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Espay AJ, Stocchi F, Pahwa R, Albanese A, Ellenbogen A, Ferreira JJ, Giladi N, Gurevich T, Hassin-Baer S, Hernandez-Vara J, Isaacson SH, Kieburtz K, LeWitt PA, Lopez-Manzanares L, Olanow CW, Poewe W, Sarva H, Yardeni T, Adar L, Salin L, Lopes N, Sasson N, Case R, Rascol O. Safety and efficacy of continuous subcutaneous levodopa-carbidopa infusion (ND0612) for Parkinson's disease with motor fluctuations (BouNDless): a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, multicentre trial. Lancet Neurol 2024; 23:465-476. [PMID: 38499015 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(24)00052-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conventional oral levodopa therapy for the treatment of Parkinson's disease can be associated with variations in plasma concentrations. Levodopa infusion strategies might provide more consistent drug delivery and fewer motor fluctuations. We aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of a continuous 24 h/day subcutaneous infusion of ND0612 (a levodopa-carbidopa solution) compared with oral immediate-release levodopa-carbidopa for the treatment of motor fluctuations in people with Parkinson's disease. METHODS We conducted a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, active-controlled, multicentre trial at 117 academic and community neurology sites in 16 countries, including in Europe, Israel, and the USA. Eligible participants were men and women aged 30 years or older with a diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (Hoehn and Yahr stage ≤3 in the on state) who experienced at least 2·5 h/day of off time. Participants underwent an open-label run-in phase (<12 weeks), during which time optimal regimens were established for both oral immediate-release levodopa-carbidopa and for 24 h/day subcutaneous ND0612 infusion (levodopa-carbidopa 60·0/7·5 mg/mL), with supplemental oral levodopa-carbidopa if needed. Participants were then randomly assigned (1:1) to 12 weeks of double-blind treatment with their optimised regimen of either subcutaneous ND0612 or oral levodopa-carbidopa, with matching oral or subcutaneous placebo given as required to maintain blinding. Randomisation was done via an interactive web response system, stratified by region, using a permuted block schedule. Participants, study partners, treating investigators, study site personnel, and the sponsor were masked to treatment group allocation. The primary efficacy endpoint was the change from baseline (ie, time of randomisation, when all patients were receiving an optimised open-label ND0612 regimen) to end of the double-blind phase in total daily on time without troublesome dyskinesia, analysed by intention to treat. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04006210, and is complete. FINDINGS Between Sept 30, 2019, and April 8, 2022, 381 participants were enrolled, of whom 259 (68%) were randomly assigned, 128 (49%) to subcutaneous ND0612 and 131 (51%) to oral levodopa-carbidopa. 243 (94%) participants completed the study. Treatment with subcutaneous ND0612 provided an additional 1·72 h (95% CI 1·08 to 2·36) of on time without troublesome dyskinesia compared with oral levodopa-carbidopa (change from baseline of -0·48 h [-0·94 to -0·02] with subcutaneous ND0612 vs -2·20 h [-2·65 to -1·74] with oral levodopa-carbidopa; p<0·0001). Significant treatment differences favouring subcutaneous ND0612 were also found in the first four of nine prespecified hierarchical outcomes of daily off time (-1·40 h [95% CI -1·99 to -0·80]), Movement Disorders Society-Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part II scores (-3·05 [-4·28 to -1·81]), Patients Global Impression of Change (odds ratio [OR] 5·31 [2·67 to 10·58]), and Clinical Global Impression of Improvement (OR 7·23 [3·57 to 14·64]). Hierarchical testing ended after the fourth secondary endpoint. Adverse events were reported by 287 (89%) of 322 participants during open-label ND0612 optimisation, and by 103 (80%) of 128 in the ND0612 group and 97 (74%) of 131 in the oral levodopa-carbidopa group during the double-blind phase. The most common adverse events were infusion-site reactions (266 [83%] participants during open-label ND0612, and 73 [57%] in the ND0612 group vs 56 [43%] in the oral levodopa-carbidopa group during the double-blind phase), most of which were mild. Serious adverse events in four participants in the ND0612 group were related to study treatment (infusion-site cellulitis [n=2], infusion-site abscess and infusion-site ulcer [n=1]; and paraesthesia and peripheral sensorimotor neuropathy [n=1]). One participant in the ND0612 group died during the double-blind phase, but the death was not related to study treatment (fall leading to traumatic brain injury). INTERPRETATION Results of this phase 3 study showed that subcutaneous ND0612 used in combination with oral immediate-release levodopa-carbidopa increased on time without troublesome dyskinesia and reduced off time, with a favourable benefit-risk profile. ND0612 might offer a safe and efficacious subcutaneous levodopa infusion approach to managing motor fluctuations in people with Parkinson's disease. The ongoing open-label extension phase will provide further information on the long-term efficacy and safety of treatment. FUNDING NeuroDerm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto J Espay
- James J and Joan A Gardner Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Fabrizio Stocchi
- Department of Neurology, University San Raffaele Roma and Institute for Research and Medical Care IRCCS San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
| | - Rajesh Pahwa
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Alberto Albanese
- Department of Neurology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Aaron Ellenbogen
- Michigan Institute for Neurological Disorders, Farmington Hills, MI, USA
| | - Joaquim J Ferreira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Campus Neurológico Sénior, Torres Vedras, Portugal
| | - Nir Giladi
- Brain Institute, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Sagol School of Neurosciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tanya Gurevich
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Sagol School of Neurosciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sharon Hassin-Baer
- Movement Disorders Institute, Department of Neurology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jorge Hernandez-Vara
- Neurology Department and Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Group, Vall D'Hebron Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital Universitari Vall D'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stuart H Isaacson
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center of Boca Raton, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | | | - Peter A LeWitt
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - C Warren Olanow
- Clintrex Research Corp, Sarasota, FL, USA; Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Werner Poewe
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Olivier Rascol
- University of Toulouse 3, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, Clinical Investigation Center CIC1436, Department of Neurosciences and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Toulouse, France; NS-Park/FCRIN Network, Toulouse, France.
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Nolan-Stevaux O, Li C, Liang L, Zhan J, Estrada J, Osgood T, Li F, Zhang H, Case R, Murawsky CM, Estes B, Moore GL, Bernett MJ, Muchhal U, Desjarlais JR, Staley BK, Stevens J, Cooke KS, Aeffner F, Thomas O, Stieglmaier J, Lee JL, Coxon A, Bailis JM. AMG 509 (Xaluritamig), an Anti-STEAP1 XmAb 2+1 T-cell Redirecting Immune Therapy with Avidity-Dependent Activity against Prostate Cancer. Cancer Discov 2024; 14:90-103. [PMID: 37861452 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-23-0984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
The tumor-associated antigen STEAP1 is a potential therapeutic target that is expressed in most prostate tumors and at increased levels in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). We developed a STEAP1-targeted XmAb 2+1 T-cell engager (TCE) molecule, AMG 509 (also designated xaluritamig), that is designed to redirect T cells to kill prostate cancer cells that express STEAP1. AMG 509 mediates potent T cell-dependent cytotoxicity of prostate cancer cell lines in vitro and promotes tumor regression in xenograft and syngeneic mouse models of prostate cancer in vivo. The avidity-driven activity of AMG 509 enables selectivity for tumor cells with high STEAP1 expression compared with normal cells. AMG 509 is the first STEAP1 TCE to advance to clinical testing, and we report a case study of a patient with mCRPC who achieved an objective response on AMG 509 treatment. SIGNIFICANCE Immunotherapy in prostate cancer has met with limited success due to the immunosuppressive microenvironment and lack of tumor-specific targets. AMG 509 provides a targeted immunotherapy approach to engage a patient's T cells to kill STEAP1-expressing tumor cells and represents a new treatment option for mCRPC and potentially more broadly for prostate cancer. See related commentary by Hage Chehade et al., p. 20. See related article by Kelly et al., p. 76. This article is featured in Selected Articles from This Issue, p. 5.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cong Li
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Lingming Liang
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Jinghui Zhan
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Juan Estrada
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Tao Osgood
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Fei Li
- Structural Biology, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Hanzhi Zhang
- Structural Biology, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Ryan Case
- Lead Discovery and Characterization, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Bram Estes
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California
| | | | | | | | | | - Binnaz K Staley
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Jennitte Stevens
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Keegan S Cooke
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Famke Aeffner
- Translational Safety and Bioanalytical Sciences, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Oliver Thomas
- Translational Safety and Bioanalytical Sciences, Amgen Research (Munich) GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Stieglmaier
- Early Development Oncology, Amgen Research (Munich) GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | - Jae-Lyun Lee
- Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Angela Coxon
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Julie M Bailis
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California
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LeWitt PA, Stocchi F, Arkadir D, Caraco Y, Adar L, Perlstein I, Case R, Giladi N. The pharmacokinetics of continuous subcutaneous levodopa/carbidopa infusion: Findings from the ND0612 clinical development program. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1036068. [PMID: 36438968 PMCID: PMC9686322 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1036068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While treatment with levodopa remains the cornerstone of Parkinson's disease (PD) management, chronic oral therapy is often associated with the development of motor complications, that correlate to fluctuating levodopa plasma concentrations, limiting its clinical utility. Continuous infusion is considered to be the optimal delivery route for treating PD patients with motor fluctuations, but current infusion systems require invasive surgery. Subcutaneous infusion of (SC) levodopa has the potential to provide a better tolerated and more convenient route of continuous levodopa delivery. ND0612 is in development as a combination product providing continuous levodopa/carbidopa via a minimally invasive, subcutaneous delivery system for PD patients experiencing motor response fluctuations. We present pharmacokinetic results from a series of studies that analyzed plasma concentrations after SC levodopa delivery with ND0612 to inform the clinical development program. METHODS We performed a series of six Phase I and II studies to characterize the pharmacokinetics of levodopa and carbidopa derived from ND0612 infusion with/without adjunct oral therapy of the same ingredients. These studies were conducted in healthy volunteers and in PD patients experiencing motor response fluctuations while on their current levodopa therapy regimen. RESULTS Taken together, the results demonstrate dose-proportionality dependent on rate of subcutaneous levodopa infusion leading to stable and sustained plasma concentrations of levodopa. Subcutaneous infusion of ND0612 administered with oral levodopa/carbidopa maintained near-constant, therapeutic levodopa plasma concentrations, thereby avoiding the troughs in levodopa plasma concentrations that are associated with OFF time in PD. The data generated in this series of studies also confirmed that a levodopa/carbidopa dose ratio of 8:1 would be the most reasonable choice for ND0612 development. CONCLUSIONS This series of clinical pharmacokinetic studies have demonstrated that ND0612, administered continuously with a levodopa concentration of 60 mg/ml combined with carbidopa 7.5 mg/ml, and complemented with oral levodopa/carbidopa, is suitable for 24 h continuous administration in patients with PD. The stable plasma concentrations of levodopa achieved predict utility of ND0612 as a parenteral formulation for achieving clinically useful delivery of levodopa for PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. LeWitt
