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Niazi SA, Clark D, Do T, Gilbert SC, Foschi F, Mannocci F, Beighton D. The effectiveness of enzymic irrigation in removing a nutrient-stressed endodontic multispecies biofilm. Int Endod J 2014; 47:756-68. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. A. Niazi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry; King's College London; London UK
- Department of Microbiology; Dental Institute; King's College London; London UK
| | - D. Clark
- Department of Microbiology; Dental Institute; King's College London; London UK
| | - T. Do
- Department of Microbiology; Dental Institute; King's College London; London UK
| | - S. C. Gilbert
- Department of Microbiology; Dental Institute; King's College London; London UK
| | - F. Foschi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry; King's College London; London UK
| | - F. Mannocci
- Department of Restorative Dentistry; King's College London; London UK
| | - D. Beighton
- Department of Microbiology; Dental Institute; King's College London; London UK
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Abstract
Antimicrobial methods to augment fluoride-mediated caries inhibition are necessary. Several methods are described here, but none was considered likely to be as effective as fluoride usage. None had been tested in effective models to demonstrate their ability to act either additively or synergistically with fluoride-containing toothpastes. Dental caries is a biofilm-mediated disease: The composition of the biofilm associated with caries initiation and progression is diverse. Caries-associated taxa – including mutans streptococci, lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, and yeasts – may be useful surrogate markers for in vivo investigations. In vitro testing should progress from single-species planktonic cells to multi-species biofilms prior to essential testing in randomized control trials (RCTs). Modern high-throughput sequencing techniques need to be applied to the study of bacterial acquisition from birth and of the composition of the biofilm associated with the formation of white-spot lesions. The determination of the functions of the biofilm and the phenotype of the bacterial components may be determined by RNA-seq techniques, since they must be conserved between caries lesions and will include the ability to produce acids and survive and proliferate in acidic conditions. The application of such methods will significantly improve our understanding of the etiology and progression of dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Maltz
- Faculty of Odontology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - D. Beighton
- Department of Microbiology, The Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Microbiology and Salivary Research, KCL Dental Institute, Floor 17, Guys Wing, London Bridge, SE1 9RT, England
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Al-Haboubi M, Zoitopoulos L, Beighton D, Gallagher JE. The potential benefits of sugar-free chewing gum on the oral health and quality of life of older people living in the community: a randomized controlled trial. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2012; 40:415-24. [PMID: 22533799 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0528.2012.00685.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the effects of prescribing sugar-free chewing gum on the oral health and quality of life of dentate older people living in the community and attending for routine dental care. METHODS A randomized controlled trial was conducted on 186 older people who were not regular chewers of gum, (aged 60 years and over with ≥ 6 teeth) recruited from primary care clinics. Participants were randomly allocated to a gum-chewing group (chewing xylitol-containing gum twice a day for 15 min; n = 95) or a control group (no gum; n = 91). Both groups were examined at baseline and at the end of the study (6 months later). The primary outcome measure for the study was increased in stimulated saliva flow rate. Secondary measures included improvements in Plaque and Gingival Indices, and self-perceived change in oral health. RESULTS The retention rate for the study was 78.5% (n = 146 at follow-up); reported compliance with the protocol was 84% (ranged between 12% and 100%). There was no significant change in the saliva flow of the gum-chewing group (1.20-1.17 ml/min), while the control group experienced an increase in flow rate (1.06-1.32 ml/min; P = 0.001). The gum-chewing group, however, demonstrated significant improvement in Plaque and Gingival Index scores over the control group. For the Plaque Index, the mean scores (±SD) were 0.29 (±0.29) and 0.56 (±0.46) for the gum-chewing group and control groups, respectively (P < 0.001), at the second examination, which remained significant after controlling for age and saliva flow rate. For the Gingival Index, the scores were 0.73 (±0.30) and 0.92 (±0.32), respectively (P < 0.001), which persisted after controlling for age. A significantly higher proportion of participants in the gum-chewing group perceived that their oral health had improved during the study period in comparison with the control group (40% cf 21%; P = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS Prescription of sugar-free chewing gum to dentate older people living in the community and attending routine dental services was not associated with a significant increase in stimulated saliva flow. There were, however, significant improvements in Plaque and Gingival Index scores, and in self-perceived oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Al-Haboubi
- King's College London Dental Institute at Guy's, King's College and St Thomas's Hospitals, London, UK.
