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Layne JD, McDaniel AL, Marshall SM, Kavanagh K, Esau CC, Moore KJ, Temel RE. Abstract 127: Effects of miR-33 Antagonism on Glucose and Triglyceride Metabolism in Nonhuman Primates. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.35.suppl_1.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Elevated plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). While strategies to lower LDL cholesterol have been successful in reducing CVD-related mortality, there is still an unmet need for developing therapies to reduce the residual risk of atherosclerotic CVD. Plasma HDL cholesterol levels are inversely correlated with CVD risk and thus novel therapies to increase plasma HDL cholesterol levels have garnered much attention in recent years. MicroRNA-33a and b (miR-33a/b) are intronically-encoded microRNAs residing in the sterol response element binding protein genes
SREBF2
and
SREBF1
and suppress the expression of the genes involved in cholesterol efflux and fatty acid oxidation. Recent studies show that antagonism of miR-33 results in increased ABCA1expression and elevated plasma HDL levels in both mice and nonhuman primates. However, findings in mice suggest that long term miR-33 antagonism may lead to hepatic steatosis and increased production of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), the precursor to proatherogenic LDL. In the current study, cynomolgus monkeys were fed a high carbohydrate diet plus Kool Aid prior to administration of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) specific for miR-33a/b. As expected, miR-33 antagonism resulted in elevated plasma total cholesterol levels, predominantly due to increased HDL. No differences in plasma LDL or triglycerides were observed between treatment groups. MiR-33a/b antagonism had no effect on VLDL triglyceride secretion rates. Anti-miR-33 treatment did not promote hepatic lipid accumulation or adversely affect liver transaminase levels. Glucose tolerance tests revealed no differences in either plasma glucose or insulin levels in response to miR-33a/b antagonism. These findings suggest that anti-miR-33 therapy raises HDL cholesterol without negatively impacting either triglyceride or glucose homeostasis in nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Layne
- Saha Cardiovascular Rsch Cntr, Univ of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | | | | | - Kylie Kavanagh
- Dept of Pathology, Wake Forest Univ Sch of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | | | - Kathryn J Moore
- Leon H. Charney Div of Cardiology, New York Univ Sch of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Ryan E Temel
- Saha Cardiovascular Rsch Cntr, Univ of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
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2
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Karunakaran D, Geoffrion M, Barrett D, Harper ME, Esau CC, Rayner KJ. Abstract 692: Therapeutic Inhibition of miR-33 Does Not Promote Obesity, Insulin Resistance or Hepatic Lipid Accumulation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.35.suppl_1.692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of miR-33, a critical post-transcriptional regulator of cholesterol homeostasis, prevents atherosclerosis progression both dependently and independently of its effects on circulating HDL levels. However, recent studies suggest that genetic deletion or inhibition of miR-33 may adversely affect metrics of insulin resistance, lipid metabolism and hepatic steatosis. Given the therapeutic interest in miR-33 inhibitors for treating atherosclerosis, we sought to determine the effects of long-term pharmacological inhibition of miR33 in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity (DIO). Results: C57BL6/J mice were fed a high-fat diet in conjunction with anti-miR therapy (10mg/kg of control anti-miR or anti-miR33) for 20 weeks. There was significant but equivalent weight gain in all 3 groups. While anti-miR33 therapy increased total plasma cholesterol compared to control anti-miR treated mice (p≤0.01), there was no differences relative to PBS treated mice. Anti-miR33 treatment also resulted in a marked decrease in serum triglycerides relative to control anti-miR (29% decrease, p≤0.05) but once again not compared to PBS treated mice. Metrics of insulin resistance (GTT, ITT) were not altered in anti-miR33 treated mice relative to controls. Interestingly, indirect calorimetric measurements demonstrated that anti-miR33 treated mice had reduced respiratory exchange ratios (RER) compared to both control anti-miR and PBS treated mice (18% decrease, p≤0.05), suggesting an increase in fatty acid versus carbohydrate utilization in anti-miR33 treated mice. In addition, hepatic protein expression of known miR-33 target gene ABCA1 was de-repressed upon miR-33 inhibition, indicating that miR-33 was efficiently inhibited in this model. In contrast, putative miR-33 target gene SREBP-1 protein expression was not altered, nor were SREBP-1 downstream target genes FASN and ACC. Finally, anti-miR33 treated mice did not accumulate more lipids in their livers relative to control. In conclusion, we show in a DIO model that therapeutic silencing of miR-33 does not promote hepatic steatosis nor does it increase metrics of insulin resistance, suggesting that pharmacological inhibition of miR-33 may be a safe therapeutic for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denuja Karunakaran
- Atherosclerosis, Genetics, Cell Biology, Univ of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Michéle Geoffrion
- Atherosclerosis, Genetics, Cell Biology, Univ of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Danyk Barrett
- Atherosclerosis, Genetics, Cell Biology, Univ of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Mary-Ellen Harper
- Biochemistry, Microbiology, Immunology, Univ of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Katey J Rayner
- Atherosclerosis, Genetics, Cell Biology, Univ of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada
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3