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Fabrizio Stocchi
- Department of Neurology, University and Institute for Research and Medical Care Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
| | - David Arkadir
- Department of Neurology, The Faculty of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yoseph Caraco
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Division of Medicine, Hadassah Hebrew-University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | | | - Nir Giladi
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv Medical Center and Sagol School of Neurosciences, Neurological Institute, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
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4
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Giladi N, Gurevich T, Djaldetti R, Adar L, Case R, Leibman-Barak S, Sasson N, Caraco Y. ND0612 (levodopa/carbidopa for subcutaneous infusion) in patients with Parkinson's disease and motor response fluctuations: A randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2 study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2021; 91:139-145. [PMID: 34619438 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION ND0612 is a continuous, subcutaneous levodopa/carbidopa delivery system under development for patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and motor fluctuations. METHODS This was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, 2-period study evaluating the safety and pharmacokinetics of ND0612 in PD patients on an optimized oral levodopa regimen and experiencing ≥2 h/day of OFF time. During Period-1, patients received their current standard of care (SoC) levodopa/carbidopa and were randomized (2:1) to 14 days treatment with adjunct ND0612 (daily levodopa/carbidopa dose of 270/63 mg) or placebo infusion +SoC. During Period-2, 16 patients were randomized to receive 7 days treatment with ND0612 or ND0612 plus oral entacapone. Reduction in OFF time was analyzed as an exploratory measure using a futility design with a predefined margin of 1.6 h. RESULTS ND0612 was well-tolerated; most patients experienced infusion site nodules (95% vs. 56% with placebo), which all resolved without sequelae. Patients treated with adjunct ND0612 during Period-1 avoided deep troughs in levodopa plasma levels and had a decreased fluctuation index versus placebo (1.6 ± 0.5 vs 3.1 ± 1.6 at end of Period-1, respectively). In Period-2, the coadministration of entacapone with continuous ND0612 SC infusion translated to an increase in mean levodopa AUC0-10h compared to baseline. Exploratory efficacy analysis of Period 1 showed mean ± SD OFF time reductions of -2.13 ± 2.24 [90%CI: -2.8, ∞] hours (p = 0.84 using H0 of μ0 ≤-1.6). CONCLUSION Levodopa/carbidopa infusion with ND0612 was generally well-tolerated and resulted in reduced fluctuations in plasma levodopa concentrations when given with SoC oral levodopa. ND0612 met the efficacy endpoint for the futility design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Giladi
- Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Medical Center, 6 Weizmann Street, Tel Aviv, 6423906, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel.
| | - Tanya Gurevich
- Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Medical Center, 6 Weizmann Street, Tel Aviv, 6423906, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Ruth Djaldetti
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel; Department of Neurology, Rabin Medical Center, Zeev Jabotinsky St 39, Petah Tikva, 49100, Israel
| | - Liat Adar
- NeuroDerm Ltd, 3 Pekeris Street, Ruhrberg Science Bldg., Rabin Science Park, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ryan Case
- NeuroDerm Ltd, 3 Pekeris Street, Ruhrberg Science Bldg., Rabin Science Park, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shelly Leibman-Barak
- NeuroDerm Ltd, 3 Pekeris Street, Ruhrberg Science Bldg., Rabin Science Park, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nissim Sasson
- NeuroDerm Ltd, 3 Pekeris Street, Ruhrberg Science Bldg., Rabin Science Park, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yoseph Caraco
- Hadassah Medical Center, Kalman Ya'akov Man St, Jerusalem, 91200, Israel
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Poewe W, Stocchi F, Arkadir D, Ebersbach G, Ellenbogen AL, Giladi N, Isaacson SH, Kieburtz K, LeWitt P, Olanow CW, Simuni T, Thomas A, Zlotogorski A, Adar L, Case R, Oren S, Fuchs Orenbach S, Rosenfeld O, Sasson N, Yardeni T, Espay AJ. Subcutaneous Levodopa Infusion for Parkinson's Disease: 1-Year Data from the Open-Label BeyoND Study. Mov Disord 2021; 36:2687-2692. [PMID: 34496081 PMCID: PMC9291977 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continuous, subcutaneous (SC) levodopa/carbidopa infusion with ND0612 is under development as a treatment for patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and motor fluctuations. OBJECTIVE Evaluate 1-year safety data. METHODS BeyoND is an open-label study evaluating the long-term safety of two ND0612 dosing regimens. RESULTS Of the 214 enrolled patients (24-hour SC infusion: n = 90; 16-hour SC infusion: n = 124), 120 (56%) completed 12 months of treatment. Leading causes for study discontinuation were consent withdrawal (19.6%) and adverse events (17.3%). Rates of discontinuation were reduced from 49% to 29% after a protocol revision and retraining. Systemic safety was typical for PD patients treated with levodopa/carbidopa. Most patients experienced infusion site reactions, particularly nodules (30.8%) and hematoma (25.2%), which were judged mostly mild to moderate and led to discontinuation in only 10.3% of the participants. CONCLUSIONS Subcutaneous levodopa/carbidopa continuous infusion with ND0612 is generally safe, with typical infusion site reactions for SC delivery as the main adverse event. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Poewe
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Fabrizio Stocchi
- University and Institute for Research and Medical Care IRCCS San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
| | - David Arkadir
- Department of Neurology, The Faculty of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Georg Ebersbach
- Movement Disorder Clinic, Beelitz-Heilstaetten, Beelitz, Germany
| | - Aaron L Ellenbogen
- Michigan Institute for Neurological Disorders, Farmington Hills, Michigan, USA
| | - Nir Giladi
- Tel Aviv Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Sagol School of Neurosciences, Neurological Institute, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Stuart H Isaacson
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center of Boca Raton, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
| | - Karl Kieburtz
- Departments of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | | | - C Warren Olanow
- Departments of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Tanya Simuni
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Astrid Thomas
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences and Center of Advanced Studies and Technology CAST, University Chieti Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Abraham Zlotogorski
- Department of Dermatology, The Faculty of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alberto J Espay
- James J. and Joan A. Gardner Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Ellwanger DC, Wang S, Brioschi S, Shao Z, Green L, Case R, Yoo D, Weishuhn D, Rathanaswami P, Bradley J, Rao S, Cha D, Luan P, Sambashivan S, Gilfillan S, Hasson SA, Foltz IN, van Lookeren Campagne M, Colonna M. Prior activation state shapes the microglia response to antihuman TREM2 in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2017742118. [PMID: 33446504 PMCID: PMC7826333 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2017742118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) sustains microglia response to brain injury stimuli including apoptotic cells, myelin damage, and amyloid β (Aβ). Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk is associated with the TREM2R47H variant, which impairs ligand binding and consequently microglia responses to Aβ pathology. Here, we show that TREM2 engagement by the mAb hT2AB as surrogate ligand activates microglia in 5XFAD transgenic mice that accumulate Aβ and express either the common TREM2 variant (TREM2CV) or TREM2R47H scRNA-seq of microglia from TREM2CV-5XFAD mice treated once with control hIgG1 exposed four distinct trajectories of microglia activation leading to disease-associated (DAM), interferon-responsive (IFN-R), cycling (Cyc-M), and MHC-II expressing (MHC-II) microglia types. All of these were underrepresented in TREM2R47H-5XFAD mice, suggesting that TREM2 ligand engagement is required for microglia activation trajectories. Moreover, Cyc-M and IFN-R microglia were more abundant in female than male TREM2CV-5XFAD mice, likely due to greater Aβ load in female 5XFAD mice. A single systemic injection of hT2AB replenished Cyc-M, IFN-R, and MHC-II pools in TREM2R47H-5XFAD mice. In TREM2CV-5XFAD mice, however, hT2AB brought the representation of male Cyc-M and IFN-R microglia closer to that of females, in which these trajectories had already reached maximum capacity. Moreover, hT2AB induced shifts in gene expression patterns in all microglial pools without affecting representation. Repeated treatment with a murinized hT2AB version over 10 d increased chemokines brain content in TREM2R47H-5XFAD mice, consistent with microglia expansion. Thus, the impact of hT2AB on microglia is shaped by the extent of TREM2 endogenous ligand engagement and basal microglia activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Ellwanger
- Genome Analysis Unit, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Shoutang Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110
| | - Simone Brioschi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110
| | - Zhifei Shao
- Department of Inflammation and Oncology, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Lydia Green
- Department of Biologics Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Burnaby, BC, V5A1V7 Canada
| | - Ryan Case
- Discovery Attribute Sciences, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Daniel Yoo
- Department of Biologics Optimization, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320
| | - Dawn Weishuhn
- Department of Biologics Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Burnaby, BC, V5A1V7 Canada
| | | | - Jodi Bradley
- Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Sara Rao
- Department of Inflammation and Oncology, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Diana Cha
- Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Peng Luan
- Department of Translational Safety and Bioanalytical Sciences, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320
| | - Shilpa Sambashivan
- Genome Analysis Unit, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Susan Gilfillan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110
| | - Samuel A Hasson
- Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Ian N Foltz
- Department of Biologics Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Burnaby, BC, V5A1V7 Canada
| | | | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110;
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Abstract
The extensive and on-going epidemiology studies of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic have raised interesting observations on statins reducing COVID-19 severity. In this review, literature is analysed to examine how statins affect COVID-19 and influenza A, another pandemic respiratory virus. This information could be useful to prevent or reduce disease severity caused by respiratory viruses.
