Reliability of the Cutting Alignment Scoring Tool (CAST) to Assess Trunk and Limb Alignment During a 45-Degree Side-Step Cut

BACKGROUND

Three-dimensional (3D) motion analysis is considered the gold standard for evaluating human movement. However, its clinical utility is limited due to cost, operating expertise, and lengthy data processing time. Numerous qualitative scoring systems have been introduced to assess trunk and lower extremity biomechanics during functional tasks. However, the reliability of qualitative scoring systems to evaluate cutting movements is understudied. Purpose/Hypotheses: To assess the inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of the Cutting Alignment Scoring Tool (CAST) among sports medicine providers and to evaluate rater agreement of each component of the CAST. The hypotheses were: 1) there would be good-to-excellent inter-rater and intra-rater reliability among sports medicine providers, 2) there would be good to almost perfect agreement for cut width and trunk lean variables and moderate to good agreement for valgus variables of the CAST.

STUDY DESIGN

Repeated Measures.

METHODS

Ten videos of a 45-degree side-step cut performed by adolescent athletes were independently rated on two occasions by six raters (2 medical doctors, 2 physical therapists, and 2 athletic trainers). The variables assessed include trunk lean to the opposite direction of the cut, increased cut width, knee valgus at initial load acceptance (static), and knee valgus throughout the task (dynamic). Variables were scored as either present, which were given a score of "1", or not present, which were given a score of "0". Video sequence was randomized in each rating session, and a two-week wash out period was given.

RESULTS

The cumulative inter-rater and intra-rater reliabilities were good (ICC: 0.808 and ICC: 0.753). Almost perfect kappa coefficients were recorded for cut width (k=0.949). Moderate kappa coefficients were found for trunk lean (k= 0.632) and fair kappa coefficients were noted for dynamic and static valgus (k=0.462 and k= 0.533 respectively).

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest that the CAST is a reliable tool to evaluate trunk and LE alignment during a cutting task by sports medicine providers.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level 2 Diagnosis.

Surgical management of multiple donor veins in renal transplantation

The surgical aspects of renal transplantation have been standardized for decades regarding normal anatomy of donor kidneys. In certain situations, as in multiple donor veins, there are still challenges regarding the technical management. In > 95%, there is only one renal vein, or the additional vein/veins are so small that they can be ligated without hesitation. In < 5%, there are two main draining veins, and they can be similar in diameter. The management of these cases varies. Some surgeons implant both veins separately, leave them on a common caval patch, or implant the smaller vein into the larger vein as an end-to-side anastomosis, allowing for one venous anastomosis in the recipient. We describe two cases of donor kidneys with two similar-sized veins and conclude that ligation of the smaller vein, even if its size is substantial (up to 1 cm), can be the safest option to avoid surgical complications.

Successful transplantation of kidneys from a donor with myoglobinuric acute renal failure

The shortage of donor organs is reflected in the growing number of patients on the waiting list for kidney transplantation worldwide. It seems to be sensible to expand the scarce donor pool by the cautious use of extended donor criteria. Kidneys from a 21-year-old deceased donor road traffic accident victim who suffered acute renal failure (ARF) due to myolysis were transplanted. Both transplantations were successful after an initial period of delayed graft function. Therefore, kidneys from deceased donors with ARF should not be excluded for transplantation in general.

Early results of a non-heartbeating donor (NHBD) programme with machine perfusion

Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne restarted their non-heartbeating donor (NHBD) programme in September 1998 using machine perfusion, due to early poor results with conventional cold storage (45% graft survival, phase II). Since then, 15 NHBD kidneys have been transplanted. The retrieval protocol consisted of in situ perfusion with a double balloon triple lumen cannula in Maastricht category II male donors age range 13-59 years. Mean primary warm ischaemic time was 24.8 min (range 10-44). All kidneys were machine perfused through a locally developed perfusion system. The viability was assessed by serial measurements of total GST (maximum acceptable limit of 200 units/l) and intrarenal vascular resistance (IRVR) was recorded. Fifteen of the 22 kidneys (68.62%) were transplanted. Delayed graft function (DGF) was seen in ten recipients (66.6%), two kidneys had immediate function (IF), one organ was exported, two recipients died of unrelated causes and a further seven kidneys were discarded (two had high tGST, two were infected and three had poor flow characteristics). In phase III, a success rate of 91.7% was thus achieved, which was better than the phase II period (P = 0.027, Fisher 2-tail test). Machine perfusion has been successfully introduced in phase III to the Newcastle NHBD programme and facilitates viability assessment of NHBD kidneys.