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Mattis AN, Song G, Hitchner K, Kim RY, Lee AY, Sharma AD, Malato Y, McManus MT, Esau CC, Koller E, Koliwad S, Lim LP, Maher JJ, Raffai RL, Willenbring H. A screen in mice uncovers repression of lipoprotein lipase by microRNA-29a as a mechanism for lipid distribution away from the liver. Hepatology 2015; 61:141-52. [PMID: 25131933 PMCID: PMC4465779 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Identification of microRNAs (miRNAs) that regulate lipid metabolism is important to advance the understanding and treatment of some of the most common human diseases. In the liver, a few key miRNAs have been reported that regulate lipid metabolism, but since many genes contribute to hepatic lipid metabolism, we hypothesized that other such miRNAs exist. To identify genes repressed by miRNAs in mature hepatocytes in vivo, we injected adult mice carrying floxed Dicer1 alleles with an adenoassociated viral vector expressing Cre recombinase specifically in hepatocytes. By inactivating Dicer in adult quiescent hepatocytes we avoided the hepatocyte injury and regeneration observed in previous mouse models of global miRNA deficiency in hepatocytes. Next, we combined gene and miRNA expression profiling to identify candidate gene/miRNA interactions involved in hepatic lipid metabolism and validated their function in vivo using antisense oligonucleotides. A candidate gene that emerged from our screen was lipoprotein lipase (Lpl), which encodes an enzyme that facilitates cellular uptake of lipids from the circulation. Unlike in energy-dependent cells like myocytes, LPL is normally repressed in adult hepatocytes. We identified miR-29a as the miRNA responsible for repressing LPL in hepatocytes, and found that decreasing hepatic miR-29a levels causes lipids to accumulate in mouse livers. CONCLUSION Our screen suggests several new miRNAs are regulators of hepatic lipid metabolism. We show that one of these, miR-29a, contributes to physiological lipid distribution away from the liver and protects hepatocytes from steatosis. Our results, together with miR-29a's known antifibrotic effect, suggest miR-29a is a therapeutic target in fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aras N. Mattis
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA,Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA,Liver Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Guisheng Song
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kelly Hitchner
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Roy Y. Kim
- San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Andrew Y. Lee
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Amar D. Sharma
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yann Malato
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA,Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Michael T. McManus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA,Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | | | - Suneil Koliwad
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA ,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA,Liver Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Lee P. Lim
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jacquelyn J. Maher
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA,Liver Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Robert L. Raffai
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA,San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Holger Willenbring
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA,Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA,Liver Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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4
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Dubinsky AN, Dastidar SG, Hsu CL, Zahra R, Djakovic SN, Duarte S, Esau CC, Spencer B, Ashe TD, Fischer KM, MacKenna DA, Sopher BL, Masliah E, Gaasterland T, Chau BN, Pereira de Almeida L, Morrison BE, La Spada AR. Let-7 coordinately suppresses components of the amino acid sensing pathway to repress mTORC1 and induce autophagy. Cell Metab 2014; 20:626-38. [PMID: 25295787 PMCID: PMC4245205 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy) is the major pathway by which macromolecules and organelles are degraded. Autophagy is regulated by the mTOR signaling pathway-the focal point for integration of metabolic information, with mTORC1 playing a central role in balancing biosynthesis and catabolism. Of the various inputs to mTORC1, the amino acid sensing pathway is among the most potent. Based upon transcriptome analysis of neurons subjected to nutrient deprivation, we identified let-7 microRNA as capable of promoting neuronal autophagy. We found that let-7 activates autophagy by coordinately downregulating the amino acid sensing pathway to prevent mTORC1 activation. Let-7 induced autophagy in the brain to eliminate protein aggregates, establishing its physiological relevance for in vivo autophagy modulation. Moreover, peripheral delivery of let-7 anti-miR repressed autophagy in muscle and white fat, suggesting that let-7 autophagy regulation extends beyond CNS. Hence, let-7 plays a central role in nutrient homeostasis and proteostasis regulation in higher organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy N Dubinsky
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Cynthia L Hsu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Rabaab Zahra
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Stevan N Djakovic
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sonia Duarte
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Christine C Esau
- Regulus Therapeutics, 3545 John Hopkins Court, Suite 210, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Brian Spencer
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Travis D Ashe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kimberlee M Fischer
- Regulus Therapeutics, 3545 John Hopkins Court, Suite 210, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Deidre A MacKenna
- Regulus Therapeutics, 3545 John Hopkins Court, Suite 210, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Bryce L Sopher
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Terry Gaasterland
- Scripps Institute for Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - B Nelson Chau
- Regulus Therapeutics, 3545 John Hopkins Court, Suite 210, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Luis Pereira de Almeida
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bradley E Morrison
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Albert R La Spada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123, USA.
