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Wang M, Kuldharan S, Shenoy A, Reddy S, Rex K, Osgood T, Wahlstrom J, Dahal UP. Xenografted Tumors Share Comparable Fraction Unbound and Can Be Surrogated by Mouse Lung Tissue. Drug Metab Dispos 2024:DMD-AR-2024-001698. [PMID: 38670798 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.124.001698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Free (unbound) drug concentration at the site of action is the key determinant of biological activity since only unbound drugs can exert pharmacological and toxicological effects. Unbound drug concentration in tumors for solid cancers is needed to understand/explain/predict pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), and efficacy relations. Fraction unbound (fu) in tumors is usually determined across several xenografted tumors derived from various cell lines in the drug discovery stage, which is time-consuming and a resource burden. In this study, we determined the fu values for a set of diverse compounds (comprising acid, base, neutral, zwitterion, and covalent drugs) across five different xenografted tumors and five commercially available mouse tissues to explore the correlation of fu between tumors and the possibility of surrogate tissue(s) for tumor fu (fu,tumor) determination. The cross-tumor comparison showed fu,tumor values across tumors are largely comparable, and systematic tissue vs. tumor comparison demonstrated only lung tissue had comparable fu to all five tumors (fu values within 2-fold change for >80% compounds in both comparisons). These results indicated mouse lung tissue can be used as a surrogate matrix for fu,tumor assay. This study will increase efficiency in fu,tumor assessment and reduce animal use (adapting the 3Rs principle: replace, reduce, and refine) in drug discovery Significance Statement The free drug concept is a well-accepted principle in drug discovery research. Currently, fu,tumor is determined in several tumors derived from different cell lines to estimate free drug concentrations of a compound. The results from this study indicated fu,tumor across xenografted tumors are comparable and fu,tumor can be estimated using a surrogate tissue, mouse lung. The results will increase efficiency in fu,tumor assessment and reduce animal use in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jan Wahlstrom
- Pharmacokinetics & Drug Metabolism, Amgen, Inc, United States
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Nolan-Stevaux O, Li C, Liang L, Zhan J, Estrada J, Osgood T, Li F, Zhang H, Case R, Murawsky CM, Estes B, Moore GL, Bernett MJ, Muchhal U, Desjarlais JR, Staley BK, Stevens J, Cooke KS, Aeffner F, Thomas O, Stieglmaier J, Lee JL, Coxon A, Bailis JM. AMG 509 (Xaluritamig), an Anti-STEAP1 XmAb 2+1 T-cell Redirecting Immune Therapy with Avidity-Dependent Activity against Prostate Cancer. Cancer Discov 2024; 14:90-103. [PMID: 37861452 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-23-0984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
The tumor-associated antigen STEAP1 is a potential therapeutic target that is expressed in most prostate tumors and at increased levels in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). We developed a STEAP1-targeted XmAb 2+1 T-cell engager (TCE) molecule, AMG 509 (also designated xaluritamig), that is designed to redirect T cells to kill prostate cancer cells that express STEAP1. AMG 509 mediates potent T cell-dependent cytotoxicity of prostate cancer cell lines in vitro and promotes tumor regression in xenograft and syngeneic mouse models of prostate cancer in vivo. The avidity-driven activity of AMG 509 enables selectivity for tumor cells with high STEAP1 expression compared with normal cells. AMG 509 is the first STEAP1 TCE to advance to clinical testing, and we report a case study of a patient with mCRPC who achieved an objective response on AMG 509 treatment. SIGNIFICANCE Immunotherapy in prostate cancer has met with limited success due to the immunosuppressive microenvironment and lack of tumor-specific targets. AMG 509 provides a targeted immunotherapy approach to engage a patient's T cells to kill STEAP1-expressing tumor cells and represents a new treatment option for mCRPC and potentially more broadly for prostate cancer. See related commentary by Hage Chehade et al., p. 20. See related article by Kelly et al., p. 76. This article is featured in Selected Articles from This Issue, p. 5.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cong Li
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Lingming Liang
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Jinghui Zhan
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Juan Estrada
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Tao Osgood
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Fei Li
- Structural Biology, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Hanzhi Zhang
- Structural Biology, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Ryan Case
- Lead Discovery and Characterization, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Bram Estes
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California
| | | | | | | | | | - Binnaz K Staley
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Jennitte Stevens
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Keegan S Cooke
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Famke Aeffner
- Translational Safety and Bioanalytical Sciences, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Oliver Thomas
- Translational Safety and Bioanalytical Sciences, Amgen Research (Munich) GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Stieglmaier
- Early Development Oncology, Amgen Research (Munich) GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | - Jae-Lyun Lee
- Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Angela Coxon
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Julie M Bailis
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California
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Chen X, Caenepeel S, Belmontes B, McElroy PL, Rex K, Osgood T, Hughes P. Abstract 1050: Efficacy of AMG 176 in combination with gilteritinib in preclinical models of acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2021-1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is the most common and aggressive acute leukemia in adults, with a 25% 5-year survival rate. FLT3 is the most frequently mutated gene in AML. About 25% of AML patients harbor FLT3 internal tandem duplication (ITD) mutations, and about 8 % of patients harbor FLT3 tyrosine kinase domain (TKD) mutations. Both FLT3-ITD and FLT3-TKD mutations constitutively activate the protein, which causes poor survival. Gilteritinib is a highly potent and selective oral FLT3 inhibitor recently approved by the FDA. Although gilteritinib showed strong single agent activity in AML patients with FLT3 mutations, the development of gilteritinib resistance limits the long-term efficacy of this treatment, indicating that combination therapy may be advantageous for AML patients with FLT3 mutations. FLT3 mutations are known to be anti-apoptotic. Myeloid cell leukemia-1 (MCL-1), an anti-apoptotic protein, expressed in a large percentage of the AML patient population, plays a critical role in AML cell survival and drug resistance. AMG 176 is a potent, selective and orally bioavailable MCL-1 inhibitor, which induces rapid commitment to apoptosis in AML. Here we demonstrated that AMG 176 and gilteritinib combination treatment synergistically targeted FLT3-ITD mutated AML. A strong synergistic effect (Combination index <0.2) was observed in two FLT3-ITD mutated AML cell lines treated with the AMG 176 plus gilteritinib combination. Increased Bcl-2-like protein 11 (BIM) expression and decreased BIM/MCL-1 interaction was observed under the combination treatment, coupled with a significant increase in apoptosis. In the MV4-11 AML xenograft model, mice treated with two cycles of AMG 176 (2 days on 5 days off) at 30 mg/kg or with 3 mg/kg gilteritinib daily showed 76% or 74% tumor growth inhibition respectively. A statistically significant increase in efficacy was observed in the combination treatment group, with 92.8% tumor regression, including 50% of mice being tumor free. No significant difference in body weight was found between groups. Our results show that AMG 176 plus gilteritinib treatment was effective and well tolerated in mouse models of AML, which supports further evaluation in a clinical setting.
