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Stärk KDC, Goncalves VSP, McCluskey BJ, Pinto J, Tsutsui T, Gibbens J. Competencies for government veterinary services of the future: Summary of ISVEE 14 Yucatan 2015 roundtable discussion. Prev Vet Med 2017; 137:151-153. [PMID: 27993402 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This short communication summarizes the strengths and weaknesses of current organisational structures in government veterinary services, as well as future technical, financial and societal challenges and related necessary competencies for government veterinary services of the future as discussed by an expert panel at ISVEE2015. First, participating representatives of veterinary services of diverse geographical backgrounds and statements from the audience confirmed that non-technical skills such as ability to work in teams, adaptability to new environments and situations, social and communication skills are increasingly seen as important. The second challenge faced by veterinary services is related to capacity issues, i.e. to have enough manpower to plan and deliver according to legislation in a period of shrinking budgets. New and emerging diseases can result in sudden, massive increases in the workload of veterinary services. Technical complexity has also increased for some hazards. Staff skills in veterinary services therefore need to be continuously updated, and it is essential to establish cross technical collaboration with other sectors including food safety, public health and environment. ISVEE conferences were seen as an opportunity to provide a global platform to develop skills needed by veterinary services, now and in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina D C Stärk
- Royal Veterinary College, London, UK; SAFOSO AG, Bern-Liebefeld, Switzerland.
| | | | | | - Julio Pinto
- Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Jane Gibbens
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Defra, Dept. of Epidemiological Sciences, New Haw, Addlestone, UK.
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Shriner SA, Root JJ, Lutman MW, Kloft JM, VanDalen KK, Sullivan HJ, White TS, Milleson MP, Hairston JL, Chandler SC, Wolf PC, Turnage CT, McCluskey BJ, Vincent AL, Torchetti MK, Gidlewski T, DeLiberto TJ. Surveillance for highly pathogenic H5 avian influenza virus in synanthropic wildlife associated with poultry farms during an acute outbreak. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36237. [PMID: 27812044 PMCID: PMC5095889 DOI: 10.1038/srep36237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In November 2014, a Eurasian strain H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus was detected in poultry in Canada. Introduced viruses were soon detected in the United States and within six months had spread to 21 states with more than 48 million poultry affected. In an effort to study potential mechanisms of spread of the Eurasian H5 virus, the United States Department of Agriculture coordinated several epidemiologic investigations at poultry farms. As part of those efforts, we sampled synanthropic birds and mammals at five infected and five uninfected poultry farms in northwest Iowa for exposure to avian influenza viruses. Across all farms, we collected 2,627 samples from 648 individual birds and mammals. House mice were the most common mammal species captured while house sparrows, European starlings, rock pigeons, swallows, and American robins were the most commonly captured birds. A single European starling was positive for Eurasian H5 viral RNA and seropositive for antibodies reactive to the Eurasian H5 virus. Two American robins were also seropositive. No mammal species showed evidence of infection. These results indicate synanthropic species merit further scrutiny to better understand potential biosecurity risks. We propose a set of management practices aimed at reducing wildlife incursions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A. Shriner
- National Wildlife Research Center, USDA-APHIS, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - J. Jeffrey Root
- National Wildlife Research Center, USDA-APHIS, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Mark W. Lutman
- National Wildlife Research Center, USDA-APHIS, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Kaci K. VanDalen
- National Wildlife Research Center, USDA-APHIS, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul C. Wolf
- Wildlife Services, USDA-APHIS, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | | | - Brian J. McCluskey
- Science, Technology and Analysis Services, Veterinary Services, USDA-APHIS, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Amy L. Vincent
- Virus and Prion Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Mia K. Torchetti
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Science, Technology and Analysis Services, Veterinary Services, USDA-APHIS, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Thomas Gidlewski
- National Wildlife Research Center, USDA-APHIS, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J McCluskey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Robert Morrison
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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Dargatz DA, Byrum BA, Collins MT, Goyal SM, Hietala SK, Jacobson RH, Kopral CA, Martin BM, McCluskey BJ, Tewari D. A Multilaboratory Evaluation of a Commercial Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Test for the Detection of Antibodies against Mycobacterium Avium Subsp. Paratuberculosis in Cattle. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 16:509-14. [PMID: 15586565 DOI: 10.1177/104063870401600604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Five laboratories participated in a study to evaluate sources of variation in results from an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for antibodies against Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Each laboratory repeatedly tested duplicates of a negative, positive (P), and high-positive (HP) serum sample, which were supplied by the United States Department of Agriculture: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service: Veterinary Services, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, IA, on all 96-well microtiter plates when routinely testing other samples for M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis antibodies. These 3 sera were aliquoted and sent to the 5 participating laboratories. This study focused on variation in test results because of assay reagents and laboratory techniques and did not account for biologic variability associated with the time course of infection in cattle. Overall, results from 868 microtiter plates were used in the study. For each sample a sample-to-positive (S/P) ratio was calculated according to the manufacturer's directions. The S/P ratio for the P sample ranged from 0.06 to 1.039 (mean = 0.466 and 0.484 for wells 1 and 2, respectively) and those for the HP sample ranged from 2.446 to 8.727 (mean = 4.027 and 3.980 for wells 1 and 2, respectively). The majority of the variation in S/P ratio for the P sample was attributed to kit lot (37.5%), followed by random (unexplained) error (27.0%), laboratory (18.3%), and kit lot by laboratory (11.9%). By eliminating plates in which the separation between negative and positive control ODs was less than 0.4, the proportion of variation attributed to laboratory was reduced markedly. These results confirm that there is variability in M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis ELISA results and that several sources contribute to the observed variability. The study gives a relative estimate of the contribution of various sources to the overall variability observed in the M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis ELISA results with kit lot being a primary contributor. Similar data for other ELISA tests for antibodies to M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis or other antigens also should be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Dargatz
- USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
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Lombard JE, Byrem TM, Wagner BA, McCluskey BJ. Comparison of Milk and Serum Enzyme–Linked Immunosorbent Assays for Diagnosis of Mycobacterium Avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis Infection in Dairy Cattle. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 18:448-58. [PMID: 17037612 DOI: 10.1177/104063870601800504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk and serum samples from 35 dairy herds in 17 states were evaluated for cow- and herd-level Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) antibody test agreement. Evaluation of 6,349 samples suggested moderate agreement between milk and serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results, with a kappa value of 0.50. Cow-level sensitivity (Se) for 18 dairy operations with 1,921 animals was evaluated relative to fecal culture results. At the cow level, the milk ELISA relative Se was not significantly different from that of the serum ELISA (21.2 and 23.5%, respectively). Logistic regression models revealed a positive association between lactation number and milk ELISA status. Non-Holstein cows were more likely to test milk ELISA positive than Holstein cows. Cows in the first 2 weeks of lactation and after week 45 of lactation were more likely to test milk ELISA positive than cows between 3 and 12 weeks of lactation. Milk production > 80% of herd average was negatively associated with testing milk ELISA positive. Animals in the West and Midwest regions were less likely than animals in the Southeast region to test ELISA positive by either test. Estimates for herd-level sensitivity for the milk and serum ELISA, relative to fecal culture results, ranged from 56 to 83%. At the cow and herd levels, milk ELISA performed equivalent to serum ELISA using fecal culture as a reference for MAP infection and has the advantage of decreased labor costs on farms that use Dairy Herd Improvement Association testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason E Lombard
- Integrated Livestock Management, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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McCluskey BJ, Haley C, Rovira A, Main R, Zhang Y, Barder S. Retrospective testing and case series study of porcine delta coronavirus in U.S. swine herds. Prev Vet Med 2016; 123:185-191. [PMID: 26603048 PMCID: PMC7114078 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) was first reported in the United States (US) in February 2014. This was the second novel swine enteric coronavirus detected in the US since May 2013. In this study, we conducted retrospective testing of samples submitted to three veterinary diagnostic laboratories where qualifying biological samples were derived from previously submitted diagnostic case submissions from US commercial swine farms with a clinical history of enteric disease or from cases that had been previously tested for transmissible gastroenteritis virus, PEDV, or rotavirus. Overall, 2286 banked samples were tested from 27 States. Samples were collected in 3 separate years and in 17 different months. Test results revealed 4 positive samples, 3 collected in August 2013 and 1 collected in October 2013. In addition, a case series including 42 operations in 10 States was conducted through administration of a survey. Survey data collected included information on characteristics of swine operations that had experienced PDCoV clinical signs. Special emphasis was placed on obtaining descriptive estimates of biosecurity practices and disease status over time of each operation. Clinical signs of PDCoV were reported to be similar to those of PEDV. The average number of animals on each operation exhibiting clinical signs (morbidity) and the average number of case fatalities was greatest for suckling and weaned pigs. Average operation-level weaned pig morbidity was greatest in the first week of the outbreak while average operation-level suckling pig case fatality was greatest in the second week of the outbreak. The survey included questions regarding biosecurity practices for visitors and operation employees; trucks, equipment and drivers; and feed sources. These questions attempted to identify a likely pathway of introduction of PDCoV onto the operations surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J McCluskey
- USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, United States.