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5
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Jeon TI, Esquejo RM, Roqueta-Rivera M, Phelan PE, Moon YA, Govindarajan SS, Esau CC, Osborne TF. An SREBP-responsive microRNA operon contributes to a regulatory loop for intracellular lipid homeostasis. Cell Metab 2013; 18:51-61. [PMID: 23823476 PMCID: PMC3740797 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) have evolved as a focal point for linking lipid synthesis with other pathways that regulate cell growth and survival. Here, we have uncovered a polycistrionic microRNA (miRNA) locus that is activated directly by SREBP-2. Two of the encoded miRNAs, miR-182 and miR-96, negatively regulate the expression of Fbxw7 and Insig-2, respectively, and both are known to negatively affect nuclear SREBP accumulation. Direct manipulation of this miRNA pathway alters nuclear SREBP levels and endogenous lipid synthesis. Thus, we have uncovered a mechanism for the regulation of intracellular lipid metabolism mediated by the concerted action of a pair of miRNAs that are expressed from the same SREBP-2-regulated miRNA locus, and each targets a different protein of the multistep pathway that regulates SREBP function. These studies reveal an miRNA "operon" analogous to the classic model for genetic control in bacterial regulatory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Il Jeon
- Metabolic Signaling and Disease Program and Diabetes and Obesity Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, Florida 32827, USA
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6
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Rotllan N, Ramírez CM, Aryal B, Esau CC, Fernández-Hernando C. Therapeutic silencing of microRNA-33 inhibits the progression of atherosclerosis in Ldlr-/- mice--brief report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:1973-7. [PMID: 23702658 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.301732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the efficacy of anti-miRNA-33 therapy on the progression of atherosclerosis. APPROACH AND RESULTS Ldlr(-/-) mice were injected subcutaneously with PBS, control, or anti-miR-33 oligonucleotides weekly and fed a Western diet for 12 weeks. At the end of treatment, the expression of miR-33 target genes was increased in the liver and aorta, demonstrating effective inhibition of miR-33 function. Interestingly, plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol was significantly increased in anti-miR-33-treated mice but only when they were fed a chow diet. However, HDL isolated from anti-miR-33-treated mice showed an increase cholesterol efflux capacity compared with HDL isolated from nontargeting oligonucleotide-treated mice. Analysis of atherosclerosis revealed a significant reduction of plaque size and macrophage content in mice receiving anti-miR-33. In contrast, no differences in collagen content and necrotic areas were observed among the 3 groups. CONCLUSIONS Long-term anti-miR-33 therapy significantly reduces the progression of atherosclerosis and improves HDL functionality. The antiatherogenic effect is independent of plasma HDL-cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Rotllan
- Department of Medicine, Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology and Cell Biology and the Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology and Disease Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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7
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Rotllan N, Ramírez CM, Esau CC, Fernández-Hernando C. Abstract 446: Therapeutic Silencing of MicroRna-33 In Mice Inhibits the Progression of Atherosclerosis in Ldlr-/- Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.33.suppl_1.a446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective-
To study the efficacy of anti-miRNA-33 therapy on the progression of atherosclerosis.
