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Shimizu JF, Feferbaum-Leite S, Santos IA, Martins DOS, Kingston NJ, Shegdar M, Zothner C, Sampaio SV, Harris M, Stonehouse NJ, Jardim ACG. Effect of proteins isolated from Brazilian snakes on enterovirus A71 replication cycle: An approach against hand, foot and mouth disease. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 241:124519. [PMID: 37085072 PMCID: PMC7615699 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EVA71) belongs to the Picornaviridae family and is the main etiological agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). There is no approved antiviral against EVA71, and therefore the search for novel anti-EVA71 therapeutics is essential. In this context, the antiviral activity of proteins isolated from snake venoms has been reported against a range of viruses. Here, the proteins CM10 and CM14 isolated from Bothrops moojeni, and Crotamin and PLA2CB isolated from Crotalus durissus terrificus were investigated for their antiviral activity against EVA71 infection. CM14 and Crotamin possessed a selective index (SI) of 170.8 and 120.4, respectively, while CM10 and PLA2CB had an SI of 67.4 and 12.5, respectively. CM14 inhibited all steps of viral replication (protective effect: 76 %; virucidal: 99 %; and post-entry: 99 %). Similarly, Crotamin inhibited up to 99 % of three steps. In contrast, CM10 and PLA2CB impaired one or two steps of EVA71 replication, respectively. Further dose-response assays using increasing titres of EVA71 were performed and CM14 and Crotamin retained functionality with high concentrations of EVA71 (up to 1000 TCID50). These data demonstrate that proteins isolated from snake venom are potent inhibitors of EVA71 and could be used as scaffolds for future development of novel antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Farinha Shimizu
- Laboratory of Antiviral Research, Institute of Biomedical Science - ICBIM, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Institute of Biosciences, Language and Exact Science - IBILCE, São Paulo State University - UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil; Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Centre for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP 13083-100, Brazil
| | - Shiraz Feferbaum-Leite
- Laboratory of Antiviral Research, Institute of Biomedical Science - ICBIM, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Igor Andrade Santos
- Laboratory of Antiviral Research, Institute of Biomedical Science - ICBIM, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Daniel Oliveira Silva Martins
- Laboratory of Antiviral Research, Institute of Biomedical Science - ICBIM, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Institute of Biosciences, Language and Exact Science - IBILCE, São Paulo State University - UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Natalie J Kingston
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Mona Shegdar
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Carsten Zothner
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Suely Vilela Sampaio
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo - USP, SP, Brazil
| | - Mark Harris
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J Stonehouse
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Carolina Gomes Jardim
- Laboratory of Antiviral Research, Institute of Biomedical Science - ICBIM, Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Institute of Biosciences, Language and Exact Science - IBILCE, São Paulo State University - UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil.
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2
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Shimizu JF, Martins DOS, McPhillie MJ, Roberts GC, Zothner C, Merits A, Harris M, Jardim ACG. Is the ADP ribose site of the Chikungunya virus NSP3 Macro domain a target for antiviral approaches? Acta Trop 2020; 207:105490. [PMID: 32333884 PMCID: PMC7615700 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted virus of special concern as it causes Chikungunya fever, characterized by an acute febrile illness, rash, and arthralgia that can progress to chronic and debilitating arthritic symptoms. The effects of climate change on the geographic distribution of the mosquito vector has the potential to expose more of the globe to this virus. No antiviral agents or vaccines are currently available against CHIKV infection and the development of novel therapies that may lead to a future treatment is therefore necessary. In this context, the ADP-ribose binding site of the CHIKV nsP3 macro domain has been reported as a potential target for the development of antivirals. Mutations in the ADP-ribose binding site demonstrated decreased viral replication in cell culture and reduced virulence. In this study, 48,750 small molecules were screened in silico for their ability to bind to the ADP-ribose binding site of the CHIKV nsP3 macro domain. From this in silico analysis, 12 molecules were selected for in vitro analysis using a CHIKV subgenomic replicon in Huh-7 cells. Cell viability and CHIKV replication were evaluated and molecules C5 and C13 demonstrated 53 and 66% inhibition of CHIKV replication, respectively. By using a CHIKV-Dual luciferase replicon contain two reporter genes, we also demonstrated that the treatment with either compounds are probably interfering in the early replication rather than after RNA replication has occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Farinha Shimizu
- São Paulo State University, IBILCE, S. José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil; Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biomedical Science, ICBIM, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Daniel Oliveira Silva Martins
- São Paulo State University, IBILCE, S. José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil; Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biomedical Science, ICBIM, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Martin J McPhillie
