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Singh AT, Laluraj CM, Sharma P, Redkar BL, Patel LK, Pratap B, Oulkar S, Thamban M. Hydrograph apportionment of the Chandra River draining from a semi-arid region of the Upper Indus Basin, western Himalaya. Sci Total Environ 2021; 780:146500. [PMID: 33773352 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Melting of snow and glaciers from the high-altitude Himalayan region is a significant water source to the major Himalayan rivers, especially in the upper Indus Basin (UIB), which contributes up to 70% of river discharge. Considering Indus Basin as a largest irrigation system dependent on snow and glacier melt runoff, it is imperative to study the rivers' current status and water budget. In this study we have performed a tracer-based hydrograph separation to quantify the contribution of seasonal snow, glacier melt, and groundwater to the Chandra River draining from a semi-arid region of the upper Indus basin, western Himalaya. Our study revealed a negligible control of summer (May-September 2017) precipitation and significant control of summer air temperature (May-September 2017) and winter precipitation over the Chandra River discharge, with 1 °C rise in air temperature leading to 22 m3s-1 (15% of mean) increase in the river discharge (R2 = 0.85; n = 541; p < 0.001). The hydrograph separation of the Chandra River suggests groundwater (38.3 ± 5.6%; 96.8 m3s-1) as a significant source to the river runoff, followed by a direct contribution from glacier melt (30.9 ± 9%; 88.2 m3s-1) and seasonal snowmelt (30.6 ± 5.7%; 84.2 m3s-1), respectively, with negligible contribution from rainfall. Although groundwater is a significant contributor to the river runoff, the infiltration of seasonal snowmelt (54%) and glacier melt (46%) mostly contributed to the groundwater recharge. Present study establishes a linkage between seasonal snowmelt, glacier melt, groundwater, and the river runoff and would be useful to better model and predicts the future changes in the water resources of the upper Indus Basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit T Singh
- National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR), Ministry of Earth Sciences, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa 403804, India; School of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Goa University, Goa 403206, India.
| | - C M Laluraj
- National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR), Ministry of Earth Sciences, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa 403804, India
| | - Parmanand Sharma
- National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR), Ministry of Earth Sciences, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa 403804, India
| | - B L Redkar
- National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR), Ministry of Earth Sciences, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa 403804, India
| | - Lavkush Kumar Patel
- National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR), Ministry of Earth Sciences, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa 403804, India
| | - Bhanu Pratap
- National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR), Ministry of Earth Sciences, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa 403804, India
| | - Sunil Oulkar
- National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR), Ministry of Earth Sciences, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa 403804, India
| | - Meloth Thamban
- National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR), Ministry of Earth Sciences, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa 403804, India
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Thamban M, Rahaman W, Laluraj CM. Millennial to Quasi-Decadal Variability in Antarctic Climate System as Evidenced from High-resolution Ice Core Records. CURR SCI INDIA 2020. [DOI: 10.18520/cs/v119/i2/255-264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Singh AT, Laluraj CM, Sharma P, Patel LK, Thamban M. Export fluxes of geochemical solutes in the meltwater stream of Sutri Dhaka Glacier, Chandra basin, Western Himalaya. Environ Monit Assess 2017; 189:555. [PMID: 29027048 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6268-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The hydrochemistry of meltwater from the Sutri Dhaka Glacier, Western Himalaya, has been studied to understand the influence of the factors controlling the weathering processes of the glaciers during the peak ablation period. The high solar irradiance prompted intense melting, which has raised the stream flow of the glacier. The meltwater has been observed as slightly alkaline (mean pH 8.2) and contains the major anions (HCO3- > SO42- > NO3- > Cl-) and cations (Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ > Na+ > NH4+) with Ca2+ (78.5%) and HCO3- (74.5%) as the dominant species. The piper diagram indicates the category of stream meltwater as Ca2+-HCO3- type. In addition, it is evident from the Gibbs diagram that the interaction between the meltwater and bedrock controls the ionic concentrations of the glacial meltwater. The high ratio value (~ 0.75) of HCO3-/(HCO3- + SO42-) indicates that the carbonate weathering is dominant. Fe and Al followed by Mn, Sr, and Ti are the most dominant trace elements present in the meltwater. The significant negative correlation exhibited by the major ions and Sr with the discharge is recommended for the enrichment of these solutes during the lean discharge periods. However, the insignificant correlation of Fe, Al, Mn, and Ti with discharge suggests their physicochemical control. The principal component analysis (PCA) carried has highlighted three dominant composites, i.e., the water-rock interaction, atmospheric dust inputs, and physicochemical changes in the meltwater. Hence, the present study elucidates the export of geochemical solutes from Sutri Dhaka Glacier and factors governing the water chemistry, which helps in the better understanding of hydrochemical processes of the Himalayan glaciers and substantial improvement of our understanding about the glacio-hydrological environments and their response in the scenario of global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit T Singh
- National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research, Headland Sada, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa, 403804, India.