Methods and Results-
LDLr
-/-
mice were injected subcutaneously with PBS, control or miR-33 antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) weekly and fed a Western diet for 12 weeks. As expected, hepatic levels of miR-33 were significantly decreased in anti-miR-33 treated mice. Accordingly, the expression of miR-33 target genes was increased in the liver and aorta. Interestingly, plasma HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) was significantly increased in anti-miR-33 treated mice but only when they were fed a chow diet. Analysis of atherosclerosis revealed a significant reduction of plaque size and macrophage content in mice receiving miR-33 ASO. In contrast, no differences in collagen content and necrotic areas were observed between the three groups.
Conclusions-
Long-term anti-miR-33 therapy significantly reduces the progression of atherosclerosis. The miR-33 ASO anti-atherogenic effect is independent of plasma HDL-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Rotllan
- Medicine and Cell Biology, New York Univ Sch of Medicine, New York, NY
| | | | - Christine C Esau
- Regulus Therapeutics, Regulus Therapeutics, Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, CA
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8
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Rayner KJ, Sheedy FJ, Esau CC, Hussain FN, Temel RE, Parathath S, van Gils JM, Rayner AJ, Chang AN, Suarez Y, Fernandez-Hernando C, Fisher EA, Moore KJ. Antagonism of miR-33 in mice promotes reverse cholesterol transport and regression of atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:2921-31. [PMID: 21646721 DOI: 10.1172/jci57275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 549] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma HDL levels have a protective role in atherosclerosis, yet clinical therapies to raise HDL levels have remained elusive. Recent advances in the understanding of lipid metabolism have revealed that miR-33, an intronic microRNA located within the SREBF2 gene, suppresses expression of the cholesterol transporter ABC transporter A1 (ABCA1) and lowers HDL levels. Conversely, mechanisms that inhibit miR-33 increase ABCA1 and circulating HDL levels, suggesting that antagonism of miR-33 may be atheroprotective. As the regression of atherosclerosis is clinically desirable, we assessed the impact of miR-33 inhibition in mice deficient for the LDL receptor (Ldlr-/- mice), with established atherosclerotic plaques. Mice treated with anti-miR33 for 4 weeks showed an increase in circulating HDL levels and enhanced reverse cholesterol transport to the plasma, liver, and feces. Consistent with this, anti-miR33-treated mice showed reductions in plaque size and lipid content, increased markers of plaque stability, and decreased inflammatory gene expression. Notably, in addition to raising ABCA1 levels in the liver, anti-miR33 oligonucleotides directly targeted the plaque macrophages, in which they enhanced ABCA1 expression and cholesterol removal. These studies establish that raising HDL levels by anti-miR33 oligonucleotide treatment promotes reverse cholesterol transport and atherosclerosis regression and suggest that it may be a promising strategy to treat atherosclerotic vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katey J Rayner
- Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology and Disease Program, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
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9
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Kojima S, Gatfield D, Esau CC, Green CB. MicroRNA-122 modulates the rhythmic expression profile of the circadian deadenylase Nocturnin in mouse liver. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11264. [PMID: 20582318 PMCID: PMC2889834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nocturnin is a circadian clock-regulated deadenylase thought to control mRNA expression post-transcriptionally through poly(A) tail removal. The expression of Nocturnin is robustly rhythmic in liver at both the mRNA and protein levels, and mice lacking Nocturnin are resistant to diet-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis. Here we report that Nocturnin expression is regulated by microRNA-122 (miR-122), a liver specific miRNA. We found that the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of Nocturnin mRNA harbors one putative recognition site for miR-122, and this site is conserved among mammals. Using a luciferase reporter construct with wild-type or mutant Nocturnin 3′-UTR sequence, we demonstrated that overexpression of miR-122 can down-regulate luciferase activity levels and that this effect is dependent on the presence of the putative miR-122 recognition site. Additionally, the use of an antisense oligonucleotide to knock down miR-122 in vivo resulted in significant up-regulation of both Nocturnin mRNA and protein expression in mouse liver during the night, resulting in Nocturnin rhythms with increased amplitude. Together, these data demonstrate that the normal rhythmic profile of Nocturnin expression in liver is shaped in part by miR-122. Previous studies have implicated Nocturnin and miR-122 as important post-transcriptional regulators of both lipid metabolism and circadian clock controlled gene expression in the liver. Therefore, the demonstration that miR-122 plays a role in regulating Nocturnin expression suggests that this may be an important intersection between hepatic metabolic and circadian control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihoko Kojima
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - David Gatfield
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christine C. Esau
- Regulus Therapeutics, Carlsbad, California, United States of America
