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Claas AM, Lee M, Huang PH, Knutson CG, Bullara D, Schoeberl B, Gaudet S. Viral Kinetics Model of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Informs Drug Discovery, Clinical Dose, and Regimen Selection. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2024. [PMID: 38676291 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) has been an important tool to project safety and efficacy of novel or repurposed therapies for the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Here, we present a QSP modeling framework to predict response to antiviral therapeutics with three mechanisms of action (MoA): cell entry inhibitors, anti-replicatives, and neutralizing biologics. We parameterized three distinct model structures describing virus-host interaction by fitting to published viral kinetics data of untreated COVID-19 patients. The models were used to test theoretical behaviors and map therapeutic design criteria of the different MoAs, identifying the most rapid and robust antiviral activity from neutralizing biologic and anti-replicative MoAs. We found good agreement between model predictions and clinical viral load reduction observed with anti-replicative nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid®) and neutralizing biologics bamlanivimab and casirivimab/imdevimab (REGEN-COV®), building confidence in the modeling framework to inform a dose selection. Finally, the model was applied to predict antiviral response with ensovibep, a novel DARPin therapeutic designed as a neutralizing biologic. We developed a new in silico measure of antiviral activity, area under the curve (AUC) of free spike protein concentration, as a metric with larger dynamic range than viral load reduction. By benchmarking to bamlanivimab predictions, we justified dose levels of 75, 225, and 600 mg ensovibep to be administered intravenously in a Phase 2 clinical investigation. Upon trial completion, we found model predictions to be in good agreement with the observed patient data. These results demonstrate the utility of this modeling framework to guide the development of novel antiviral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Claas
- Biomedical Research, Novartis, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Meelim Lee
- Biomedical Research, Novartis, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pai-Hsi Huang
- Biomedical Research, Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | | | - Suzanne Gaudet
- Biomedical Research, Novartis, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Abrishamian L, Bonten M, Chandra R, Elango DS, Fustier P, Gedif K, Goncalves S, Igbinadolor A, Kingsley J, Knutson CG, Kukkaro P, Kumarasamy N, Legenne P, Mekebeb-Reuter M, Ramanathan K, Reshetnyak E, Robinson M, Rosa J, Soergel M, Stavropoulou V, Stojcheva N, Stumpp MT, Tietz A, Zhao X, Zhang Z. 1130. Ensovibep antiviral activity in ambulatory patients with COVID-19 is independent of baseline anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and exhibits minimal selective pressure – Results from the placebo-controlled EMPATHY trial. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022. [PMCID: PMC9752393 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac492.969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ensovibep is a multi-specific DARPin (designed ankyrin repeat protein) antiviral in clinical development for treatment of COVID-19. In the Phase 2 EMPATHY study, ensovibep demonstrated greater viral load decline versus placebo. Here we report (1) the efficacy of ensovibep in patients with and without anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies at baseline and (2) SARS-CoV-2 mutation emergence data with treatment. Methods Eligible ambulatory patients with ≥2 COVID-19 symptoms (onset within 7 days) and positive SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen test on day of dosing, were randomized (1:1:1:1) to ensovibep (600, 225 or 75 mg) or placebo as single, IV infusion. Chemiluminescent immunoassays were used for antibody detection (SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 IgG and SARS-CoV-2 IgM). A pre-specified subgroup analysis was performed based on baseline anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody status. Analysis of changes in viral genome from baseline to post baseline was performed to evaluate treatment-emergent mutations. Results Of the patients analyzed, 48.5% had anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies at baseline. Baseline log10 SARS-CoV-2 viral load (mean ±SD) was similar across groups [ensovibep (all doses) 6.5 ±1.5, placebo 6.2 ±1.5]; > 90% were infected with the Delta (B.1.617.2) variant. SARS-CoV-2 viral load reduction up to Day 8 showed similar effects in favor of ensovibep compared with placebo regardless of the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (Figure 1). Patients in ensovibep 75 mg, 600 mg, and placebo groups had comparable incidences of emergent mutations, with a higher incidence in the 225 mg group. Based on analysis of 70% of the expected viral sequencing data, two mutations in the key binding residues of ensovibep were observed (Y489H and F486L) in a total of three patients treated with ensovibep. These patients either cleared virus by Day 8 or mutations were transient (occurred at a single time point but not later in the course of infection).