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering & Physical Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Grace C Roberts
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Carsten Zothner
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Andres Merits
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mark Harris
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Carolina Gomes Jardim
- São Paulo State University, IBILCE, S. José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil; Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biomedical Science, ICBIM, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
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3
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Remenyi R, Gao Y, Hughes RE, Curd A, Zothner C, Peckham M, Merits A, Harris M. Persistent Replication of a Chikungunya Virus Replicon in Human Cells Is Associated with Presence of Stable Cytoplasmic Granules Containing Nonstructural Protein 3. J Virol 2018; 92:e00477-18. [PMID: 29875241 PMCID: PMC6069192 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00477-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a mosquito-borne human pathogen, causes a disabling disease characterized by severe joint pain that can persist for weeks, months, or even years in patients. The nonstructural protein 3 (nsP3) plays essential roles during acute infection, but little is known about the function of nsP3 during chronic disease. Here, we used subdiffraction multicolor microscopy for spatial and temporal analysis of CHIKV nsP3 within human cells that persistently replicate replicon RNA. Round cytoplasmic granules of various sizes (i) contained nsP3 and stress granule assembly factors 1 and 2 (G3BP1/2), (ii) were next to double-stranded RNA foci and nsP1-positive structures, and (iii) were close to the nuclear membrane and the nuclear pore complex protein Nup98. Analysis of protein turnover and mobility by live-cell microscopy revealed that the granules could persist for hours to days, accumulated newly synthesized protein, and moved through the cytoplasm at various speeds. The granules also had a static internal architecture and were stable in cell lysates. Refractory cells that had cleared the noncytotoxic replicon regained the ability to respond to arsenite-induced stress. In summary, nsP3 can form uniquely stable granular structures that persist long-term within the host cell. This continued presence of viral and cellular protein complexes has implications for the study of the pathogenic consequences of lingering CHIKV infection and the development of strategies to mitigate the burden of chronic musculoskeletal disease brought about by a medically important arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus).IMPORTANCE Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a reemerging alphavirus transmitted by mosquitos and causes transient sickness but also chronic disease affecting muscles and joints. No approved vaccines or antivirals are available. Thus, a better understanding of the viral life cycle and the role of viral proteins can aid in identifying new therapeutic targets. Advances in microscopy and development of noncytotoxic replicons (A. Utt, P. K. Das, M. Varjak, V. Lulla, A. Lulla, A. Merits, J Virol 89:3145-3162, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.03213-14) have allowed researchers to study viral proteins within controlled laboratory environments over extended durations. Here we established human cells that stably replicate replicon RNA and express tagged nonstructural protein 3 (nsP3). The ability to track nsP3 within the host cell and during persistent replication can benefit fundamental research efforts to better understand long-term consequences of the persistence of viral protein complexes and thereby provide the foundation for new therapeutic targets to control CHIKV infection and treat chronic disease symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Remenyi
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Yanni Gao
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth E Hughes
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair Curd
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Carsten Zothner
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Peckham
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Andres Merits
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mark Harris
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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4
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Shimizu JF, Pereira CM, Bittar C, Batista MN, Campos GRF, da Silva S, Cintra ACO, Zothner C, Harris M, Sampaio SV, Aquino VH, Rahal P, Jardim ACG. Multiple effects of toxins isolated from Crotalus durissus terrificus on the hepatitis C virus life cycle. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187857. [PMID: 29141010 PMCID: PMC5687739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the main causes of liver disease and transplantation worldwide. Current therapy is expensive, presents additional side effects and viral resistance has been described. Therefore, studies for developing more efficient antivirals against HCV are needed. Compounds isolated from animal venoms have shown antiviral activity against some viruses such as Dengue virus, Yellow fever virus and Measles virus. In this study, we evaluated the effect of the complex crotoxin (CX) and its subunits crotapotin (CP) and phospholipase A2 (PLA2-CB) isolated from the venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus on HCV life cycle. Huh 7.5 cells were infected with HCVcc JFH-1 strain in the presence or absence of these toxins and virus was titrated by focus formation units assay or by qPCR. Toxins were added to the cells at different time points depending on the stage of virus life cycle to be evaluated. The results showed that treatment with PLA2-CB inhibited HCV entry and replication but no effect on HCV release was observed. CX reduced virus entry and release but not replication. By treating cells with CP, an antiviral effect was observed on HCV release, the only stage inhibited by this compound. Our data demonstrated the multiple antiviral effects of toxins from animal venoms on HCV life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Farinha Shimizu