| | - Carla B. Green
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Gatfield D, Le Martelot G, Vejnar CE, Gerlach D, Schaad O, Fleury-Olela F, Ruskeepää AL, Oresic M, Esau CC, Zdobnov EM, Schibler U. Integration of microRNA miR-122 in hepatic circadian gene expression. Genes Dev 2009; 23:1313-26. [PMID: 19487572 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1781009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In liver, most metabolic pathways are under circadian control, and hundreds of protein-encoding genes are thus transcribed in a cyclic fashion. Here we show that rhythmic transcription extends to the locus specifying miR-122, a highly abundant, hepatocyte-specific microRNA. Genetic loss-of-function and gain-of-function experiments have identified the orphan nuclear receptor REV-ERBalpha as the major circadian regulator of mir-122 transcription. Although due to its long half-life mature miR-122 accumulates at nearly constant rates throughout the day, this miRNA is tightly associated with control mechanisms governing circadian gene expression. Thus, the knockdown of miR-122 expression via an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) strategy resulted in the up- and down-regulation of hundreds of mRNAs, of which a disproportionately high fraction accumulates in a circadian fashion. miR-122 has previously been linked to the regulation of cholesterol and lipid metabolism. The transcripts associated with these pathways indeed show the strongest time point-specific changes upon miR-122 depletion. The identification of Pparbeta/delta and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) coactivator Smarcd1/Baf60a as novel miR-122 targets suggests an involvement of the circadian metabolic regulators of the PPAR family in miR-122-mediated metabolic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gatfield
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sciences III, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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11
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Gabriely G, Wurdinger T, Kesari S, Esau CC, Burchard J, Linsley PS, Krichevsky AM. MicroRNA 21 promotes glioma invasion by targeting matrix metalloproteinase regulators. Mol Cell Biol 2008; 28:5369-80. [PMID: 18591254 PMCID: PMC2519720 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00479-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 680] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial data indicate that microRNA 21 (miR-21) is significantly elevated in glioblastoma (GBM) and in many other tumors of various origins. This microRNA has been implicated in various aspects of carcinogenesis, including cellular proliferation, apoptosis, and migration. We demonstrate that miR-21 regulates multiple genes associated with glioma cell apoptosis, migration, and invasiveness, including the RECK and TIMP3 genes, which are suppressors of malignancy and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Specific inhibition of miR-21 with antisense oligonucleotides leads to elevated levels of RECK and TIMP3 and therefore reduces MMP activities in vitro and in a human model of gliomas in nude mice. Moreover, downregulation of miR-21 in glioma cells leads to decreases of their migratory and invasion abilities. Our data suggest that miR-21 contributes to glioma malignancy by downregulation of MMP inhibitors, which leads to activation of MMPs, thus promoting invasiveness of cancer cells. Our results also indicate that inhibition of a single oncomir, like miR-21, with specific antisense molecules can provide a novel therapeutic approach for "physiological" modulation of multiple proteins whose expression is deregulated in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Gabriely
- Center of Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 4 Blackfan Circle, HIM 758, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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12
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Abstract
Antisense inhibition of microRNA (miRNA) function has been an important tool for uncovering miRNA biology. Chemical modification of anti-miRNA oligonucleotides (AMOs) is necessary to improve affinity for target miRNA, stabilize the AMO to nuclease degradation, and to promote tissue uptake for in vivo delivery. Here I summarize the work done to evaluate the effectiveness of various chemically modified AMOs for use in cultured cells and rodent models, and outline important issues to consider when inhibiting miRNAs with antisense oligonucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine C Esau
- Isis Pharmaceuticals and Regulus Therapeutics, 1896 Rutherford Road, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA.
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Abstract
MiRNAs are a conserved class of non-coding RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. Although their biological roles are largely unknown, examples of their importance in cancer, metabolic disease, and viral infection are accumulating, suggesting that they represent a new class of drug targets in these and likely many other therapeutic areas. Antisense oligonucleotide approaches for inhibiting miRNA function and siRNA-like technologies for replacement of miRNAs are currently being explored as tools for uncovering miRNA biology and as potential therapeutic agents. The next few years should see significant progress in our understanding of miRNA biology and the advancement of the technology for therapeutic modulation of miRNA activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine C Esau
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, 1896 Rutherford Road, Carlsbad, California 92008, USA.