Citation Format: Xiaoyue Chen, Sean Caenepeel, Brian Belmontes, Patricia L. McElroy, Karen Rex, Tao Osgood, Paul Hughes. Efficacy of AMG 176 in combination with gilteritinib in preclinical models of acute myeloid leukemia [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 1050.
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Rex K, Saiki AY, Holt T, Verlinsky A, McElroy PL, Osgood T, Sun JR, Fakih MG, Dahal UP, Bruenner B, Cee VJ, Lanman BA, Canon J, Lipford JR. Abstract 1057: Combination of the KRASG12C inhibitor sotorasib with targeted agents improves anti-tumor efficacy in KRAS p.G12C cancer models. Cancer Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2021-1057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
KRAS is the most frequently mutated oncogene in cancer and encodes a key signaling protein in tumors. The p.G12C mutation of KRAS is present in approximately 13% of lung adenocarcinoma, 3% of colorectal cancer, and 2% of other solid tumors. Sotorasib (formerly known as AMG 510), the first KRASG12C inhibitor to reach clinical testing in humans, has demonstrated evidence of clinical activity as a single agent in patients with non-small cell lung (NSCLC), colorectal (CRC), endometrial, and appendiceal carcinoma. Preclinically, sotorasib has shown significant tumor growth inhibition as a single agent in multiple CDX and PDX models. The clinically-validated strategy of combining multiple inhibitors in the MAPK pathway suggests that combination strategies could yield even better outcomes for patients. Specifically, the combination of sotorasib and other inhibitors in the MAPK and AKT signaling pathways might further enhance tumor cell killing and overcome potential resistance. To test this hypothesis, in vitro combination experiments were conducted in multiple KRAS p.G12C cell lines with combination matrices of sotorasib and inhibitors of HER kinases, EGFR, SOS1, SHP2, MEK, PI3K, or mTOR, as well as an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6). The combination of sotorasib with multiple agents resulted in robust synergistic cell killing of KRAS p.G12C tumor cells in vitro. To understand whether these observations translated in vivo, we assessed combinations of sotorasib with a SHP-2 inhibitor or a HER kinase inhibitor in pharmacodynamic assays and efficacy models in tumor xenografts. Consistent with the synergy observed in vitro, sotorasib in combination with a HER kinase inhibitor (afatinib) or a SHP2 inhibitor (RMC-4550) in vivo resulted in enhanced inhibition of MAPK signaling as measured by p-ERK in NCI-H358 tumors. In efficacy studies using the NCI-H358 xenograft model, significantly enhanced anti-tumor activity was observed with a minimally efficacious dose of sotorasib in combination with afatinib, RMC-4550, or a CDK4/6 inhibitor (palbociclib). Furthermore, enhanced anti-tumor activity was observed with sotorasib in combination with a MEK inhibitor or with the anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody panitumumab in a CRC KRAS p.G12C PDX model. Taken together, these data support the clinical evaluation of combination treatment of sotorasib with analogous agents in patients with KRAS p.G12C tumors.
Citation Format: Karen Rex, Anne Y. Saiki, Tyler Holt, Alla Verlinsky, Patricia L. McElroy, Tao Osgood, Ji-Rong Sun, Marwan G. Fakih, Upendra P. Dahal, Bernd Bruenner, Victor J. Cee, Brian A. Lanman, Jude Canon, J. Russell Lipford. Combination of the KRASG12C inhibitor sotorasib with targeted agents improves anti-tumor efficacy in KRAS p.G12C cancer models [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 1057.
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Saiki AY, Mohn D, Li Y, Osgood T, Rex K, Wang HL, Archibeque I, Mohr C, Achanta P, Stapper AP, Rapaport AS, Canon J, Cee VJ, Lanman BA, Lipford JR. Abstract 1285: In vitro characterization of sotorasib and other RAS ‘His95-groove' binders and investigation of resistance mechanisms. Cancer Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2021-1285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Sotorasib (formerly known as AMG 510), the first-in-class KRASG12C inhibitor, has demonstrated promising clinical efficacy in KRAS p.G12C mutant cancers. Sotorasib binds to KRASG12C through a unique interaction with a surface groove created by side-chain rotation of histidine 95 (His95). Characterization of sotorasib and other His95-groove binders revealed enhanced potency and selectivity as compared to other KRASG12C inhibitor scaffolds, which bind in the P2 pocket via hydrogen bonding with His95. The novel binding mode of sotorasib also translated to similar biochemical and cellular potencies against both NRASG12C and HRASG12C, which encode leucine and glutamine at position 95, respectively. In contrast, other KRASG12C inhibitor scaffolds demonstrated a dramatic loss of potency against NRASG12C and HRASG12C, suggesting that the alternate residues impacted the binding of these molecules in the P2 pocket. To extend characterization of the cellular effects of RAS ‘His95-groove' binders, we analyzed the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I proteins and other inflammatory markers in multiple human and murine KRAS p.G12C cell lines. These studies revealed a partial dependency on the cytosolic DNA-sensing (cGAS/STING) pathway for the effects observed with some markers. Finally, His95-groove binders were evaluated for potential mechanisms of resistance to this class of KRASG12C inhibitors. In the mouse syngeneic Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LL/2) cell line, which carries both KRAS p.G12C and NRAS p.Q61H mutations, intrinsic resistance to KRASG12C inhibition was observed, but combination treatment with the MEK inhibitor trametinib demonstrated synergistic improvement in the effects on viability. MIA PaCa-2 and NCI-H358 models of acquired resistance to KRASG12C inhibition were also developed through long-term exposure to high concentrations of sotorasib. Characterization of these resistant cell lines indicated a requirement for constant exposure to sotorasib and also showed that the resistance was not due to genetic alterations but involved either overexpression of KRAS or bypass signaling through alternative pathways. Taken together, these data demonstrate that His95-binders like sotorasib display superior potency and off-target selectivity, as well as unique activity against all versions of RASG12C. In addition, characterization of potential resistance mechanisms to sotorasib will inform combination strategies in the clinic.