| | - Charles Haley
- USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, United States
| | - Albert Rovira
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, United States
| | - Rodger Main
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, United States
| | - Yan Zhang
- Ohio Department of Agriculture, Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, United States
| | - Sunny Barder
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, United States
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McCluskey BJ, Pelzel-McCluskey AM, Creekmore L, Schiltz J. Vesicular stomatitis outbreak in the southwestern United States, 2012. J Vet Diagn Invest 2013; 25:608-13. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638713497945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis is a viral disease primarily affecting horses and cattle when it occurs in the United States. Outbreaks in the southwestern United States occur sporadically, with initial cases typically occurring in Texas, New Mexico, or Arizona and subsequent cases occurring in a northward progression. The viruses causing vesicular stomatitis can be transmitted by direct contact of lesioned animals with other susceptible animals, but transmission is primarily through arthropod vectors. In 2012, an outbreak of vesicular stomatitis in the United States occurred that was caused by Vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus serotype. Overall, 51 horses on 36 premises in 2 states were confirmed positive. Phylogenetic analysis of the virus indicated that it was most closely related to viruses detected in the state of Veracruz, Mexico, in 2000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. McCluskey
- U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Veterinary Services, Fort Collins, CO (McCluskey, Pelzel-McCluskey, Creekmore)
- USDA, APHIS, National Veterinary Services Laboratory, Ames, IA (Schiltz)
| | - Angela M. Pelzel-McCluskey
- U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Veterinary Services, Fort Collins, CO (McCluskey, Pelzel-McCluskey, Creekmore)
- USDA, APHIS, National Veterinary Services Laboratory, Ames, IA (Schiltz)
| | - Lynn Creekmore
- U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Veterinary Services, Fort Collins, CO (McCluskey, Pelzel-McCluskey, Creekmore)
- USDA, APHIS, National Veterinary Services Laboratory, Ames, IA (Schiltz)
| | - John Schiltz
- U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Veterinary Services, Fort Collins, CO (McCluskey, Pelzel-McCluskey, Creekmore)
- USDA, APHIS, National Veterinary Services Laboratory, Ames, IA (Schiltz)
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Reinhardt TA, Lippolis JD, McCluskey BJ, Goff JP, Horst RL. Prevalence of subclinical hypocalcemia in dairy herds. Vet J 2011; 188:122-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Revised: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Lombard JE, Wagner BA, Smith RL, McCluskey BJ, Harris BN, Payeur JB, Garry FB, Salman MD. Evaluation of environmental sampling and culture to determine Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis distribution and herd infection status on US dairy operations. J Dairy Sci 2008; 89:4163-71. [PMID: 17033002 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(06)72461-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine the distribution of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) in the environment and assess the relationship between the culture status of MAP in the farm environment and herd infection status. The National Animal Health Monitoring System's Dairy 2002 study surveyed dairy operations in 21 states. One component of the study involved collection and culturing of environmental samples for MAP from areas on farms where manure accumulated from a majority of a herd's cows. Operations were selected for inclusion based on perceived risk factors for MAP infection identified in a previously administered questionnaire. Individual animal and environmental samples were collected and used to determine the efficiency of environmental sampling for determination of herd infection status. Individual animal fecal, serum, and milk samples were used to classify herds as infected or not infected based on the presence of at least one test-positive animal in the herd. A total of 483 environmental samples (approximately 5 per farm) were collected, and 218 (45.1%) were culture-positive for MAP. A similar percentage of environmental cultures collected from all designated areas were positive [parlor exits (52.3%), floors of holding pens (49.1%), common alleyways (48.8%), lagoons (47.4%), manure spreaders (42.3%), and manure pits (41.5%)]. Of the 98 operations tested with the environmental sample culture, 97 had individual serum ELISA results, 60 had individual fecal culture results, and 34 had individual milk ELISA results. Sixty-nine of the 98 operations (70.4%) had at least one environmental sample that was culture-positive. Of the 50 herds classified as infected by fecal culture, 38 (76.0%) were identified by environmental culture. Two of the 10 operations classified as not infected based on individual animal fecal culture were environmental culture-positive. Of the 80 operations classified as infected based on serum ELISA-positive results, 61 (76.3%) were identified as environmental-positive, whereas 20 of the 28 (71.4%) operations identified as infected based on milk ELISA were detected by environmental sampling. Environmental sample culturing is less costly than individual animal sampling, does not require animal restraint, and identified more than 70% of infected operations. Environmental sampling is another diagnostic tool that veterinarians and dairy producers can use to determine herd infection status for MAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Lombard
- USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, 2150 Centre Ave., Bldg. B, Fort Collins, CO 80526-8117, USA.