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14
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Maier MA, Esau CC, Siwkowski AM, Wancewicz EV, Albertshofer K, Kinberger GA, Kadaba NS, Watanabe T, Manoharan M, Bennett CF, Griffey RH, Swayze EE. Evaluation of basic amphipathic peptides for cellular delivery of antisense peptide nucleic acids. J Med Chem 2006; 49:2534-42. [PMID: 16610796 DOI: 10.1021/jm051275y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cellular permeation peptides have been used successfully for the delivery of a variety of cargoes across cellular membranes, including large hydrophilic biomolecules such as proteins, oligonucleotides, or plasmid DNA. For the present work, a series of short amphipathic peptides was designed to elucidate the structural requirements for efficient and nontoxic delivery of peptide nucleic acids (PNAs). On the basis of an idealized alpha-helical structure, the helical parameters were modulated systematically to yield peptides within a certain range of hydrophobicity and amphipathicity. The corresponding PNA conjugates were synthesized and characterized in terms of secondary structure, enzymatic stability, and antisense activity. The study revealed correlations between the physicochemical and biophysical properties of the conjugates and their biological activity and led to the development of potent peptide vectors for the cellular delivery of antisense PNAs. Two representative compounds were radiolabeled and evaluated for their biodistribution in healthy mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Maier
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc., 1891 Rutherford Road, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA.
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15
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Albertshofer K, Siwkowski AM, Wancewicz EV, Esau CC, Watanabe T, Nishihara KC, Kinberger GA, Malik L, Eldrup AB, Manoharan M, Geary RS, Monia BP, Swayze EE, Griffey RH, Bennett CF, Maier MA. Structure-activity relationship study on a simple cationic peptide motif for cellular delivery of antisense peptide nucleic acid. J Med Chem 2005; 48:6741-9. [PMID: 16220989 DOI: 10.1021/jm050490b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Improving cellular uptake and biodistribution remains one of the major obstacles for a successful and broad application of peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) as antisense therapeutics. Recently, we reported the identification and functional characterization of an antisense PNA, which redirects splicing of murine CD40 pre-mRNA. In this context, it was discovered that a simple octa(l-lysine) peptide covalently linked to the PNA is capable of promoting free uptake of the conjugate into BCL1 cells as well as primary murine macrophages. On the basis of this peptide motif, the present study aimed at identifying the structural features, which define effective peptide carriers for cellular delivery of PNA. While the structure-activity relationship study revealed some clear correlations, only a few modifications actually led to an overall improvement as compared to the parent octa(l-lysine) conjugate. In a preliminary PK/tissue distribution study in healthy mice, the parent conjugate exhibited relatively broad tissue distribution and only modest elimination via excretion within the time frame of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Albertshofer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 1891 Rutherford Road, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
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16
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Siwkowski AM, Malik L, Esau CC, Maier MA, Wancewicz EV, Albertshofer K, Monia BP, Bennett CF, Eldrup AB. Identification and functional validation of PNAs that inhibit murine CD40 expression by redirection of splicing. Nucleic Acids Res 2004; 32:2695-706. [PMID: 15148357 PMCID: PMC419592 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkh584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognate recognition between the CD40 receptor and its ligand, CD154, is thought to play a central role in the initiation and propagation of immune responses. We describe the specific down regulation of cell surface associated CD40 protein expression by use of a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) antisense inhibitor, ISIS 208529, that is designed to bind to the 3' end of the exon 6 splice junction within the primary CD40 transcript. Binding of ISIS 208529 was found to alter constitutive splicing, leading to the accumulation of a transcript lacking exon 6. The resulting protein product lacks the transmembrane domain. ISIS 208529-mediated CD40 protein depletion was found to be sequence specific and dose dependent, and was dependent on the length of the PNA oligomer. CD40-dependent induction of IL-12 in primary murine macrophages was attenuated in cells treated with ISIS 208529. Oligolysine conjugation to the PNA inhibitor produced an inhibitor, ISIS 278647, which maintained its specificity and displayed efficacy in BCL1 cells and in primary murine macrophages in the absence of delivery agents. These results demonstrate that PNA oligomers can be effective inhibitors of CD40 expression and hence may be useful as novel immuno-modulatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Siwkowski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, ISIS Pharmaceuticals, 2292 Faraday Avenue, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
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