol-9-yl)isophthalonitrile (4CzIPN), resulting in a doubling of the upconversion quantum yield in comparison to the binary system employing p-terphenyl as the emitter. In this ternary blend, the sensitizer 4CzIPN is paired with an intermediate acceptor, 1-methylnaphthalene, in addition to the emitter molecule, p-terphenyl, yielding a normalized upconversion quantum yield of 7.6% while maintaining the 0.83 eV anti-Stokes shift. These results illustrate the potential benefits of utilizing this strategy of energy-funneling, previously used only with heavy-metal based sensitizers, to increase the performance of these photon upconversion systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Yurash
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids (CPOS) and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Alana Dixon
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids (CPOS) and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Carolina Espinoza
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids (CPOS) and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Alexander Mikhailovsky
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids (CPOS) and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Sangmin Chae
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids (CPOS) and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Hajime Nakanotani
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Chihaya Adachi
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Thuc-Quyen Nguyen
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids (CPOS) and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
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Marqués PS, Londi G, Yurash B, Nguyen TQ, Barlow S, Marder SR, Beljonne D. Understanding how Lewis acids dope organic semiconductors: a "complex" story. Chem Sci 2021; 12:7012-7022. [PMID: 34123329 PMCID: PMC8153436 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01268a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We report on computational studies of the potential of three borane Lewis acids (LAs) (B(C6F5)3 (BCF), BF3, and BBr3) to form stable adducts and/or to generate positive polarons with three different semiconducting π-conjugated polymers (PFPT, PCPDTPT and PCPDTBT). Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) calculations based on range-separated hybrid (RSH) functionals provide insight into changes in the electronic structure and optical properties upon adduct formation between LAs and the two polymers containing pyridine moieties, PFPT and PCPDTPT, unravelling the complex interplay between partial hybridization, charge transfer and changes in the polymer backbone conformation. We then assess the potential of BCF to induce p-doping in PCPDTBT, which does not contain pyridine groups, by computing the energetics of various reaction mechanisms proposed in the literature. We find that reaction of BCF(OH2) to form protonated PCPDTBT and [BCF(OH)]-, followed by electron transfer from a pristine to a protonated PCPDTBT chain is highly endergonic, and thus unlikely at low doping concentration. The theoretical and experimental data can, however, be reconciled if one considers the formation of [BCF(OH)BCF]- or [BCF(OH)(OH2)BCF]- counterions rather than [BCF(OH)]- and invokes subsequent reactions resulting in the elimination of H2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Simón Marqués
- Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou, UMR CNRS 6200, UNIV Angers, SFR MATRIX 2 Bd Lavoisier 49045 Angers Cedex France
| | - Giacomo Londi
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons Place du Parc, 20 7000 Mons Belgium
| | - Brett Yurash
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara California 93106 USA
| | - Thuc-Quyen Nguyen
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara California 93106 USA
| | - Stephen Barlow
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia 30332-0400 USA
| | - Seth R Marder
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia 30332-0400 USA
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons Place du Parc, 20 7000 Mons Belgium
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Lill AT, Cao DX, Schrock M, Vollbrecht J, Huang J, Nguyen-Dang T, Brus VV, Yurash B, Leifert D, Bazan GC, Nguyen TQ. Organic Electrochemical Transistors Based on the Conjugated Polyelectrolyte PCPDTBT-SO 3 K (CPE-K). Adv Mater 2020; 32:e1908120. [PMID: 32656778 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201908120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PCPDTBT-SO3 K (CPE-K), a conjugated polyelectrolyte, is presented as a mixed conductor material that can be used to fabricate high transconductance accumulation mode organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs). OECTs are utilized in a wide range of applications such as analyte detection, neural interfacing, impedance sensing, and neuromorphic computing. The use of interdigitated contacts to enable high transconductance in a relatively small device area in comparison to standard contacts is demonstrated. Such characteristics are highly desired in applications such as neural-activity sensing, where the device area must be minimized to reduce invasiveness. The physical and electrical properties of CPE-K are fully characterized to allow a direct comparison to other top performing OECT materials. CPE-K demonstrates an electrical performance that is among the best reported in the literature for OECT materials. In addition, CPE-K OECTs operate in the accumulation mode, which allows for much lower energy consumption in comparison to commonly used depletion mode devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T Lill
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - David X Cao
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Max Schrock
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Joachim Vollbrecht
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Jianfei Huang
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Tung Nguyen-Dang
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Viktor V Brus