| | - C M Laluraj
- National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research, Headland Sada, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa, 403804, India
| | - Parmanand Sharma
- National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research, Headland Sada, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa, 403804, India
| | - Lavkush K Patel
- National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research, Headland Sada, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa, 403804, India
| | - Meloth Thamban
- National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research, Headland Sada, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa, 403804, India
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Thamban M, Laluraj CM, Mohan R. Antarctic Palaeoclimate Variability on Millennial, Centennial and Decadal Time Scales: Indian Initiatives During 2010-2015. Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy 2016. [DOI: 10.16943/ptinsa/2016/48477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Bhaskar JT, Tripathy SC, Sabu P, Laluraj CM, Rajan S. Variation of phytoplankton assemblages of Kongsfjorden in early autumn 2012: a microscopic and pigment ratio-based assessment. Environ Monit Assess 2016; 188:224. [PMID: 26969156 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5220-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplankton species distribution and composition were determined by using microscopy and pigment ratios in the Kongsfjorden during early autumn 2012. Variation in sea surface temperature (SST) was minimal and matched well with satellite-derived SST. Nutrients were generally limited. Surface phytoplankton abundance ranged from 0.21 × 10(3) to 10.28 × 10(3) cells L(-1). Phytoplankton abundance decreased with depth and did not show any significant correlation with chlorophyll a (chl a). Column-integrated phytoplankton cell counts (PCC) ranged from 94.3 × 10(6) cells m(-2) (Kf4) to 13.7 × 10(6) cells m(-2) (Kf5), while chl a was lowest at inner part of the fjord (6.3 mg m(-2)) and highest towards the mouth (24.83 mg m(-2)). Biomass from prymnesiophytes and raphidophytes dominated at surface and 10 m, respectively. The contribution of Bacillariophyceae to biomass was low. Generally, heterotrophic dinoflagellates were great in abundance (12.82 %) and ubiquitous in nature and were major contributors to biomass. Various chl pigments (chl b, chl c, phaeopigments (phaeo)) were measured to obtain pigment/chl a ratios to ascertain phytoplankton composition. Phaeo were observed only in inner fjord. Chl b:a ratios and microscopic observations indicated dominance of Chlorophyceae at greater depths than surface. Furthermore, microscopic observations confirmed dominance of chl c containing algae throughout the fjord. The study indicates that pigment ratios can be used as a tool for preliminary identification of major phytoplankton groups. However, under the presence of a large number of heterotrophic dinoflagellates such as Gymnodinium sp. and Gyrodinium sp., pigment signatures need to be supplemented by microscopic observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane T Bhaskar
- ESSO-National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, Headland Sada, Vasco da Gama, Goa, 403 804, India.
| | - S C Tripathy
- ESSO-National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, Headland Sada, Vasco da Gama, Goa, 403 804, India
| | - P Sabu
- ESSO-National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, Headland Sada, Vasco da Gama, Goa, 403 804, India
| | - C M Laluraj
- ESSO-National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, Headland Sada, Vasco da Gama, Goa, 403 804, India
| | - S Rajan
- ESSO-National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, Headland Sada, Vasco da Gama, Goa, 403 804, India
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Naik SS, Thamban M, Laluraj CM, Redkar BL, Chaturvedi A. A century of climate variability in central Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica, and its relation to Southern Annular Mode and El Niño-Southern Oscillation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Laluraj CM, Krishnan KP, Thamban M, Mohan R, Naik SS, D'Souza W, Ravindra R, Chaturvedi A. Origin and characterisation of microparticles in an ice core from the Central Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica. Environ Monit Assess 2009; 149:377-383. [PMID: 18301999 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-008-0212-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2007] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopic (SEM-EDS) study of selected samples from an ice core collected from Central Dronning Maud Land (CDML), East Antarctica, revealed several microparticles. They are mainly siliceous and carbonaceous particles and have distinct variations in their shape and composition. The morphology and major element chemistry of the particles suggest their origin from either volcanic eruptions or continental dust. The EDS analysis revealed that the volcanic particles are enriched in silica (average SiO2 62%), compared to the continental dust particle (average SiO2 56%). We found that the tephra relating to Agung (1963) and Karkatau (1883) volcanic eruptions, as recorded, in the ice core harbored microbial cells (both coocoid and rods). The occurrence of organic and inorganic particles which bear relation to volcanic eruption and continental dust implies significant environmental changes in the recent past.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Laluraj
- National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa, India.