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Villarroel A, Dargatz DA, Lane VM, McCluskey BJ, Salman MD. Suggested outline of potential critical control points for biosecurity and biocontainment on large dairy farms. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007; 230:808-19. [PMID: 17362152 DOI: 10.2460/javma.230.6.808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Villarroel
- Animal Population Health Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Pelzel
- USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Austin, TX 78701, USA
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McCluskey BJ, Burgess B, Glover J, Kinde H, Hietala S. Use of sentinel chickens to evaluate the effectiveness of cleaning and disinfection procedures in noncommercial poultry operations infected with exotic Newcastle disease virus. J Vet Diagn Invest 2006; 18:296-9. [PMID: 16789722 DOI: 10.1177/104063870601800313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of sentinel chickens in establishing the negative status of commercial poultry flocks depopulated due to exotic Newcastle disease (END) is considered to be an economically beneficial process. However, the costs and benefits of using sentinel chickens in noncommercial operations are in question. The objective of this study was to use sentinel chickens to evaluate whether adequate cleaning and disinfection coupled with an appropriate time period without susceptible poultry species on the premises would eliminate END virus from a noncommercial poultry operation and preclude the need for placement of sentinels in previously infected operations before declaring them free of virus. Noncommercial poultry operations were selected from the 2002 to 2003 END outbreak database. Operations included in the study had one or more isolations of END virus (ENDV) from cloacal or oropharyngeal swabs of birds on the premises. A total of 546 birds were placed on 53 premises. All sentinel birds sampled after placements were negative by virus detection methods and serologic tests. Results of this study indicate that time and the application of appropriate cleaning and disinfection procedures will adequately mitigate the risk of viable virus persisting in noncommercial poultry operations. In the future, this information may eliminate the need for sentinel bird placement to ensure virus free status of premises before repopulation, thereby decreasing the costs of END eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J McCluskey
- USDA Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Fort Collins, CO 80526-8117, USA
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Lombard JE, Garry FB, McCluskey BJ, Wagner BA. Risk of removal and effects on milk production associated with paratuberculosis status in dairy cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005; 227:1975-81. [PMID: 16379637 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2005.227.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine effects on production and risk of removal related to Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (MAP) infection at the individual animal level in dairy cattle. DESIGN Longitudinal study. ANIMALS 7,879 dairy cows from 38 herds in 16 states. PROCEDURE A subset of dairy cattle operations that participated in the National Animal Health Monitoring System Dairy 2002 study was evaluated via a serum ELISA for antibodies against MAP and categorized according to ELISA score. Dairy Herd Improvement Association records were obtained to collect current and historical lactation data and removal (ie, culling) information. Production variables were evaluated on the basis of serum ELISA category. RESULTS Cows with strong positive results had mature equivalent (ME) 305-day milk production, ME 305-day maximum milk production, and total lifetime milk production that were significantly lower than cows in other categories. No differences were observed for ME 305-day fat and protein percentages, age, lactation, and lactation mean linear somatic cell count score between cows with strong positive results and those with negative results. After accounting for lactation number and relative herd-level milk production, cows with strong positive results were significantly more likely to have been removed by 1 year after testing. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Without management changes designed to reduce the farm-level prevalence of MAP infection, paratuberculosis will continue to reduce farm income by decreasing milk production and potentially increasing premature removal from the herd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason E Lombard
- USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, 2150 Centre Ave, Bldg B-2E7, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