The impact of cytomegalovirus serology for 7-year graft survival in cadaveric kidney transplantation--the Newcastle experience

To analyse the contribution of cytomegalovirus (CMV) serology to long-term graft survival in cadaveric kidney transplantation, 404 transplants from a single centre were divided into four subgroups with respect to the combination of donor and recipient CMV antibody status. Graft survival was estimated according to Kaplan-Meier for 1, 3, 5 and 7 years post-transplantation. The single-centre results confirm a negative impact of CMV-positive donor organs for initial graft survival in CMV-negative recipients within the first 3 years after transplantation. However, when 5- and 7-year long-term graft survival was studied, Donor +/Recipient - pairs showed a favourable long-term result, whilst D +/R - pairs had surprisingly a poorer outcome. Therefore, the concept of avoiding transplantation in the D +/R + CMV serology group should be ignored whereas attempts could be made to improve the poor long-term outcome of D +/R + pairs or to reduce its size by organ allocation.

Active TGF-beta1 expression in kidney transplantation: a comparative study of cyclosporin-A (CyA) and tacrolimus (FK506)

Chronic rejection is a major cause of graft dysfunction following kidney transplantation. This fibroproliferative disease may be promoted by overproduction of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta). Previous studies have suggested that cyclosporin-A (CyA) might increase production of this growth factor. The current study was designed to measure the expression of TGF-beta in renal transplant biopsies from patients immunosuppressed with either CyA or tacrolimus. Paraffin-embedded renal biopsies were sectioned, dewaxed and incubated with primary antibody against active TGF-beta1 antibody. After washing, the sections were treated with secondary antibody conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). In each case the sections were assessed by semi-quantitative scanning laser confocal microscopy. Biopsies from patients receiving CyA expressed significantly more active TGF-beta1 than biopsies from patients receiving tacrolimus (P < 0.0001, Mann-Whitney test). The increased level of active TGF-beta1 expression in renal biopsies of patients receiving CyA may indicate a mechanism of chronic rejection.

Detection of cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigens in kidney biopsies and transplant nephrectomies as a marker for renal graft dysfunction

Chronic rejection accounts for the greatest loss of renal allografts. HLA mismatching has been minimised by organ allocation and new immunosuppressive drugs have been employed, but the average cadaveric graft survival still does not exceed 12 years. Though the aetiology is multifactorial, one contributory factor for this condition is cytomegalovirus (CMV). Detection of CMV in kidney biopsies and sera can diagnose and monitor this inflammatory event and define its role in chronic nephropathy. Twenty five biopsies taken at the time of transplantation, 10 biopsies for graft dysfunction and tissue blocks from 20 explanted kidney grafts were collected and investigated for CMV antigens by immunohistochemistry. Tissue samples were snap frozen and cryostat sections were incubated with monoclonal antibodies for CMV antigens followed by immunoperoxidase staining. In 12 out of 20 transplant nephrectomies CMV antigens were found. Only two of these patients had clinical CMV disease. Time 0 biopsies from CMV seronegative donors (n = 11) and CMV seropositive donors (n = 14) were negative for CMV antigens. The prevalence of CMV antigens in grafts lost due to chronic rejection was 60%. These antigens were not found within the time 0 biopsies, but were detected in 30% of biopsies taken at the time of clinical graft dysfunction. CMV appears to contribute to chronic rejection even without clinical disease.

[Delayed diagnosis of odontoid fracture after whiplash trauma of the cervical spine]

Fractures of the odontoid process represent about 10-20% of all diagnosed cervical spine fractures. Approximately 35% of these fractures are classified as Type II according to Anderson and D'Alonzo. They can be potentially unstable especially if combined with a dens displacement of over 6 mm. In severe cervical spine trauma, these fractures do not usually cause difficulties in diagnosis. However, in whiplash injuries, which are very common and only rarely associated with such fractures, the surgical management can be complicated if they are underestimated. These patients can present without significant neurological deficits or the situation can be complicated due to intoxication or additional trauma. Under these circumstances in particular, the diagnosis can be delayed or missed, if no strict protocols for diagnostic effort in all whiplash injuries are employed. A case of delayed diagnosis of an odontoid fracture in a neurological asymptomatic patient after whiplash injury is presented.

"En bloc" paediatric renal donors into adult recipients -- the Newcastle technique

Whilst debate still continues about the best use of kidneys from small donors, the techniques used have been varied because of the high vascular thromboses rates and ureteric leak rates. The method described here employs a vessel transposition as described by two German series, but it is combined with an extraperitoneal approach. It is now the method of choice in our unit for such en bloc transplants.