Citation Format: Anne Y. Saiki, Deanna Mohn, Yu Li, Tao Osgood, Karen Rex, Hui-Ling Wang, Ivonne Archibeque, Christopher Mohr, Pragathi Achanta, Andres Plata Stapper, Aaron S. Rapaport, Jude Canon, Victor J. Cee, Brian A. Lanman, J. Russell Lipford. In vitro characterization of sotorasib and other RAS ‘His95-groove' binders and investigation of resistance mechanisms [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 1285.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yu Li
- Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA
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Canon J, Rex K, Saiki AY, Mohr C, Cooke K, Bagal D, Gaida K, Holt T, Knutson CG, Koppada N, Lanman BA, Werner J, Rapaport AS, San Miguel T, Ortiz R, Osgood T, Sun JR, Zhu X, McCarter JD, Volak LP, Houk BE, Fakih MG, O'Neil BH, Price TJ, Falchook GS, Desai J, Kuo J, Govindan R, Hong DS, Ouyang W, Henary H, Arvedson T, Cee VJ, Lipford JR. The clinical KRAS(G12C) inhibitor AMG 510 drives anti-tumour immunity. Nature 2019; 575:217-223. [PMID: 31666701 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1694-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 891] [Impact Index Per Article: 178.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
KRAS is the most frequently mutated oncogene in cancer and encodes a key signalling protein in tumours1,2. The KRAS(G12C) mutant has a cysteine residue that has been exploited to design covalent inhibitors that have promising preclinical activity3-5. Here we optimized a series of inhibitors, using novel binding interactions to markedly enhance their potency and selectivity. Our efforts have led to the discovery of AMG 510, which is, to our knowledge, the first KRAS(G12C) inhibitor in clinical development. In preclinical analyses, treatment with AMG 510 led to the regression of KRASG12C tumours and improved the anti-tumour efficacy of chemotherapy and targeted agents. In immune-competent mice, treatment with AMG 510 resulted in a pro-inflammatory tumour microenvironment and produced durable cures alone as well as in combination with immune-checkpoint inhibitors. Cured mice rejected the growth of isogenic KRASG12D tumours, which suggests adaptive immunity against shared antigens. Furthermore, in clinical trials, AMG 510 demonstrated anti-tumour activity in the first dosing cohorts and represents a potentially transformative therapy for patients for whom effective treatments are lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude Canon
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA.
| | - Karen Rex
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Anne Y Saiki
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | | | - Keegan Cooke
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | | | - Kevin Gaida
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Tyler Holt
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Roberto Ortiz
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Pfizer, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tao Osgood
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Ji-Rong Sun
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Xiaochun Zhu
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Takeda, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Laurie P Volak
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Celgene, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Brett E Houk
- Amgen Clinical Development, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | | | - Bert H O'Neil
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Timothy J Price
- The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia, Australia.,University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Jayesh Desai
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - James Kuo
- Scientia Clinical Research, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - David S Hong
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wenjun Ouyang
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Haby Henary
- Amgen Clinical Development, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Tara Arvedson
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Victor J Cee
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
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Caenepeel S, Brown SP, Belmontes B, Moody G, Keegan KS, Chui D, Whittington DA, Huang X, Poppe L, Cheng AC, Cardozo M, Houze J, Li Y, Lucas B, Paras NA, Wang X, Taygerly JP, Vimolratana M, Zancanella M, Zhu L, Cajulis E, Osgood T, Sun J, Damon L, Egan RK, Greninger P, McClanaghan JD, Gong J, Moujalled D, Pomilio G, Beltran P, Benes CH, Roberts AW, Huang DC, Wei A, Canon J, Coxon A, Hughes PE. AMG 176, a Selective MCL1 Inhibitor, is Effective in Hematological Cancer Models Alone and in Combination with Established Therapies. Cancer Discov 2018; 8:1582-1597. [DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-18-0387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Caenepeel SR, Osgood T, Belmontes B, Sun J, Cajulis E, Wei A, Coxon A, Canon J, Hughes P. Abstract 3972: Combined inhibition of MCL1 and BCL-2 with AMG 176 and venetoclax induces anti-tumor effects in primary patient samples and models of acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-3972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous hematological malignancy involving the clonal expansion of immature myeloid cells. Dysregulated expression of the BCL-2 family of proteins has been implicated in AML pathogenesis. Specifically, the anti-apoptotic family members MCL1 and BCL-2 have been reported to play key roles in AML survival. The selective inhibition of these two proteins represents an emerging strategy in AML treatment. AMG 176 is a potent and selective MCL1 inhibitor currently being tested in an AML Phase I clinical trial. Here we describe the activity of AMG 176 and AM-8621, a structural analog, as single agents and in combination with the BCL-2 inhibitor venetoclax, in models of AML. AM-8621 and venetoclax were profiled as single agents against a panel of AML cell lines to characterize their dependency on MCL1 and BCL-2 for survival. A wide range of sensitivities to both compounds was observed, with several lines exhibiting dependency on both MCL1 and BCL-2 for survival, suggesting functional redundancy and a requirement for combined inhibition to maximize response. To test this hypothesis, we profiled a subset of cell lines with the combination of AM-8621 and venetoclax. A synergistic interaction was detected in each cell line, highlighting their codependence on MCL1 and BCL-2. We also evaluated the synergistic potential of this combination on primary AML patient samples. Here, freshly purified bone marrow aspirates were treated with equimolar concentrations of AM-8621 and venetoclax and compared against single agents in a flow cytometry based viability assay. Marked improvements in activity and potency were observed with the combination over either agent alone. We also tested the combination of AMG 176 and venetoclax in a MOLM-13 orthotopic xenograft model of AML. Mice were treated twice weekly with AMG 176 (60 mg/kg) and daily with venetoclax (100 mg/kg). While both single agents achieved significant reductions in MOLM-13 tumor burden (69% and 33% reduction in BLI respectively), the combination exhibited complete inhibition of tumor growth (100% reduction in BLI) and achieved tumor regression relative to the first day of dosing. We next characterized the effects of this combination on subsets of hematopoietic cells in vivo. The reduced affinity of AMG 176 for murine MCL1 (200-fold) required the use of a human MCL1 knock-in mouse for these studies. Terminal analysis of mice treated with the combination or AMG 176 alone showed significant decreases in peripheral blood B-cells and monocytes, whereas venetoclax alone exhibited significant reductions in B-cells only. Analysis of spleens revealed greater reductions in both cell types following treatment with the combination compared with either single agent. These data highlight the promise of combined MCL1 and BCL2 inhibition as a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of AML.