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Brett Yurash
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Dirk Leifert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Münster University, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Guillermo C Bazan
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Thuc-Quyen Nguyen
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
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Yurash B, Cao DX, Brus VV, Leifert D, Wang M, Dixon A, Seifrid M, Mansour AE, Lungwitz D, Liu T, Santiago PJ, Graham KR, Koch N, Bazan GC, Nguyen TQ. Towards understanding the doping mechanism of organic semiconductors by Lewis acids. Nat Mater 2019; 18:1327-1334. [PMID: 31527809 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-019-0479-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Precise doping of organic semiconductors allows control over the conductivity of these materials, an essential parameter in electronic applications. Although Lewis acids have recently shown promise as dopants for solution-processed polymers, their doping mechanism is not yet fully understood. In this study, we found that B(C6F5)3 is a superior dopant to the other Lewis acids investigated (BF3, BBr3 and AlCl3). Experiments indicate that Lewis acid-base adduct formation with polymers inhibits the doping process. Electron-nuclear double-resonance and nuclear magnetic resonance experiments, together with density functional theory, show that p-type doping occurs by generation of a water-Lewis acid complex with substantial Brønsted acidity, followed by protonation of the polymer backbone and electron transfer from a neutral chain segment to a positively charged, protonated one. This study provides insight into a potential path for protonic acid doping and shows how trace levels of water can transform Lewis acids into powerful Brønsted acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Yurash
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - David Xi Cao
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Viktor V Brus
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Dirk Leifert
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Ming Wang
- Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Alana Dixon
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Martin Seifrid
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Ahmed E Mansour
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominique Lungwitz
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tuo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Peter J Santiago
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth R Graham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Norbert Koch
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Guillermo C Bazan
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
| | - Thuc-Quyen Nguyen
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
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Yurash B, Nakanotani H, Olivier Y, Beljonne D, Adachi C, Nguyen TQ. Photoluminescence Quenching Probes Spin Conversion and Exciton Dynamics in Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Materials. Adv Mater 2019; 31:e1804490. [PMID: 30957291 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201804490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent materials that efficiently convert triplet excitons into singlets through reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) rival the efficiencies of phosphorescent state-of-the-art organic light-emitting diodes. This upconversion process, a phenomenon known as thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), is dictated by the rate of RISC, a material-dependent property that is challenging to determine experimentally. In this work, a new analytical model is developed which unambiguously determines the magnitude of RISC, as well as several other important photophysical parameters such as exciton diffusion coefficients and lengths, all from straightforward time-resolved photoluminescence measurements. From a detailed investigation of five TADF materials, important structure-property relationships are derived and a brominated derivative of 2,4,5,6-tetrakis(carbazol-9-yl)isophthalonitrile that has an exciton diffusion length of over 40 nm and whose excitons interconvert between the singlet and triplet states ≈36 times during one lifetime is identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Yurash
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Hajime Nakanotani
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yoann Olivier
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, B-7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, B-7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Chihaya Adachi
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Thuc-Quyen Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
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Ogawa T, Hosoyamada M, Yurash B, Nguyen TQ, Yanai N, Kimizuka N. Donor–Acceptor–Collector Ternary Crystalline Films for Efficient Solid-State Photon Upconversion. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:8788-8796. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b04542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taku Ogawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, Moto-oka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masanori Hosoyamada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, Moto-oka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Brett Yurash
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Thuc-Quyen Nguyen
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Nobuhiro Yanai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, Moto-oka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- PRESTO, JST, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kimizuka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, Moto-oka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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