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González-Prieto C, Lynch JP, Lesser CF. PROT 3EcT, engineered Escherichia coli for the targeted delivery of therapeutics. Trends Mol Med 2023; 29:968-969. [PMID: 37574350 PMCID: PMC10592157 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Coral González-Prieto
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jason P Lynch
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Cammie F Lesser
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Ragon Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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2
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Lynch JP, González-Prieto C, Reeves AZ, Bae S, Powale U, Godbole NP, Tremblay JM, Schmidt FI, Ploegh HL, Kansra V, Glickman JN, Leong JM, Shoemaker CB, Garrett WS, Lesser CF. Engineered Escherichia coli for the in situ secretion of therapeutic nanobodies in the gut. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:634-649.e8. [PMID: 37003258 PMCID: PMC10101937 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Drug platforms that enable the directed delivery of therapeutics to sites of diseases to maximize efficacy and limit off-target effects are needed. Here, we report the development of PROT3EcT, a suite of commensal Escherichia coli engineered to secrete proteins directly into their surroundings. These bacteria consist of three modular components: a modified bacterial protein secretion system, the associated regulatable transcriptional activator, and a secreted therapeutic payload. PROT3EcT secrete functional single-domain antibodies, nanobodies (Nbs), and stably colonize and maintain an active secretion system within the intestines of mice. Furthermore, a single prophylactic dose of a variant of PROT3EcT that secretes a tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-neutralizing Nb is sufficient to ablate pro-inflammatory TNF levels and prevent the development of injury and inflammation in a chemically induced model of colitis. This work lays the foundation for developing PROT3EcT as a platform for the treatment of gastrointestinal-based diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Lynch
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Coral González-Prieto
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Analise Z Reeves
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sena Bae
- Departments of Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Harvard T.H. Chan Center for the Microbiome in Public Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Urmila Powale
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Neha P Godbole
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Tremblay
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | - Florian I Schmidt
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hidde L Ploegh
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Jonathan N Glickman
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - John M Leong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA; Tufts Stuart B Levy Center for Integrated Management of Antimicrobial Resistance, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Charles B Shoemaker
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Wendy S Garrett
- Departments of Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Harvard T.H. Chan Center for the Microbiome in Public Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Cammie F Lesser
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Ragon Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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3
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Roncaioli JL, Babirye JP, Chavez RA, Liu FL, Turcotte EA, Lee AY, Lesser CF, Vance RE. A hierarchy of cell death pathways confers layered resistance to shigellosis in mice. eLife 2023; 12:83639. [PMID: 36645406 PMCID: PMC9876568 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria of the genus Shigella cause shigellosis, a severe gastrointestinal disease driven by bacterial colonization of colonic intestinal epithelial cells. Vertebrates have evolved programmed cell death pathways that sense invasive enteric pathogens and eliminate their intracellular niche. Previously we reported that genetic removal of one such pathway, the NAIP-NLRC4 inflammasome, is sufficient to convert mice from resistant to susceptible to oral Shigella flexneri challenge (Mitchell et al., 2020). Here, we investigate the protective role of additional cell death pathways during oral mouse Shigella infection. We find that the Caspase-11 inflammasome, which senses Shigella LPS, restricts Shigella colonization of the intestinal epithelium in the absence of NAIP-NLRC4. However, this protection is limited when Shigella expresses OspC3, an effector that antagonizes Caspase-11 activity. TNFα, a cytokine that activates Caspase-8-dependent apoptosis, also provides potent protection from Shigella colonization of the intestinal epithelium when mice lack both NAIP-NLRC4 and Caspase-11. The combined genetic removal of Caspases-1, -11, and -8 renders mice hyper-susceptible to oral Shigella infection. Our findings uncover a layered hierarchy of cell death pathways that limit the ability of an invasive gastrointestinal pathogen to cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin L Roncaioli
- Division of Immunology & Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Janet Peace Babirye
- Division of Immunology & Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Roberto A Chavez
- Division of Immunology & Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Fitty L Liu
- Division of Immunology & Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Elizabeth A Turcotte
- Division of Immunology & Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Angus Y Lee
- Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Cammie F Lesser
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MITCambridgeUnited States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General HospitalBostonUnited States
| | - Russell E Vance
- Division of Immunology & Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Immunotherapeutics and Vaccine Research Initiative, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
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4
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McEntire CRS, Lesser CF, Venna N. Case Report and Clinical Reasoning: Fulminant Liver Failure and Invasive Aspergillosis Following Ocrelizumab Treatment in a 21 Year-Old Woman. Neurohospitalist 2023; 13:96-102. [PMID: 36531849 PMCID: PMC9755605 DOI: 10.1177/19418744221130385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
We present the case of a 21 year-old woman with newly diagnosed relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis who is given a single dose of ocrelizumab and placed on moderate-dose steroids with subsequent development of hepatic failure who goes on to develop highly fulminant systemic and central nervous system (CNS) aspergillosis. Ocrelizumab has no documented association with aspergillus infection, and moderate-dose steroids less often lead to such fulminant disease, but liver failure is associated with often-fatal aspergillus infection. We emphasize that liver failure is an underrecognized immune dysregulated state that predisposes to bacterial and fungal infections and suggest changes in diagnostic reasoning that could be considered in patients with multiple modalities of immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb R. S. McEntire
- Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Neurology, Boston, MA, USA