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Dedicatoria M, Klaus S, Case R, Na S, Ludwick E, Wu D, Quattrochi L. AI detection of M. Tuberculosis pathogens using Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) analyses. Eur J Public Health 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckaa165.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Rapid identification of pathogens is critical to outbreak detection and sentinel surveillance; however most diagnoses are made in laboratory settings. Advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) and computer vision offer unprecedented opportunities to facilitate detection and reduce response time in field settings. An initial step is the creation of analysis algorithms for offline mobile computing applications.
Methods
AI models to identify objects using computer vision are typically “trained” on previously labeled images. The scarcity of labeled image-libraries creates a bottleneck, requiring thousands of labor hours to annotate images by hand to create “training data.” We describe the applicability of Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) methods to amass sufficient training data with minimal manual input.
Results
Our AI models are built with a performance score of 0.84-0.93 for M. Tuberculosis, a measure of the AI model's accuracy using precision and recall. Our results demonstrate that our GAN pipeline boosts model robustness and learnability of sparse open source data.
Conclusions
The use of labeled training data to identify M. Tuberculosis developed using our GAN pipeline techniques demonstrates the potential for rapid identification of known pathogens in field settings. Our work paves the way for the development of offline mobile computing applications to identify pathogens outside of a laboratory setting. Advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) and computer vision offer unprecedented opportunities to decrease detection time in field settings by combining these technologies. Further development of these capabilities can improve time-to-detection and outbreak response significantly.
Key messages
Rapidly deploy AI detectors to aid in disease outbreak and surveillance. Our concept aligns with deploying responsive alerting capabilities to address dynamic threats in low resource, offline computing environs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S Klaus
- Public Sector, The MITRE Corporation, McLean, USA
| | - R Case
- Public Sector, The MITRE Corporation, McLean, USA
| | - S Na
- Public Sector, The MITRE Corporation, McLean, USA
| | - E Ludwick
- Public Sector, The MITRE Corporation, McLean, USA
| | - D Wu
- Public Sector, The MITRE Corporation, McLean, USA
| | - L Quattrochi
- Public Sector, The MITRE Corporation, McLean, USA
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9
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Brauchle B, Goldstein RL, Karbowski CM, Henn A, Li CM, Bücklein VL, Krupka C, Boyle MC, Koppikar P, Haubner S, Wahl J, Dahlhoff C, Raum T, Rardin MJ, Sastri C, Rock DA, von Bergwelt-Baildon M, Frank B, Metzeler KH, Case R, Friedrich M, Balazs M, Spiekermann K, Coxon A, Subklewe M, Arvedson T. Characterization of a Novel FLT3 BiTE Molecule for the Treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:1875-1888. [PMID: 32518207 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-1093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), novel therapies are needed to induce deeper and more durable clinical response. Bispecific T-cell Engager (BiTE) molecules, which redirect patient T cells to lyse tumor cells, are a clinically validated modality for hematologic malignancies. Due to broad AML expression and limited normal tissue expression, fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) is proposed to be an optimal BiTE molecule target. Expression profiling of FLT3 was performed in primary AML patient samples and normal hematopoietic cells and nonhematopoietic tissues. Two novel FLT3 BiTE molecules, one with a half-life extending (HLE) Fc moiety and one without, were assessed for T-cell-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (TDCC) of FLT3-positive cell lines in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo FLT3 protein was detected on the surface of most primary AML bulk and leukemic stem cells but only a fraction of normal hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. FLT3 protein detected in nonhematopoietic cells was cytoplasmic. FLT3 BiTE molecules induced TDCC of FLT3-positive cells in vitro, reduced tumor growth and increased survival in AML mouse models in vivo Both molecules exhibited reproducible pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles in cynomolgus monkeys in vivo, including elimination of FLT3-positive cells in blood and bone marrow. In ex vivo cultures of primary AML samples, patient T cells induced TDCC of FLT3-positive target cells. Combination with PD-1 blockade increased BiTE activity. These data support the clinical development of an FLT3 targeting BiTE molecule for the treatment of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Brauchle
- Gene Center, Laboratory for Translational Cancer Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Anja Henn
- Amgen Research Munich GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | - Chi-Ming Li
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Veit L Bücklein
- Gene Center, Laboratory for Translational Cancer Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Krupka
- Gene Center, Laboratory for Translational Cancer Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Sascha Haubner
- Gene Center, Laboratory for Translational Cancer Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Dan A Rock
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Michael von Bergwelt-Baildon
- Gene Center, Laboratory for Translational Cancer Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Brendon Frank
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Klaus H Metzeler
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ryan Case
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - Karsten Spiekermann
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (ELLF), Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Marion Subklewe
- Gene Center, Laboratory for Translational Cancer Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany. .,Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tara Arvedson
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California.