Forest plot of estimated treatment differences and associated 95% confidence intervals in time-weighted change from baseline in log10 SARS-CoV-2 viral load through Day 8 by subgroups for the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 IgG and/or SARS-CoV-2 IgM) at baseline. ![]() Conclusion Ensovibep effectively reduces SARS-CoV-2 viral load regardless of the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies at baseline. Furthermore, there were no emerging mutations of concern, indicating that a single dose administration of ensovibep is associated with minimal selective pressure. Disclosures Marc Bonten, MD, PhD, Astra-Zeneca: Advisor/Consultant|Janssen: Advisor/Consultant|Merck: Advisor/Consultant|Novartis: Advisor/Consultant Richa Chandra, MD, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation: Employee Damodaran Solai Elango, MD, Novartis Healthcare Pvt Ltd: Employee Pierre Fustier, PhD, Molecular Partners AG: Employee Kinfemichael Gedif, PhD, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation: Employee Susana Goncalves, MD, Novartis Pharma AG: Employee Awawu Igbinadolor, MD, Novartis: Awawu Igbinadolor reports financial support from different pharmaceutical companies and organizations Jeff Kingsley, DO, MBA, CPI, FACRP, Centricity Research: Other Charles G. Knutson, PhD, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research: Employee Petra Kukkaro, PhD, Novartis Pharma AG: Employee Nagalingeswaran Kumarasamy, MD, Novartis: Nagalingeswaran Kumarasamy reports financial support from different pharmaceutical companies and organizations Philippe Legenne, MD, Molecular Partners AG: Employee Martha Mekebeb-Reuter, MD, Novartis: Martha Mekebeb-Reuter reports financial support from different pharmaceutical companies and organizations Krishnan Ramanathan, MD, Novartis Pharma AG: Employee Evgeniya Reshetnyak, PhD, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation: Employee Michael Robinson, PhD, Novartis Institute for Tropical Disease: Employee Jennifer Rosa, MD, Novartis: Jennifer Rosa reports financial support from different pharmaceutical companies and organizations Marianne Soergel, MD, Molecular Partners AG: Employee Vaia Stavropoulou, PhD, Molecular Partners AG: Employee Nina Stojcheva, PhD, Molecular Partners AG: Employee Michael T. Stumpp, PhD, Molecular Partners AG: Employee Andreas Tietz, MD, Novartis Pharma AG: Employee Xiaojun Zhao, PhD, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research: Employee Zhaojie Zhang, PhD, 8. Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research: Employee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Abrishamian
- South Bay Clinical Research Institute, Redondo Beach, CA, USA, Redonda Beach, California
| | - Marc Bonten
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center, Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Richa Chandra
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA, East Hanover, New Jersey
| | | | - Pierre Fustier
- Molecular Partners AG, Zurich-Schlieren, Switzerland, Zurich-Schlieren, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kinfemichael Gedif
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Fort Worth, TX, USA, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Susana Goncalves
- Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland, Basel, Basel-Stadt, Switzerland
| | | | - Jeff Kingsley
- Centricity Research, Columbus, GA, USA, Columbus, Georgia
| | - Charles G Knutson
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Petra Kukkaro
- Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland, Basel, Basel-Stadt, Switzerland
| | - Nagalingeswaran Kumarasamy
- VHS Infectious Diseases Medical Centre, Chennai Antiviral Research and Treatment Clinical Research Site, Chennai, India, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Philippe Legenne
- Molecular Partners AG, Zurich-Schlieren, Switzerland, Zurich-Schlieren, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martha Mekebeb-Reuter
- Excellentis Clinical Trial Consultants, George, South Africa, George, Western Cape, South Africa
| | | | - Evgeniya Reshetnyak
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA, East Hanover, New Jersey
| | - Michael Robinson
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Disease (NITD), Emeryville, CA, USA, Emeryville, California
| | - Jennifer Rosa
- Clinresco Centres, Gauteng, South Africa, Gauteng, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Marianne Soergel
- Molecular Partners AG, Zurich-Schlieren, Switzerland, Zurich-Schlieren, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vaia Stavropoulou
- Molecular Partners AG, Zurich-Schlieren, Switzerland, Zurich-Schlieren, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nina Stojcheva
- Molecular Partners AG, Zurich-Schlieren, Switzerland, Zurich-Schlieren, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael T Stumpp
- Molecular Partners AG, Zurich-Schlieren, Switzerland, Zurich-Schlieren, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Tietz
- Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland, Basel, Basel-Stadt, Switzerland
| | - Xiaojun Zhao
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Sturla SJ, Shuck S, Knutson CG, Kalgutkar AS, Wang Y. Dedication of 35-year Chemical Research in Toxicology Anniversary to Founding Editor Larry Marnett. Chem Res Toxicol 2022. [PMID: 36245255 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shana J Sturla
- Professor of Toxicology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Shuck
- Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, United States
| | - Charles G Knutson
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Pharmacokinetics Sciences 220 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical Medicine Design 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yinsheng Wang
- Professor of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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4
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Rajczewski AT, Han Q, Mehta S, Kumar P, Jagtap PD, Knutson CG, Fox JG, Tretyakova NY, Griffin TJ. Quantitative Proteogenomic Characterization of Inflamed Murine Colon Tissue Using an Integrated Discovery, Verification, and Validation Proteogenomic Workflow. Proteomes 2022; 10:proteomes10020011. [PMID: 35466239 PMCID: PMC9036229 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes10020011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation of the colon causes genomic and/or transcriptomic events, which can lead to expression of non-canonical protein sequences contributing to oncogenesis. To better understand these mechanisms, Rag2−/−Il10−/− mice were infected with Helicobacter hepaticus to induce chronic inflammation of the cecum and the colon. Transcriptomic data from harvested proximal colon samples were used to generate a customized FASTA database containing non-canonical protein sequences. Using a proteogenomic approach, mass spectrometry data for proximal colon proteins were searched against this custom FASTA database using the Galaxy for Proteomics (Galaxy-P) platform. In addition to the increased abundance in inflammatory response proteins, we also discovered several non-canonical peptide sequences derived from unique proteoforms. We confirmed the veracity of these novel sequences using an automated bioinformatics verification workflow with targeted MS-based assays for peptide validation. Our bioinformatics discovery workflow identified 235 putative non-canonical peptide sequences, of which 58 were verified with high confidence and 39 were validated in targeted proteomics assays. This study provides insights into challenges faced when identifying non-canonical peptides using a proteogenomics approach and demonstrates an integrated workflow addressing these challenges. Our bioinformatic discovery and verification workflow is publicly available and accessible via the Galaxy platform and should be valuable in non-canonical peptide identification using proteogenomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T. Rajczewski
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (A.T.R.); (Q.H.); (S.M.); (P.K.); (P.D.J.)
| | - Qiyuan Han
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (A.T.R.); (Q.H.); (S.M.); (P.K.); (P.D.J.)
| | - Subina Mehta
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (A.T.R.); (Q.H.); (S.M.); (P.K.); (P.D.J.)
| | - Praveen Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (A.T.R.); (Q.H.); (S.M.); (P.K.); (P.D.J.)
| | - Pratik D. Jagtap
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (A.T.R.); (Q.H.); (S.M.); (P.K.); (P.D.J.)
| | - Charles G. Knutson
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; (C.G.K.); (J.G.F.)
| | - James G. Fox
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; (C.G.K.); (J.G.F.)
| | - Natalia Y. Tretyakova
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, the Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Timothy J. Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (A.T.R.); (Q.H.); (S.M.); (P.K.); (P.D.J.)