Citation Format: Sean R. Caenepeel, Tao Osgood, Brian Belmontes, Jan Sun, Elaina Cajulis, Andrew Wei, Angela Coxon, Jude Canon, Paul Hughes. Combined inhibition of MCL1 and BCL-2 with AMG 176 and venetoclax induces anti-tumor effects in primary patient samples and models of acute myeloid leukemia [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3972.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jan Sun
- 1Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA
| | | | - Andrew Wei
- 2Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Canon JR, Osgood T, Saiki AY, Oliner JD. Abstract 3761: The MDM2 inhibitor AMG 232 causes tumor regression and potentiates the anti-tumor activity of MEK inhibition and DNA-damaging cytotoxic agents in preclinical models of acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-3761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
AMG 232 is a potent inhibitor of the MDM2-p53 interaction and is a promising clinical candidate for treating tumors, in particular those harboring wild-type p53. AML represents a compelling indication for AMG 232 given the low rate of p53 mutation, frequent MDM2 overexpression, and unmet medical need. We evaluated the effect of AMG 232 treatment on AML tumors in vitro and in vivo, elucidated the mechanism of anti-tumor efficacy, and tested the effect of combining AMG 232 with targeted agents and chemotherapeutics. Combinations were identified based on evidence of in vitro synergy from cell based screens, or based on biological rationale and clinical opportunity with standard of care agents. Combinations evaluated included MEK inhibitors, and p53-inducing, DNA-damaging cytotoxics cytarabine, doxorubicin, and decitabine. In vitro assays demonstrated that AMG 232 as a single agent was effective at inducing cell death across a panel of p53 wild-type AML cell lines. The anti-tumor efficacy involved activation of the p53 pathway, robust inhibition of the cell cycle and induction of apoptosis. AMG 232 treatment caused AML tumor regression in vivo which was related to dose- and time-dependent induction of the p53 targets p21 and PUMA. The combination of AMG 232 and MEK inhibition resulted in synergistic tumor cell killing in vitro, and enhanced in vivo anti-tumor activity which was significantly better than either single agent. Combinations of AMG 232 with chemotherapies which induce DNA damage resulted in synergistic in vitro cell killing, and superior anti-tumor efficacy in vivo with increased induction of p53 signaling in tumors. These data support a clinical strategy for evaluating AMG 232 as a monotherapy and in combination with targeted and cytotoxic agents to treat AML patients.
Citation Format: Jude R. Canon, Tao Osgood, Anne Y. Saiki, Jonathan D. Oliner. The MDM2 inhibitor AMG 232 causes tumor regression and potentiates the anti-tumor activity of MEK inhibition and DNA-damaging cytotoxic agents in preclinical models of acute myeloid leukemia. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 3761.
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Li Z, Fu J, Rew Y, Gribble MW, Canon J, Chen A, Eksterowicz J, Huang X, Jin L, Lo MC, McGee LR, Osgood T, Saiki AY, Shaffer P, Sun D, Wortman S, Ye Q, Yu D, Zhao X, Zhou J, Oliner JD, Olson SH, Medina JC. Abstract 3663: Discovery of sulfonamide-piperidinones as potent inhibitors of the MDM2-p53 protein-protein interaction. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-3663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor is controlled by MDM2, which binds p53 and negatively regulates its transcriptional activity and stability. Many tumors overproduce MDM2 to impair p53 function. Therefore, restoration of p53 activity by inhibiting p53-MDM2 binding represents an attractive, novel approach to cancer therapy. We previously reported the discovery of AM-8553, a potent and selective piperidinone inhibitor of the MDM2-p53 interaction (Rew et al. J. Med. Chem. 2012, 55, 4936). We report here continued optimization of the N-alkyl substituent of this series, focused in particular on a previously underutilized interaction in a shallow cleft on the MDM2 surface that led to the discovery of a variety of extremely potent sulfonamides such as 14 with an IC50 of 5.3 nM in the cell proliferation assay. The compound 14 interacts specifically with the p53-binding pocket of MDM2 and releases the p53 protein from negative control. Treatment of cancer cells expressing wild-type p53 with sulfonamide 14 stabilizes p53 and activates the p53 pathway, leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The compound 14 showed excellent efficacy and caused tumor regression in the SJSA-1 tumor xenograft model.
Citation Format: Zhihong Li, Jiasheng Fu, Yosup Rew, Michael W. Gribble, Jude Canon, Ada Chen, John Eksterowicz, Xin Huang, Lixia Jin, Mei-Chu Lo, Lawrence R. McGee, Tao Osgood, Anne Y. Saiki, Paul Shaffer, Daqing Sun, Sarah Wortman, Qiuping Ye, Dongyin Yu, Xiaoning Zhao, Jing Zhou, Jonathan D. Oliner, Steve H. Olson, Julio C. Medina. Discovery of sulfonamide-piperidinones as potent inhibitors of the MDM2-p53 protein-protein interaction. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 3663. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-3663
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yosup Rew
- 1Amgen, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | - Ada Chen
- 1Amgen, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | - Lixia Jin
- 1Amgen, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jing Zhou
- 1Amgen, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
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11
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Canon J, Osgood T, Olson SH, Saiki AY, Robertson R, Yu D, Eksterowicz J, Ye Q, Jin L, Chen A, Zhou J, Cordover D, Kaufman S, Kendall R, Oliner JD, Coxon A, Radinsky R. The MDM2 Inhibitor AMG 232 Demonstrates Robust Antitumor Efficacy and Potentiates the Activity of p53-Inducing Cytotoxic Agents. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 14:649-58. [PMID: 25567130 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
p53 is a critical tumor suppressor and is the most frequently inactivated gene in human cancer. Inhibition of the interaction of p53 with its negative regulator MDM2 represents a promising clinical strategy to treat p53 wild-type tumors. AMG 232 is a potential best-in-class inhibitor of the MDM2-p53 interaction and is currently in clinical trials. We characterized the activity of AMG 232 and its effect on p53 signaling in several preclinical tumor models. AMG 232 binds the MDM2 protein with picomolar affinity and robustly induces p53 activity, leading to cell-cycle arrest and inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. AMG 232 treatment inhibited the in vivo growth of several tumor xenografts and led to complete and durable regression of MDM2-amplified SJSA-1 tumors via growth arrest and induction of apoptosis. Therapeutic combination studies of AMG 232 with chemotherapies that induce DNA damage and p53 activity resulted in significantly superior antitumor efficacy and regression, and markedly increased activation of p53 signaling in tumors. These preclinical data support the further evaluation of AMG 232 in clinical trials as both a monotherapy and in combination with standard-of-care cytotoxics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude Canon
- Department of Oncology Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California.