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Neilands J, Petersson L, Beighton D, Svensäter G. Fluoride-Supplemented Milk Inhibits Acid Tolerance in Root Caries Biofilms. Caries Res 2012; 46:156-60. [DOI: 10.1159/000337390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Do T, Gilbert S, Klein J, Warren S, Wade W, Beighton D. Clonal structure of Streptococcus sanguinis strains isolated from endocarditis cases and the oral cavity. Mol Oral Microbiol 2011; 26:291-302. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-1014.2011.00618.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Parolo C, Do T, Henssge U, Alves L, de Santana Giongo F, Corção G, Maltz M, Beighton D. Genetic diversity of Lactobacillus paracasei isolated from in situ human oral biofilms. J Appl Microbiol 2011; 111:105-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05041.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- D Beighton
- Department of Microbiology and Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas Hospital Foundation Trust, King's College London, Dental Institute, Guys Tower, SE1 9RT London, England.
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Mantzourani M, Gilbert S, Fenlon M, Beighton D. Non-oral bifidobacteria and the aciduric microbiota of the denture plaque biofilm. Mol Oral Microbiol 2010; 25:190-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-1014.2009.00565.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Bifidobacteria are aciduric bacteria that might play a role in the caries process. To test the hypothesis that Bifidobacteria behave as caries-associated organisms, as predicted by the ecological plaque hypothesis, we determined salivary levels of Bifidobacteria and caries-associated organisms for 156 older adults. Salivary levels of Bifidobacteria, mutans streptococci, lactobacilli, and yeasts were correlated with each other (p < 0.001), negatively correlated with salivary flow rate (p < 0.001), and positively correlated with plaque index (p < 0.05). Salivary Bifidobacteria levels were positively associated with the number of filled (p < 0.001) and decayed (p = 0.036) tooth surfaces and negatively associated with number of teeth (p < 0.001) and salivary flow rate (p = 0.049). In regression analyses, caries experience was significantly associated with only salivary Bifidobacteria (p < 0.001) and yeast (p < 0.001) levels and the individual’s age (p = 0.021). Bifidobacteria should be regarded as caries-associated organisms whose role in the caries process and as markers of caries risk requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Beighton
- Dental Institute, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London Bridge, London, UK
- Biomedical Research Centre, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London Bridge, London, UK
| | - M. Al-Haboubi
- Dental Institute, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London Bridge, London, UK
| | - M. Mantzourani
- Dental Institute, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London Bridge, London, UK
| | - S.C. Gilbert
- Biomedical Research Centre, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London Bridge, London, UK
| | - D. Clark
- Dental Institute, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London Bridge, London, UK
| | - L. Zoitopoulos
- Dental Institute, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London Bridge, London, UK
| | - J.E. Gallagher
- Dental Institute, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London Bridge, London, UK
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Bhuva B, Patel S, Wilson R, Niazi S, Beighton D, Mannocci F. The effectiveness of passive ultrasonic irrigation on intraradicularEnterococcus faecalisbiofilms in extracted single-rooted human teeth. Int Endod J 2010; 43:241-50. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2009.01672.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Nakajo K, Takahashi N, Beighton D. Resistance to Acidic Environments of Caries-Associated Bacteria: Bifidobacterium dentium and Bifidobacterium longum. Caries Res 2010; 44:431-7. [DOI: 10.1159/000318582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2010] [Accepted: 07/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Beighton D, Homer KA, Kelley S. The Production of Protease Activities by Streptococcus oralis Strains Isolated from Endocarditis. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/08910609509140099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Beighton
- Oral Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons Department of Dental Sciences, King's College School of Medicine and Dentistry, Caldecot Road, London, SE5 9RW, UK
| | - K. A. Homer
- Oral Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons Department of Dental Sciences, King's College School of Medicine and Dentistry, Caldecot Road, London, SE5 9RW, UK
| | - S. Kelley