- Correspondence:
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5
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Shuck S, Kalgutkar AS, Knutson CG, Wang Y, Sturla SJ. Chemical Research in Toxicology at 35: Recognizing the Impact of Professor Larry Marnett. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:111. [PMID: 35099943 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Shuck
- Department of Diabetes and Cancer Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, United States
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical Medicine Design, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Charles G Knutson
- Pharmacokinetics Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 220 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yinsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Shana J Sturla
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Han Q, Kono TJY, Knutson CG, Parry NM, Seiler CL, Fox JG, Tannenbaum SR, Tretyakova NY. Multi-Omics Characterization of Inflammatory Bowel Disease-Induced Hyperplasia/Dysplasia in the Rag2-/-/ Il10-/- Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010364. [PMID: 33396408 PMCID: PMC7795000 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic dysregulation is hypothesized to play a role in the observed association between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colon tumor development. In the present work, DNA methylome, hydroxymethylome, and transcriptome analyses were conducted in proximal colon tissues harvested from the Helicobacter hepaticus (H. hepaticus)-infected murine model of IBD. Reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) and oxidative RRBS (oxRRBS) analyses identified 1606 differentially methylated regions (DMR) and 3011 differentially hydroxymethylated regions (DhMR). These DMR/DhMR overlapped with genes that are associated with gastrointestinal disease, inflammatory disease, and cancer. RNA-seq revealed pronounced expression changes of a number of genes associated with inflammation and cancer. Several genes including Duox2, Tgm2, Cdhr5, and Hk2 exhibited changes in both DNA methylation/hydroxymethylation and gene expression levels. Overall, our results suggest that chronic inflammation triggers changes in methylation and hydroxymethylation patterns in the genome, altering the expression of key tumorigenesis genes and potentially contributing to the initiation of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyuan Han
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Thomas J. Y. Kono
- Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Charles G. Knutson
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; (C.G.K.); (J.G.F.); (S.R.T.)
| | - Nicola M. Parry
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA;
| | - Christopher L. Seiler
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - James G. Fox
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; (C.G.K.); (J.G.F.); (S.R.T.)
| | - Steven R. Tannenbaum
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; (C.G.K.); (J.G.F.); (S.R.T.)
| | - Natalia Y. Tretyakova
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-612-626-3432
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Li N, Kulkarni P, Badrinarayanan A, Kefelegn A, Manoukian R, Li X, Prasad B, Karasu M, McCarty WJ, Knutson CG, Gupta A. P-glycoprotein Substrate Assessment in Drug Discovery: Application of Modeling to Bridge Differential Protein Expression Across In Vitro Tools. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:325-337. [PMID: 32946896 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux assay is an integral part of discovery screening, especially for drugs requiring brain penetration as P-gp efflux ratio (ER) inversely correlates with brain exposure. However, significant variability in P-gp ER generated across cell lines can lead to misclassification of a P-gp substrate and subsequently disconnect with brain exposure data. We hypothesized that the ER depends on P-gp protein expression level in the in vitro assay. Quantitative proteomics and immunofluorescence staining were utilized to characterize P-gp protein expression and localization in four recombinant cell lines, over-expressing human or mouse P-gp isoforms, followed by functional evaluation. Efflux data generated in each cell line was compared against available rodent brain distribution data. The results suggested that the cell line with highest P-gp expression (hMDCK-MDR1 sourced from NIH) led to greatest dynamic range for efflux; thus, proving to be the most sensitive model to predict brain penetration. Cell lines with lower P-gp expression exhibited the greatest tendency for compound-dependent in vitro efflux saturation leading to false negative results. Ultimately, P-gp kinetics were characterized using a compartmental model to generate system-independent parameters to resolve such discrepancy. This study highlights the need for careful choice of well characterized P-gp in vitro tools and utility of modeling techniques to enable appropriate interpretation of the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Priyanka Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Akshay Badrinarayanan
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Adey Kefelegn
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Raffi Manoukian
- Department of Cytometry Sciences, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Xingwen Li
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Matthew Karasu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - William J McCarty
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Charles G Knutson
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Anshul Gupta
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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Offeddu GS, Possenti L, Loessberg-Zahl JT, Zunino P, Roberts J, Han X, Hickman D, Knutson CG, Kamm RD. Application of Transmural Flow Across In Vitro Microvasculature Enables Direct Sampling of Interstitial Therapeutic Molecule Distribution. Small 2019; 15:e1902393. [PMID: 31497931 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201902393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In vitro prediction of physiologically relevant transport of therapeutic molecules across the microcirculation represents an intriguing opportunity to predict efficacy in human populations. On-chip microvascular networks (MVNs) show physiologically relevant values of molecular permeability, yet like most systems, they lack an important contribution to transport: the ever-present fluid convection through the endothelium. Quantification of transport through the MVNs by current methods also requires confocal imaging and advanced analytical techniques, which can be a bottleneck in industry and academic laboratories. Here, it is shown that by recapitulating physiological transmural flow across the MVNs, the concentration of small and large molecule therapeutics can be directly sampled in the interstitial fluid and analyzed using standard analytical techniques. The magnitudes of transport measured in MVNs reveal trends with molecular size and type (protein versus nonprotein) that are expected in vivo, supporting the use of the MVNs platform as an in vitro tool to predict distribution of therapeutics in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni S Offeddu
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Luca Possenti
- LaBS, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Zunino
- MOX, Department of Mathematics, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - John Roberts
- Amgen Discovery Research, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Xiaogang Han
- Amgen Discovery Research, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Dean Hickman
- Amgen Discovery Research, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Charles G Knutson
- Amgen Discovery Research, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Roger D Kamm
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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Meyer JT, Sparling BA, McCarty WJ, Zhang M, Soto M, Schneider S, Chen H, Roberts J, Tan H, Kornecook T, Andrews PS, Knutson CG. Pharmacological Assessment of Sepiapterin Reductase Inhibition on Tactile Response in the Rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 371:476-486. [PMID: 31110114 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.257105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an unmet medical need for nonopioid pain therapies in human populations; several pathways are under investigation for possible therapeutic intervention. Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) has received attention recently as a mediator of neuropathic pain. Recent reports have implicated sepiapterin reductase (SPR) in this pain pathway as a regulator of BH4 production. To evaluate the role of SPR inhibition on BH4 reduction, we developed analytical methods to monitor the relationship between the plasma concentration of test article and endogenous pterins and applied these in the rat spinal nerve ligation pain model. Sepiapterin is an endogenous substrate, which accumulates upon inhibition of SPR. In response to a potent inhibitor of SPR, plasma concentrations of sepiapterin increased proportionally with exposure. An indirect-effect pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model was developed to describe the relationship between the plasma pharmacokinetics of test article and plasma sepiapterin levels in the rat, which was used to determine an in vivo SPR IC50 value. SPR inhibition and mechanical allodynia were assessed coordinately with pterin biomarkers in plasma and at the site of neuronal injury (i.e., dorsal root ganglion). Upon daily oral administration for 3 consecutive days, unbound plasma concentrations of test article exceeded the unbound in vivo rat SPR IC90 throughout the dose intervals, leading to a 60% reduction in BH4 in the dorsal root ganglion. Despite evidence for pharmacological modulation of the BH4 pathway, there was no significant effect on the tactile paw withdrawal threshold relative to vehicle-treated controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Meyer
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California (J.T.M., M.Z., M.S., H.T., T.K.) and Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts (B.A.S., W.J.M., S.S., H.C., J.R., P.A., C.G.K.)