| | - Tao Osgood
- Department of Oncology Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Steven H Olson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Amgen Inc., San Francisco, California
| | - Anne Y Saiki
- Department of Oncology Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Rebecca Robertson
- Department of Oncology Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Dongyin Yu
- Department of Oncology Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - John Eksterowicz
- Department of Molecular Structure, Amgen Inc., San Francisco, California
| | - Qiuping Ye
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., San Francisco, California
| | - Lixia Jin
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., San Francisco, California
| | - Ada Chen
- Department of Molecular Structure, Amgen Inc., San Francisco, California
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Molecular Structure, Amgen Inc., San Francisco, California
| | - David Cordover
- Department of Pathology, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Stephen Kaufman
- Department of Pathology, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Richard Kendall
- Department of Oncology Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Jonathan D Oliner
- Department of Oncology Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Angela Coxon
- Department of Oncology Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Robert Radinsky
- Department of Oncology Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
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12
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Saiki AY, Caenepeel S, Yu D, Lofgren JA, Osgood T, Robertson R, Canon J, Su C, Jones A, Zhao X, Deshpande C, Payton M, Ledell J, Hughes PE, Oliner JD. MDM2 antagonists synergize broadly and robustly with compounds targeting fundamental oncogenic signaling pathways. Oncotarget 2015; 5:2030-43. [PMID: 24810962 PMCID: PMC4039142 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
While MDM2 inhibitors hold great promise as cancer therapeutics, drug resistance will likely limit their efficacy as single agents. To identify drug combinations that might circumvent resistance, we screened for agents that could synergize with MDM2 inhibition in the suppression of cell viability. We observed broad and robust synergy when combining MDM2 antagonists with either MEK or PI3K inhibitors. Synergy was not limited to cell lines harboring MAPK or PI3K pathway mutations, nor did it depend on which node of the PI3K axis was targeted. MDM2 inhibitors also synergized strongly with BH3 mimetics, BCR-ABL antagonists, and HDAC inhibitors. MDM2 inhibitor-mediated synergy with agents targeting these mechanisms was much more prevalent than previously appreciated, implying that clinical translation of these combinations could have far-reaching implications for public health. These findings highlight the importance of combinatorial drug targeting and provide a framework for the rational design of MDM2 inhibitor clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Y Saiki
- Department of Oncology Research, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA
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13
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Rew Y, Sun D, Yan X, Beck HP, Canon J, Chen A, Duquette J, Eksterowicz J, Fox BM, Fu J, Gonzalez AZ, Houze J, Huang X, Jiang M, Jin L, Li Y, Li Z, Ling Y, Lo MC, Long AM, McGee LR, McIntosh J, Oliner JD, Osgood T, Saiki AY, Shaffer P, Wang YC, Wortman S, Yakowec P, Ye Q, Yu D, Zhao X, Zhou J, Medina JC, Olson SH. Discovery of AM-7209, a potent and selective 4-amidobenzoic acid inhibitor of the MDM2-p53 interaction. J Med Chem 2014; 57:10499-511. [PMID: 25384157 DOI: 10.1021/jm501550p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Structure-based rational design and extensive structure-activity relationship studies led to the discovery of AMG 232 (1), a potent piperidinone inhibitor of the MDM2-p53 association, which is currently being evaluated in human clinical trials for the treatment of cancer. Further modifications of 1, including replacing the carboxylic acid with a 4-amidobenzoic acid, afforded AM-7209 (25), featuring improved potency (KD from ITC competition was 38 pM, SJSA-1 EdU IC50 = 1.6 nM), remarkable pharmacokinetic properties, and in vivo antitumor activity in both the SJSA-1 osteosarcoma xenograft model (ED50 = 2.6 mg/kg QD) and the HCT-116 colorectal carcinoma xenograft model (ED50 = 10 mg/kg QD). In addition, 25 possesses distinct mechanisms of elimination compared to 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosup Rew
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmaceutics, and §Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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14
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Werner L, Huang S, Armstrong EA, Francis D, Osgood T, Canon J, Harari PM. Abstract 2610: AMG 232, a small molecular inhibitor of MDM2 augments radiation response in human tumors harboring wild-type p53. Cancer Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-2610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Activation of p53 is an attractive therapeutic target in radiation oncology because of its tumor-suppressor activity. AMG 232 is an effective p53 activator via inhibition of p53 interaction with its primary negative regulator, MDM2. In the current study, we examine the capacity of AMG 232 to augment radiation response in a variety of human tumors derived from lung, breast, colorectal, melanoma and sarcoma.
We first examined the anti-proliferative effect of AMG 232 and confirmed a dose-dependent growth inhibition following AMG 232 treatment across a panel of 7 cell lines harboring wild type p53. In addition, the lack of growth inhibition in a p53 null cell line H1299 confirmed the p53-dependent anti-proliferative effect of AMG 232. Using clonogenic survival analysis, we identified that treatment with AMG 232 significantly enhanced radiosensitivity in all cell lines tested. Immunoblot analysis revealed the capacity of AMG 232 to inhibit radiation-induced DNA damage repair via inhibition of ATM, DNAPK-DNA ligase IV and BRCA1-Rad51/52 pathways. Flow cytometric analysis also showed a significant accumulation of cell populations in G2/M phase and a strong increase in γH2AX expression at 48 hrs following 2 Gy of radiation and AMG 232 treatment. Consistently, AMG 232 was shown to activate 1433σ that blocked G2/M progression via inhibiting CDC2. Further imaging studies to detect senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity identified that combined treatment of AMG 232 and radiation significantly induced a senescence phenotype. These results suggest that AMG 232 augments radiation response via the induction of cell cycle arrest and/or senescence followed by cell death, likely reflecting inhibitory effects on DNA damage repair. In addition to increased apoptotic cell death following the combination treatment, we found that autophagy-related cell death may also be contributing to AMG 232-induced radiosensitivity. Finally, in a variety of human tumor xenograft models, we confirmed that the combination of AMG 232 and radiation resulted in a significant delay in tumor regrowth and superior anti-tumor efficacy than treatment with drug or radiation alone. Taken together, these data reveal the strong capacity of AMG 232 to augment radiation response across a variety of tumor types. These promising results provide a basis for the further investigation of MDM2 antagonists combined with radiation as a novel treatment approach in cancer therapy.