- Oral Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons Department of Dental Sciences, King's College School of Medicine and Dentistry, Caldecot Road, London, SE5 9RW, UK
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Beighton D, Whiley RA, Homer KA. Transferrin Binding byStreptococcus oralisand other Oral Streptococci. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/08910609009140129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Beighton
- Hunterian Dental Research Unit, London, E1 2AD, UK
| | - R. A. Whiley
- Department of Oral Microbiology, London Hospital Medical College, Turner Street, Whitechapel, London, E1 2AD, UK
| | - K. A. Homer
- Hunterian Dental Research Unit, London, E1 2AD, UK
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Beighton D, Smith K, Glenister DA, Salamon K, Keevil CW. Increased Degradative Enzyme Production by Dental Plaque Bacteria in Mucin-limited Continuous Culture. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/08910608809140186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Beighton
- Royal College of Surgeons of England, Dental Research Unit, Downe, Nr. Orpington, Kent, BR6 7JJ
| | - K. Smith
- Royal College of Surgeons of England, Dental Research Unit, Downe, Nr. Orpington, Kent, BR6 7JJ
| | - D. A. Glenister
- Bacterial Metabolism Research Laboratories, Public Health Laboratory Service, Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wilts, SP4 0JG
| | - K. Salamon
- Bacterial Metabolism Research Laboratories, Public Health Laboratory Service, Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wilts, SP4 0JG
| | - C. W. Keevil
- Bacterial Metabolism Research Laboratories, Public Health Laboratory Service, Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wilts, SP4 0JG
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Beighton
- Oral Microbiology, RCS Department of Dental Sciences, King's College School of Medicine and Dentistry, Faculty of Clinical Dentistry, Caldecot Road, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9R W
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Glenister DA, Salamon KE, Smith K, Beighton D, Keevil CW. Enhanced Growth of Complex Communities of Dental Plaque Bacteria in Mucin-Limited Continuous Culture. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/08910608809140176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. A. Glenister
- Bacterial Metabolism Research Laboratory, PHLS Centre for Applied Microbiology & Research, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wilts, SP4 0JG
| | - Katja E. Salamon
- Bacterial Metabolism Research Laboratory, PHLS Centre for Applied Microbiology & Research, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wilts, SP4 0JG
| | - K. Smith
- Royal College of Surgeons, Dental Research Unit, Downe, Orpington, Kent, BR6 7JJ
| | - D. Beighton
- Royal College of Surgeons, Dental Research Unit, Downe, Orpington, Kent, BR6 7JJ
| | - C. W. Keevil
- Bacterial Metabolism Research Laboratory, PHLS Centre for Applied Microbiology & Research, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wilts, SP4 0JG
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Homer KA, Beighton D. Synergistic Degradation of Transferrin by Mutans Streptococci in Association with other Dental Plaque Bacteria. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/08910609209141297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. A. Homer
- Hunterian Dental Research Unit, London Hospital Medical College, Turner Street Whitechapel, London, E1 2AD, UK
| | - D. Beighton
- Hunterian Dental Research Unit, London Hospital Medical College, Turner Street Whitechapel, London, E1 2AD, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Beighton
- Hunterian Dental Research Unit, The London Hospital Medical College, Turner Street, London, El 2AD, UK
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Wilton JMA, Slaney JM, Sterne JAC, Beighton D, Johnson NW. Salivary IgA Antibodies Against Bacteria Incriminated as Periodontal Pathogens in Kenyan Adolescents: Correlation with Disease Status and Demonstration of Antibody Specificity. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/08910609109140279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. M. A. Wilton
- Medical Research Council Dental Research Unit, Periodontal Diseases Programme, London Hospital Medical College, 30/32 Newark Street, London, E1 2AA
| | - J. M. Slaney
- Medical Research Council Dental Research Unit, Periodontal Diseases Programme, London Hospital Medical College, 30/32 Newark Street, London, E1 2AA
| | - J. A. C. Sterne
- Medical Research Council Dental Research Unit, Periodontal Diseases Programme, London Hospital Medical College, 30/32 Newark Street, London, E1 2AA
| | - D. Beighton
- Dental Research Unit, Royal College of Surgeons, London Hospital Medical College, Turner Street, London, E1 2AA, UK
| | - N. W. Johnson
- Medical Research Council Dental Research Unit, Periodontal Diseases Programme, London Hospital Medical College, 30/32 Newark Street, London, E1 2AA