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital Division of General Neurology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cammie F. Lesser
- Massachusetts General Hospital Infectious Diseases Division, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nagagopal Venna
- Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Neurology, Boston, MA, USA
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5
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Lynch JP, Goers L, Lesser CF. Emerging strategies for engineering Escherichia coli Nissle 1917-based therapeutics. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2022; 43:772-786. [PMID: 35232591 PMCID: PMC9378478 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Engineered microbes are rapidly being developed for the delivery of therapeutic modalities to sites of disease. Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN), a genetically tractable probiotic with a well-established human safety record, is emerging as a favored chassis. Here, we summarize the latest progress in rationally engineered variants of EcN for the treatment of infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) when administered orally, as well as cancers when injected directly into tumors or the systemic circulation. We also discuss emerging studies that raise potential safety concerns regarding these EcN-based strains as therapeutics due to their secretion of a genotoxic colibactin that can promote the formation of DNA double-stranded breaks in mammalian DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Lynch
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lisa Goers
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Cammie F Lesser
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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Wood TE, Westervelt KA, Yoon JM, Eshleman HD, Levy R, Burnes H, Slade DJ, Lesser CF, Goldberg MB. The Shigella Spp. Type III Effector Protein OspB Is a Cysteine Protease. mBio 2022; 13:e0127022. [PMID: 35638611 PMCID: PMC9239218 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01270-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The type III secretion system is required for virulence of many pathogenic bacteria. Bacterial effector proteins delivered into target host cells by this system modulate host signaling pathways and processes in a manner that promotes infection. Here, we define the activity of the effector protein OspB of the human pathogen Shigella spp., the etiological agent of shigellosis and bacillary dysentery. Using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model organism, we show that OspB sensitizes cells to inhibition of TORC1, the central regulator of growth and metabolism. In silico analyses reveal that OspB bears structural homology to bacterial cysteine proteases that target mammalian cell processes, and we define a conserved cysteine-histidine catalytic dyad required for OspB function. Using yeast genetic screens, we identify a crucial role for the arginine N-degron pathway in the yeast growth inhibition phenotype and show that inositol hexakisphosphate is an OspB cofactor. We find that a yeast substrate for OspB is the TORC1 component Tco89p, proteolytic cleavage of which generates a C-terminal fragment that is targeted for degradation via the arginine N-degron pathway; processing and degradation of Tco89p is required for the OspB phenotype. In all, we demonstrate that the Shigella T3SS effector OspB is a cysteine protease and decipher its interplay with eukaryotic cell processes. IMPORTANCEShigella spp. are important human pathogens and among the leading causes of diarrheal mortality worldwide, especially in children. Virulence depends on the Shigella type III secretion system (T3SS). Definition of the roles of the bacterial effector proteins secreted by the T3SS is key to understanding Shigella pathogenesis. The effector protein OspB contributes to a range of phenotypes during infection, yet the mechanism of action is unknown. Here, we show that S. flexneri OspB possesses cysteine protease activity in both yeast and mammalian cells, and that enzymatic activity of OspB depends on a conserved cysteine-histidine catalytic dyad. We determine how its protease activity sensitizes cells to TORC1 inhibition in yeast, finding that OspB cleaves a component of yeast TORC1, and that the degradation of the C-terminal cleavage product is responsible for OspB-mediated hypersensitivity to TORC1 inhibitors. Thus, OspB is a cysteine protease that depends on a conserved cysteine-histidine catalytic dyad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. Wood
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kathleen A. Westervelt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jessica M. Yoon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Heather D. Eshleman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Roie Levy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Henry Burnes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel J. Slade
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Cammie F. Lesser
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marcia B. Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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7
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Cable J, Leonard JN, Lu TK, Xie Z, Chang MW, Fernández LÁ, Lora JM, Kaufman HL, Quintana FJ, Geiger R, F Lesser C, Lynch JP, Hava DL, Cornish VW, Lee GK, DiAndreth B, Fero M, Srivastava R, De Coster T, Roybal KT, Rackham OJL, Kiani S, Zhu I, Hernandez-Lopez RA, Guo T, Chen WCW. Synthetic biology: at the crossroads of genetic engineering and human therapeutics-a Keystone Symposia report. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2021; 1506:98-117. [PMID: 34786712 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic biology has the potential to transform cell- and gene-based therapies for a variety of diseases. Sophisticated tools are now available for both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells to engineer cells to selectively achieve therapeutic effects in response to one or more disease-related signals, thus sparing healthy tissue from potentially cytotoxic effects. This report summarizes the Keystone eSymposium "Synthetic Biology: At the Crossroads of Genetic Engineering and Human Therapeutics," which took place on May 3 and 4, 2021. Given that several therapies engineered using synthetic biology have entered clinical trials, there was a clear need for a synthetic biology symposium that emphasizes the therapeutic applications of synthetic biology as opposed to the technical aspects. Presenters discussed the use of synthetic biology to improve T cell, gene, and viral therapies, to engineer probiotics, and to expand upon existing modalities and functions of cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua N Leonard
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Synthetic Biology, Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences Program, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute; and Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Timothy K Lu
- Research Lab of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Senti Biosciences, South San Francisco, California
| | - Zhen Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Bioinformatics Division, Center for Synthetic and System Biology, Department of Automation, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Matthew Wook Chang
- Synthetic Biology Translational Research Program and Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Luis Ángel Fernández