| | - Brian A Sparling
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California (J.T.M., M.Z., M.S., H.T., T.K.) and Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts (B.A.S., W.J.M., S.S., H.C., J.R., P.A., C.G.K.)
| | - William J McCarty
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California (J.T.M., M.Z., M.S., H.T., T.K.) and Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts (B.A.S., W.J.M., S.S., H.C., J.R., P.A., C.G.K.)
| | - Maosheng Zhang
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California (J.T.M., M.Z., M.S., H.T., T.K.) and Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts (B.A.S., W.J.M., S.S., H.C., J.R., P.A., C.G.K.)
| | - Marcus Soto
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California (J.T.M., M.Z., M.S., H.T., T.K.) and Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts (B.A.S., W.J.M., S.S., H.C., J.R., P.A., C.G.K.)
| | - Stephen Schneider
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California (J.T.M., M.Z., M.S., H.T., T.K.) and Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts (B.A.S., W.J.M., S.S., H.C., J.R., P.A., C.G.K.)
| | - Hao Chen
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California (J.T.M., M.Z., M.S., H.T., T.K.) and Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts (B.A.S., W.J.M., S.S., H.C., J.R., P.A., C.G.K.)
| | - Jonathan Roberts
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California (J.T.M., M.Z., M.S., H.T., T.K.) and Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts (B.A.S., W.J.M., S.S., H.C., J.R., P.A., C.G.K.)
| | - Helming Tan
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California (J.T.M., M.Z., M.S., H.T., T.K.) and Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts (B.A.S., W.J.M., S.S., H.C., J.R., P.A., C.G.K.)
| | - Thomas Kornecook
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California (J.T.M., M.Z., M.S., H.T., T.K.) and Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts (B.A.S., W.J.M., S.S., H.C., J.R., P.A., C.G.K.)
| | - Paul S Andrews
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California (J.T.M., M.Z., M.S., H.T., T.K.) and Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts (B.A.S., W.J.M., S.S., H.C., J.R., P.A., C.G.K.)
| | - Charles G Knutson
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California (J.T.M., M.Z., M.S., H.T., T.K.) and Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts (B.A.S., W.J.M., S.S., H.C., J.R., P.A., C.G.K.)
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10
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Canon J, Rex K, Saiki AY, Mohr C, Cooke K, Bagal D, Gaida K, Holt T, Knutson CG, Koppada N, Lanman BA, Werner J, Rapaport AS, San Miguel T, Ortiz R, Osgood T, Sun JR, Zhu X, McCarter JD, Volak LP, Houk BE, Fakih MG, O'Neil BH, Price TJ, Falchook GS, Desai J, Kuo J, Govindan R, Hong DS, Ouyang W, Henary H, Arvedson T, Cee VJ, Lipford JR. The clinical KRAS(G12C) inhibitor AMG 510 drives anti-tumour immunity. Nature 2019; 575:217-223. [PMID: 31666701 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1694-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1200] [Impact Index Per Article: 240.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
KRAS is the most frequently mutated oncogene in cancer and encodes a key signalling protein in tumours1,2. The KRAS(G12C) mutant has a cysteine residue that has been exploited to design covalent inhibitors that have promising preclinical activity3-5. Here we optimized a series of inhibitors, using novel binding interactions to markedly enhance their potency and selectivity. Our efforts have led to the discovery of AMG 510, which is, to our knowledge, the first KRAS(G12C) inhibitor in clinical development. In preclinical analyses, treatment with AMG 510 led to the regression of KRASG12C tumours and improved the anti-tumour efficacy of chemotherapy and targeted agents. In immune-competent mice, treatment with AMG 510 resulted in a pro-inflammatory tumour microenvironment and produced durable cures alone as well as in combination with immune-checkpoint inhibitors. Cured mice rejected the growth of isogenic KRASG12D tumours, which suggests adaptive immunity against shared antigens. Furthermore, in clinical trials, AMG 510 demonstrated anti-tumour activity in the first dosing cohorts and represents a potentially transformative therapy for patients for whom effective treatments are lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude Canon
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA.