Citation Format: Lauryn Werner, Shyhmin Huang, Eric A. Armstrong, Dave Francis, Tao Osgood, Jude Canon, Paul M. Harari. AMG 232, a small molecular inhibitor of MDM2 augments radiation response in human tumors harboring wild-type p53. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2610. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2610
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Yu M, Wang Y, Zhu J, Bartberger MD, Canon J, Chen A, Chow D, Eksterowicz J, Fox B, Fu J, Gribble M, Huang X, Li Z, Liu J(J, Lo MC, McMinn D, Oliner JD, Osgood T, Rew Y, Saiki AY, Shaffer P, Yan X, Ye Q, Yu D, Zhao X, Zhou J, Olson SH, Medina JC, Sun D. Discovery of Potent and Simplified Piperidinone-Based Inhibitors of the MDM2-p53 Interaction. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:894-9. [PMID: 25147610 DOI: 10.1021/ml500142b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Continued optimization of the N-substituent in the piperidinone series provided potent piperidinone-pyridine inhibitors 6, 7, 14, and 15 with improved pharmacokinetic properties in rats. Reducing structure complexity of the N-alkyl substituent led to the discovery of 23, a potent and simplified inhibitor of MDM2. Compound 23 exhibits excellent pharmacokinetic properties and substantial in vivo antitumor activity in the SJSA-1 osteosarcoma xenograft mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xin Huang
- Department
of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul Shaffer
- Department
of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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16
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Gonzalez AZ, Li Z, Beck HP, Canon J, Chen A, Chow D, Duquette J, Eksterowicz J, Fox BM, Fu J, Huang X, Houze J, Jin L, Li Y, Ling Y, Lo MC, Long AM, McGee LR, McIntosh J, Oliner JD, Osgood T, Rew Y, Saiki AY, Shaffer P, Wortman S, Yakowec P, Yan X, Ye Q, Yu D, Zhao X, Zhou J, Olson SH, Sun D, Medina JC. Novel Inhibitors of the MDM2-p53 Interaction Featuring Hydrogen Bond Acceptors as Carboxylic Acid Isosteres. J Med Chem 2014; 57:2963-88. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401911v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xin Huang
- Department
of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alexander M. Long
- Department
of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul Shaffer
- Department
of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | | | - Peter Yakowec
- Department
of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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17
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Gonzalez AZ, Eksterowicz J, Bartberger MD, Beck HP, Canon J, Chen A, Chow D, Duquette J, Fox BM, Fu J, Huang X, Houze JB, Jin L, Li Y, Li Z, Ling Y, Lo MC, Long AM, McGee LR, McIntosh J, McMinn DL, Oliner JD, Osgood T, Rew Y, Saiki AY, Shaffer P, Wortman S, Yakowec P, Yan X, Ye Q, Yu D, Zhao X, Zhou J, Olson SH, Medina JC, Sun D. Selective and potent morpholinone inhibitors of the MDM2-p53 protein-protein interaction. J Med Chem 2014; 57:2472-88. [PMID: 24548297 DOI: 10.1021/jm401767k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported the discovery of AMG 232, a highly potent and selective piperidinone inhibitor of the MDM2-p53 interaction. Our continued search for potent and diverse analogues led to the discovery of novel morpholinone MDM2 inhibitors. This change to a morpholinone core has a significant impact on both potency and metabolic stability compared to the piperidinone series. Within this morpholinone series, AM-8735 emerged as an inhibitor with remarkable biochemical potency (HTRF IC50 = 0.4 nM) and cellular potency (SJSA-1 EdU IC50 = 25 nM), as well as pharmacokinetic properties. Compound 4 also shows excellent antitumor activity in the SJSA-1 osteosarcoma xenograft model with an ED50 of 41 mg/kg. Lead optimization toward the discovery of this inhibitor as well as key differences between the morpholinone and the piperidinone series will be described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Z Gonzalez
- Departments of †Therapeutic Discovery, ‡Pharmaceutics, and §Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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Sun D, Li Z, Rew Y, Gribble M, Bartberger MD, Beck HP, Canon J, Chen A, Chen X, Chow D, Deignan J, Duquette J, Eksterowicz J, Fisher B, Fox BM, Fu J, Gonzalez AZ, Gonzalez-Lopez De Turiso F, Houze JB, Huang X, Jiang M, Jin L, Kayser F, Liu JJ, Lo MC, Long AM, Lucas B, McGee LR, McIntosh J, Mihalic J, Oliner JD, Osgood T, Peterson ML, Roveto P, Saiki AY, Shaffer P, Toteva M, Wang Y, Wang YC, Wortman S, Yakowec P, Yan X, Ye Q, Yu D, Yu M, Zhao X, Zhou J, Zhu J, Olson SH, Medina JC. Discovery of AMG 232, a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable MDM2-p53 inhibitor in clinical development. J Med Chem 2014; 57:1454-72. [PMID: 24456472 DOI: 10.1021/jm401753e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported the discovery of AM-8553 (1), a potent and selective piperidinone inhibitor of the MDM2-p53 interaction. Continued research investigation of the N-alkyl substituent of this series, focused in particular on a previously underutilized interaction in a shallow cleft on the MDM2 surface, led to the discovery of a one-carbon tethered sulfone which gave rise to substantial improvements in biochemical and cellular potency. Further investigation produced AMG 232 (2), which is currently being evaluated in human clinical trials for the treatment of cancer. Compound 2 is an extremely potent MDM2 inhibitor (SPR KD = 0.045 nM, SJSA-1 EdU IC50 = 9.1 nM), with remarkable pharmacokinetic properties and in vivo antitumor activity in the SJSA-1 osteosarcoma xenograft model (ED50 = 9.1 mg/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daqing Sun
- Departments of Therapeutic Discovery, ‡Pharmaceutics, and §Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. , 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California, 94080, United States
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Gonzalez-Lopez de Turiso F, Sun D, Rew Y, Bartberger MD, Beck HP, Canon J, Chen A, Chow D, Correll TL, Huang X, Julian LD, Kayser F, Lo MC, Long AM, McMinn D, Oliner JD, Osgood T, Powers JP, Saiki AY, Schneider S, Shaffer P, Xiao SH, Yakowec P, Yan X, Ye Q, Yu D, Zhao X, Zhou J, Medina JC, Olson SH. Rational design and binding mode duality of MDM2-p53 inhibitors. J Med Chem 2013; 56:4053-70. [PMID: 23597064 DOI: 10.1021/jm400293z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Structural analysis of both the MDM2-p53 protein-protein interaction and several small molecules bound to MDM2 led to the design and synthesis of tetrasubstituted morpholinone 10, an MDM2 inhibitor with a biochemical IC50 of 1.0 μM. The cocrystal structure of 10 with MDM2 inspired two independent optimization strategies and resulted in the discovery of morpholinones 16 and 27 possessing distinct binding modes. Both analogues were potent MDM2 inhibitors in biochemical and cellular assays, and morpholinone 27 (IC50 = 0.10 μM) also displayed suitable PK profile for in vivo animal experiments. A pharmacodynamic (PD) experiment in mice implanted with human SJSA-1 tumors showed p21(WAF1) mRNA induction (2.7-fold over vehicle) upon oral dosing of 27 at 300 mg/kg.