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Whiley RA, Freemantle L, Beighton D, Radford JR, Hardie JM, Tillotsen G. Isolation, Identification and Prevalence of Streptococcus anginosus, S. intermedius and S. constellatus from the Human Mouth. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/08910609309141337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. A. Whiley
- Department of Oral Microbiology, The London Hospital Medical College, Turner Street, London, El 2AD, UK
| | - L. Freemantle
- Department of Oral Microbiology, The London Hospital Medical College, Turner Street, London, El 2AD, UK
| | - D. Beighton
- Oral Microbiology, RCS, Department of Dental Sciences, King's College School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, SE5 9RW, UK
| | - J. R. Radford
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, University of Dundee, Dundee, DDl 4HR, UK
| | - J. M. Hardie
- Department of Oral Microbiology, The London Hospital Medical College, Turner Street, London, El 2AD, UK
| | - G. Tillotsen
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Bayer PLC, Berks, RGB IJA, UK
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Mantzourani M, Gilbert SC, Sulong HNH, Sheehy EC, Tank S, Fenlon M, Beighton D. The isolation of bifidobacteria from occlusal carious lesions in children and adults. Caries Res 2009; 43:308-13. [PMID: 19494490 DOI: 10.1159/000222659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to enumerate and identify bifidobacteria from occlusal carious lesions in permanent and deciduous teeth. Samples of infected dentine were obtained from 24 active occlusal lesions in deciduous teeth and from 15 occlusal lesions in permanent teeth. Plaque samples from sound occlusal surfaces of 12 caries-free adults and 12 children were also obtained. The bifidobacterial strains were isolated in mupirocin-containing selective media, Gram-stained and subcultured for identification. Total bacterial counts were determined using fastidious anaerobic agar, and isolates were identified using genus-specific PCR primers and were confirmed by 16S rRNA sequencing. Bifidobacteria were isolated from 13 of the 15 occlusal lesions in the adults and formed 5.09 +/- 2.11% of the total cultivable flora. In the children, bifidobacteria were isolated from 16 of the 24 occlusal lesions and formed 7.4 +/- 2.6% of the total flora. No bifidobacteria were isolated from the occlusal surfaces of caries-free adults or children. A total of 424 bifidobacteria were identified and these were Bifidobacteriumdentium, Parascardovia denticolens, Scardoviainopicata, Bifidobacterium longum, Scardovia genomosp. C1 and Bifidobacterium breve. B. dentium was present in 14 out of the 16 bifidobacteria-positive samples from the lesions on the deciduous teeth and in 7 out of the 13 positive lesions in adults (p = 0.04). The present data suggest that bifidobacteria may play a role in the progression of occlusal caries lesions in both children and adults.
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Vaidyanathan M, Sheehy EC, Gilbert SC, Beighton D. Antimicrobial properties of dentine bonding agents determined using in vitro and ex vivo methods. J Dent 2009; 37:514-21. [PMID: 19376633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Revised: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To determine the antimicrobial properties of a selection of dentine bonding agents [DBAs] using the disc diffusion and direct contact methods and an ex vivo method using extracted carious permanent molar teeth. METHODS DBAs (n=15) were tested using Streptococcus mutans UA159 in disc diffusion and direct contact methods. In the ex vivo study 6 DBAs were selected and pre- and post-treatment samples of carious dentine (n< or =12) were taken. Samples were also taken post-acid-etching. The number of microorganisms in dentine sample was determined and compared. RESULTS The inhibition zones and percent growth inhibition were related to the pH of the culture medium containing the DBA (p<0.01). Clearfill Protect Bond exhibited the greatest bacterial killing followed by ibond (99.8%+/-0.08 and 98.2+/-1.4, respectively). The phosphoric acid etchant alone resulted in an 83% killing. The in vitro tests results did not correlate. The ex vivo killing reflected the percent growth inhibition observed in the direct contact method. CONCLUSION A guide to the potential antimicrobial activity of a DBA may be gained from an assessment of its pH when added to bacteriological culture medium. The direct contact method gives a better reflection of the killing of bacteria in infected dentine than the disk diffusion method. Killing in the ex vivo model gives a more realistic and more reliable method for determining the antibacterial activity of a given DBA and that comparisons of the relative inhibitory activity of DBAs should be tested using this ex vivo model.