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10
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Shen S, Sckisel G, Sahoo A, Lalani A, Otter DD, Pearson J, DeVoss J, Cheng J, Casey SC, Case R, Yang M, Low R, Daris M, Fan B, Agrawal NJ, Ali K. Engineered IL-21 Cytokine Muteins Fused to Anti-PD-1 Antibodies Can Improve CD8+ T Cell Function and Anti-tumor Immunity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:832. [PMID: 32457754 PMCID: PMC7225340 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors that block the programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) pathway can potentiate endogenous antitumor immunity and have markedly improved cancer survival rates across a broad range of indications. However, these treatments work for only a minority of patients. The efficacy of anti-PD-1 inhibitors may be extended by cytokines, however, the incorporation of cytokines into therapeutic regimens has significant challenges. In their natural form when administered as recombinant proteins, cytokine treatments are often associated with low response rates. Most cytokines have a short half-life which limits their exposure and efficacy. In addition, cytokines can activate counterregulatory pathways, in the case of immune-potentiating cytokines this can lead to immune suppression and thereby diminish their potential efficacy. Improving the drug-like properties of natural cytokines using protein engineering can yield synthetic cytokines with improved bioavailability and tissue targeting, allowing for enhanced efficacy and reduced off-target effects. Using structure guided engineering we have designed a novel class of antibody-cytokine fusion proteins consisting of a PD-1 targeting antibody fused together with an interleukin-21 (IL-21) cytokine mutein. Our bifunctional fusion proteins can block PD-1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) interaction whilst simultaneously delivering IL-21 cytokine to PD-1 expressing T cells. Targeted delivery of IL-21 can improve T cell function in a manner that is superior to anti-PD-1 monotherapy. Fusion of engineered IL-21 variants to anti-PD1 antibodies can improve the drug-like properties of IL-21 cytokine leading to improved cytokine serum half-life allowing for less frequent dosing. In addition, we show that targeted delivery of IL-21 can minimize any potential detrimental effect on local antigen-presenting cells. A highly attenuated IL-21 mutein variant (R9E:R76A) fused to a PD-1 antibody provides protection in a humanized mouse model of cancer that is refractory to anti-PD-1 monotherapy. Collectively, our preclinical data demonstrate that this approach may improve upon and extend the utility of anti-PD-1 therapeutics currently in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanling Shen
- Departments of Oncology Research, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Gail Sckisel
- Departments of Oncology Research, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Anupama Sahoo
- Departments of Oncology Research, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Almin Lalani
- Departments of Oncology Research, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Doug Den Otter
- Departments of Oncology Research, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Josh Pearson
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jason DeVoss
- Departments of Oncology Research, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jay Cheng
- Departments of Oncology Research, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Stephanie C. Casey
- Departments of Oncology Research, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Ryan Case
- Discovery Attribute Sciences, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Melissa Yang
- Biologics Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
| | - Ray Low
- Biologics Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
| | - Mark Daris
- Biologics Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
| | - Bin Fan
- Biologics Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
| | - Neeraj J. Agrawal
- Biologics Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
| | - Khaled Ali
- Departments of Oncology Research, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, United States
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11
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Ginn RE, Packard VS, Fox TL, Arnold E, Barnett J, Bulthaus M, Bushman P, Case R, Crevey N, Fenelon M, Fuqua R, Gilman C, Hawkinson J, Heady J, Hendrickson H, Koenig E, Messer J, Mullen R, Phillips M, Santorello J, Slamp R, Wehr M, Zimmerman A. Enumeration of Total Bacteria and Coliforms in Milk by Dry Rehydratable Film Methods: Collaborative Study. J AOAC Int 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/69.3.527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Eleven laboratories participated in a collaborative study to compare the dry rehydratable film (Petrifilm® SM and Petrifilm® VRB) methods, respectively, to the standard plate count (SPC) and violet red bile agar (VRBA) standard methods for estimation of total bacteria and coliform counts in raw and homogenized pasteurized milk. Each laboratory analyzed 16 samples (8 different samples in blind duplicate) for total count by both the SPC and Petrifilm SM methods. A second set of 16 samples was analyzed by the VRBA and Petrifilm VRB methods. The repeatability standard deviations (the square root of the between-replicates variance) of the SPC, Petrifilm SM, VRBA, and Petrifilm VRB methods were 0.0S104, 0.0444, 0.14606, and 0.13806, respectively; the reproducibility standard deviations were 0.7197, C.06380, 0.15326, and 0.13806, respectively. The difference between the mean Iog10 SPC and the mean logio Petrifilm SM results was 0.027. For the VRBA and Petrifilm VRB methods, the mean log10 difference was 0.013. These results generally indicate the suitability of the dry rehydratable film methods as alternatives to the SPC and VRBA methods for milk samples. The methods have been adopted official first action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy E Ginn
- Dairy Quality Control Institute, Inc., 2353 Rice St, St. Paul, MN 55113
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12
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Paratz E, Rowsell L, Zentner D, Parsons S, Morgan N, Thompson T, James P, Pflaumer A, Semsarian C, Case R, Smith K, Stub D, La Gerche A. 260 The First Australian Multi-Source Sudden Cardiac Death Registry: Methodology and Early Findings. Heart Lung Circ 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2020.09.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Zuch de Zafra CL, Fajardo F, Zhong W, Bernett MJ, Muchhal US, Moore GL, Stevens J, Case R, Pearson JT, Liu S, McElroy PL, Canon J, Desjarlais JR, Coxon A, Balazs M, Nolan-Stevaux O. Targeting Multiple Myeloma with AMG 424, a Novel Anti-CD38/CD3 Bispecific T-cell–recruiting Antibody Optimized for Cytotoxicity and Cytokine Release. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:3921-3933. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-2752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Roumie CL, Patel NJ, Muñoz D, Bachmann J, Stahl A, Case R, Leak C, Rothman R, Kripalani S. Design and outcomes of the Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute coronary heart disease cohort study. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2018; 10:42-49. [PMID: 29696157 PMCID: PMC5898539 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) established Clinical Data Research Networks (CDRNs) to support pragmatic research. The objective was to electronically identify, recruit, and survey coronary heart disease (CHD) patients and describe their characteristics, health status, and willingness to participate in future research. Methods We developed a computable phenotype and assembled CHD patients 30 years or older and had visits or hospitalizations between 2009 and 2015. A sample of patients was surveyed between August 2014 and September 2015. Survey administration included the following methods: face-to-face, telephone, paper or web portal. Survey items covered broad domains including: health literacy and numeracy, and socio-demographics, physical and mental health, health behaviors, access to medical care, and willingness to participate in future research. Results Of 5517 approached patients, 2605 completed the survey. Participants were mostly white (∼88%), male (68%) and had a median age of 69 years (interquartile range [IQR] 61–76 years). Most respondents' health literacy and numeracy were adequate (83.2% and 84.3%, respectively). Only 4% of respondents reported that their overall health or physical health was excellent. The majority (∼58%) reported that their health was good or very good, while 40% reported that their general and physical health were fair or poor. The majority reported that their quality of life was good to excellent (81%). Limitations in physical health and function were common, including often/always having fatigue (25%), pain (38.7%), or sleep difficulty (19.7%). A patient sample (n = 1936) was provided with a trial summary which would randomize their aspirin dose; and 63% reported that they would consider participating. Conclusion Many patients with CHD had limitations in physical health. However, the majority reported a good or excellent quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christianne L Roumie
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.,Veterans Health Administration-Tennessee Valley Healthcare System Geriatric Research Education Clinical Center (GRECC), HSR&D Center, Nashville, TN, United States.,Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.,Center for Clinical Quality and Implementation Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Niral J Patel
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.,Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.,Center for Clinical Quality and Implementation Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Daniel Muñoz
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.,Vanderbilt Translational and Clinical Cardiovascular Research Center (VTRACC), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Justin Bachmann
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.,Vanderbilt Translational and Clinical Cardiovascular Research Center (VTRACC), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Ashton Stahl
- Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Ryan Case
- Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Cardella Leak
- Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Russell Rothman
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.,Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.,Center for Clinical Quality and Implementation Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Sunil Kripalani
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.,Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.,Center for Clinical Quality and Implementation Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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15
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Case R, Schollmeyer H, Kohl P, Sirota EB, Pynn R, Ewert KE, Safinya CR, Li Y. Hydration forces between aligned DNA helices undergoing B to A conformational change: In-situ X-ray fiber diffraction studies in a humidity and temperature controlled environment. J Struct Biol 2017; 200:283-292. [PMID: 28734842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Hydration forces between DNA molecules in the A- and B-Form were studied using a newly developed technique enabling simultaneous in situ control of temperature and relative humidity. X-ray diffraction data were collected from oriented calf-thymus DNA fibers in the relative humidity range of 98%-70%, during which DNA undergoes the B- to A-form transition. Coexistence of both forms was observed over a finite humidity range at the transition. The change in DNA separation in response to variation in humidity, i.e. change of chemical potential, led to the derivation of a force-distance curve with a characteristic exponential decay constant of∼2Å for both A- and B-DNA. While previous osmotic stress measurements had yielded similar force-decay constants, they were limited to B-DNA with a surface separation (wall-to-wall distance) typically>5Å. The current investigation confirms that the hydration force remains dominant even in the dry A-DNA state and at surface separation down to∼1.5Å, within the first hydration shell. It is shown that the observed chemical potential difference between the A and B states could be attributed to the water layer inside the major and minor grooves of the A-DNA double helices, which can partially interpenetrate each other in the tightly packed A phase. The humidity-controlled X-ray diffraction method described here can be employed to perform direct force measurements on a broad range of biological structures such as membranes and filamentous protein networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Case
- Materials, Physics and Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Departments, University of California at Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States
| | - Hauke Schollmeyer
- Materials, Physics and Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Departments, University of California at Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States
| | - Phillip Kohl
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California at Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States
| | - Eric B Sirota
- Corporate Strategic Research, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Co., Annandale, NJ 08801, United States
| | - Roger Pynn
- Department of Physics and Center for the Exploration of Energy and Matter, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47408, United States; Neutron Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Kai E Ewert
- Materials, Physics and Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Departments, University of California at Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States
| | - Cyrus R Safinya
- Materials, Physics and Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Departments, University of California at Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States.
| | - Youli Li
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California at Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States.