- Genomics Study Laboratory, São Paulo State University, IBILCE, S. José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Virology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carina Machado Pereira
- Genomics Study Laboratory, São Paulo State University, IBILCE, S. José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cintia Bittar
- Genomics Study Laboratory, São Paulo State University, IBILCE, S. José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Nogueira Batista
- Genomics Study Laboratory, São Paulo State University, IBILCE, S. José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Suely da Silva
- Genomics Study Laboratory, São Paulo State University, IBILCE, S. José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Virology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Carsten Zothner
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Harris
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Suely Vilela Sampaio
- Laboratory of Toxinology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo Aquino
- Laboratory of Virology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Rahal
- Genomics Study Laboratory, São Paulo State University, IBILCE, S. José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Gomes Jardim
- Genomics Study Laboratory, São Paulo State University, IBILCE, S. José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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5
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Remenyi R, Roberts GC, Zothner C, Merits A, Harris M. SNAP-tagged Chikungunya Virus Replicons Improve Visualisation of Non-Structural Protein 3 by Fluorescence Microscopy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5682. [PMID: 28720784 PMCID: PMC5515888 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05820-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a mosquito-borne alphavirus, causes febrile disease, muscle and joint pain, which can become chronic in some individuals. The non-structural protein 3 (nsP3) plays essential roles during infection, but a complete understanding of its function is lacking. Here we used a microscopy-based approach to image CHIKV nsP3 inside human cells. The SNAP system consists of a self-labelling enzyme tag, which catalyses the covalent linking of exogenously supplemented synthetic ligands. Genetic insertion of this tag resulted in viable replicons and specific labelling while preserving the effect of nsP3 on stress granule responses and co-localisation with GTPase Activating Protein (SH3 domain) Binding Proteins (G3BPs). With sub-diffraction, three-dimensional, optical imaging, we visualised nsP3-positive structures with variable density and morphology, including high-density rod-like structures, large spherical granules, and small, low-density structures. Next, we confirmed the utility of the SNAP-tag for studying protein turnover by pulse-chase labelling. We also revealed an association of nsP3 with cellular lipid droplets and examined the spatial relationships between nsP3 and the non-structural protein 1 (nsP1). Together, our study provides a sensitive, specific, and versatile system for fundamental research into the individual functions of a viral non-structural protein during infection with a medically important arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus).
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Remenyi
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Grace C Roberts
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Carsten Zothner
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Andres Merits
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mark Harris
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.
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6
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Stewart H, Bingham R, White SJ, Dykeman EC, Zothner C, Tuplin AK, Stockley PG, Twarock R, Harris M. Identification of novel RNA secondary structures within the hepatitis C virus genome reveals a cooperative involvement in genome packaging. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22952. [PMID: 26972799 PMCID: PMC4789732 DOI: 10.1038/srep22952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The specific packaging of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome is hypothesised to be driven by Core-RNA interactions. To identify the regions of the viral genome involved in this process, we used SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) to identify RNA aptamers which bind specifically to Core in vitro. Comparison of these aptamers to multiple HCV genomes revealed the presence of a conserved terminal loop motif within short RNA stem-loop structures. We postulated that interactions of these motifs, as well as sub-motifs which were present in HCV genomes at statistically significant levels, with the Core protein may drive virion assembly. We mutated 8 of these predicted motifs within the HCV infectious molecular clone JFH-1, thereby producing a range of mutant viruses predicted to possess altered RNA secondary structures. RNA replication and viral titre were unaltered in viruses possessing only one mutated structure. However, infectivity titres were decreased in viruses possessing a higher number of mutated regions. This work thus identified multiple novel RNA motifs which appear to contribute to genome packaging. We suggest that these structures act as cooperative packaging signals to drive specific RNA encapsidation during HCV assembly.
