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Pereira ML, Knibbs LD, He C, Grzybowski P, Johnson GR, Huffman JA, Bell SC, Wainwright CE, Matte DL, Dominski FH, Andrade A, Morawska L. Sources and dynamics of fluorescent particles in hospitals. Indoor Air 2017; 27:988-1000. [PMID: 28303606 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent particles can be markers of bioaerosols and are therefore relevant to nosocomial infections. To date, little research has focused on fluorescent particles in occupied indoor environments, particularly hospitals. In this study, we aimed to determine the spatial and temporal variation of fluorescent particles in two large hospitals in Brisbane, Australia (one for adults and one for children). We used an Ultraviolet Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (UVAPS) to identify fluorescent particle sources, as well as their contribution to total particle concentrations. We found that the average concentrations of both fluorescent and non-fluorescent particles were higher in the adults' hospital (0.06×106 and 1.20×106 particles/m3 , respectively) than in the children's hospital (0.03×106 and 0.33×106 particles/m3 , respectively) (P<.01). However, the proportion of fluorescent particles was higher in the children's hospital. Based on the concentration results and using activity diaries, we were able to identify sources of particle production within the two hospitals. We demonstrated that particles can be easily generated by a variety of everyday activities, which are potential sources of exposure to pathogens. Future studies to further investigate their role in nosocomial infection are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Pereira
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
- Department of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - L D Knibbs
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Qld, Australia
| | - C He
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - P Grzybowski
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - G R Johnson
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - J A Huffman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - S C Bell
- Thoracic Medicine, Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, Qld, Australia
- Lung Bacteria Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Qld, Australia
| | - C E Wainwright
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Qld, Australia
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, South Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - D L Matte
- Center of Health Sciences and Sport, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - F H Dominski
- Center of Health Sciences and Sport, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - A Andrade
- Center of Health Sciences and Sport, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - L Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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Roder DM, Fong KM, Brown MP, Zalcberg J, Wainwright CE. Realising opportunities for evidence-based cancer service delivery and research: linking cancer registry and administrative data in Australia. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 2014; 23:721-7. [PMID: 25244252 DOI: 10.1111/ecc.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The traditional roles of Australian cancer registries have been incidence, mortality and survival surveillance although increasingly, roles are being broadened to include data support for health-service management and evaluation. In some Australian jurisdictions, cancer stage and other prognostic data are being included in registry databases and this is being facilitated by an increase in structured pathology reporting by pathology and haematology laboratories. Data linkage facilities are being extended across the country at national and jurisdictional level, facilitating data linkage between registry data and data extracts from administrative databases that include treatment, screening and vaccination data, and self-reported data from large population cohorts. Well-established linkage protocols exist to protect privacy. The aim is to gain better data on patterns of care, service outcomes and related performance indicators for health-service management and population health and health-services research, at a time of increasing cost pressures. Barriers include wariness among some data custodians towards releasing data and the need for clearance for data release from large numbers of research ethics committees. Progress is being made though, and proof of concept is being established.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Roder
- Cancer Epidemiology and Population Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Manos J, Hu H, Rose BR, Wainwright CE, Zablotska IB, Cheney J, Turnbull L, Whitchurch CB, Grimwood K, Harmer C, Anuj SN, Harbour C. Virulence factor expression patterns in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains from infants with cystic fibrosis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 32:1583-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-013-1916-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Hu H, Harmer C, Anuj S, Wainwright CE, Manos J, Cheney J, Harbour C, Zablotska I, Turnbull L, Whitchurch CB, Grimwood K, Rose B. Type 3 secretion system effector genotype and secretion phenotype of longitudinally collected Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from young children diagnosed with cystic fibrosis following newborn screening. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 19:266-72. [PMID: 22329595 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03770.