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16
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Cartledge S, Finn J, Bray J, Case R, Barker L, Missen D, Shaw J, Stub D. Incorporating Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Training into a Cardiac Rehabilitation Program: A Feasibility Study. Heart Lung Circ 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2017.06.705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Moody GE, Moriguchi J, Li S, Lee F, Frank B, Gilbert A, Case R, Dang K, Hinkle B, Coberly S, Rottman J, Merriam K, Bailis J, Beltran PJ. Abstract 2968: A novel bispecific CD3/CDH19 antibody construct (CDH19 BiTE) directs potent killing of melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo and is enhanced by blockade of PD-L1. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-2968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
CDH19 is an unconventional type 2 cadherin widely expressed in malignant melanoma with limited expression in normal tissues. RNAseq and immunohistochemical analysis of
CDH19 in human samples confirmed its over-expression in >60% of melanoma, whereas normal expression primarily occurred in tissues derived from the neural crest such as nerve fibers and autonomic ganglia. CD3 based bi-specific T-cell engagers (BiTEs) were used to determine if redirected lysis of T-cells against CDH19 would drive anti-tumor efficacy. In vitro, the CDH19 BiTEs were high affinity binders to both human and cyno CDH19, and were able to induce specific T-cell activation and cytotoxicity against a panel of melanoma cell lines. In addition, soluble CDH19 levels were detected in human serum and the effects of BiTE cytotoxicity toward melanoma cells in the presence of soluble CDH19 was investigated. In vivo studies were conducted to confirm the specificity and activity of CDH19 BiTEs in xenograft models of melanoma. The CDH19 BiTE AMG-CDH19X was able to cause tumor growth inhibition in models expressing as few as 250 receptors per cell, and inhibition of tumor growth was enhanced by the addition of a blocking antibody against PD-L1. Immunohistochemical analysis of post-treatment xenograft samples suggested that anti-PD-L1 the persistence of tumor reactive T cells, and provided rationale for combining a BiTE against CDH19 with a PD-1 or PD-L1 blocking antibody in melanoma. In summary, targeting CDH19 presents a promising novel opportunity for BiTEs in the treatment of melanoma, both alone and in combination with current standard of care.
Citation Format: Gordon E. Moody, Jodi Moriguchi, Shyun Li, Fei Lee, Brendon Frank, Amy Gilbert, Ryan Case, Khue Dang, Beth Hinkle, Suzanne Coberly, James Rottman, Kim Merriam, Julie Bailis, Pedro J. Beltran. A novel bispecific CD3/CDH19 antibody construct (CDH19 BiTE) directs potent killing of melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo and is enhanced by blockade of PD-L1. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 2968.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fei Lee
- Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA
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18
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Bailis JM, Orf JN, Sternjak A, Belmontes B, Case R, Grinberg N, Chang W, Hinkle B, Friedrich M. Abstract 4999: Cellular mechanism of action of bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE®) antibody constructs targeting Folate Receptor 1. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-4999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Bispecific T-cell engaging (BiTE®) antibody constructs connect T cells to target-positive cells to induce cytotoxicity. Clinical proof of concept was achieved in B cell malignancies with the anti-CD19 BiTE® Blincyto®, and several BiTE® antibody constructs are currently in development for solid tumor indications. With the goal of developing a BiTE® for ovarian cancer, we focused on targeting the Folate Receptor (FOLR1). FOLR1 mRNA and protein are highly expressed in >80% of ovarian tumor samples. The FOLR1 protein localizes to the cell membrane of ovarian tumor epithelial cells, whereas in normal tissues such as kidney tubules expression is restricted to the apical cell layer. We generated human FOLR1-BITE® antibody constructs that cross react to cynomolgus monkey and here present the preclinical characterization of these molecules. FOLR1-BiTE® antibody constructs had low nanomolar binding affinity for FOLR1 but did not bind to other FOLR family members. The FOLR1-BiTE® antibody constructs recognized diverse epitopes of the FOLR1 protein. In vitro, binding of FOLR1-BiTE® to CD3 on T cells and FOLR1 on tumor cells led to upregulation of CD25, CD69 and GITR on T cells, as well as release of cytokines including TNF, IFNγ, IL-6 and MCP-1. T cell activation by FOLR1-BiTE® was strictly target cell-dependent. Using time lapse imaging, we demonstrated that T cells were recruited to cancer cells expressing FOLR1 to form a cytolytic synapse and induce target cell lysis. Cytotoxicity mediated by FOLR1-BiTE® antibody constructs occurred even at very low target expression levels (1000 receptors per cell), and was not impacted by the presence of soluble receptor at levels found in ovarian cancer patients. FOLR1-BiTE® antibody constructs also mediated redirected lysis of cell lines that were resistant to standard of care chemotherapy. The in vivo activity of the FOLR1-BiTE® was explored in mouse xenograft studies where immunocompromised mice were implanted with mixtures of human T cells and human cancer cell lines. Daily intraperitoneal administration of the BiTE® inhibited tumor growth, even though the serum half-life of the BiTE® was just a few hours.
Citation Format: Julie M. Bailis, Jessica N. Orf, Alexander Sternjak, Brian Belmontes, Ryan Case, Natalia Grinberg, Wesley Chang, Beth Hinkle, Matthias Friedrich. Cellular mechanism of action of bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE®) antibody constructs targeting Folate Receptor 1. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 4999.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ryan Case
- 1Amgen, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
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19
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Kydd JH, Case R, Winton C, MacRae S, Sharp E, Ricketts SL, Rash N, Newton JR. Polarisation of equine pregnancy outcome associated with a maternal MHC class I allele: Preliminary evidence. Vet Microbiol 2016; 188:34-40. [PMID: 27139027 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Identification of risk factors which are associated with severe clinical signs can assist in the management of disease outbreaks and indicate future research areas. Pregnancy loss during late gestation in the mare compromises welfare, reduces fecundity and has financial implications for horse owners. This retrospective study focussed on the identification of risk factors associated with pregnancy loss among 46 Thoroughbred mares on a single British stud farm, with some but not all losses involving equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) infection. In a sub-group of 30 mares, association between pregnancy loss and the presence of five common Thoroughbred horse haplotypes of the equine Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) was assessed. This involved development of sequence specific, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reactions and in several mares, measurement of cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity. Of the 46 mares, 10 suffered late gestation pregnancy loss or neonatal foal death, five of which were EHV-1 positive. Maternal factors including age, parity, number of EHV-1 specific vaccinations and the number of days between final vaccination and foaling or abortion were not significantly associated with pregnancy loss. In contrast, a statistically significant association between the presence of the MHC class I B2 allele and pregnancy loss was identified, regardless of the fetus/foal's EHV-1 status (p=0.002). In conclusion, this study demonstrated a significantly positive association between pregnancy loss in Thoroughbred mares and a specific MHC class I allele in the mother. This association requires independent validation and further investigation of the mechanism by which the mare's genetic background contributes to pregnancy outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Kydd
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - R Case
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK.
| | - C Winton
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - S MacRae
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK.
| | - E Sharp
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK.
| | - S L Ricketts
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK.
| | - N Rash
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK.
| | - J R Newton
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK.
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Case R, Thomas E, Clarke E, Peat G. Prodromal symptoms in knee osteoarthritis: a nested case-control study using data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2015; 23:1083-9. [PMID: 25843364 PMCID: PMC4491193 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In order to gain a better understanding of the timing of emergent symptoms of osteoarthritis, we sought to investigate the existence, duration and nature of a prodromal symptomatic phase preceding incident radiographic knee osteoarthritis (ROA). DESIGN Data were from the incidence cohort of the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) public use datasets. Imposing a nested case-control design, ten control knees were selected for each case of incident tibiofemoral ROA between 2004 and 2010 from participants aged 45-79 years. Candidate prodromal symptoms were Western Ontario & McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) and Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) subscale scores and individual items, available up to 4 years prior to the time of incident ROA. Multi-level models were used to estimate the length of the prodromal phases. RESULTS The prodromal phase for subscale scores ranged from 29 months (KOOS Other Symptoms) to 37 months (WOMAC Pain). Pain and difficulty on activities associated with higher dynamic knee loading were associated with longer prodromal phases (e.g., pain on twisting/pivoting (39 months, 95% confidence interval: 13, 64) vs pain on standing (25 months: 7, 42)). CONCLUSIONS Our analysis found that incident ROA is preceded by prodromal symptoms lasting at least 2-3 years. This has potential implications for understanding phasic development and progression of osteoarthritis and for early recognition and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Case
- Arthritis Research UK Primary Care Centre, Research Institute for Primary Care & Health Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, United Kingdom.
| | - E Thomas
- Arthritis Research UK Primary Care Centre, Research Institute for Primary Care & Health Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, United Kingdom.
| | - E Clarke
- Arthritis Research UK Primary Care Centre, Research Institute for Primary Care & Health Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, United Kingdom.
| | - G Peat
- Arthritis Research UK Primary Care Centre, Research Institute for Primary Care & Health Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, United Kingdom.