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Lora
- Intergalactic Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Howard L Kaufman
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston and The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Roger Geiger
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, and Institute of Oncology Research, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Cammie F Lesser
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School and Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jason P Lynch
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School and Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David L Hava
- Research Lab of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Gary K Lee
- Senti Biosciences, South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Michael Fero
- TeselaGen Biotechnology, San Francisco, California
| | - Rajkamal Srivastava
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Kolkata, India
| | - Tim De Coster
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Kole T Roybal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Gladstone-UCSF Institute for Genomic Immunology; and UCSF Cell Design Institute, San Francisco, California
| | - Owen J L Rackham
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
| | - Samira Kiani
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine; and Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Iowis Zhu
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Rogelio A Hernandez-Lopez
- Cell Design Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology; and Center for Cellular Construction, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Tingxi Guo
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - William C W Chen
- Research Laboratory of Electronics and Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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8
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Kutsch M, González-Prieto C, Lesser CF, Coers J. The GBP1 microcapsule interferes with IcsA-dependent septin cage assembly around Shigella flexneri. Pathog Dis 2021; 79:6246431. [PMID: 33885766 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftab023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cytosolic bacterial pathogens hijack the host actin polymerization machinery to form actin tails that promote direct cell-to-cell spread, enabling these pathogens to avoid extracellular immune defenses. However, these pathogens are still susceptible to intracellular cell-autonomous immune responses that restrict bacterial actin-based motility. Two classes of cytosolic antimotility factors, septins and guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs), have recently been established to block actin tail formation by the human-adapted bacterial pathogen Shigella flexneri. Both septin cages and GBP1 microcapsules restrict S. flexneri cell-to-cell spread by blocking S. flexneri actin-based motility. While septins assemble into cage-like structures around immobile S. flexneri, GBP1 forms microcapsules around both motile and immobile bacteria. The interplay between these two defense programs remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that GBP1 microcapsules block septin cage assembly, likely by interfering with the function of S. flexneri IcsA, the outer membrane protein that promotes actin-based motility, as this protein is required for septin cage formation. However, S. flexneri that escape from GBP1 microcapsules via the activity of IpaH9.8, a type III secreted effector that promotes the degradation of GBPs, are often captured within septin cages. Thus, our studies reveal how septin cages and GBP1 microcapsules represent complementary host cell antimotility strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Kutsch
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Coral González-Prieto
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Cammie F Lesser
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jörn Coers
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Lynch
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cammie F Lesser
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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10
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Mitchell PS, Roncaioli JL, Turcotte EA, Goers L, Chavez RA, Lee AY, Lesser CF, Rauch I, Vance RE. NAIP-NLRC4-deficient mice are susceptible to shigellosis. eLife 2020; 9:59022. [PMID: 33074100 PMCID: PMC7595732 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria of the genus Shigella cause shigellosis, a severe gastrointestinal disease that is a major cause of diarrhea-associated mortality in humans. Mice are highly resistant to Shigella and the lack of a tractable physiological model of shigellosis has impeded our understanding of this important human disease. Here, we propose that the differential susceptibility of mice and humans to Shigella is due to mouse-specific activation of the NAIP–NLRC4 inflammasome. We find that NAIP–NLRC4-deficient mice are highly susceptible to oral Shigella infection and recapitulate the clinical features of human shigellosis. Although inflammasomes are generally thought to promote Shigella pathogenesis, we instead demonstrate that intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)-specific NAIP–NLRC4 activity is sufficient to protect mice from shigellosis. In addition to describing a new mouse model of shigellosis, our results suggest that the lack of an inflammasome response in IECs may help explain the susceptibility of humans to shigellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S Mitchell
- Division of Immunology & Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Justin L Roncaioli
- Division of Immunology & Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Turcotte
- Division of Immunology & Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Lisa Goers
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Roberto A Chavez
- Division of Immunology & Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Angus Y Lee
- Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Cammie F Lesser
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Isabella Rauch
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Russell E Vance
- Division of Immunology & Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Immunotherapeutics and Vaccine Research Initiative, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
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11
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Kutsch M, Sistemich L, Lesser CF, Goldberg MB, Herrmann C, Coers J. Direct binding of polymeric GBP1 to LPS disrupts bacterial cell envelope functions. EMBO J 2020; 39:e104926. [PMID: 32510692 PMCID: PMC7327485 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020104926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the outer membrane of gram‐negative bacteria, O‐antigen segments of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) form a chemomechanical barrier, whereas lipid A moieties anchor LPS molecules. Upon infection, human guanylate binding protein‐1 (hGBP1) colocalizes with intracellular gram‐negative bacterial pathogens, facilitates bacterial killing, promotes activation of the lipid A sensor caspase‐4, and blocks actin‐driven dissemination of the enteric pathogen Shigella. The underlying molecular mechanism for hGBP1's diverse antimicrobial functions is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that hGBP1 binds directly to LPS and induces “detergent‐like” LPS clustering through protein polymerization. Binding of polymerizing hGBP1 to the bacterial surface disrupts the O‐antigen barrier, thereby unmasking lipid A, eliciting caspase‐4 recruitment, enhancing antibacterial activity of polymyxin B, and blocking the function of the Shigella outer membrane actin motility factor IcsA. These findings characterize hGBP1 as an LPS‐binding surfactant that destabilizes the rigidity of the outer membrane to exert pleiotropic effects on the functionality of gram‐negative bacterial cell envelopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Kutsch