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Studies of the type 3 secretion system (T3SS) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from chronically infected older children and adults with cystic fibrosis (CF) show a predominantly exoS+/exoU- (exoS+) genotype and loss of T3SS effector secretion over time. Relatively little is known about the role of the T3SS in the pathogenesis of early P. aeruginosa infection in the CF airway. In this longitudinal study, 168 P. aeruginosa isolates from 58 children diagnosed with CF following newborn screening and 47 isolates from homes of families with or without children with CF were genotyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and T3SS genotype and phenotype determined using multiplex PCR and western blotting. Associations were sought between T3SS data and clinical variables and comparisons made between T3SS data of clinical and environmental PFGE genotypes. Seventy-seven of the 92 clinical strains were exoS+ (71% secretors (ExoS+)) and 15 were exoU+ (93% secretors (ExoU+)). Initial exoS+ strains were five times more likely to secrete ExoS than subsequent exoS+ strains at first isolation. The proportion of ExoS+ strains declined with increasing age at acquisition. No associations were found between T3SS characteristics and gender, site of isolation, exacerbation, a persistent strain or pulmonary outcomes. Fourteen of the 23 environmental strains were exoS+ (79% ExoS+) and nine were exoU+ (33% ExoU+). The exoU+ environmental strains were significantly less likely to secrete ExoU than clinical strains. This study provides new insight into the T3SS characteristics of P. aeruginosa isolated from the CF airway early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Wainwright CE, Quittner AL, Geller DE, Nakamura C, Wooldridge JL, Gibson RL, Lewis S, Montgomery AB. Aztreonam for inhalation solution (AZLI) in patients with cystic fibrosis, mild lung impairment, and P. aeruginosa. J Cyst Fibros 2011; 10:234-42. [PMID: 21441078 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2011.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous aztreonam for inhalation solution (AZLI) studies included patients with cystic fibrosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) airway infection, and forced expiratory volume in 1s (FEV(1)) 25% to 75% predicted. This double-blind, multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial enrolled patients (≥6 years) with FEV(1)>75% predicted. METHODS AZLI 75 mg (n=76) or placebo (n=81) was administered 3-times daily for 28days with a 14-day follow-up. RESULTS Day 28 treatment effects were 1.8points for CFQ-R-Respiratory Symptoms Scale (95%CI: -2.8, 6.4; p=0.443; primary endpoint); -1.2 for log(10) sputum PA colony-forming units (p=0.016; favoring AZLI), and 2.7% for relative FEV(1)% predicted (p=0.021; favoring AZLI). Treatment effects favoring AZLI were larger for patients with baseline FEV(1) <90% predicted compared to ≥90% predicted. AZLI was well-tolerated. CONCLUSIONS Effects on respiratory symptoms were modest; however, FEV(1) improvements and bacterial density reductions support a possible role for AZLI in these relatively healthy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Wainwright
- Queensland Children's Respiratory Centre, Royal Children's Hospital, Herston Rd. Herston, Queensland 4029, Australia.
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Anuj SN, Whiley DM, Kidd TJ, Ramsay KA, Bell SC, Syrmis MW, Grimwood K, Wainwright CE, Nissen MD, Sloots TP. Rapid single-nucleotide polymorphism-based identification of clonal Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from patients with cystic fibrosis by the use of real-time PCR and high-resolution melting curve analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17:1403-8. [PMID: 21129101 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03439.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa genotyping relies mainly upon DNA fingerprinting methods, which can be subjective, expensive and time-consuming. The detection of at least three different clonal P. aeruginosa strains in patients attending two cystic fibrosis (CF) centres in a single Australian city prompted the design of a non-gel-based PCR method to enable clinical microbiology laboratories to readily identify these clonal strains. We designed a detection method utilizing heat-denatured P. aeruginosa isolates and a ten-single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) profile. Strain differences were detected by SYBR Green-based real-time PCR and high-resolution melting curve analysis (HRM10SNP assay). Overall, 106 P. aeruginosa sputum isolates collected from 74 patients with CF, as well as five reference strains, were analysed with the HRM10SNP assay, and the results were compared with those obtained by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The HRM10SNP assay accurately identified all 45 isolates as members of one of the three major clonal strains characterized by PFGE in two Brisbane CF centres (Australian epidemic strain-1, Australian epidemic strain-2 and P42) from 61 other P. aeruginosa strains from Australian CF patients and two representative overseas epidemic strain isolates. The HRM10SNP method is simple, is relatively inexpensive and can be completed in <3 h. In our setting, it could be made easily available for clinical microbiology laboratories to screen for local P. aeruginosa strains and to guide infection control policies. Further studies are needed to determine whether the HRM10SNP assay can also be modified to detect additional clonal strains that are prevalent in other CF centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Anuj
- Queensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, Royal Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.