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Mantzourani M, Fenlon M, Beighton D. Association betweenBifidobacteriaceaeand the clinical severity of root caries lesions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 24:32-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2008.00470.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Beighton D, Clark D, Hanakuka B, Gilbert S, Do T. The predominant cultivable Veillonella spp. of the tongue of healthy adults identified using rpoB sequencing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 23:344-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2007.00424.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Simons D, Brailsford S, Kidd EAM, Beighton D. The effect of chlorhexidine acetate/xylitol chewing gum on the plaque and gingival indices of elderly occupants in residential homes. J Clin Periodontol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2001.281104.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Detailed data on the distribution of Veillonella in caries-free and caries-active subjects are scarce. We hypothesized that the diversity of the genus would be lower in caries lesions than in plaque from caries-free individuals. The proportions of Veillonella were not significantly different in the two groups. All isolates (n = 1308) were genotyped by REP-PCR, and different genotypes (n = 170) were identified by 16S rRNA, dnaK, and rpoB sequencing. V. parvula, V. dispar, and V. atypica were in both groups, V. denticariosi only in caries lesions, and V. rogosae only from the caries-free individuals (p < 0.009). Lesions were more likely to harbor a single predominant species (p = 0.0018). The mean number of genotypes in the lesions was less than in the fissure (p < 0.001) or buccal (p = 0.011) sites. The Veillonella from caries-free sites were more diverse than those from caries lesions, and may be related to the acidic environment of caries lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Arif
- King's College London Dental Institute, Infection Research Group, Floor 17, Guy's Tower, Guy's Campus, London SE1 9RT, UK
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Baysan A, Beighton D. Assessment of the ozone-mediated killing of bacteria in infected dentine associated with non-cavitated occlusal carious lesions. Caries Res 2007; 41:337-41. [PMID: 17713332 PMCID: PMC2790727 DOI: 10.1159/000104790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2006] [Accepted: 01/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of ozone to kill micro-organisms associated with non-cavitated occlusal caries was investigated. The occlusal surfaces were treated with ozone (n = 53) or air (n = 49) for 40 s, and the underlying infected dentine was exposed. There was no significant difference between the number of bacteria recovered from the ozone-treated and the control sites (p > 0.1). Treatment of the exposed dentine with ozone resulted in a just significant (p = 0.044) reduction in bacterial counts. Ozone treatment of non-cavitated occlusal lesions for 40 s failed to significantly reduce the numbers of viable bacteria in infected dentine beneath the demineralized enamel.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Baysan
- Infection Research Group, King's College London Dental Institute, London, UK.
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Murphy J, Beighton D, Clark D, Bartlett D. The potential for sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) found in common children drinks to limit acid production in the oral biofilm. J Dent 2007; 35:214-7. [PMID: 16997450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2006.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2006] [Revised: 07/24/2006] [Accepted: 08/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) is a widely used industrial preservative commonly found in children's drinks. In this paper we examined the effect of SHMP incorporated into children's drinks on acid production by the oral biofilm by monitoring salivary concentrations of lactic acid. MATERIALS AND METHOD Twelve healthy adult subjects with an average age 36 years (range 26-54 years) consumed 10 ml from four children's beverages (Coca Cola and three types of Sunny Delight supplemented with SHMP) and a standard solution of sucrose. Saliva was collected at intervals following exposure of the oral biofilm to the drinks and the clearance of carbohydrates and the appearance of lactate was measured using standard enzymatic techniques. RESULTS All the carbohydrates derived from the drinks were cleared from saliva within 15 min of consumption. Comparison of two drinks [Sunny D Normal and Sunny C] with the same carbohydrate, but different SHMP concentrations suggested that SHMP in these beverages had no significant effect on acid production. CONCLUSIONS In this clinical study the role of SHMP, incorporated in common beverages, did not inhibit acid production from carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Murphy
- Departments of Prosthodontics and Microbiology, King's College London Dental Institute at Guy's, King's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, United Kingdom