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MESH Headings
- Aptamers, Nucleotide/chemistry
- Aptamers, Nucleotide/genetics
- Aptamers, Nucleotide/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Genome, Viral/genetics
- Hepacivirus/genetics
- Hepacivirus/metabolism
- Humans
- Mutation
- Nucleic Acid Conformation
- Nucleotide Motifs/genetics
- Protein Binding
- RNA, Viral/chemistry
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- SELEX Aptamer Technique
- Viral Core Proteins/genetics
- Viral Core Proteins/metabolism
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
- Virus Assembly/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Stewart
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - R.J. Bingham
- York Centre for Complex Systems Analysis, Departments of Mathematics and Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - S. J. White
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - E. C. Dykeman
- York Centre for Complex Systems Analysis, Departments of Mathematics and Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - C. Zothner
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - A. K. Tuplin
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - P. G. Stockley
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - R. Twarock
- York Centre for Complex Systems Analysis, Departments of Mathematics and Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - M. Harris
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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7
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Hamed MR, Brown RJ, Zothner C, Urbanowicz RA, Mason CP, Krarup A, McClure CP, Irving WL, Ball JK, Harris M, Hickling TP, Tarr AW. Recombinant human L-ficolin directly neutralizes hepatitis C virus entry. J Innate Immun 2014; 6:676-84. [PMID: 24854201 PMCID: PMC6741592 DOI: 10.1159/000362209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
L-ficolin is a soluble pattern recognition molecule expressed by the liver that contributes to innate immune defense against microorganisms. It is well described that binding of L-ficolin to specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns activates the lectin complement pathway, resulting in opsonization and lysis of pathogens. In this study, we demonstrated that in addition to this indirect effect, L-ficolin has a direct neutralizing effect against hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry. Specific, dose-dependent binding of recombinant L-ficolin to HCV glycoproteins E1 and E2 was observed. This interaction was inhibited by soluble L-ficolin ligands. Interaction of L-ficolin with E1 and E2 potently inhibited entry of retroviral pseudoparticles bearing these glycoproteins. L-ficolin also inhibited entry of cell-cultured HCV in a calcium-dependent manner. Neutralizing concentrations of L-ficolin were found to be circulating in the serum of HCV-infected individuals. This is the first description of direct neutralization of HCV entry by a ficolin and highlights a novel role for L-ficolin as a virus entry inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed R. Hamed
- School of Life Sciences, and Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Richard J.P. Brown
- School of Life Sciences, and Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Carsten Zothner
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Richard A. Urbanowicz
- School of Life Sciences, and Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Christopher P. Mason
- School of Life Sciences, and Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Anders Krarup
- Biochemistry Department, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - C. Patrick McClure
- School of Life Sciences, and Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - William L. Irving
- School of Life Sciences, and Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jonathan K. Ball
- School of Life Sciences, and Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mark Harris
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Timothy P. Hickling
- School of Life Sciences, and Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Alexander W. Tarr
- School of Life Sciences, and Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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8
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Schallreuter KU, Rübsam K, Gibbons NC, Maitland DJ, Chavan B, Zothner C, Rokos H, Wood JM. Methionine Sulfoxide Reductases A and B Are Deactivated by Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) in the Epidermis of Patients with Vitiligo. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128:808-15. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5701100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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9
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Schallreuter KU, Rokos H, Chavan B, Gillbro JM, Cemeli E, Zothner C, Anderson D, Wood JM. Quinones are reduced by 6-tetrahydrobiopterin in human keratinocytes, melanocytes, and melanoma cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 44:538-46. [PMID: 17997383 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Revised: 10/11/2007] [Accepted: 10/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Quinones are potentially dangerous substances generated from quinols via the intermediates semiquinone and hydrogen peroxide. Low semiquinone radical concentrations are acting as radical scavengers while high concentrations produce reactive oxygen species and quinones, leading to oxidative stress, apoptosis, and/or DNA damage. Recently it was recognised that thioredoxin reductase/thioredoxin (TR/T) reduces both p- and o-quinones. In this report we examine additional reduction mechanisms for p- and o-quinones generated from hydroquinone (HQ) and coenzyme Q10 and by 17beta-estradiol by the common cofactor 6(R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin (6BH(4)). Our results confirmed that TR reduces the p-quinone 1,4 benzoquinone and coenzyme Q10-quinone back to HQ and coenzyme Q10-quinol, respectively, while 6BH(4) has the capacity to reduce coenzyme Q10-quinone and the o-quinone produced from 17beta-estradiol. 6BH(4) is present in the cytosol and in the nucleus of epidermal melanocytes and keratinocytes as well as melanoma cells and colocalises with TR/T. Therefore we conclude that both mechanisms are major players in the prevention of quinone-mediated oxidative stress and DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin U Schallreuter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK.