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Linda Sistemich
- Department of Physical Chemistry I, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Cammie F Lesser
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marcia B Goldberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christian Herrmann
- Department of Physical Chemistry I, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jörn Coers
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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12
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Sandstrom A, Mitchell PS, Goers L, Mu EW, Lesser CF, Vance RE. Functional degradation: A mechanism of NLRP1 inflammasome activation by diverse pathogen enzymes. Science 2019; 364:science.aau1330. [PMID: 30872533 PMCID: PMC6532986 DOI: 10.1126/science.aau1330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are multiprotein platforms that initiate innate immunity by recruitment and activation of caspase-1. The NLRP1B inflammasome is activated upon direct cleavage by the anthrax lethal toxin protease. However, the mechanism by which cleavage results in NLRP1B activation is unknown. In this study, we find that cleavage results in proteasome-mediated degradation of the amino-terminal domains of NLRP1B, liberating a carboxyl-terminal fragment that is a potent caspase-1 activator. Proteasome-mediated degradation of NLRP1B is both necessary and sufficient for NLRP1B activation. Consistent with our functional degradation model, we identify IpaH7.8, a Shigella flexneri ubiquitin ligase secreted effector, as an enzyme that induces NLRP1B degradation and activation. Our results provide a unified mechanism for NLRP1B activation by diverse pathogen-encoded enzymatic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Sandstrom
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Patrick S Mitchell
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Goers
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward W Mu
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Cammie F Lesser
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Russell E Vance
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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13
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Luong P, Hedl M, Yan J, Zuo T, Fu TM, Jiang X, Thiagarajah JR, Hansen SH, Lesser CF, Wu H, Abraham C, Lencer WI. INAVA-ARNO complexes bridge mucosal barrier function with inflammatory signaling. eLife 2018; 7:38539. [PMID: 30355448 PMCID: PMC6226287 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Homeostasis at mucosal surfaces requires cross-talk between the environment and barrier epithelial cells. Disruption of barrier function typifies mucosal disease. Here we elucidate a bifunctional role in coordinating this cross-talk for the inflammatory bowel disease risk-gene INAVA. Both activities require INAVA’s DUF3338 domain (renamed CUPID). CUPID stably binds the cytohesin ARF-GEF ARNO to effect lateral membrane F-actin assembly underlying cell-cell junctions and barrier function. Unexpectedly, when bound to CUPID, ARNO affects F-actin dynamics in the absence of its canonical activity as a guanine nucleotide-exchange factor. Upon exposure to IL-1β, INAVA relocates to form cytosolic puncta, where CUPID amplifies TRAF6-dependent polyubiquitination and inflammatory signaling. In this case, ARNO binding to CUPID negatively-regulates polyubiquitination and the inflammatory response. INAVA and ARNO act similarly in primary human macrophages responding to IL-1β and to NOD2 agonists. Thus, INAVA-CUPID exhibits dual functions, coordinated directly by ARNO, that bridge epithelial barrier function with extracellular signals and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phi Luong
- Division of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Hepatology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Matija Hedl
- Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - Tao Zuo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Hepatology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Tian-Min Fu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Xiaomo Jiang
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, United States
| | - Jay R Thiagarajah
- Division of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Hepatology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Harvard Digestive Disease Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Steen H Hansen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Hepatology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Harvard Digestive Disease Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Cammie F Lesser
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Clara Abraham
- Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - Wayne I Lencer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Hepatology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Harvard Digestive Disease Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Janakiraman
- a Department of Biology , City College of CUNY , New York , NY , USA.,b The Graduate Center of CUNY , New York , NY , USA
| | - Cammie F Lesser
- c Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases , Massachusetts General Hospital , Cambridge , MA , USA.,d Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
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15
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Abstract
Bacterial pathogenicity islands and other contiguous operons can be difficult to clone using conventional methods due to their large size. Here we describe a robust 3-step method to transfer large defined fragments of DNA from virulence plasmids or cosmids onto smaller autonomously replicating plasmids or directly into defined sites in the bacterial chromosome that incorporates endogenous yeast and λ Red homologous recombination systems. This methodology has been successfully used to isolate and integrate at least 31 kb of contiguous DNA and can be readily adapted for the recombineering of E. coli and its close relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Analise Z Reeves
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Cammie F Lesser
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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16
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Abstract