| | - Karen Rex
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Anne Y Saiki
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | | | - Keegan Cooke
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | | | - Kevin Gaida
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Tyler Holt
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Roberto Ortiz
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Pfizer, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tao Osgood
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Ji-Rong Sun
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Xiaochun Zhu
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Takeda, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Laurie P Volak
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Celgene, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Brett E Houk
- Amgen Clinical Development, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | | | - Bert H O'Neil
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Timothy J Price
- The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia, Australia.,University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Jayesh Desai
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - James Kuo
- Scientia Clinical Research, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - David S Hong
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wenjun Ouyang
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Haby Henary
- Amgen Clinical Development, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Tara Arvedson
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Victor J Cee
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
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11
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Offeddu GS, Haase K, Gillrie MR, Li R, Morozova O, Hickman D, Knutson CG, Kamm RD. An on-chip model of protein paracellular and transcellular permeability in the microcirculation. Biomaterials 2019; 212:115-125. [PMID: 31112823 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent therapeutic success of large-molecule biologics has led to intense interest in assays to measure with precision their transport across the vascular endothelium and into the target tissue. Most current in vitro endothelial models show unrealistically large permeability coefficients due to a non-physiological paracellular transport. Thus, more advanced systems are required to better recapitulate and discern the important contribution of transcellular transport (transcytosis), particularly of pharmaceutically-relevant proteins. Here, a robust platform technology for the measurement of transport through a human endothelium is presented, which utilizes in vitro microvascular networks (MVNs). The self-assembled MVNs recapitulate the morphology and junctional complexity of in vivo capillaries, and express key endothelial vesicular transport proteins. This results in measured permeabilities to large molecules comparable to those observed in vivo, which are orders of magnitude lower than those measured in transwells. The permeability of albumin and immunoglobulin G (IgG), biopharmaceutically-relevant proteins, is shown to occur primarily via transcytosis, with passage of IgG regulated by the receptor FcRn. The physiological relevance of the MVNs make it a valuable tool to assess the distribution of biopharmaceuticals into tissues, and may be used to prioritize candidate molecules from this increasingly important class of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni S Offeddu
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kristina Haase
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mark R Gillrie
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ran Li
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Olga Morozova
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dean Hickman
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Roger D Kamm
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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12
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Knutson CG, Mangerich A, Zeng Y, Raczynski AR, Liberman RG, Kang P, Ye W, Gong G, Prestwich E, Lu K, Wishnok JS, Korzenik JR, Wogan GN, Gox JG, Dedon PC, Tannenbaum SR. Abstract 2885: Features of innate immunity dominate serum and tissue protein and cytokine profiles in both mouse and human inflammatory bowel disease. Cancer Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2013-2885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and relapsing intestinal inflammatory disease that arises through unknown genetic, environmental, and bacterial origins. Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) are the two main forms of IBD, and their incidence is increasing in industrialized countries. Further, IBD is a significant risk factor for the development of colon cancer. Though the specific determinants remain elusive, persistent inflammation is believed to play a significant role in colon cancer carcinogenesis. To better define the molecular mechanisms linking colitis to the identity of disease biomarkers, we performed a translational comparison of protein expression and protein damage products in mouse and human IBD. Helicobacter hepaticus-infected Rag2-/- mice emulate many aspects of human IBD, and our recent work with this model highlights the importance of neutrophils in the pathology of colitis and colon cancer. Analysis of neutrophil- and macrophage-derived damage products revealed accumulation of 3-chlorotyrosine (CTyr) and 3-nitrotyrosine (NTyr) in inflamed mice colons that increased with disease duration. These results were further corroborated in mouse studies by histological evaluation, which demonstrated strong infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages to the site of inflammation. Human studies revealed an increase in CTyr in the colon of UC and CD tissues relative to serum levels. The nucleic acid chlorination damage product, 5-chloro-2′-deoxycytidine (5-Cl-dC), was quantified in human colon and found to be present at similar levels to that of inflamed mice colons. Multivariate analysis of these markers along with serum proteins and cytokines revealed a general signature of activated innate immunity in human IBD. UC sera were strongly suggestive of neutrophil activity while CD and mouse sera were suggestive of macrophage and neutrophil activity. These data point to innate immunity as a major determinant of serum and tissue profiles and provide insight into disease activity in IBD.
Citation Format: Charles G. Knutson, Aswin Mangerich, Yu Zeng, Arkadiusz R. Raczynski, Rosa G. Liberman, Pilsoo Kang, Wenjie Ye, Guanyu Gong, Erin Prestwich, Kun Lu, John S. Wishnok, Joshua R. Korzenik, Gerald N. Wogan, James G. Gox, Peter C. Dedon, Steven R. Tannenbaum. Features of innate immunity dominate serum and tissue protein and cytokine profiles in both mouse and human inflammatory bowel disease. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2885. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2885
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kun Lu
- 3Univeristy of Georgia, Athens, GA
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13