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Arif N, Beighton D, Sheehy EC. Microbiological assessment of occlusal brown-spot lesions in primary molars. Caries Res 2006; 40:398-402. [PMID: 16946608 DOI: 10.1159/000094285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2005] [Accepted: 10/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional cultural methods were used to compare the plaque flora and the level of infection of the dentine underlying 51 occlusal brown-spot lesions and 21 sound occlusal sites on the primary dentition. Freshly extracted primary molar teeth were used, and occlusal brown-spot lesions and sound occlusal sites were identified using laser fluorescence (LF) and clinical visual methods. A standardized plaque sample was taken from each site, and an LF score was recorded for one discrete site per tooth. The teeth were carefully opened at each predetermined site to determine the clinical status of the underlying dentine, and samples were collected using a sterile bur. The microbiota of the plaque and dentine samples were enumerated and identified. The mean LF scores for the sound sites and brown-spot lesions were 1.2 and 30.5 (p < 0.001), and all the sound sites exhibited hard sound dentine, but 6 out of 51 brown spots exhibited softened dentine. Overall there was no significant (p > 0.1) difference between the level of infection of the dentine of the sound and brown-spot sites, although some sites in the brown-spot lesions yielded high numbers of bacteria. However, the numbers of bacteria as log10(CFU per sample + 1) +/- SE recovered from the plaque above the brown-spot lesions were significantly greater than above the sound sites, i.e. 2.89 +/- 0.24 and 0.89 +/- 0.33, respectively. These data indicate that brown-spot lesions may be more plaque retentive than sound sites and that they are either arrested or arresting lesions, which may require preventive intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Arif
- Cardiology Research Group, King's College London Dental Institute, London, UK
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Abstract
The effects of sealing infected carious dentine below dental restorations on the phenotypic and genotypic diversity of the surviving microbiota was investigated. It was hypothesized that the microbiota would be subject to nutrient limitation or nutrient simplification, as it would no longer have access to dietary components or salivary secretion for growth. The available nutrients would be limited primarily to serum proteins passing from the pulp through the patent dentinal tubules to the infected dentine. Ten lesions were treated, and infected dentine was sealed below dental restorations for approximately 5 months. Duplicate standardized samples of infected dentine were taken at baseline and after the removal of the restorations. The baseline microbiota were composed primarily of Lactobacillus spp., Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus parasanguinis, Actinomyces israelii, and Actinomyces gerencseriae. None of these taxa were isolated among the microbiota of the dentine samples taken after 5 months, which consisted of only Actinomyces naeslundii, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus intermedius, and Streptococcus mitis. The microbiota of the final sample exhibited a significantly (P < 0.001) increased ability to produce glycosidic enzymes (sialidase, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, and beta-galactosidase), which liberate sugars from glycoproteins. The genotypic diversity of S. oralis and A. naeslundii was significantly (P = 0.002 and P = 0.001, respectively) reduced in the final samples. There was significantly (P < 0.001) greater genotypic diversity within these taxa between the pairs of dentine samples taken at baseline than was found in the 5-month samples, indicating that the dentine was more homogenous than it was at baseline. We propose that during the interval between placement of the restorations and their removal, the available nutrient, primarily serum proteins, or the relative simplicity and homogeneity of the nutrient supply significantly affected the surviving microbiota. The surviving microbiota was less complex, based on compositional, phenotypic, and genotypic analyses, than that isolated from carious lesions which were also exposed to salivary secretions and pH perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Paddick
- Department of Microbiology, The Dental Institute, King's College London, London Bridge SE1 9RT, UK
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Brailsford SR, Kidd EAM, Gilbert SC, Clark DT, Beighton D. Effect of withdrawal of fluoride-containing toothpaste on the interproximal plaque microflora. Caries Res 2005; 39:231-5. [PMID: 15914986 DOI: 10.1159/000084803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2003] [Accepted: 07/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To compare the effects of fluoride-containing and fluoride-free toothpaste on plaque microflora, 15 subjects were enrolled in a double-blind crossover trial. All subjects used a fluoride toothpaste for 7 days before the trial started. Then, 4 interproximal sites per subject were professionally cleaned and subjects used one of the toothpastes for 5 days. On the 5th day plaque was collected from 2 sites, 12 and 6 h after toothpaste use. There was no difference between the groups in the numbers or proportions of aciduric bacteria (recovered at pH 4.8 or 5.2), or of yeasts, neisseriae, lactobacilli or streptococci (total or individual species, including Streptococcus mutans). However, the numbers and proportions of Gram-positive pleomorphic rods, primarily Actinomyces naeslundii, increased in 6-hour samples from subjects using fluoride toothpaste. The data suggest that the anti-caries effect of fluoride toothpaste is not mediated primarily through effects on the plaque microflora, although effects on plaque physiology could be important.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Brailsford
- Department of Microbiology, Guy's, King's and St. Thomas' Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK
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Brailsford SR, Sheehy EC, Gilbert SC, Clark DT, Kidd EAM, Zoitopoulos L, Adams SE, Visser JM, Beighton D. The microflora of the erupting first permanent molar. Caries Res 2005; 39:78-84. [PMID: 15591739 DOI: 10.1159/000081661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2003] [Accepted: 03/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between microflora, eruption status and caries status in the first permanent molar of young children was investigated in 177 children aged 6-7 years. A significantly greater proportion of fully erupted teeth were classified as sound and plaque-free compared to partially erupted teeth. Fully erupted teeth yielded greater numbers and proportions of mutans streptococci compared with significantly greater numbers and proportions of Actinomyces israelii in partially erupted teeth. Logistical regression analysis showed significant associations between white spot lesions in partially erupted teeth and increased numbers of Streptococcus oralis, mutans streptococci and Streptococcus salivarius whereas the presence of Actinomyces naeslundii was associated with health. Significantly greater numbers and proportions of S. oralis and S. salivarius were isolated from partially erupted teeth with white spot lesions whereas Streptococcus mutans was isolated in significantly greater numbers and proportions from fully erupted molars with white spots. This study suggests that organisms other than mutans streptococci are associated with caries development in erupting permanent molar teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Brailsford