Many Gram-negative pathogens encode type 3 secretion systems, sophisticated nanomachines that deliver proteins directly into the cytoplasm of mammalian cells. These systems present attractive opportunities for therapeutic protein delivery applications; however, their utility has been limited by their inherent pathogenicity. Here, we report the reengineering of a laboratory strain of Escherichia coli with a tunable type 3 secretion system that can efficiently deliver heterologous proteins into mammalian cells, thereby circumventing the need for virulence attenuation. We first introduced a 31 kB region of Shigella flexneri DNA that encodes all of the information needed to form the secretion nanomachine onto a plasmid that can be directly propagated within E. coli or integrated into the E. coli chromosome. To provide flexible control over type 3 secretion and protein delivery, we generated plasmids expressing master regulators of the type 3 system from either constitutive or inducible promoters. We then constructed a Gateway-compatible plasmid library of type 3 secretion sequences to enable rapid screening and identification of sequences that do not perturb function when fused to heterologous protein substrates and optimized their delivery into mammalian cells. Combining these elements, we found that coordinated expression of the type 3 secretion system and modified target protein substrates produces a nonpathogenic strain that expresses, secretes, and delivers heterologous proteins into mammalian cells. This reengineered system thus provides a highly flexible protein delivery platform with potential for future therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Analise Z. Reeves
- Department
of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - William E. Spears
- Department
of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Juan Du
- Department
of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Kah Yong Tan
- Howard
Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative
Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Amy J. Wagers
- Howard
Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative
Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Cammie F. Lesser
- Department
of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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17
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Costa SCP, Lesser CF. A multifunctional region of the Shigella type 3 effector IpgB1 is important for secretion from bacteria and membrane targeting in eukaryotic cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93461. [PMID: 24718571 PMCID: PMC3981709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 3 secretion systems are complex nanomachines used by many Gram–negative bacteria to deliver tens of proteins (effectors) directly into host cells. Once delivered into host cells, effectors often target to specific cellular loci where they usurp host cell processes to their advantage. Here, using the yeast model system, we identify the membrane localization domain (MLD) of IpgB1, a stretch of 20 amino acids enriched for hydrophobic residues essential for the targeting of this effector to the plasma membrane. Embedded within these residues are ten that define the IpgB1 chaperone-binding domain for Spa15. As observed with dedicated class IA chaperones that mask hydrophobic MLDs, Spa15, a class IB chaperone, promotes IpgB1 stability by binding this hydrophobic region. However, despite being stable, an IpgB1 allele that lacks the MLD is not recognized as a secreted substrate. Similarly, deletion of the chaperone binding domains of IpgB1 and three additional Spa15-dependent effectors result in alleles that are no longer recognized as secreted substrates despite the presence of intact N-terminal secretion signal sequences. This is in contrast with MLD-containing effectors that bind class IA dedicated chaperones, as deletion of the MLD of these effectors alleviates the chaperone requirement for secretion. These observations indicate that at least for substrates of class IB chaperones, the chaperone-effector complex plays a major role in defining type 3 secreted proteins and highlight how a single region of an effector can play important roles both within prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia C. P. Costa
- Department of Medicine (Microbiology and Immunobiology), Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Cammie F. Lesser
- Department of Medicine (Microbiology and Immunobiology), Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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de Groot JC, Schlüter K, Carius Y, Quedenau C, Vingadassalom D, Faix J, Weiss SM, Reichelt J, Standfuss-Gabisch C, Lesser CF, Leong JM, Heinz DW, Büssow K, Stradal TEB. Structural basis for complex formation between human IRSp53 and the translocated intimin receptor Tir of enterohemorrhagic E. coli. Structure 2011; 19:1294-306. [PMID: 21893288 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2011.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Actin assembly beneath enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) attached to its host cell is triggered by the intracellular interaction of its translocated effector proteins Tir and EspF(U) with human IRSp53 family proteins and N-WASP. Here, we report the structure of the N-terminal I-BAR domain of IRSp53 in complex with a Tir-derived peptide, in which the homodimeric I-BAR domain binds two Tir molecules aligned in parallel. This arrangement provides a protein scaffold linking the bacterium to the host cell's actin polymerization machinery. The structure uncovers a specific peptide-binding site on the I-BAR surface, conserved between IRSp53 and IRTKS. The Tir Asn-Pro-Tyr (NPY) motif, essential for pedestal formation, is specifically recognized by this binding site. The site was confirmed by mutagenesis and in vivo-binding assays. It is possible that IRSp53 utilizes the NPY-binding site for additional interactions with as yet unknown partners within the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens C de Groot
- Division of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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19
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Abstract
Many microbial pathogens use specialized secretion systems to inject proteins referred to as effectors directly into eukaryotic host cells. These effectors directly target various eukaryotic signaling pathways and cellular processes, often by mimicking the activity of host cell proteins. Effectors of pathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium can also act as molecular scaffolds that not only recruit but also directly regulate the activity and localization of multiple eukaryotic proteins. By assembling and localizing disparate signaling pathways, the bacteria can reengineer host cell processes to generate novel processes not previously observed in eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cammie F Lesser
- Department of Medicine (Microbiology and Molecular Genetics), Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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20
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Sukumaran B, Mastronunzio JE, Narasimhan S, Fankhauser S, Uchil PD, Levy R, Graham M, Colpitts TM, Lesser CF, Fikrig E. Anaplasma phagocytophilum AptA modulates Erk1/2 signalling. Cell Microbiol 2010; 13:47-61. [PMID: 20716207 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2010.01516.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Anaplasma phagocytophilum causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis, one of the most common tick-borne diseases in North America. This unusual obligate intracellular pathogen selectively persists within polymorphonuclear leucocytes. In this study, using the yeast surrogate model we identified an A. phagocytophilum virulence protein, AptA (A. phagocytophilum toxin A), that activates mammalian Erk1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase. This activation is important for A. phagocytophilum survival within human neutrophils. AptA interacts with the intermediate filament protein vimentin, which is essential for A. phagocytophilum-induced Erk1/2 activation and infection. A. phagocytophilum infection reorganizes vimentin around the bacterial inclusion, thereby contributing to intracellular survival. These observations reveal a major role for the bacterial protein, AptA, and the host protein, vimentin, in the activation of Erk1/2 during A. phagocytophilum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindu Sukumaran