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Lu K, Knutson CG, Wishnok JS, Fox JG, Tannenbaum SR. Serum metabolomics in a Helicobacter hepaticus mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease reveal important changes in the microbiome, serum peptides, and intermediary metabolism. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:4916-26. [PMID: 22957933 DOI: 10.1021/pr300429x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic relapsing inflammatory disorder of the bowel. The etiology remains unknown, but IBD is immune-driven and multiple factors including genetic, environmental, and microbiological components play a role. Recombinase-activating gene-2-deficient (Rag2(-/-)) mice infected with Helicobacter hepaticus (H. hepaticus) have been developed as an animal model to imitate naturally occurring inflammatory events and associated key features of chronic inflammatory responses in humans. In this study, we have combined mass spectrometry-based metabolomics and peptidomics to analyze serum samples of Rag2(-/-) mice infected with H. hepaticus. Metabolomics profiling revealed that H. hepaticus infection dramatically changed numerous metabolite pathways, including tryptophan metabolism, glycerophospholipids, methionine-homocysteine cycle, citrate cycle, fatty acid metabolism and purine metabolism, with the majority of metabolites being down-regulated. In particular, there were notable effects of gut microflora on the blood metabolites in infected animals. In addition, the peptidomics approach identified a number of peptides, originating from proteins, including fibrinogen, complement C4, and alpha-2-macroglobulin, with diverse biological functions with potentially important implications for the progress of IBD. In summary, the strategy of integrating a relevant animal model and sensitive mass spectrometry-based profiling may offer a new perspective to explore biomarkers and provide mechanistic insights into IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Lu
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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14
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Knutson CG, Raczynski AR, Zeng Y, Iffrig EM, Wishnok JS, Korzenik JR, Tannenbaum SR. Abstract 5113: Discovery and application of a biomarker cassette to inflammatory bowel disease. Cancer Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2011-5113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) results from intermittent and severe activation of the mucosal immune system in the gastrointestinal tract to promote a chronic state of inflammation. Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are the two major forms of IBD. Infiltration of gut tissue by lymphocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages results in prolonged exposure to chemical agents such as pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species. Chronic exposure to these inflammation products leads to mis-regulated cell signaling, altered protein expression, and chemical damage to lipids, protein, and nucleic acids. IBD is a significant risk factor for colon cancer. IBD exhibits phases of active disease (active inflammation) and remission, which complicate therapeutic intervention. Clinical biomarkers currently in use are not predictive of the transition from remission to active disease. Our laboratory has conducted an unbiased, four-pronged approach to IBD biomarker identification in human serum utilizing proteomic discovery of acute phase proteins, cytokine profiling, quantification of oxidative tyrosine modifications (chlorotyrosine (Cl-Tyr), bromotyrosine (Br-Tyr), and nitrotyrosine (NO-Tyr)–markers of neutrophil activity), and measurement of carbonylated proteins. One hundred and ten human serum samples were analyzed. This network of data was analyzed by orthogonormalized partial least squares (OPLS) analysis to identify covariance in the data set. Variable importance in projection (VIP) scores were determined to identify which variables were most predictive of clinically diagnosed disease score (VIP >1). Using data available from the cytokine and oxidative tyrosine analysis, the data set was stratified to clinically diagnosed active and inactive disease, with the intent of identifying serum markers that were predictive of this transition. Several variables for UC and CD demonstrated strong covariance with disease score. The top VIP scores identified for UC were: Interleukin-8 (IL-8), granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), IL-6, and Cl-Tyr. The top VIP scores identified for CD were: Cl-Tyr, macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (MIP-1β), inflammatory chemokine-10 (IP-10), IL-6, and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra). A Total Score was generated for each UC and CD serum sample by normalizing the raw data to a base-10 spread, scaling by the VIP factor, and summing the total. Based on the Total Score the calculated specificity and sensitivity for identifying active UC was 81.8% and 84.2%, respectively, while the specificity and sensitivity for identifying active CD was 87.5% and 75%, respectively. We anticipate that the addition of acute phase and cabonylated protein analysis will improve the Total Score assessment. Results from this study strongly suggest that a cassette of in vivo serum markers may be predictive of the transition from remission to active disease in IBD.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5113. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5113
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15
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Knutson CG, Rubinson EH, Akingbade D, Anderson CS, Stec DF, Petrova KV, Kozekov ID, Guengerich FP, Rizzo CJ, Marnett LJ. Oxidation and glycolytic cleavage of etheno and propano DNA base adducts. Biochemistry 2009; 48:800-9. [PMID: 19132922 PMCID: PMC2975463 DOI: 10.1021/bi801654j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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Non-invasive strategies for the analysis of endogenous DNA damage are of interest for the purpose of monitoring genomic exposure to biologically produced chemicals. We have focused our research on the biological processing of DNA adducts and how this may impact the observed products in biological matrixes. Preliminary research has revealed that pyrimidopurinone DNA adducts are subject to enzymatic oxidation in vitro and in vivo and that base adducts are better substrates for oxidation than the corresponding 2′-deoxynucleosides. We tested the possibility that structurally similar exocyclic base adducts may be good candidates for enzymatic oxidation in vitro. We investigated the in vitro oxidation of several endogenously occurring etheno adducts [1,N2-ε-guanine (1,N2-ε-Gua), N2,3-ε-Gua, heptanone-1,N2-ε-Gua, 1,N6-ε-adenine (1,N6-ε-Ade), and 3,N4-ε-cytosine (3,N4-ε-Cyt)] and their corresponding 2′-deoxynucleosides. Both 1,N2-ε-Gua and heptanone-1,N2-ε-Gua were substrates for enzymatic oxidation in rat liver cytosol; heteronuclear NMR experiments revealed that oxidation occurred on the imidazole ring of each substrate. In contrast, the partially or fully saturated pyrimidopurinone analogues [i.e., 5,6-dihydro-M1G and 1,N2-propanoguanine (PGua)] and their 2′-deoxynucleoside derivatives were not oxidized. The 2′-deoxynucleoside adducts, 1,N2-ε-dG and 1,N6-ε-dA, underwent glycolytic cleavage in rat liver cytosol. Together, these data suggest that multiple exocyclic adducts undergo oxidation and glycolytic cleavage in vitro in rat liver cytosol, in some instances in succession. These multiple pathways of biotransformation produce an array of products. Thus, the biotransformation of exocyclic adducts may lead to an additional class of biomarkers suitable for use in animal and human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles G Knutson
- A. B. Hancock Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
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Grillo MP, Hua F, March KL, Benet LZ, Knutson CG, Ware JA. γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase-Mediated Degradation of Diclofenac-S-acyl-glutathione in Vitro and in Vivo in Rat. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21:1933-8. [DOI: 10.1021/tx800073p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark P. Grillo
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007-4940, and Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0446
| | - Fengmei Hua
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007-4940, and Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0446
| | - Kristi L. March
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007-4940, and Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0446
| | - Leslie Z. Benet
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007-4940, and Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0446