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20
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Rew Y, Sun D, Gonzalez-Lopez De Turiso F, Bartberger MD, Beck HP, Canon J, Chen A, Chow D, Deignan J, Fox BM, Gustin D, Huang X, Jiang M, Jiao X, Jin L, Kayser F, Kopecky DJ, Li Y, Lo MC, Long AM, Michelsen K, Oliner JD, Osgood T, Ragains M, Saiki AY, Schneider S, Toteva M, Yakowec P, Yan X, Ye Q, Yu D, Zhao X, Zhou J, Medina JC, Olson SH. Structure-based design of novel inhibitors of the MDM2-p53 interaction. J Med Chem 2012; 55:4936-54. [PMID: 22524527 DOI: 10.1021/jm300354j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Structure-based rational design led to the discovery of novel inhibitors of the MDM2-p53 protein-protein interaction. The affinity of these compounds for MDM2 was improved through conformational control of both the piperidinone ring and the appended N-alkyl substituent. Optimization afforded 29 (AM-8553), a potent and selective MDM2 inhibitor with excellent pharmacokinetic properties and in vivo efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosup Rew
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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21
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Coxon A, Bready J, Kaufman S, Estrada J, Osgood T, Canon J, Wang L, Radinsky R, Kendall R, Hughes P, Polverino A. Anti-tumor activity of motesanib in a medullary thyroid cancer model. J Endocrinol Invest 2012; 35:181-90. [PMID: 21422803 DOI: 10.3275/7609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is frequently associated with mutations in the tyrosine kinase Ret and with increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2). Motesanib is an investigational, orally administered small molecule antagonist of VEGFR1, 2, and 3; platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR); Kit; and possibly Ret. AIM The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of motesanib on wildtype and mutant Ret activity in vitro and on tumor xenograft growth in a mouse model of MTC. METHODS/RESULTS In cellular phosphorylation assays, motesanib inhibited the activity of wild-type Ret (IC(50)=66 nM), while it had limited activity against mutant Ret C634W (IC(50)=1100 nM) or Ret M918T (IC(50)>2500 nM). In vivo, motesanib significantly inhibited the growth of TT tumor cell xenografts (expressing Ret C634W) and significantly reduced tumor blood vessel area and tumor cell proliferation, compared with control. Treatment with motesanib resulted in substantial inhibition of Ret tyrosine phosphorylation in TT xenografts and, at comparable doses, in equivalent inhibition of VEGFR2 phosphorylation in both TT xenografts and in mouse lung tissue. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study demonstrate that motesanib inhibited thyroid tumor xenograft growth predominantly through inhibition of angiogenesis and possibly via a direct inhibition of VEGFR2 and Ret expressed on tumor cells. These data suggest that targeting angiogenesis pathways and specifically the VEGF pathway may represent a novel therapeutic approach in the treatment of MTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Coxon
- Department of Oncology Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.
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22
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Canon J, Bryant R, Roudier M, Osgood T, Jones J, Miller R, Coxon A, Radinsky R, Dougall WC. Inhibition of RANKL increases the anti-tumor effect of the EGFR inhibitor panitumumab in a murine model of bone metastasis. Bone 2010; 46:1613-9. [PMID: 20215062 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bone metastases cause severe skeletal complications and are associated with osteoclast-mediated bone destruction. RANKL is essential for osteoclast formation, function, and survival, and is the primary effector of tumor-induced osteoclastogenesis and osteolysis. RANKL inhibition by its soluble decoy receptor osteoprotegerin (OPG) prevents tumor-induced osteolysis and decreases skeletal tumor burden. Because osteoclast-mediated bone resorption releases growth factors from the bone matrix, the host bone microenvironment induces a vicious cycle of bone destruction and tumor proliferation and survival. A prediction of this vicious cycle hypothesis is that targeting the host bone microenvironment by osteoclast inhibition would reduce tumor growth and survival and may enhance the anti-tumor effects of targeted therapies. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway regulates critical processes such as cell growth and survival, and anti-EGFR therapies can cause tumor cell arrest and apoptosis. We evaluated whether reduction of osteolysis by RANKL inhibition could enhance the anti-tumor effects of an anti-EGFR antibody (panitumumab) in a novel murine model of human A431 epidermoid carcinoma bone metastasis. Skeletal tumor progression was assessed longitudinally by bioluminescence imaging. RANKL inhibition by OPG-Fc treatment resulted in a reduction in tumor progression in bony sites. OPG-Fc treatment also caused a dose-dependent reduction in tumor-induced osteolysis, supporting the essential role of RANKL in this process. In combination, RANKL inhibition increased the anti-tumor efficacy of an anti-EGFR antibody, and completely blocked tumor-induced bone breakdown, demonstrating that addition of the indirect anti-tumor effect of RANKL inhibition increases the anti-tumor efficacy of panitumumab, a targeted anti-EGFR antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude Canon
- Department of Oncology Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA.