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Karns JS, Van Kessel JS, McCluskey BJ, Perdue ML. Prevalence of Salmonella enterica in Bulk Tank Milk from US Dairies as Determined by Polymerase Chain Reaction. J Dairy Sci 2005; 88:3475-9. [PMID: 16162520 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)73031-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Samples of bulk tank milk from dairies across the United States, taken as part of the National Animal Health Monitoring System Dairy 2002 survey, were analyzed for the presence of Salmonella enterica using a commercially available real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) kit. Samples from 854 farms in 21 states were collected and enriched in tetrathionate broth to amplify any salmonellae present, and DNA was isolated from the resulting biomass. One hundred one samples (11.8%) were shown to contain Salmonella enterica using the real-time PCR assay, whereas conventional culture techniques detected the pathogen in only 22 (2.6%) of the samples. A conventional PCR assay targeting a different gene from Salmonella enterica confirmed the presence of the organism in 94 of the real-time PCR-positive samples. Thus, assay of milk samples by real-time PCR indicates that the prevalence of Salmonella enterica in US bulk tank milk is substantially higher than previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Karns
- Environmental Microbial Safety Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine risk factors associated with hemorrhagic bowel syndrome (HBS) among dairy cattle in the United States and identify characteristics of HBS in individual cows. DESIGN Cross-sectional, population-based survey. SAMPLE POPULATION A stratified random sample of 1,013 dairy operations with > or = 30 cows located in 21 states. PROCEDURE Information on management and animal health-related topics was collected with a questionnaire. RESULTS HBS was estimated to have been observed on 9.1% of operations during the preceding 5 years and on 5.1% of operations during the preceding 12 months. Factors found in multivariable analysis to be associated with the occurrence of HBS during the preceding 12 months were large herd size, administration of bovine somatotropin, and routine use of milk urea nitrogen concentration to determine ration composition. Use of pasture as part of the lactating cow ration during the growing season was associated with decreased odds of HBS in operations with rolling herd average milk production < or = 20,000 lb, whereas in operations with higher milk production, use of pasture was not associated with occurrence of HBS. For individual cows with signs consistent with HBS, the third lactation was the median of the parity distribution and the median time between parturition and the onset of clinical signs was 104 days. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggest that management practices implemented to achieve high milk production may increase the risk of developing HBS in dairy cattle. Increased consumption of a high-energy diet seems to be the most plausible common pathway for all of the risk factors that have been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy D Berghaus
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis (VS) outbreaks occurred in the southwestern United States of America in 1995, 1997 and 1998. The epidemiology of VS is not understood completely and some of the epidemiologic aspects of this disease are currently under investigation. In this study, daily maximum temperature, daily minimum temperature, daily mean temperature, daily mean relative humidity and daily total precipitation were collected at the Sevilleta Long Term Ecological Research site in central New Mexico. Discriminant analysis was used to identify the climatic variables best able to classify in which months VS would occur. The study found that the amounts of precipitation occurring two, ten, eleven and twelve months prior to the month in which cases were diagnosed, were the climatic variables that best described the occurrence of VS cases. The association of VS cases and precipitation suggests that, like numerous other arthropod-borne diseases, transmission of the disease-causing pathogen is linked to variations in climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J McCluskey
- Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building B, Fort Collins, Colorado 80526, United States of America
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Blau DM, McCluskey BJ, Ladely SR, Dargatz DA, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Ferris KE, Headrick ML. Salmonella in dairy operations in the United States: prevalence and antimicrobial drug susceptibility. J Food Prot 2005; 68:696-702. [PMID: 15830658 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-68.4.696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella serotypes are important foodborne pathogens of humans that can be acquired through consumption of contaminated meat and dairy products. Salmonella infection also can be a significant animal health issue. As part of a national study of U.S. dairy operations conducted between March and September 2002, fecal samples were collected from representative cows in 97 dairy herds in 21 states and were cultured to determine the prevalence of Salmonella shedding. Salmonella was recovered from the feces of at least one cow in 30.9% of the herds. Overall, 7.3% of fecal samples were culture positive for Salmonella. The three most frequently recovered serotypes were Salmonella Meleagridis (24.1%), Salmonella Montevideo (11.9%), and Salmonella Typhimurium (9.9%). The susceptibilities of Salmonella isolates recovered were determined using a panel of 16 antimicrobial drugs. Salmonella isolates recovered from dairy cows had relatively little resistance to these antimicrobial agents; 83.0% of the isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested. This study provides updated information on the prevalence and susceptibility patterns of Salmonella in dairy herds and on cow and herd characteristics. These data contribute to our understanding of the ecology of Salmonella in the dairy farm environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Blau
- Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, US Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado 80526-8117, USA
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Van Kessel JS, Karns JS, Gorski L, McCluskey BJ, Perdue ML. Prevalence of Salmonellae, Listeria monocytogenes, and Fecal Coliforms in Bulk Tank Milk on US Dairies. J Dairy Sci 2004; 87:2822-30. [PMID: 15375040 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(04)73410-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, and fecal coliforms in bulk tank milk in the United States. As part of the NAHMS Dairy 2002 survey, 861 bulk tank milk samples were collected from farms in 21 states. Milk was directly plated on selective agars for direct bacterial enumeration and was enriched in selective broths to increase detection sensitivity. Somatic cell counts (SCC) and standard plate counts (SPC) were also determined. Coliforms were detected in 95% (818 of 860) of the samples, and the average SCC was 295,000 cells/mL. Twenty-two samples (2.6%) were culture-positive for Salmonella, and 9 serotypes were identified: Montevideo (n = 7), Newport (n = 4), Muenster (n = 2), Meleagridis (n = 2), Cerro (n = 2), 44:Z36 (Z38) (n = 2), Dublin (n = 1), Anatum (n = 1), and 9, 12:nonmo-tile (n = 1). Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from 56 (6.5%) samples, and serotyping of these isolates yielded 5 serotypes (1/2a, 1/2b, 3b, 4b, and 4c). Of the L. monocytogenes isolates, 93% were serotypes 1/2a, 1/2b, and 4b, the most common human clinical isolates. Regional differences in L. monocytogenes and Salmonella prevalence were observed, but more studies are needed to determine the validity of these differences. There were no apparent relationships between SCC or SPC and incidence of Salmonella or L. monocytogenes. Although the prevalence of L. monocytogenes and Salmonella was low, these pathogens represent a potential risk to consumers of raw milk and raw milk products.
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McCluskey BJ, Salman MD, Martínez GE, Serrano AO, Shaw JL, Herrerro MV. A 3-year pilot study of sentinel dairy herds for vesicular stomatitis in El Salvador. Prev Vet Med 2003; 58:199-210. [PMID: 12706058 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5877(03)00054-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of vesicular stomatitis (VS) was investigated in El Salvador through monthly visits to 12 sentinel cattle operations located in four different departments. Management, environmental, and spatial data were collected. Heifers were enrolled on the operations and were examined and bled monthly for 3 years. Two competitive ELISAs were used to detect antibodies on each sample for each serotype of VS virus (VSV). On 8 of the 12 operations, small terrestrial rodents were trapped, blood samples collected, and antibodies to both VS serotypes evaluated using a serum-neutralization test for each virus serotype. Similar to other studies of VS in Central America, the seroprevalence of the New Jersey serotype was higher than the seroprevalence to the Indiana serotype. An outbreak of VS appeared to occur in the Department of Sonsonate in the summer of 1999. We confirmed that VS is endemic in the four departments investigated in El Salvador.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J McCluskey
- Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building B, Mail Stop 2E7, Fort Collins, CO 80526-8117, USA.
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Abstract
Approximately 20 sentinel premises in Colorado were visited quarterly during a 3-year prospective study to investigate the persistence of VS viruses in horses. A survey to assess management practices, health events, animal movements and environmental data was completed at each visit. Collection of serum samples and oral swabs along with a clinical examination of sentinel horses were performed at each visit. Serum samples were tested by 2 or more of 4 available serological tests. The data collected for two years (August 1998 to August 2000) are reported here. During this period there was seroconversion in 1 and 8 horses based on capture IgM tests for seroytpes New Jersey and Indiana, respectively. Kaplan-Meier curves were generated for those premises with horses that seroconverted and the mean survival time was 4.17 quarters (range 1.85-7.0). The occurrence of seroconversions during periods when no clinical disease was observed suggests the persistence of vesicular stomatitis viruses in the environment of the sentinel premises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J McCluskey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Ft. Collins, Colorado 80526, USA.
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Abstract
Arthropod-borne diseases (ABD) of cattle include those pathogens transmitted mechanically and biologically from one bovine to another or from other species to cattle. This article provides examples of the more common ABD of North America and reviews strategies to prevent entry of ABD onto cattle operations and control transmission of ABD once established on cattle operations using an integrated approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J McCluskey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, 555 South Howes Street, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA.