| | - Charles G. Knutson
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007-4940, and Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0446
| | - Joseph A. Ware
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007-4940, and Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0446
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17
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Knutson CG, Skipper PL, Liberman RG, Tannenbaum SR, Marnett LJ. Monitoring in vivo metabolism and elimination of the endogenous DNA adduct, M1dG {3-(2-deoxy-beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)pyrimido[1,2-alpha]purin-10(3H)-one}, by accelerator mass spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21:1290-4. [PMID: 18461974 DOI: 10.1021/tx800049v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Our laboratory is investigating the in vitro and in vivo metabolic processing of endogenously formed DNA adducts as a means of evaluating candidate urinary biomarkers. In particular, we have focused our studies on the metabolism and disposition of the peroxidation-derived pyrimidopurinone deoxyguanosine (dG) adduct, 3-(2-deoxy-beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)pyrimido[1,2-R]purin-10(3H)-one (M1dG), and its principal metabolite, 6-oxo-M1dG. We now report the metabolic processing of M1dG at concentrations 4-8 orders of magnitude lower in concentration than previously analyzed, by the use of accelerator mass spectrometry analysis. Administration of 2.0 nCi/kg [14C]M1dG resulted in 49% of the 14C recovered in urine, whereas 51% was recovered in feces. In urine samples, approximately 40% of the 14C corresponded to the metabolite, 6-oxo-M1dG. Following iv administration of 0.5 and 54 pCi/kg [14C]M1dG, approximately 25% of the urinary recovery corresponded to the metabolite, 6-oxo-M1dG. Thus, upon administration of trace amounts of M1dG, a significant percentage of 6-oxo-M1dG was produced, suggesting that 6-oxo-M1dG maybe a useful urinary marker of exposure to endogenous oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles G Knutson
- A. B. Hancock Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
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18
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Szekely J, Wang H, Peplowski KM, Knutson CG, Marnett LJ, Rizzo CJ. "One-pot" syntheses of malondialdehyde adducts of nucleosides. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2008; 27:103-9. [PMID: 18205065 DOI: 10.1080/15257770701795797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Short, "one-pot" syntheses of malondialdehyde adducts of deoxyguanosine, deoxyadenosine, and deoxycytidine are described. These syntheses proceed in improved yield and easier purification than previous syntheses and are well suited for the preparation of isotopically labeled nucleoside adducts for biomarker and metabolic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozsef Szekely
- Department of Chemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1822, USA
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Knutson CG, Wang H, Rizzo CJ, Marnett LJ. Metabolism and elimination of the endogenous DNA adduct, 3-(2-deoxy-beta-D-erythropentofuranosyl)-pyrimido[1,2-alpha]purine-10(3H)-one, in the rat. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:36257-64. [PMID: 17951255 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m706814200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenously occurring damage to DNA is a contributing factor to the onset of several genetic diseases, including cancer. Monitoring urinary levels of DNA adducts is one approach to assess genomic exposure to endogenous damage. However, metabolism and alternative routes of elimination have not been considered as factors that may limit the detection of DNA adducts in urine. We recently demonstrated that the peroxidation-derived deoxyguanosine adduct, 3-(2-deoxy-beta-D-erythropentofuranosyl)-pyrimido[1,2-alpha]purine-10(3H)-one (M1dG), is subject to enzymatic oxidation in vivo resulting in the formation of a major metabolite, 6-oxo-M1dG. Based on the administration of [14C]M1dG (22 microCi/kg) to Sprague-Dawley rats (n=4), we now report that 6-oxo-M1dG is the principal metabolite of M1dG in vivo representing 45% of the total administered dose. When [14C]6-oxo-M1dG was administered to Sprague-Dawley rats, 6-oxo-M1dG was recovered unchanged (>97% stability). These studies also revealed that M1dG and 6-oxo-M1dG are subject to biliary elimination. Additionally, both M1dG and 6-oxo-M1dG exhibited a long residence time following administration (>48 h), and the major species observed in urine at late collections was 6-oxo-M1dG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles G Knutson
- A. B. Hancock, Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
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Lepesheva GI, Seliskar M, Knutson CG, Stourman NV, Rozman D, Waterman MR. Conformational dynamics in the F/G segment of CYP51 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis monitored by FRET. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 464:221-7. [PMID: 17585868 PMCID: PMC3042880 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Revised: 05/21/2007] [Accepted: 05/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A cysteine was introduced into the FG-loop (P187C) of CYP51 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MT) for selective labeling with BODIPY and fluorescence energy transfer (FRET) analysis. Förster radius for the BODIPY-heme pair was calculated assuming that the distance between the heme and Cys187 in solution corresponds to that in the crystal structure of ligand free MTCYP51. Interaction of MTCYP51 with azole inhibitors ketoconazole and fluconazole or the substrate analog estriol did not influence the fluorescence, but titration with the substrate lanosterol quenched BODIPY emission, the effect being proportional to the portion of substrate bound MTCYP51. The detected changes correspond to approximately 10A decrease in the calculated distance between BODIPY-Cys187 and the heme. The results confirm (1) functional importance of conformational motions in the MTCYP51 F/G segment and (2) applicability of FRET to monitor them in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina I. Lepesheva
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - Matej Seliskar
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Charles G. Knutson
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - Nina V. Stourman
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - Damjana Rozman
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Michael R. Waterman
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
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Abstract
Oxidative damage is considered a major contributing factor to genetic diseases including cancer. Our laboratory is evaluating endogenously formed DNA adducts as genomic biomarkers of oxidative injury. Recent efforts have focused on investigating the metabolic stability of adducts in vitro and in vivo. Here, we demonstrate that the base adduct, M1G, undergoes oxidative metabolism in vitro in rat liver cytosol (RLC, Km = 105 microM and vmax/Km = 0.005 min-1 mg-1) and in vivo when administered intravenously to male Sprague Dawley rats. LC-MS analysis revealed two metabolites containing successive additions of 16 amu. One- and two-dimensional NMR experiments showed that oxidation occurred first at the 6-position of the pyrimido ring, forming 6-oxo-M1G, and then at the 2-position of the imidazole ring, yielding 2,6-dioxo-M1G. Authentic 6-oxo-M1G was chemically synthesized and observed to undergo metabolism to 2,6-dioxo-M1G in RLC (Km = 210 microM and vmax/Km = 0.005 min-1 mg-1). Allopurinol partially inhibited M1G metabolism (75%) and completely inhibited 6-oxo-M1G metabolism in RLC. These inhibition studies suggest that xanthine oxidase is the principal enzyme acting on M1G in RLC and the only enzyme that converts 6-oxo-M1G to 2,6-dioxo-M1G. Both M1G and 6-oxo-M1G are better substrates (5-fold) for oxidative metabolism in RLC than the deoxynucleoside, M1dG. Alternative repair pathways or biological processing of M1dG makes the fate of M1G of interest as a potential marker of oxidative damage in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles G Knutson