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23
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Gao CF, Xie Q, Zhang YW, Su Y, Zhao P, Cao B, Furge K, Sun J, Rex K, Osgood T, Coxon A, Burgess TL, Vande Woude GF. Therapeutic potential of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor neutralizing antibodies: inhibition of tumor growth in both autocrine and paracrine hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor:c-Met-driven models of leiomyosarcoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2010; 8:2803-10. [PMID: 19825800 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) and its receptor, c-Met, have been implicated in the growth and progression of a variety of solid human tumors. Thus, inhibiting HGF/SF:c-Met signaling may provide a novel therapeutic approach for treating human tumors. We have generated and characterized fully human monoclonal antibodies that bind to and neutralize human HGF/SF. In this study, we tested the effects of the investigational, human anti-human HGF/SF monoclonal antibody, AMG 102, and a mixture of mouse anti-human HGF/SF monoclonal antibodies (Amix) on HGF/SF-mediated cell migration, proliferation, and invasion in vitro. Both agents had high HGF/SF-neutralizing activity in these cell-based assays. The HGF/SF:c-Met pathway has been implicated in the growth of sarcomas; thus, we also investigated the effect of AMG 102 on the growth of human leiomyosarcoma (SK-LMS-1) in HGF/SF transgenic C3H severe combined immunodeficient mice engineered to express high levels of human HGF/SF, as well as tumor growth of an autocrine variant of the SK-LMS-1 cell line (SK-LMS-1TO) in nude mice. The results indicate that interrupting autocrine and/or paracrine HGF/SF:c-Met signaling with AMG 102 has profound antitumor effects. These findings suggest that blocking HGF/SF:c-Met signaling may provide a potent intervention strategy to treat patients with HGF/SF:c-Met-dependent tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Feng Gao
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick, Northeast, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
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Zhang Y, Kaplan-Lefko PJ, Rex K, Yang Y, Moriguchi J, Osgood T, Mattson B, Coxon A, Reese M, Kim TS, Lin J, Chen A, Burgess TL, Dussault I. Identification of a novel recepteur d'origine nantais/c-met small-molecule kinase inhibitor with antitumor activity in vivo. Cancer Res 2008; 68:6680-7. [PMID: 18701492 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-6782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recepteur d'origine nantais (RON) is a receptor tyrosine kinase closely related to c-Met. Both receptors are involved in cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and there is evidence that both are deregulated in cancer. Receptor overexpression has been most frequently described, but other mechanisms can lead to the oncogenic activation of RON and c-Met. They include activating mutations or gene amplification for c-Met and constitutively active splicing variants for RON. We identified a novel inhibitor of RON and c-Met, compound I, and characterized its in vitro and in vivo activities. Compound I selectively and potently inhibited the kinase activity of RON and c-Met with IC(50)s of 9 and 4 nmol/L, respectively. Compound I inhibited hepatocyte growth factor-mediated and macrophage-stimulating protein-mediated signaling and cell migration in a dose-dependent manner. Compound I was tested in vivo in xenograft models that either were dependent on c-Met or expressed a constitutively active form of RON (RONDelta160 in HT-29). Compound I caused complete tumor growth inhibition in NIH3T3 TPR-Met and U-87 MG xenografts but showed only partial inhibition in HT-29 xenografts. The effect of compound I in HT-29 xenografts is consistent with the expression of the activating b-Raf V600E mutation, which activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway downstream of RON. Importantly, tumor growth inhibition correlated with the inhibition of c-Met-dependent and RON-dependent signaling in tumors. Taken together, our results suggest that a small-molecule dual inhibitor of RON/c-Met has the potential to inhibit tumor growth and could therefore be useful for the treatment of patients with cancers where RON and/or c-Met are activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihong Zhang
- Department of Oncology Research, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, USA
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Sheppard AJ, Newkirk DR, Hubbard WD, Osgood T. Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of cholesterol and other sterols in foods. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 1977; 60:1302-6. [PMID: 924932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method, using the butyryl esters of sterols, has been developed for the measurement of cholesterol, stigmasterol, sitosterol, and campesterol in foods. An immobile phase of 1% SE-30 coated on 100-120 mesh Gas-Chrom Q packed in a 6 inch X 4 mm id glass column operated at 255 degrees C was the most satisfactory of 7 column packings evaluated. Extraction with chloroform-methanol gave 98.7% recovery with a coefficient of variation of 1.8% for cholesterol added to a variety of foods. When cholesteryl palmitate was added to vegetable oil and the butyryl derivative was prepared, followed by GLC analysis, the recovery was 99.3% with a coefficient of variation of 0.9%. Amounts as low as 1 mg/100 g food can be detected with a precision of 2.5%. The results of the analysis of a variety of foods for cholesterol, campesterol, sitosterol, and stigmasterol are given.
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Hubbard WD, Sheppard AJ, Newkirk DR, Prosser AR, Osgood T. Comparison of various methods for the extraction of total lipids, fatty acids, cholesterol, and other sterols from food products. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1977; 54:81-3. [PMID: 833420 DOI: 10.1007/bf02912395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) phenotype studies were done on a black family with X-linked heredofamilial bilateral microphthalmia (HBM). Three crossovers and three non-crossovers were detected in three informative matings of four generations yielding a recombination value of 0.5. These findings do not provide evidence for linkage between the G6PD and HBM loci, suggesting either that the G6PD and HBM loci are far apart on the X chromosome or that HBM in this family is inherited as an autosomal dominant male sex-limited trait.
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Storherr RW, Watts RR, Gardner AM, Osgood T. Steam Distillation Technique for the Analysis of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in Technical 2,4,5-T. J AOAC Int 1971. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/54.1.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Technical 2,4,5-T formulations may contain 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin as a contaminant. A method is described in which the tetrachlorodioxin is separated from technical components by steam distillation and analyzed by microcoulometric GLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Storherr
- Division of Pesticide Chemistry and Toxicology, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204
| | - R R Watts
- Division of Pesticide Chemistry and Toxicology, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204
| | - A M Gardner
- Division of Pesticide Chemistry and Toxicology, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204
| | - T Osgood
- Division of Pesticide Chemistry and Toxicology, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204
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