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Schallreuter KU, Gibbons NCJ, Zothner C, Abou Elloof MM, Wood JM. Hydrogen peroxide-mediated oxidative stress disrupts calcium binding on calmodulin: More evidence for oxidative stress in vitiligo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 360:70-5. [PMID: 17592724 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.05.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2007] [Revised: 05/31/2007] [Accepted: 05/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Patients with acute vitiligo have low epidermal catalase expression/activities and accumulate 10(-3) M H(2)O(2). One consequence of this severe oxidative stress is an altered calcium homeostasis in epidermal keratinocytes and melanocytes. Here, we show decreased epidermal calmodulin expression in acute vitiligo. Since 10(-3)M H(2)O(2) oxidises methionine and tryptophan residues in proteins, we examined calcium binding to calmodulin in the presence and absence of H(2)O(2) utilising (45)calcium. The results showed that all four calcium atoms exchanged per molecule of calmodulin. Since oxidised calmodulin looses its ability to activate calcium ATPase, enzyme activities were followed in full skin biopsies from lesional skin of patients with acute vitiligo (n=6) and healthy controls (n=6). The results yielded a 4-fold decrease of ATPase activities in the patients. Computer simulation of native and oxidised calmodulin confirmed the loss of all four calcium ions from their specific EF-hand domains. Taken together H(2)O(2)-mediated oxidation affects calcium binding in calmodulin leading to perturbed calcium homeostasis and perturbed l-phenylalanine-uptake in the epidermis of acute vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- K U Schallreuter
- Clinical and Experimental Dermatology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK.
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Schallreuter KU, Krüger C, Rokos H, Hasse S, Zothner C, Panske A. Basic research confirms coexistence of acquired Blaschkolinear Vitiligo and acrofacial Vitiligo. Arch Dermatol Res 2007; 299:225-30. [PMID: 17404749 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-007-0748-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Revised: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 03/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report about a female patient with bilateral and unilateral blaschkolinear depigmentation on the extremities and coexistence of acrofacial vitiligo, who initially presented her first signs of depigmentation at the age of 32 years. The patient was otherwise healthy. The correct diagnosis was based on the latest up to date technology utilizing in vivo FT-Raman and Fluorescence spectroscopy, Wood's light examination of the depigmented skin and immunoreactivity of epidermal catalase expression in 3 mm punch biopsies from the linear depigmented area. The results yielded decreased catalase protein expression compared to healthy controls as well as complete absence of melanocytes. FT-Raman spectroscopy identified the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) in the mM range and Fluorescence spectroscopy demonstrated H(2)O(2)-mediated oxidation of tryptophan residues in the depigmented area. The results were in agreement with vitiligo. Repigmentation of the linear lesion was initiated after reduction/removal of epidermal H(2)O(2) with pseudocatalase PC-KUS further supporting the correct diagnosis. To the best of our knowledge this is the first case documented with vitiligo following Blaschko lines in coexistence with classical acrofacial vitiligo. This observation raises the question whether besides H(2)O(2)-mediated stress in association with genomic mosaicism could play a role in some cases with vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin U Schallreuter
- Clinical and Experimental Dermatology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK.
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Schallreuter KU, Rübsam K, Chavan B, Zothner C, Gillbro JM, Spencer JD, Wood JM. Functioning methionine sulfoxide reductases A and B are present in human epidermal melanocytes in the cytosol and in the nucleus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 342:145-52. [PMID: 16480945 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.01.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2006] [Accepted: 01/24/2006] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation of methionine residues by reactive oxygen (ROS) in protein structures leads to the formation of methionine sulfoxide which can consequently lead to a plethora of impaired functionality. The generation of methionine sulfoxide yields ultimately a diastereomeric mixture of the S and R sulfoxides. So far two distinct enzyme families have been identified. MSRA reduces methionine S-sulfoxide, while MSRB reduces the R-diastereomer. It has been shown that these enzymes are involved in regulation of protein function and in elimination of ROS via reversible methionine formation besides protein repair. Importantly, both enzymes require coupling to the NADPH/thioredoxin reductase/thioredoxin electron donor system. In this report, we show for the first time the expression and function of both sulfoxide reductases together with thioredoxin reductase in the cytosol as well as in the nucleus of epidermal melanocytes which are especially sensitive to ROS. Since this cell resides in the basal layer of the epidermis and its numbers and functions are reduced upon ageing and for instance also in depigmentation processes, we believe that this discovery adds an intricate repair mechanism to melanocyte homeostasis and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin U Schallreuter
- Clinical and Experimental Dermatology/Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bradford, UK.
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