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
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Otteneder MB, Knutson CG, Daniels JS, Hashim M, Crews BC, Remmel RP, Wang H, Rizzo C, Marnett LJ. In vivo oxidative metabolism of a major peroxidation-derived DNA adduct, M1dG. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:6665-9. [PMID: 16614064 PMCID: PMC1458938 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0602017103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
3-(2-Deoxy-beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)pyrimido[1,2-alpha]purin-10(3H)-one (M1dG) is a DNA adduct arising from the reaction of 2-deoxyguanosine with the lipid peroxidation product, malondialdehyde, or the DNA peroxidation product, base propenal. M1dG is mutagenic in bacteria and mammalian cells and is present in the genomic DNA of healthy human beings. It is also detectable, albeit at low levels, in the urine of healthy individuals, which may make it a useful biomarker of DNA damage linked to oxidative stress. We investigated the possibility that the low urinary levels of M1dG reflect metabolic conversion to derivatives. M1dG was rapidly removed from plasma (t(1/2) = 10 min) after i.v. administration to rats. A single urinary metabolite was detected that was identified as 6-oxo-M1dG by MS, NMR spectroscopy, and independent chemical synthesis. 6-Oxo-M1dG was generated in vitro by incubation of M1dG with rat liver cytosols, and studies with inhibitors suggested that xanthine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase are involved in the oxidative metabolism. M1dG also was metabolized by three separate human liver cytosol preparations, indicating 6-oxo-M1dG is a likely metabolite in humans. This represents a report of the oxidative metabolism of an endogenous DNA adduct and raises the possibility that other endogenous DNA adducts are metabolized by oxidative pathways. 6-Oxo-M1dG may be a useful biomarker of endogenous DNA damage associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, and certain types of cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B. Otteneder
- A. B. Hancock, Jr., Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of *Biochemistry
| | - Charles G. Knutson
- A. B. Hancock, Jr., Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of *Biochemistry
| | - J. Scott Daniels
- A. B. Hancock, Jr., Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of *Biochemistry
| | - Muhammed Hashim
- A. B. Hancock, Jr., Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of *Biochemistry
| | - Brenda C. Crews
- A. B. Hancock, Jr., Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of *Biochemistry
| | - Rory P. Remmel
- A. B. Hancock, Jr., Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of *Biochemistry
| | | | | | - Lawrence J. Marnett
- A. B. Hancock, Jr., Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of *Biochemistry
- Chemistry, and
- Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt–Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0146
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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23
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Grillo MP, Hua F, Knutson CG, Ware JA, Li C. Mechanistic Studies on the Bioactivation of Diclofenac: Identification of Diclofenac-S-acyl-glutathione in Vitro in Incubations with Rat and Human Hepatocytes. Chem Res Toxicol 2003; 16:1410-7. [PMID: 14615966 DOI: 10.1021/tx034038b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Diclofenac, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, is metabolized to diclofenac-1-O-acyl glucuronide (D-1-O-G), a chemically reactive conjugate that has been implicated as playing a role in the idiosyncratic hepatoxicity associated with its use. The present studies investigated the ability of diclofenac to be metabolized to diclofenac-S-acyl-glutathione thioester (D-SG) in vitro in incubations with rat and human hepatocytes and whether its formation is dependent on a transacylation-type reaction between D-1-O-G and glutathione. When diclofenac (100 microM) was incubated with hepatocytes, D-SG was detected in both rat and human incubation extracts by a sensitive LC-MS/MS technique. The initial formation rate of D-SG in rat and human hepatocyte incubations was rapid and reached maximum concentrations of 1 and 0.8 nM, respectively, after 4 min of incubation. By contrast, during incubations with rat hepatocytes, the formation of D-1-O-G increased over 30 min of incubation, reaching a maximum concentration of 14.6 microM. Co-incubation of diclofenac (50 microM) with (-)-borneol (400 microM), an inhibitor of glucuronidation, led to a 94% decrease in D-1-O-G formation, although no significant decrease in D-SG production was observed. Together, these results indicate that diclofenac becomes metabolically activated in vitro in rat and human hepatocytes to reactive acylating derivatives that transacylate glutathione forming D-SG, but which is not solely dependent on transacylation by the D-1-O-G metabolite. From these results, it is proposed that reactive acylating metabolites of diclofenac, besides D-1-O-G, may be significant in the protein acylation that occurs in vivo and therefore also be important with regard to the mechanism(s) of diclofenac-mediated idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Grillo
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007-4940, USA.
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Grillo MP, Knutson CG, Sanders PE, Waldon DJ, Hua F, Ware JA. STUDIES ON THE CHEMICAL REACTIVITY OF DICLOFENAC ACYL GLUCURONIDE WITH GLUTATHIONE: IDENTIFICATION OF DICLOFENAC-S-ACYL-GLUTATHIONE IN RAT BILE. Drug Metab Dispos 2003; 31:1327-36. [PMID: 14570764 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.31.11.1327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diclofenac, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, is metabolized to a reactive acyl glucuronide that has been proposed to mediate toxic adverse drug reactions associated with its use. In the present study, we examined the ability of diclofenac acyl glucuronide (D-1-O-G) to transacylate glutathione (GSH) in vitro in buffer and in vivo in rats. Thus, in vitro reactions of D-1-O-G (100 microM) with GSH (10 mM) at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C showed a linear time-dependent formation of diclofenac-S-acyl-glutathione (D-SG, 3 microM/h) through 60 min of incubation, reaching a maximum of 3.7 microM after 2 h of incubation. The major reaction that occurred was acyl migration of D-1-O-G (t1/2, 54 min) to less reactive isomers. The D-SG thioester product was shown to be unstable by degrading primarily to 1-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)indolin-2-one and by hydrolysis to diclofenac. After administration of diclofenac to rats (200 mg/kg), bile was collected and analyzed for D-SG by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Results indicated the presence of D-SG, which was confirmed by coelution with synthetic standard and by its tandem mass spectrum. When the reactivity of D-SG (100 microM) was compared with D-1-O-G (100 microM) in vitro in reactions with N-acetylcysteine (NAC, 10 mM), results showed the quantitative reaction of D-SG with NAC after 30 min of incubation, whereas only approximately 1% of D-1-O-G reacted to form diclofenac-S-acyl-NAC at the same time point. Results from these studies indicate that GSH reacts with D-1-O-G in vitro, and presumably in vivo, to form D-SG, and that the product D-SG thioester is chemically more reactive in transacylation-type reactions than the D-1-O-G metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Grillo
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA.
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