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Case R, Jordan K, Peat G. THU0487 Prolonged Symptom Elevation but not Progression Following Incident Radiographic Knee Osteoarthritis: Data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative. Ann Rheum Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-eular.1823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Rulifson IC, Majeti JZ, Xiong Y, Hamburger A, Lee KJ, Miao L, Lu M, Gardner J, Gong Y, Wu H, Case R, Yeh WC, Richards WG, Baribault H, Li Y. Inhibition of secreted frizzled-related protein 5 improves glucose metabolism. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 307:E1144-52. [PMID: 25370851 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00283.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating the role of secreted frizzled-related protein 5 (SFRP5) in metabolism and obesity has been complicated by contradictory findings when knockout mice were used to determine metabolic phenotypes. By overexpressing SFRP5 in obese, prediabetic mice we consistently observed elevated hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance, supporting SFRP5 as a negative regulator of glucose metabolism. Accordingly, Sfrp5 mRNA expression analysis of both epididymal and subcutaneous adipose depots of mice indicated a correlation with obesity. Thus, we generated a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against SFRP5 to ascertain the effect of SFRP5 inhibition in vivo. Congruent with SFRP5 overexpression worsening blood glucose levels and glucose intolerance, anti-SFRP5 mAb therapy improved these phenotypes in vivo. The results from both the overexpression and mAb inhibition studies suggest a role for SFRP5 in glucose metabolism and pancreatic β-cell function and thus establish the use of an anti-SFRP5 mAb as a potential approach to treat type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yumei Xiong
- Amgen Incorporated, South San Francisco, California; and
| | | | | | - Li Miao
- Amgen Incorporated, South San Francisco, California; and
| | - Mei Lu
- Amgen Incorporated, South San Francisco, California; and
| | | | - Yan Gong
- Amgen Incorporated, South San Francisco, California; and
| | - Hai Wu
- Amgen Incorporated, South San Francisco, California; and
| | - Ryan Case
- Amgen Incorporated, South San Francisco, California; and
| | - Wen-Chen Yeh
- Amgen Incorporated, South San Francisco, California; and
| | | | | | - Yang Li
- Amgen Incorporated, South San Francisco, California; and
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Bigsby E, Halliday R, Middleton RG, Case R, Harries W. Functional outcome of fifth metatarsal fractures. Injury 2014; 45:2009-12. [PMID: 25150752 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fifth metatarsal fractures are common and the outcome has been reported; however, prospective studies reporting the functional outcome using validated questionnaires are lacking in the literature. The aims of this study were to determine whether fifth metatarsal fractures remain symptomatic in the medium term and whether the fracture type influences outcome. METHODS Over the course of a year, 117 patients (62 avulsion fractures, 26 Jones fractures, 29 shaft fractures) were followed up (1 month, 4 months, 12 months), with functional outcome assessed using the Foot Function Index (FFI)- and Short Form 36 (SF36)-validated questionnaires. RESULTS The FFI reduced (function improved) over the course of the year from 22.0 (8.4-38.5) at 1 month to 0.0 (0.0-4.2) at 4 months, to 0.0 (0.0-1.3) at 1 year. There was no significant difference in the FFI scores with regard to gender or fracture type. Pain scores were also observed to decline over the year, with no significant differences between fracture types. However, while the severity of pain was low, the numbers of people reporting pain were relatively high. At 1 month, >80% of patients reported ongoing pain (83% avulsion, 88% Jones and 83% shaft), reducing to 38% at 4 months and 28% at 1 year. At final follow-up, 25% with an avulsion fracture, 28% with a Jones fracture and 33% with a shaft fracture reported pain. CONCLUSIONS While 25-33% of patients continue to experience pain at 1 year, <10% experience any limitation of their activities. At the final follow-up at 1 year, there were no significant differences in functional outcome by fracture type, gender or patient age. Patients should be advised about the likelihood of ongoing low-level symptoms, even after a year from injury in this previously presumed innocuous injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bigsby
- Trauma and Orthopaedic Department, Frenchay Hospital, Frenchay Park Road, Bristol BS16 1LE, UK.
| | - R Halliday
- Trauma and Orthopaedic Department, Frenchay Hospital, Frenchay Park Road, Bristol BS16 1LE, UK
| | - R G Middleton
- Trauma and Orthopaedic Department, Frenchay Hospital, Frenchay Park Road, Bristol BS16 1LE, UK
| | - R Case
- Trauma and Orthopaedic Department, Weston General Hospital, Grange Road, Uphill BS23 4TQ, UK
| | - W Harries
- Trauma and Orthopaedic Department, Frenchay Hospital, Frenchay Park Road, Bristol BS16 1LE, UK
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Chung L, Case R. Dosimetric Impact of the Abdominal Compression Body-Frame in Radiation Therapy Planning and Dose Delivery. J Med Imaging Radiat Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmir.2012.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tourniquets are employed widely in orthopaedic surgery. The use of the same tourniquet on a repetitive basis without a standard protocol for cleaning may be a source of cross-infection. This study examines the contamination of the tourniquets in our institution. MATERIALS AND METHODS Agar plates were used to take samples from 20 tourniquets employed in orthopaedic procedures. Four sites on each tourniquet were cultured and incubated at 37 degrees C for 48 h. RESULTS All sampled tourniquets were contaminated with colony counts varying from 9 to > 385. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. were the most commonly grown organisms from the tourniquets (96%). Some tourniquets had growths of important pathogens including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Pseudomonas spp., and S. aureus. On cleaning five tourniquets with Clinell (detergent and disinfectant) wipes (GAMA Healthcare Ltd, London, UK), there was a 99.2% reduction in contamination of the tourniquets 5 min after cleaning. CONCLUSIONS In addition to the manufacturers' guidelines, we recommend the cleaning of tourniquets with a disinfectant wipe before every case.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Y Ahmed
- Department of Orthopaedics, Weston General Hospital, Weston-super-Mare, UK
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Yeung I, Dawson L, Cho Y, Moseley D, Case R, Tang Q. SU-FF-I-43: Iterative Methods of Cone-Beam CT Image Reconstruction for Under-Sampled and Truncated Projection Data. Med Phys 2009. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3181162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Ahmad R, Ahmed SMY, Annamalai S, Case R. Open dislocation of the elbow with ipsilateral fracture of the radial head and distal radius: a rare combination without vascular injury. Case Reports 2009; 2009:bcr2006044016. [DOI: 10.1136/bcr.2006.044016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Abstract
Sea urchin spine injuries are common. They usually cause local pain and swelling that subsides. Chronic granulation is rare. We report two cases of sea urchin granulomata involving finger metacarpophalangeal joints. Both resolved following surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ahmad
- Department of Orthopaedics, Weston General Hospital, Grange Road, Uphill, Weston-Super-Mare, UK.
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Dawson L, Case R, Kim J, Dinniwell R, Moseley D. Intra and Inter-fraction Baseline Shifts in Non-breath Hold Liver Cancer SBRT. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.06.1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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30
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Ahmad R, Ahmed SMY, Annamalai S, Case R. Open dislocation of the elbow with ipsilateral fracture of the radial head and distal radius: a rare combination without vascular injury. Emerg Med J 2008; 24:860. [PMID: 18029527 DOI: 10.1136/emj.2006.044016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Ahmad
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Weston General Hospital, Weston-Super-Mare, UK.
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Inui T, Case R, Chou E, Soejarto DD, Fong HHS, Franzblau SG, Smith DC, Pauli GF. CCC in the Phytochemical Analysis of Anti‐Tuberculosis Ethnobotanicals. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-200063660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Inui
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL, USA
- b Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ryan Case
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL, USA
- b Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Edward Chou
- c Pharma‐Tech Research Corp. , Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - D. Doel Soejarto
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Harry H. S. Fong
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Scott G. Franzblau
- b Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Guido F. Pauli
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL, USA
- b Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL, USA
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Chang J, Case R. Phenolic glycosides and ionone glycoside from the stem of Sargentodoxa cuneata. Phytochemistry 2005; 66:2752-8. [PMID: 16271734 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2005] [Revised: 08/16/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Four phenolic glycosides, cuneatasides A-D (1-4), and one ionone glycoside cuneataside E (5), together with seven known phenolic compounds (6-12) were isolated from the water-soluble constituents of the stem of Sargentodoxa cuneata (Sargentodoxaceae). Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. In vitro tests for antimicrobial activity showed compounds 1 and 2 to possess significant activity against two Gram-positive organisms, Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus epidermidis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Abstract
Twelve phenolic compounds, including four novel skeleton phenolic compounds, planchols A-D (1-4), together with four pairs of isomeric flavanoids (5-12) were isolated from the root of Actinidia chinensis Planch (Actinidiaceae). Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis and chemical evidence. The structure of 1 was further confirmed by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction determination. Moreover, it was found that 1 and 2 showed remarkable cytotoxic activity against P-388 and A-549 cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China [corrected]
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mehra
- Weston General Hospital, Weston Super Mare
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Richards CM, Case R, Hirst TR, Hill TJ, Williams NA. Protection against recurrent ocular herpes simplex virus type 1 disease after therapeutic vaccination of latently infected mice. J Virol 2003; 77:6692-9. [PMID: 12767989 PMCID: PMC156198 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.12.6692-6699.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential of therapeutic vaccination of animals latently infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) to enhance protective immunity to the virus and thereby reduce the incidence and severity of recurrent ocular disease was assessed in a mouse model. Mice latently infected with HSV-1 were vaccinated intranasally with a mixture of HSV-1 glycoproteins and recombinant Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit (rEtxB) as an adjuvant. The systemic immune response induced was characterized by high levels of virus-specific immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) in serum and very low levels of IgG2a. Mucosal immunity was demonstrated by high levels of IgA in eye and vaginal secretions. Proliferating T cells from lymph nodes of vaccinated animals produced higher levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10) than were produced by such cells from mock-vaccinated animals. This profile suggests that vaccination of latently infected mice modulates the Th1-dominated proinflammatory response usually induced upon infection. After reactivation of latent virus by UV irradiation, vaccinated mice showed reduced viral shedding in tears as well as a reduction in the incidence of recurrent herpetic corneal epithelial disease and stromal disease compared with mock-vaccinated mice. Moreover, vaccinated mice developing recurrent ocular disease showed less severe signs and a quicker recovery rate. Spread of virus to other areas close to the eye, such as the eyelid, was also significantly reduced. Encephalitis occurred in a small percentage (11%) of mock-vaccinated mice, but vaccinated animals were completely protected from such disease. The possible immune mechanisms involved in protection against recurrent ocular herpetic disease in therapeutically vaccinated animals are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Richards
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom.