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Hall K, McCluskey BJ, Cunningham W. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infections (Pigeon Fever) in horses in Western Colorado: An epidemiological investigation. J Equine Vet Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0737-0806(01)70058-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
Physical trauma, dietary factors, certain toxins, immune mediated disorders, and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection are known causes of stomatitis in horses. There is evidence that some outbreaks of equine stomatitis are caused by as yet unidentified infectious agents. It remains to be determined whether stomatitis is an emerging equine infectious disease, or if the increase in reported cases is simply the result of greater public awareness as a consequence of widespread outbreaks of VSV in the southwestern United States in recent years. Focused laboratory and epidemiological studies are necessary to more adequately define non-VS related infectious and noninfectious causes of equine stomatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J McCluskey
- American College of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Kim L, Morley PS, McCluskey BJ, Mumford EL, Swenson SL, Salman MD. Oral vesicular lesions in horses without evidence of vesicular stomatitis virus infection. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000; 216:1399-404. [PMID: 10800509 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2000.216.1399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report clinical and serologic findings in horses with oral vesicular lesions that were consistent with vesicular stomatitis (VS) but apparently were not associated with VS virus (VSV) infection. DESIGN Serial case study. ANIMALS 8 horses. PROCEDURE Horses were quarantined after appearance of oral lesions typical of VS. Severity of clinical signs was scored every 2 to 5 days for 3 months. Serum samples were tested for antibodies by use of competitive ELISA (cELISA), capture ELISA for IgM, serum neutralization, and complement fixation (CF). Virus isolation was attempted from swab specimens of active lesions. RESULTS 2 horses with oral vesicular lesions on day 1 had antibodies (cELISA and CF) against VSV; however, results of CF were negative by day 19. Five of the 6 remaining horses were seronegative but developed oral lesions by day 23. Virus isolation was unsuccessful for all horses. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Horses were quarantined for 75 days in compliance with state and federal regulations. However, evidence suggests that oral lesions were apparently not associated with VSV infection. The occurrence in livestock of a vesicular disease that is not caused by VSV could confound efforts to improve control of VS in the United States and could impact foreign trade. Vesicular stomatitis is of substantial economic and regulatory concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kim
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA
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Hurd HS, McCluskey BJ, Mumford EL. Management factors affecting the risk for vesicular stomatitis in livestock operations in the western United States. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999; 215:1263-8. [PMID: 10553436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify management factors affecting the risk of animals developing vesicular stomatitis (VS). DESIGN Case-control study. ANIMALS Horses, cattle, and sheep with suspected vesicular stomatitis on 395 premises in Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Arizona. PROCEDURE Data were collected during the VS outbreak of 1997. Diagnosticians interviewed livestock owners and completed a supplemental questionnaire. Cases were defined as those premises that had a completed questionnaire and had > or = 1 animal positive for VS. Control premises were all premises investigated that had a completed questionnaire and on which the animals had been tested but VS was not detected. RESULTS Animals that had access to a shelter or barn had a reduced risk of developing VS (OR, 0.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.35 to 0.99). This effect was more pronounced for equine premises (OR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.3 to 0.9). Conversely, during an adjusted analysis on equine premises, risk of developing disease was increased slightly where animals had access to pasture (OR, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.1 to 3.7). On all premises where owners reported insect populations were greater than normal, odds of developing disease were significantly increased (OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.47 to 4.47). Premises with animals housed < 0.25 miles from running water were more than twice as likely to have clinical signs of VS (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.32 to 5.0). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These results support reports of others that suggest biting insects are a vector in VS virus transmission. Management practices to reduce exposure to biting insects might reduce the risk of VS.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Hurd
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, USDA, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
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McCluskey BJ, Hurd HS, Mumford EL. Review of the 1997 outbreak of vesicular stomatitis in the western United States. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999; 215:1259-62. [PMID: 10553435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B J McCluskey
- USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Lakewood, CO 80215, USA
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McCluskey BJ, Rice DH, Hancock DD, Hovde CJ, Besser TE, Gray S, Johnson RP. Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 and other Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli in lambs at slaughter. J Vet Diagn Invest 1999; 11:563-5. [PMID: 12968747 DOI: 10.1177/104063879901100619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- B J McCluskey