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Wainwright CE, France MW, O'Rourke P, Anuj S, Kidd TJ, Nissen MD, Sloots TP, Coulter C, Ristovski Z, Hargreaves M, Rose BR, Harbour C, Bell SC, Fennelly KP. Cough-generated aerosols of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other Gram-negative bacteria from patients with cystic fibrosis. Thorax 2009; 64:926-31. [PMID: 19574243 PMCID: PMC2764123 DOI: 10.1136/thx.2008.112466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most common bacterial pathogen in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Current infection control guidelines aim to prevent transmission via contact and respiratory droplet routes and do not consider the possibility of airborne transmission. It was hypothesised that subjects with CF produce viable respirable bacterial aerosols with coughing. METHODS A cross-sectional study was undertaken of 15 children and 13 adults with CF, 26 chronically infected with P aeruginosa. A cough aerosol sampling system enabled fractioning of respiratory particles of different sizes and culture of viable Gram-negative non-fermentative bacteria. Cough aerosols were collected during 5 min of voluntary coughing and during a sputum induction procedure when tolerated. Standardised quantitative culture and genotyping techniques were used. RESULTS P aeruginosa was isolated in cough aerosols of 25 subjects (89%), 22 of whom produced sputum samples. P aeruginosa from sputum and paired cough aerosols were indistinguishable by molecular typing. In four cases the same genotype was isolated from ambient room air. Approximately 70% of viable aerosols collected during voluntary coughing were of particles <or=3.3 microm aerodynamic diameter. P aeruginosa, Burkholderia cenocepacia, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Achromobacter xylosoxidans were cultivated from respiratory particles in this size range. Positive room air samples were associated with high total counts in cough aerosols (p = 0.003). The magnitude of cough aerosols was associated with higher forced expiratory volume in 1 s (r = 0.45, p = 0.02) and higher quantitative sputum culture results (r = 0.58, p = 0.008). CONCLUSION During coughing, patients with CF produce viable aerosols of P aeruginosa and other Gram-negative bacteria of respirable size range, suggesting the potential for airborne transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Wainwright
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital and Health Service District, Brisbane, Australia.
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Buntain HM, Schluter PJ, Bell SC, Greer RM, Wong JCH, Batch J, Lewindon P, Wainwright CE. Controlled longitudinal study of bone mass accrual in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis. Thorax 2005; 61:146-54. [PMID: 16384878 PMCID: PMC2104575 DOI: 10.1136/thx.2005.046516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A study was undertaken to observe the gains in bone mass in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis (CF) over 24 months and to examine the relationship between areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and associated clinical parameters including physical activity, nutrition, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD). METHODS Areal BMD of the total body (TB), lumbar spine (LS), and total femoral neck (FNt) were repeatedly measured in 85 subjects aged 5-18 years with CF and 100 age and sex matched controls over 2 years. At each visit anthropometric variables, nutritional parameters, pubertal status, disease severity, physical activity, dietary calcium, caloric intake, and serum 25OHD were assessed and related to aBMD. RESULTS After adjusting for age, sex, and height Z-score, gains in LS aBMD in children (5-10 years) and TB and FNt aBMD in adolescents (11-18 years) with CF were significantly less than in controls. Lean tissue mass was significantly associated with TB and LS aBMD gains in children and adolescents and explained a significant proportion of the aBMD deficit observed. Lung function parameters were significantly associated with aBMD gains in adolescents with CF. CONCLUSIONS Inadequate bone mass accrual during childhood and adolescence contributes to the low bone mass observed in adults with CF. Accounting for the height discrepancy which is frequently observed in those with CF, in addition to age and sex, is important when assessing low bone mass in children and adolescents with CF. To optimise an individual's potential to acquire maximal bone mass, it is necessary to maximise nutritional status and limit the progression of chronic suppurative lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Buntain
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia.