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Noga SJ, Vogelsang GB, Miller SC, Meusel S, Loper K, Case R, Myers B, Rogers L, Flinn I, Borowitz M, O'Donnell P. Using point-of-care CD34 enumeration to optimize PBSC collection conditions. Cytotherapy 2003; 3:11-8. [PMID: 12028839 DOI: 10.1080/146532401753156368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A PBSC graft containing 4-5 x 10(6) CD34(+) cells/kg is considered optimal in terms of durable engraftment. Tracking CD34 kinetics via point-of-care testing during PBSC mobilization could determine which (and when) patients will yield an optimal product. We evaluated whether microvolume fluorimetry (MVF) would be useful in optimizing PBSC mobilization/harvest and if it will shorten our standard 6 h collection. METHODS Absolute CD34 values were obtained using the IMAGN 2000 and STELLer CD34 assay (50 microL sample volume). Peripheral blood (PB) CD34 values from 30 patients undergoing PBSC mobilization were used to generate a PB CD34-based algorithm that would predict collection day/duration of apheresis. The algorithm was then used prospectively to collect PBSC products on 50 hematologic malignancy (HM) patients. RESULTS Using the algorithm, patients were assigned to either a 6 (11-20 CD34/microL), 4 (21-49 CD34/microL) or 2 (> or = 50 CD34/microL) h collection. Patients with a CD34 value < or = 10/microL were re-tested. All patients (n = 43) predicted to mobilize reached the optimal CD34 (4-5 x 10(6)/kg) value with 1.0 apheresis procedure; seven patients had < or = 10/microL (nonmobilizers). The majority (75%) had apheresis charges decreased by 33-66%; 47% only required a 2 h procedure and 28% required 4 h. All patients demonstrated rapid trilineage engraftment. DISCUSSION Absolute PB CD34 measurement using MVF offers a rapid and reliable approach to obtaining optimal PBSC products with minimal technical expertise. Although not a replacement for conventional flow cytometry, it meets the requirements for a point-of-care procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Noga
- The Johns Hopkins Hematopoietic and Therapeutic Support Service, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Nazimiec M, Lee CS, Tang YL, Ye X, Case R, Tang M. Sequence-dependent interactions of two forms of UvrC with DNA helix-stabilizing CC-1065-N3-adenine adducts. Biochemistry 2001; 40:11073-81. [PMID: 11551204 DOI: 10.1021/bi010953p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The uvrA, uvrB, and uvrC genes of Escherichia coli control the initial steps of nucleotide excision repair. The uvrC gene product is involved in at least one of the dual incisions produced by the UvrABC complex. Using single-stranded (ss) DNA affinity chromatography, we have separated two forms of UvrC from both wild-type E. coli cells and overproducing cells. UvrCI elutes at 0.4 M KCl, and UvrCII elutes at 0.6 M KCl. In general, both forms, in the presence of UvrA and UvrB, actively incise UV-irradiated and CC-1065-modified DNA in the same fashion; i.e., they incise six to eight nucleotides 5' to and three to five nucleotides 3' to a photoproduct or a CC-1065-N3-adenine adduct. They produce different incisions, however, at a CC-1065-N3-adenine adduct in the sequence 5'-GATTACG- present in the MspI-BstNI 117 bp fragment of M13mp1. UvrABCI incises at both the 5' and 3' sides of the adduct (UvrABCI cut), while UvrABCII incises only at the 5' side (UvrABCII cut). Mixing UvrCI and UvrCII results in both UvrABCI and UvrABCII cuts, and the levels of these two types of cutting are proportional to the amount of UvrCI and UvrCII. DNase I footprints of the MspI-BstNI 117 bp DNA fragment containing a site-directed CC-1065-adenine adduct at the 5'-GATTACG- site show that UvrCII, but not UvrCI, binds to the adduct site. Furthermore, the pattern of DNase I footprints induced by UvrCII binding differs from the pattern of the footprints induced by UvrA, UvrAB, and UvrABCI binding. Interestingly, while the presence of unirradiated DNA enhances the efficiency of UvrABCII in incising UV-irradiated DNA, it does not enhance UvrABCII incision of the CC-1065-N3-adenine adduct formed at 5'-GATTACG-. These results show that two different forms of UvrC differ in DNA binding properties as well as incision modes at some kinds of DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nazimiec
- University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, Texas 78957, USA
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40
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Abstract
Kinesin, a microtubule-based motor, and myosin, an actin-based motor, share a similar core structure, indicating that they arose from a common ancestor. However, kinesin lacks the long lever-arm domain that is believed to drive the myosin power stroke. Here, we present evidence that a much smaller region of ca. 10-40 amino acids serves as a mechanical element for kinesin motor proteins. These 'neck regions' are class conserved and have distinct structures in plus-end and minus-end-directed kinesin motors. Mutagenesis studies also indicate that the neck regions are involved in coupling ATP hydrolysis and energy into directional motion along the microtubule. We suggest that the kinesin necks drive motion by undergoing a conformational change in which they detach and re-dock onto the catalytic core during the ATPase cycle. Thus, kinesin and myosin have evolved unique mechanical elements that amplify small, nucleotide-dependent conformational changes that occur in their similar catalytic cores.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Vale
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA.