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8022, USA
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21
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Fukazawa A, Alonso C, Kurachi K, Gupta S, Lesser CF, McCormick BA, Reinecker HC. GEF-H1 mediated control of NOD1 dependent NF-kappaB activation by Shigella effectors. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4:e1000228. [PMID: 19043560 PMCID: PMC2583055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigella flexneri has evolved the ability to modify host cell function with intracellular active effectors to overcome the intestinal barrier. The detection of these microbial effectors and the initiation of innate immune responses are critical for rapid mucosal defense activation. The guanine nucleotide exchange factor H1 (GEF-H1) mediates RhoA activation required for cell invasion by the enteroinvasive pathogen Shigella flexneri. Surprisingly, GEF-H1 is requisite for NF-κB activation in response to Shigella infection. GEF-H1 interacts with NOD1 and is required for RIP2 dependent NF-κB activation by H-Ala-D-γGlu-DAP (γTriDAP). GEF-H1 is essential for NF-κB activation by the Shigella effectors IpgB2 and OspB, which were found to signal in a NOD1 and RhoA Kinase (ROCK) dependent manner. Our results demonstrate that GEF-H1 is a critical component of cellular defenses forming an intracellular sensing system with NOD1 for the detection of microbial effectors during cell invasion by pathogens. Shigella is a bacterium that causes food poisoning and serious intestinal infections with diarrheal illness. Pathogens like Shigella utilize intracellular active effectors to overcome the intestinal barrier and invade the host. We demonstrate that intestinal epithelial cells can sense the disturbance of the tight junctional seal, which normally prevents access of microbes to the circulation. A signaling molecule, which is required for cell invasion by Shigella, also activates messengers that activate immune defenses. This pathway of intestinal pathogen detection is activated by Shigella products, which are injected into host cells by the pathogen and depends on intracellular microbial recognition receptors. The detection of altered cellular function by bacterial effectors may be important for the ability to rapidly respond to barrier disruption in the intestine with the attraction and activation of immune cells to defend against the intruders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Fukazawa
- Department of Medicine, Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Carmen Alonso
- Department of Medicine, Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kiyotaka Kurachi
- Department of Medicine, Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sonal Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Cammie F. Lesser
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Beth Ann McCormick
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hans-Christian Reinecker
- Department of Medicine, Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Siggers KA, Lesser CF. The Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a versatile model system for the identification and characterization of bacterial virulence proteins. Cell Host Microbe 2008; 4:8-15. [PMID: 18621006 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2008.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Microbial pathogens utilize complex secretion systems to deliver proteins into host cells. These effector proteins target and usurp host cell processes to promote infection and cause disease. While secretion systems are conserved, each pathogen delivers its own unique set of effectors. The identification and characterization of these effector proteins has been difficult, often limited by the lack of detectable signal sequences and functional redundancy. Model systems including yeast, worms, flies, and fish are being used to circumvent these issues. This technical review details the versatility and utility of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a system to identify and characterize bacterial effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keri A Siggers
- Department of Medicine (Microbiology and Molecular Genetics), Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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23
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Slagowski NL, Kramer RW, Morrison MF, LaBaer J, Lesser CF. A functional genomic yeast screen to identify pathogenic bacterial proteins. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4:e9. [PMID: 18208325 PMCID: PMC2211553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0040009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many bacterial pathogens promote infection and cause disease by directly injecting into host cells proteins that manipulate eukaryotic cellular processes. Identification of these translocated proteins is essential to understanding pathogenesis. Yet, their identification remains limited. This, in part, is due to their general sequence uniqueness, which confounds homology-based identification by comparative genomic methods. In addition, their absence often does not result in phenotypes in virulence assays limiting functional genetic screens. Translocated proteins have been observed to confer toxic phenotypes when expressed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This observation suggests that yeast growth inhibition can be used as an indicator of protein translocation in functional genomic screens. However, limited information is available regarding the behavior of non-translocated proteins in yeast. We developed a semi-automated quantitative assay to monitor the growth of hundreds of yeast strains in parallel. We observed that expression of half of the 19 Shigella translocated proteins tested but almost none of the 20 non-translocated Shigella proteins nor ∼1,000 Francisella tularensis proteins significantly inhibited yeast growth. Not only does this study establish that yeast growth inhibition is a sensitive and specific indicator of translocated proteins, but we also identified a new substrate of the Shigella type III secretion system (TTSS), IpaJ, previously missed by other experimental approaches. In those cases where the mechanisms of action of the translocated proteins are known, significant yeast growth inhibition correlated with the targeting of conserved cellular processes. By providing positive rather than negative indication of activity our assay complements existing approaches for identification of translocated proteins. In addition, because this assay only requires genomic DNA it is particularly valuable for studying pathogens that are difficult to genetically manipulate or dangerous to culture. Many bacterial pathogens promote infection and ultimately cause disease, in part, through the actions of proteins that the bacteria directly inject into host cells. These proteins subvert host cell processes to favor survival of the pathogen. The identification of such proteins can be limited since many of the injected proteins lack homology with other virulence proteins and pathogens that no longer express the proteins are often unimpaired in conventional assays of pathogenesis. Many of these proteins target cellular processes conserved from mammals to yeast, and overexpression of these proteins in yeast results in growth inhibition. We have established a high throughput growth assay amenable to systematically screening open reading frames from bacterial pathogens for those that inhibit yeast growth. We observe that yeast growth inhibition is a sensitive and specific indicator of proteins that are injected into host cells. Expression of about half of the injected bacterial proteins but almost none of the bacteria-confined proteins results in yeast growth inhibition. Since this assay only requires genomic DNA it is particularly valuable for studying pathogens that are difficult to genetically manipulate or dangerous to grow in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi L Slagowski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Roger W Kramer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Monica F Morrison