- US Department of Agriculture, Veterinary Services, 755 Parfet Street, Suite 136, Lakewood, CO 80215, USA
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Mumford EL, McCluskey BJ, Traub-Dargatz JL, Schmitt BJ, Salman MD. Public veterinary medicine: public health. Serologic evaluation of vesicular stomatitis virus exposure in horses and cattle in 1996. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998; 213:1265-9. [PMID: 9810380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine potential risk factors for vesicular stomatitis (VS) in Colorado livestock in 1995 and evaluate VS virus (VSV) exposure of Colorado livestock in 1996. DESIGN Retrospective case-control study of VS risk factors and seroprevalence evaluation. SAMPLE POPULATION Premises included 52 that had VS-positive animals and 33 that did not have VS-positive animals during the 1995 epidemic, and 8 in the vicinity of premises that had VS-positive animals during the 1995 epidemic. PROCEDURE Layout and management data for premises were collected during site visits in 1996. Signalment and management data were collected for animals from which samples were obtained, and samples were tested by serologic examination and virus isolation. The VSV seroprevalence rate was estimated for Colorado, using serum obtained for equine infectious anemia testing and from the Market Cattle Identification program in Colorado. RESULTS At least 1 animal was seropositive for VSV on 35 of 52 (67%) premises, and 71 of 228 (31%) animals tested were seropositive for VSV. Seroprevalence was 63 of 170 (37%) for horses and 8 of 54 (15%) for cattle. Seroprevalence of VSV in animals from non-study premises in Colorado in 1996 was estimated to be 1.1% in cattle and 0.8% in horses. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Overall VSV seroprevalence in Colorado livestock was less than seroprevalence in epidemic areas, and seroprevalence rates in epidemic areas were greater for horses than cattle. Results may indicate that some animals had subclinical VSV infection during epidemics and that animals may be exposed to VSV between epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Mumford
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA
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Hayek AM, McCluskey BJ, Chavez GT, Salman MD. Financial impact of the 1995 outbreak of vesicular stomatitis on 16 beef ranches in Colorado. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998; 212:820-3. [PMID: 9530419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine financial impact of an outbreak of vesicular stomatitis in the San Luis Valley of southern Colorado. DESIGN Survey and financial analysis. SAMPLE POPULATION 16 ranchers whose beef herds were affected by the 1995 outbreak. PROCEDURE Information concerning financial effects during the outbreak year was collected by personal interview of each rancher and examination of financial records. RESULTS Affected herds ranged from 79 to 956 cows (mean, 345). Cow case-fatality rates ranged from 0 to 80%, with calf case-fatality rates ranging from 0 to 28% and overall case-fatality rates of 0 to 15%. Median financial loss was $7,818/ranch and mean financial loss was $15,565/ranch, excluding total financial losses associated with sale of calves. Primary financial losses for these beef herds were attributed to increased culling rates, death of pregnant cows, loss of income from calves, and costs for additional labor during the outbreak. Some costs were attributable to a decrease in market price for beef and a drought during the year after the outbreak. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Financial losses for an outbreak of vesicular stomatitis can be attributed to effects of the disease and costs associated with imposed quarantines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Hayek
- USDA-APHIS, Veterinary Services, Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
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Bridges VE, McCluskey BJ, Salman MD, Hurd HS, Dick J. Review of the 1995 vesicular stomatitis outbreak in the western United States. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997; 211:556-60. [PMID: 9290819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V E Bridges
- USDA-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Center for Epidemiology, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
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Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. oocyst shedding was observed in calves from approximately 1 to 30 days of age. Oocysts were detected by either the Kinyoun acid-fast staining technique (microscopic examination--ME) or a commercially produced enzyme immunoassay EIA). Test concordance between the two detection methods was determined. The mean (+/- SD) number of days to detection of cryptosporidial oocysts was 9.52 +/- 1.92 for the ME and 9.83 +/- 3.19 for the EIA. No significant difference between the means was found (P = 0.17). The period prevalence of cryptosporidiosis was 100% in calves from 1 to 30 days of age. The overall agreement between the ME and EIA was 72%, with a kappa value of 0.42 (SE +/- 0.05). McNemar's test indicated that the proportion of tests determined positive by the two methods was not equal (P < 0.01). The findings or this study indicate moderate agreement between the two diagnostic methods, with the EIA being the more sensitive of the two. However, in most cases the herd-level determination of cryptosporidiosis requires minimal sample sizes and is more economically and easily accomplished by the ME method of detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J McCluskey
- US Department of Agriculture, APHIS, Englewood, CO 80155, USA
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