- Cariology Research Group, GKT Dental Institute, London, UK
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Ahluwalia M, Brailsford SR, Tarelli E, Gilbert SC, Clark DT, Barnard K, Beighton D. Dental caries, oral hygiene, and oral clearance in children with craniofacial disorders. J Dent Res 2004; 83:175-9. [PMID: 14742659 DOI: 10.1177/154405910408300218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The reason that children with cleft palates tend to have a greater prevalence of tooth decay than normal children is unclear. We hypothesized that children with cleft palates would have increased oral clearance times for foods and, consequently, higher levels of caries and caries-associated micro-organisms than control children. Children aged 6-16 yrs, with (n = 81) or without (n = 61) cleft palates, were studied. Children with cleft palates had DMFT and dmft scores greater (p < 0.01) than those of the control group. The number of caries-associated organisms was greater in the saliva of the cleft palate children (all p < 0.001). The oral hygiene, plaque and gingival index scores were greater (p < 0.0001), oral clearance was longer (p < 0.01), and levels of sucrose and starch-derived saccharides higher (p < 0.01) in the cleft palate group. However, salivary concentrations of organic acids were lower in the children with craniofacial disorders, probably reflecting the altered physiology of the more mature dental biofilm. The longer oral clearance times of foods and the consequent generation of fermentable sugars from starches may contribute to the higher caries prevalence observed in children with cleft palates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ahluwalia
- Dental Caries Research Group, Guy's, King's and St Thomas' Dental Institute, Caldecot Road, Denmark Hill, London, England. SE5 9RW
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Abstract
Cells growing on surfaces in biofilms exhibit properties distinct from those of planktonic cells, such as increased resistance to biocides and antimicrobial agents. In spite of increased interest in biofilms, very little is known about alterations in cell physiology that occur upon attachment of cells to a surface. In this study we have investigated the changes induced in the protein synthesis by contact of Streptococcus mutans with a surface. Log-phase planktonic cells of S. mutans were allowed to adhere to a glass slide for 2 h in the presence of a (14)C-amino acid mixture. Nonadhered cells were washed away, and the adhered cells were removed by sonication. The proteins were extracted from the nonadhered planktonic and the adhered biofilm cells and separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by autoradiography and image analysis. Image analysis revealed that the relative rate of synthesis of 25 proteins was enhanced and that of 8 proteins was diminished > or =1.3-fold in the biofilm cells. Proteins of interest were identified by mass spectrometry and computer-assisted protein sequence analysis. Of the 33 proteins associated with the adhesion response, all but 10 were identified by mass spectrometry and peptide mass fingerprinting. The most prominent change in adhered cells was the increase in relative synthesis of enzymes involved in carbohydrate catabolism indicating that a redirection in protein synthesis towards energy generation is an early response to contact with and adhesion to a surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Welin
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmo, Sweden
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Beighton D, Brailsford SR, Gilbert SC, Clark DT, Rao S, Wilkins JC, Tarelli E, Homer KA. Intra-Oral Acid Production Associated with Eating Whole or Pulped Raw Fruits. Caries Res 2004; 38:341-9. [PMID: 15181333 DOI: 10.1159/000078180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2003] [Accepted: 11/20/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypotheses that raw fruits, whether whole or pulped, were cleared rapidly from the mouth and that the sugars in the whole and pulped fruits are fermented with equal efficiency to acids by the oral microflora were tested in this study. Groups of 7-9 adult subjects chewed 10 g of raw, whole or pulped fruit (apple, banana, orange, pear and pineapple) for 1 min and whole, unstimulated saliva samples were collected during the following 60-min interval. Each saliva sample was assayed for the concentrations of fruit-derived sugars (glucose, fructose and sucrose), fruit-derived acids (malic and citric) and acids which may be produced as a result of bacterial fermentation (acetic, lactic, formic and succinic). We found the fruit-derived sugars were rapidly cleared from the mouth (within 5 min). The major bacterially produced acids were lactic and succinic, which reached maximum concentrations in the 5-min sample. There was no significant difference, within a fruit, in the salivary levels of any of the sugars or acids between the raw whole or raw pulped forms. In light of these findings it seems unwise to assume that fruits may be consumed without consideration of their acidogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Beighton
- Department of Microbiology, Guy's King's and St. Thomas' Dental Institute, London, UK.