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joshua LaBaer
- Harvard Institute of Proteomics, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Cammie F Lesser
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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24
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Kramer RW, Slagowski NL, Eze NA, Giddings KS, Morrison MF, Siggers KA, Starnbach MN, Lesser CF. Yeast functional genomic screens lead to identification of a role for a bacterial effector in innate immunity regulation. PLoS Pathog 2007; 3:e21. [PMID: 17305427 PMCID: PMC1797620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2006] [Accepted: 01/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous bacterial pathogens manipulate host cell processes to promote infection and ultimately cause disease through the action of proteins that they directly inject into host cells. Identification of the targets and molecular mechanisms of action used by these bacterial effector proteins is critical to understanding pathogenesis. We have developed a systems biological approach using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that can expedite the identification of cellular processes targeted by bacterial effector proteins. We systematically screened the viable yeast haploid deletion strain collection for mutants hypersensitive to expression of the Shigella type III effector OspF. Statistical data mining of the results identified several cellular processes, including cell wall biogenesis, which when impaired by a deletion caused yeast to be hypersensitive to OspF expression. Microarray experiments revealed that OspF expression resulted in reversed regulation of genes regulated by the yeast cell wall integrity pathway. The yeast cell wall integrity pathway is a highly conserved mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, normally activated in response to cell wall perturbations. Together these results led us to hypothesize and subsequently demonstrate that OspF inhibited both yeast and mammalian MAPK signaling cascades. Furthermore, inhibition of MAPK signaling by OspF is associated with attenuation of the host innate immune response to Shigella infection in a mouse model. These studies demonstrate how yeast systems biology can facilitate functional characterization of pathogenic bacterial effector proteins. Many bacterial pathogens use specialized secretion systems to deliver effector proteins directly into host cells. The effector proteins mediate the subversion or inhibition of host cell processes to promote survival of the pathogens. Although these proteins are critical elements of pathogenesis, relatively few are well characterized. They often lack significant homology to proteins of known function, and they present special challenges, biological and practical, to study in vivo. For example, their functions often appear to be redundant or synergistic, and the organisms that produce them can be dangerous or difficult to culture, requiring special facilities. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has recently emerged as a model system to both identify and functionally characterize effector proteins. This work describes how genome-wide phenotypic screens and mRNA profiling of yeast expressing the Shigella effector OspF led to the discovery that OspF inhibits mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in both yeast and mammalian cells. This inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling is associated with attenuation of the host innate immune response. This study demonstrates how yeast functional genomic studies can contribute to the understanding of pathogenic effector proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger W Kramer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Naomi L Slagowski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ngozi A Eze
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kara S Giddings
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Monica F Morrison
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Keri A Siggers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael N Starnbach
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Cammie F Lesser
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Gottlieb GS, Lesser CF, Holmes KK, Wald A. Disseminated sporotrichosis associated with treatment with immunosuppressants and tumor necrosis factor-alpha antagonists. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37:838-40. [PMID: 12955647 DOI: 10.1086/377235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2003] [Accepted: 05/02/2003] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a case of disseminated sporotrichosis in a 49-year-old man who was treated with multiple immunosuppressants, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha antagonists (etanercept and infliximab), for presumed inflammation arthritis. This case illustrates the potential for infectious complications related to the use of cytotoxic immunosuppressants and anticytokine agents, such as TNF-alpha antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey S Gottlieb
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Abstract
Bacterial virulence proteins that are translocated into eukaryotic cells were expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to model human infection. The subcellular localization patterns of these proteins in yeast paralleled those previously observed during mammalian infection, including localization to the nucleus and plasma membrane. Localization of Salmonella SspA in yeast provided the first evidence that SspA interacts with actin in living cells. In many cases, expression of the bacterial virulence proteins conferred genetically exploitable growth phenotypes. In this way, Yersinia YopE toxicity was demonstrated to be linked to its Rho GTPase activating protein activity. YopE blocked polarization of the yeast cytoskeleton and cell cycle progression, while SspA altered polarity and inhibited depolymerization of the actin cytoskeleton. These activities are consistent with previously proposed or demonstrated effects on higher eukaryotes and provide new insights into the roles of these proteins in pathogenesis: SspA in directing formation of membrane ruffles and YopE in arresting cell division. Thus, study of bacterial virulence proteins in yeast is a powerful system to determine functions of these proteins, probe eukaryotic cellular processes and model mammalian infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel I. Miller