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Overpeck J, Hughen K, Hardy D, Bradley R, Case R, Douglas M, Finney B, Gajewski K, Jacoby G, Jennings A, Lamoureux S, Lasca A, MacDonald G, Moore J, Retelle M, Smith S, Wolfe A, Zielinski G. Arctic Environmental Change of the Last Four Centuries. Science 1997. [DOI: 10.1126/science.278.5341.1251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 739] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Overpeck
- J. Overpeck is at the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)–National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) Paleoclimatology Program, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303, USA, and Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. K. Hughen, A. Jennings, J. Moore, and A. Wolfe are at INSTAAR, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. D. Hardy, R. Bradley, and S. Smith are in the Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts,
| | - K. Hughen
- J. Overpeck is at the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)–National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) Paleoclimatology Program, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303, USA, and Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. K. Hughen, A. Jennings, J. Moore, and A. Wolfe are at INSTAAR, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. D. Hardy, R. Bradley, and S. Smith are in the Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts,
| | - D. Hardy
- J. Overpeck is at the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)–National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) Paleoclimatology Program, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303, USA, and Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. K. Hughen, A. Jennings, J. Moore, and A. Wolfe are at INSTAAR, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. D. Hardy, R. Bradley, and S. Smith are in the Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts,
| | - R. Bradley
- J. Overpeck is at the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)–National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) Paleoclimatology Program, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303, USA, and Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. K. Hughen, A. Jennings, J. Moore, and A. Wolfe are at INSTAAR, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. D. Hardy, R. Bradley, and S. Smith are in the Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts,
| | - R. Case
- J. Overpeck is at the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)–National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) Paleoclimatology Program, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303, USA, and Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. K. Hughen, A. Jennings, J. Moore, and A. Wolfe are at INSTAAR, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. D. Hardy, R. Bradley, and S. Smith are in the Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts,
| | - M. Douglas
- J. Overpeck is at the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)–National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) Paleoclimatology Program, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303, USA, and Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. K. Hughen, A. Jennings, J. Moore, and A. Wolfe are at INSTAAR, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. D. Hardy, R. Bradley, and S. Smith are in the Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts,
| | - B. Finney
- J. Overpeck is at the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)–National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) Paleoclimatology Program, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303, USA, and Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. K. Hughen, A. Jennings, J. Moore, and A. Wolfe are at INSTAAR, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. D. Hardy, R. Bradley, and S. Smith are in the Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts,
| | - K. Gajewski
- J. Overpeck is at the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)–National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) Paleoclimatology Program, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303, USA, and Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. K. Hughen, A. Jennings, J. Moore, and A. Wolfe are at INSTAAR, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. D. Hardy, R. Bradley, and S. Smith are in the Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts,
| | - G. Jacoby
- J. Overpeck is at the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)–National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) Paleoclimatology Program, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303, USA, and Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. K. Hughen, A. Jennings, J. Moore, and A. Wolfe are at INSTAAR, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. D. Hardy, R. Bradley, and S. Smith are in the Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts,
| | - A. Jennings
- J. Overpeck is at the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)–National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) Paleoclimatology Program, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303, USA, and Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. K. Hughen, A. Jennings, J. Moore, and A. Wolfe are at INSTAAR, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. D. Hardy, R. Bradley, and S. Smith are in the Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts,
| | - S. Lamoureux
- J. Overpeck is at the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)–National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) Paleoclimatology Program, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303, USA, and Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. K. Hughen, A. Jennings, J. Moore, and A. Wolfe are at INSTAAR, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. D. Hardy, R. Bradley, and S. Smith are in the Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts,
| | - A. Lasca
- J. Overpeck is at the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)–National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) Paleoclimatology Program, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303, USA, and Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. K. Hughen, A. Jennings, J. Moore, and A. Wolfe are at INSTAAR, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. D. Hardy, R. Bradley, and S. Smith are in the Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts,
| | - G. MacDonald
- J. Overpeck is at the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)–National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) Paleoclimatology Program, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303, USA, and Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. K. Hughen, A. Jennings, J. Moore, and A. Wolfe are at INSTAAR, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. D. Hardy, R. Bradley, and S. Smith are in the Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts,
| | - J. Moore
- J. Overpeck is at the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)–National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) Paleoclimatology Program, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303, USA, and Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. K. Hughen, A. Jennings, J. Moore, and A. Wolfe are at INSTAAR, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. D. Hardy, R. Bradley, and S. Smith are in the Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts,
| | - M. Retelle
- J. Overpeck is at the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)–National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) Paleoclimatology Program, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303, USA, and Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. K. Hughen, A. Jennings, J. Moore, and A. Wolfe are at INSTAAR, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. D. Hardy, R. Bradley, and S. Smith are in the Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts,
| | - S. Smith
- J. Overpeck is at the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)–National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) Paleoclimatology Program, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303, USA, and Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. K. Hughen, A. Jennings, J. Moore, and A. Wolfe are at INSTAAR, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. D. Hardy, R. Bradley, and S. Smith are in the Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts,
| | - A. Wolfe
- J. Overpeck is at the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)–National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) Paleoclimatology Program, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303, USA, and Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. K. Hughen, A. Jennings, J. Moore, and A. Wolfe are at INSTAAR, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. D. Hardy, R. Bradley, and S. Smith are in the Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts,
| | - G. Zielinski
- J. Overpeck is at the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)–National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) Paleoclimatology Program, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303, USA, and Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. K. Hughen, A. Jennings, J. Moore, and A. Wolfe are at INSTAAR, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. D. Hardy, R. Bradley, and S. Smith are in the Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts,
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Case R. Modeling the dynamic interplay between general and specific change in children's conceptual understanding. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev 1996; 61:156-88. [PMID: 8657167 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-5834.1996.tb00541.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In introducing this chapter, I pointed out that traditional theories of learning and of cognitive development were in conflict with regard to the effects of specific learning. Developmental theorists saw general structures as influencing specific learning but not being affected by it, whereas learning theorists took the opposite view - that general structures (if they existed) were affected only by specific experiences. In the formulation of neo-Piagetian theory, both general and specific effects were acknowledged; however, general effects were assigned to mental capacity and specific ones to the child's schematic repertoire. Thus, the possibility of reciprocal influence did not emerge (or at least was not explored). In the present chapter, I have proposed the existence of such a reciprocal influence and explored its consequences. At a general level, the two consequences that follow are (1) that the overall pace of development is accelerated and (2) that the profile of development is evened out because benefits obtained from high-frequency learning experiences are passed on, via the mediation of the central conceptual structure, to low-frequency ones. These two effects were then advanced as one possible explanation for the difference in the data obtained between different cultures and different social classes. In the former case, the explanation utilized the notion that the benefits of high-frequency learning could be passed on to low-frequency situations via the mediation of general structures; in the latter case, the explanation drew on the notion that experiential loops can accelerate or decelerate development by magnifying experiential differences that are relatively small but that prevail across most of the tasks that a child encounters. The last half of the present chapter was devoted to specifying the dynamics of this sort of interaction in mathematical terms. The data that were obtained in Chapters III and V were extremely regular and showed an even pattern of development across different tasks; hence, they could conceivably be modeled with single curves or even straight lines. The mathematical model chosen to fit these findings was much more complex, however. Each growth curve was generated by an expression that contained a dynamic tension between two opposing categories of effect: those whose tendency is to make different developmental pathways disperse (different growth rates and the effect of compounding) and those whose tendency is to hold development to a single course (the constraints imposed by a growing carrying capacity and the "binding together" or "squeezing" effect generated by the reciprocal feedback loop). The disadvantage of this sort of modeling is clearly its complexity. An equally clear advantage, however, is that it allows one to provide a unified explanation for a set of data that might otherwise seem quite disparate and to express relations in quantitative rather than merely qualitative terms. This, in turn, permits one to check the entire set of proposed relations for their consistency, and to explore the dynamic pattern of their interaction, by conducting "intellectual experiments" and checking them against common sense and/or existing data sets. In the present chapter, this approach has been used for the effects of social class and of culture. In principle, however, it could potentially be used equally to explore the effects of other variables, such as those that underlie intellectual retardation and/or "giftedness". At least for the moment, then, the mathematical modeling approach looks promising.
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Case R, Okamoto Y, Henderson B, McKeough A, Bleiker C. Exploring the macrostructure of children's central conceptual structures in the domains of number and narrative. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev 1996; 61:59-82. [PMID: 8657169 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-5834.1996.tb00537.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Fodor J, Case R. Patient centered care in radiation treatment. Adm Radiol 1995; 14:70-2, 74. [PMID: 10152266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Fodor
- University of Cincinnati Hospital, USA
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Burke TR, Smyth MS, Otaka A, Nomizu M, Roller PP, Wolf G, Case R, Shoelson SE. Nonhydrolyzable phosphotyrosyl mimetics for the preparation of phosphatase-resistant SH2 domain inhibitors. Biochemistry 1994; 33:6490-4. [PMID: 7515682 DOI: 10.1021/bi00187a015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Src homology 2 (SH2) domains participate in protein tyrosine kinase (PTK)-mediated cellular signal transduction through their ability to bind with high affinity to phosphotyrosyl (pTyr)-bearing protein sequences. Although peptides containing pTyr competitively inhibit the binding between phosphoproteins and cognate SH2 proteins in a sequence-specific manner, such peptides are rapidly dephosphorylated by cellular phosphatases. We now describe our efforts to develop SH2 inhibitory peptides containing phosphatase-resistant pTyr surrogates. The parent compound, (phosphonomethyl)phenylalanine (Pmp), is a phosphonate-based mimetic of pTyr in which the phosphate ester oxygen (> COPO3H2) has been replaced by a methylene unit (> CCX2PO3H2, X2 = H2). Pmp analogues bearing fluorine (X2 = H, F or X2 = F2) or hydroxyl (X2 = H, OH) substituents on the phosphonate alpha-methylene carbon have been prepared and incorporated into peptides for use as SH2 domain inhibitors. In an assay using the C-terminal SH2 domain of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase, peptides having a GXVPML sequence [where X = pTyr, Pmp, hydroxy-Pmp (HPmp), monofluoro-Pmp (FPmp), and difluoro-Pmp (F2Pmp)] exhibited binding potency in the order HPmp < Pmp < FPmp < F2Pmp = pTyr. Distinct peptide sequences which bind selectively with Src and Grb2 SH2 domains were also prepared with pTyr and F2Pmp. The F2Pmp peptides bound with high (0.2- to 5-fold) relative affinity, compared to analogous pTyr peptides. We conclude that peptides containing F2Pmp bind to SH2 domains with high affinity and specificity and, being resistant to cellular phosphatases, should provide a generally useful tool for disrupting SH2 domain-mediated signaling pathways in intact cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Burke
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Abstract
Between the ages of 1.5 and 5 years, and again between the ages of 5 and 10 years, a sequence of changes takes place in children's behavior which indicates a fundamental reorganization of their attentional, executive, and self-reflexive processes. In the present article, these changes are summarized, and evidence is adduced to support the claims (1) that these changes are frontally mediated and (2) that the underlying mechanism that generates them is similar to the one that generates the changes in EEG coherence during the same time period. The psychological model that has been hypothesized to explain the cycles of cognitive development (Case, 1992) is then compared to the physiological model that has been proposed to explain cycles of EEG development (Thatcher, 1992). It is shown that the two models are complementary, both in the underlying developmental sequence that they postulate and in the recursive dynamic they propose for producing movement through this sequence. A number of implications and predictions are derived, which follow from the proposition that the two sets of changes are different manifestations of a common underlying process.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Case
- Center for Educational Research, Stanford School of Education, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305
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