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Joseph T, Shaiju P, Laluraj CM, Balachandran KK, Nair M, George R, Nair KKC, Sahayak S, Prabhakaran MP. Nutrient environment of red tide- infested waters off south-west coast of India. Environ Monit Assess 2008; 143:355-61. [PMID: 17879133 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-007-9938-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2007] [Accepted: 08/28/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The bloom-infested waters along the southwest coast of India were assessed to bring about the probable cause related to the excessive algal production. Low nitrate and silicate concentrations were concomitant with slightly higher levels of phosphate. The silicate depletion in the bloom area is possibly an indication of community succession (diatom to dinoflagellate), since it was completely utilized by the preceding diatom blooms. The dinoflagellates in this region could have been advected from the northern regions where it was noticed during the previous months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thresiamma Joseph
- National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Center, Dr SalimAli Road, P.B.No.1913, Kochi 682018, India
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Balachandran KK, Jayalakshmy KV, Laluraj CM, Nair M, Joseph T, Sheeba P. Step-up multiple regression model to compute chlorophyll a in the coastal waters off Cochin, southwest coast of India. Environ Monit Assess 2008; 139:217-26. [PMID: 17616824 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-007-9829-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2006] [Accepted: 05/18/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The interaction effects of abiotic processes in the production of phytoplankton in a coastal marine region off Cochin are evaluated using multiple regression models. The study shows that chlorophyll production is not limited by nutrients, but their physiological regulations (responses to nutrients, pH, temperature and salinity) are mainly responsible for the increased biological production. The model explaining 77% of variability for chlorophyll a production is indicative of preconditioning of the coastal waters. The phytoplankton production is found to be sensitive to the environment, which varies seasonally. Further, the study suggests that supply of organic matter and grazing of zooplankton (not included) would improve the model efficiency. Despite this, the good agreement in the computed and measured chlorophyll a values shows that step-up multiple regression model is a useful tool to understand the influence of environmental variables on the production of phytoplankton in these coastal waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Balachandran
- National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Cochin, India.
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Laluraj CM, Kesavadas V, Balachandran KK, Gerson VJ, Martin GD, Shaiju P, Revichandran C, Joseph T, Nair M. Recovery of an estuary in the southwest coast of India from tsunami impacts. Environ Monit Assess 2007; 125:41-5. [PMID: 16897513 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-006-9237-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2005] [Accepted: 03/01/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Water quality in the Cochin Estuary, southwest coast of India during the tsunami attack was assessed and compared with the pre and post tsunami characteristics. From the results obtained, it is evident that a drastic change in hydrography has been inflicted by the energy transferred through the tsunami, which disturbed the entire estuarine embayment. However, the post tsunami water quality showed normal levels indicating that the region has recovered from the tsunami impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Laluraj
- National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa, India.
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Laluraj CM, Nair SM. Geochemical index of trace metals in the surficial sediments from the western continental shelf of India, Arabian Sea. Environ Geochem Health 2006; 28:509-18. [PMID: 17094013 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-005-8619-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2004] [Accepted: 06/07/2005] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study focuses on the determination and abundance of trace metals (viz. Cu, Ni, Zn, Cr, Co, Cd, Mn and Fe) in the surficial sediments of west coast of Arabian Sea along the Indian subcontinent. Sediment samples were collected from three transects along the western continental shelf of Arabian Sea. The enrichment of Fe and Mn in coastal oxic-sediments indicates the precipitation of these redox sensitive elements as Fe- and Mn-hydroxides and oxides, whereas the low Fe and Mn concentrations in the oxygen deficient sediments of deeper stations reflects the dissolution of their hydroxides and oxides. Concentrations of fairly redox insensitive trace metals like Cu, Ni, Zn, Cr and Cd (with the exceptions of Cr) showed higher values at nearshore sediments, then it decreased towards seaward and again showed a slight increase at oxygen minimum stations in all the three transects. This geochemical variability in their distributional characteristics is mainly associated with the extent to which the precipitation or dissolution of Fe- and Mn-oxides/hydroxides occur since the scavenging or releasing effects of Fe- and Mn-oxides/hydroxides act as significant 'sinks' or 'sources' of heavy metals. The change in wind pattern, coastal upwelling and increased productivity are also the reported factors which influence the biogeochemical cycling of trace metals in the surface sediments of west coast of India. Enrichment factor generally showed a high gradient accumulation from nearshore to shelf.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Laluraj
- Department of Chemical Oceanography, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, 682 016, Cochin, India.
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Laluraj CM, Gopinath G. Assessment on seasonal variation of groundwater quality of phreatic aquifers - a river basin system. Environ Monit Assess 2006; 117:45-57. [PMID: 16917697 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-006-7675-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2005] [Accepted: 05/19/2005] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Spatial distribution of pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), fluoride and total iron content of ground water samples collected from the muvattupuzha river basin, Kerala, India, has been studied for pre monsoon and post monsoon periods of year 2001. Results showed the groundwater of the basin is acidic for which the pH values ranged between 5.5 and 8.0. Average EC was found to be less than 100 microS/cm, for most of the study region. The pre monsoon minimum and maximum TDS were found as 25.6 and 227.84 mg/L respectively, where as post monsoon values ranged between 16 and 162.56 mg/L. The relatively low EC and TDS values found both during the seasons in the lateritic terrain of the river basin signifies the lower residence time of ground water with the country rock. This makes the groundwater quality of this river basin as good. Pre monsoon season samples showed high total iron content than that during the post monsoon period. During the study period values of the fluoride contents were found to be within the permissible limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Laluraj
- National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Cochin, India.
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