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Washington, HSB K116, Box 357710, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
Corresponding author e-mail:
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Lesser
- Depts. of Microbiology and Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Abstract
What determines the precise sites of cleavage in the two transesterification reactions of messenger RNA (mRNA) splicing is a major unsolved question. Mutation of the invariant G (guanosine) at position 5 of 5' splice sites in Saccharomyces cerevisiae introns activates cleavage at nearby aberrant sites. A genetic approach was used to test the hypothesis that a base-pairing interaction between the 5' splice site and the invariant ACAGAG sequence of U6 is a determinant of 5' splice site choice. Mutations in U6 or the intron (or both) that were predicted to stabilize the interaction suppressed aberrant cleavage and increased normal cleavage. In addition, a mutation in the ACAGAG sequence suppressed mutations of the 3' splice site dinucleotide. These data can fit a model for the spliceosomal active site comprised of a set of RNA-RNA interactions between the intron, U2 and U6.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Lesser
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco 94143
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Abstract
We have developed a new reporter gene fusion to monitor mRNA splicing in yeast. An intron-containing fragment from the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ACT1 gene has been fused to CUP1, the yeast metallothionein homolog. CUP1 is a nonessential gene that allows cells to grow in the presence of copper in a dosage-dependent manner. By inserting previously characterized intron mutations into the fusion construct, we have established that the efficiency of splicing correlates with the level of copper resistance of these strains. A highly sensitive assay for 5' splice site usage was designed by engineering an ACT1-CUP1 construct with duplicated 5' splice sites; mutations were introduced into the upstream splice site in order to evaluate the roles of these highly conserved nucleotides in intron recognition. Almost all mutations in the intron portion of the 5' consensus sequence abolish recognition of the mutated site, while mutations in the exon portion of the consensus sequence have variable affects on cleavage at the mutated site. Interestingly, mutations at intron position 4 demonstrate that this nucleotide plays a role in 5' splice site recognition other than by base pairing with U1 snRNA. The use of CUP1 as a reporter gene may be generally applicable for monitoring cellular processes in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Lesser
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0448
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Leong JM, Nunes-Düby SE, Oser AB, Lesser CF, Youderian P, Susskind MM, Landy A. Structural and regulatory divergence among site-specific recombination genes of lambdoid phage. J Mol Biol 1986; 189:603-16. [PMID: 3491212 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(86)90491-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The lambdoid bacteriophage phi 80 and P22 have site-specific recombination systems similar to that of lambda. Each of the three phage has a different insertion specificity, but structural analysis of their attachment sites suggests that the three recombination pathways share similar features. In this study, we have identified and sequenced the int and xis genes of phi 80 and P22. phi 80 int and xis were identified using a plasmid recombination assay in vivo, and the P22 genes were mapped using Tn1 insertion mutations. In all three phage, the site-specific recombination genes are located directly adjacent to the phage attachment site. Interestingly, the transcriptional orientation of the phi 80 int gene is opposite to that of lambda and P22 int, resulting in convergent transcription of phi 80 int and xis. Because of its transcriptional orientation, phi 80 int cannot be expressed by the major leftward promoter, PL, and the regulatory strategy of phi 80 integration and excision must differ significantly from that of lambda. The deduced amino acid sequences of the recombination proteins of the three systems show surprisingly little homology. Sequences homologous to the lambda PI promoter are more conserved than the protein-coding sequences. Nevertheless, the Int proteins are locally related in the C-terminal sequences, particularly for a stretch of some 25 amino acid residues that lie approximately 50 residues from the C terminus. The Xis proteins can be aligned at their N termini.
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Leong JM, Nunes-Düby S, Lesser CF, Youderian P, Susskind MM, Landy A. The phi 80 and P22 attachment sites. Primary structure and interaction with Escherichia coli integration host factor. J Biol Chem 1985; 260:4468-77. [PMID: 2984205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the lambdoid bacteriophage phi 80 and P22 possess site-specific recombination systems analogous to bacteriophage lambda, they have different attachment (att) site specificities. We have identified and determined the nucleotide sequences of the att sites of phi 80 and P22 and have examined the interaction of these sites with purified Escherichia coli integration host factor (IHF). The sizes of the homologous core regions of the att sites vary greatly: P22 has a 46-base pair core, while phi 80 and lambda have 17- and 15-base pair cores, respectively. The core sequences of the three phage show no significant homology, although dispersed regions of homology in arm sequences indicate that the three phage att sites are related. All three att sites have a high A + T composition, and restriction fragments carrying these sites migrate anomalously upon polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. IHF binds to a site to the left of the common core in the phi 80 and P22 phage att sites (attP) and to a site to the right of the core in P22 attP and attB (the bacterial att site). In the lambda system, IHF interacts with three regions on attP (designated H1, H2, and H') and none on attB (Craig N., and Nash, H.A. (1984) Cell 39, 707-716). Alignment of the IHF sites of all three phage results in a consensus sequence for IHF binding, Pyr-AANNNNTTGATAT. Among the three phage, the number of IHF sites differs; however, the location and orientation of the binding sites in relation to the respective core regions are well conserved. An IHF site analogous to lambda H2 is present in both phi 80 and P22 attP, while a site analogous to lambda H' is present in P22 attP. This conservation suggests that IHF plays a very similar role in the site-specific recombination pathways of all three phage, and that the flanking arm sequences are necessary for phi 80 and P22 attP function, as is the case for lambda attP function. These structural similarities presumably reflect a conservation of the mechanism of site-specific recombination for the three phage.
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Leong JM, Nunes-Duby S, Oser A, Lesser CF, Youderian P, Susskind MM, Landy A. Site-specific recombination systems of phages phi 80 and P22: binding sites of integration host factor and recombination-induced mutations. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 1984; 49:707-14. [PMID: 6597762 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.1984.049.01.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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