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O'Carroll MR, Syrmis MW, Wainwright CE, Greer RM, Mitchell P, Coulter C, Sloots TP, Nissen MD, Bell SC. Clonal strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in paediatric and adult cystic fibrosis units. Eur Respir J 2005; 24:101-6. [PMID: 15293611 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.04.00122903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent reports of clonal strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis (CF) units, the need for routine microbiological surveillance remains contentious. Sputum was collected prospectively from productive patients attending the regional paediatric and adult CF units in Brisbane, Australia. All P. aeruginosa isolates were typed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Spirometry, anthropometrics, hospitalisations and antibiotic sensitivity data were recorded. The first 100 sputum samples (first 50 patients at each clinic) harboured 163 isolates of P. aeruginosa. A total of 39 patients shared a common strain (pulsotype 2), 20 patients shared a strain with at least one other patient and 41 patients harboured unique strains. Eight patients shared a strain identical to a previously reported Australian transmissible strain (pulsotype 1). Compared with the unique strain group, patients harbouring pulsotype 2 were younger and had poorer lung function. Treatment requirements were similar in these two groups, as were the rates of multiresistance. In conclusion, 59% of patients harboured a clonal strain, supporting the need for routine microbiological surveillance. In contrast to previously described clonal strains, the dominant pulsotype was indistinguishable from nonclonal strains with respect to both colonial morphology and multiresistance. The clinical significance of clonal strains remains uncertain and requires longitudinal study.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R O'Carroll
- Adult Cystic Fibrosis Unit, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, Australia
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Murphy AJ, Buntain HM, Wong JCH, Greer RM, Wainwright CE, Davies PSW. The use of air displacement plethysmography in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004; 58:985-9. [PMID: 15220939 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the use of air displacement plethysmography (ADP) in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis (CF). Specifically, the primary aim of this study was to compare estimates of fat-free mass (FFM) measured from ADP and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) in children and adolescents with CF. The secondary aim was to compare the effect of using predicted thoracic gas volume (VTG) and measured VTG for the calculation of FFM by ADP in this population. METHODS Cross-sectional FFM measurements were taken using ADP and DEXA in 52 children and adolescents with CF, ranging in age from 6.3 to 16.6 y. RESULTS Bland-Altman analysis showed that ADP values of FFM were on average 0.59 kg higher than DEXA values (95% limits of agreement = 3.61 to -2.43 kg); however this difference was not significant. There was no significant correlation (r = -0.26, P = 0.07) between the mean FFM and difference in FFM between ADP and DEXA. Using either predicted or measured VTG did not significantly affect FFM estimates in individuals with CF who had normal lung function (bias = -0.39 +/- 0.86 kg; r = -0.02, P = 0.93). CONCLUSIONS ADP is an appropriate technique for use in children and adolescents with CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Murphy
- Body Composition Laboratory, Children's Nutrition Research Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Queensland, Royal Children's Hospital, Herston, Qld, 4029, Australia.
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Buntain HM, Greer RM, Schluter PJ, Wong JCH, Batch JA, Potter JM, Lewindon PJ, Powell E, Wainwright CE, Bell SC. Bone mineral density in Australian children, adolescents and adults with cystic fibrosis: a controlled cross sectional study. Thorax 2004; 59:149-55. [PMID: 14760157 PMCID: PMC1746947 DOI: 10.1136/thorax.2003.006726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low bone mineral density (BMD) is recognised in individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) although the pathogenesis remains unclear. The aims of this study were to compare BMD over a broad continuum of Australian individuals with CF with healthy controls and to examine the relationship between BMD and clinical parameters including physical activity, nutrition, and vitamin D levels. METHODS BMD of the lumbar spine (LS), total body (TB), femoral neck (FN), cortical wrist (R33%), and distal wrist (RUD) was examined in 153 individuals with CF aged 5.3-55.8 years (84 males) and in 149 local controls aged 5.6-48.3 years (66 males) using dual energy x ray absorptiometry. Anthropometric variables, body cell mass, markers of disease severity, corticosteroid usage, measures of physical activity, dietary calcium and caloric intake and serum vitamin D were assessed and related to BMD. RESULTS Compared with controls, mean BMD was not significantly different in children aged 5-10 years with CF. Adolescents (females 11-18 years, males 11-20 years) had reduced TB and R33% BMD when adjusted for age, sex, and height (difference in BMD (g/cm2) adjusted means between control and CF: TB=0.04 (95% CI 0.01 to 0.07); R33%=0.03 (95% CI 0.01 to 0.06)). BMD was reduced at all sites except R33% in adults (difference in BMD (g/cm2) adjusted means between control and CF: TB=0.05 (95% CI 0.02 to 0.09); LS=0.08 (95% CI 0.03 to 0.14); FN=0.09 (95% CI 0.03 to 0.15); RUD=0.03 (95% CI 0.01 to 0.05)). In children/adolescents BMD was weakly associated with nutritional status and disease severity. CONCLUSIONS BMD was normal in a well nourished group of prepubertal children with CF. A BMD deficit appears to evolve during adolescence and becomes more marked in adults. Individuals with CF should optimise nutrition, partake in physical activity, and maximise lung health in order to optimise BMD. Further longitudinal studies are required to understand the evolution of reduced BMD in young people and adults with CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Buntain
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia.
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Mogensen PK, Simonsen O, Wainwright CE, Underhill AE. Structures of 4,5-bis(methylthio)-3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione and 1,2-dithiole-3-thione[5,4-b]-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dithiin. Acta Crystallogr C 1991. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108270191001786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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