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37
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Brailsford S, Fiske J, Gilbert S, Clark D, Beighton D. The effects of the combination of chlorhexidine/thymol- and fluoride-containing varnishes on the severity of root caries lesions in frail institutionalised elderly people. J Prosthet Dent 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2004.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Welin J, Wilkins JC, Beighton D, Wrzesinski K, Fey SJ, Mose-Larsen P, Hamilton IR, Svensäter G. Effect of acid shock on protein expression by biofilm cells of Streptococcus mutans. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2004; 227:287-93. [PMID: 14592721 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1097(03)00693-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans is a component of the dental plaque biofilm and a major causal agent of dental caries. Log-phase cells of the organism are known to induce an acid tolerance response (ATR) at sub-lethal pH values ( approximately 5.5) that enhances survival at lower pH values such as those encountered in caries lesions. In this study, we have employed a rod biofilm chemostat system to demonstrate that, while planktonic cells induced a strong ATR at pH 5.5, biofilm cells were inherently more acid resistant than such cells in spite of a negligible induction of an ATR. Since these results suggested that surface growth itself triggered an ATR in biofilm cells, we were interested in comparing the effects of a pH change from 7.5 to 5.5 on protein synthesis by the two cell types. For this, cells were pulse labeled with [(14)C]-amino acids following the pH change to pH 5.5, the proteins extracted and separated by two-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis followed by autoradiography and computer-assisted image analysis. A comparison between the cells incubated at pH 5.5 and the control biofilm cells revealed 23 novel proteins that were absent in the control cells, and 126 proteins with an altered relative rate of synthesis. While the number of changes in protein expression in the biofilm cells was within the same range as for planktonic cells, the magnitude of their change was significantly less in biofilm cells, supporting the observation that acidification of biofilm cells induced a negligible ATR. Mass spectrometry and computer-assisted protein sequence analysis revealed that ATR induction of the planktonic cells resulted in the downregulation of glycolytic enzymes presumably to limit cellular damage by the acidification of the external environment. On the other hand, the glycolytic enzymes in control biofilm cells were significantly less downregulated and key enzymes, such as lactate dehydrogenase were upregulated during pH 5.5 incubation, suggesting that the enhanced acid resistance of biofilm cells is associated with the maintenance of pH homeostasis by H+ extrusion via membrane ATPase and increased lactate efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Welin
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
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39
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Brailsford SR, Fiske J, Gilbert S, Clark D, Beighton D. The effects of the combination of chlorhexidine/thymol- and fluoride-containing varnishes on the severity of root caries lesions in frail institutionalised elderly people. J Dent 2002; 30:319-24. [PMID: 12554113 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-5712(02)00045-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the clinical effects of a fluoride-containing varnish (Fluor-Protector) in combination with a chlorhexidine-containing varnish (Cervitec) on existing root caries lesions in a group of frail elderly subjects. METHODS A randomised double blind longitudinal study was utilised. Subjects (n = 102) were randomly allocated to a Test or Placebo group. All leathery and soft root caries lesions in all subjects were coated with Fluor-Protector while the lesions in the Test group were also coated with Cervitec and the lesions in the Placebo group were coated with a Placebo varnish. Treatments were repeated five times in a 12-month period. Clinical parameters associated with root caries, measurements of individual lesions and salivary levels of caries associated bacteria were made at intervals. RESULTS The clinical severity of the lesions in the Test group did not change significantly during the 12-month study period. In the Placebo group the mean lesion width and lesion height and length of exposed root increased significantly and the lesions were significantly closer to the gingival margin. There were no significant changes in the salivary levels of caries-associated microorganisms after 12 months although, in both groups, there was initially a significant reduction in the salivary levels of mutans streptococci. CONCLUSIONS The combination of Fluor-Protector and Cervitec is a useful, simple, quick and non-invasive method for the control and management of existing root caries lesions. The procedure could be performed by a dental hygienist and may be usefully applied in other high-risk groups including persons with Parkinson's disease, debilitating neuromuscular conditions and dry mouth from whatever cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Brailsford
- Dental Caries Research Group, GKT Dental Institute, Caldecot Road, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RW, UK.
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate oral yeast carriage amongst patients with advanced cancer. Oral rinse samples were obtained from 120 subjects. Yeasts were isolated using Sabouraud's dextrose agar and CHROMagar Candida, and were identified using a combination of the API 20 C AUX yeast identification system, species-specific PCR and 26S rDNA gene sequencing. Oral yeast carriage was present in 66% of subjects. The frequency of isolation of individual species was: Candida albicans, 46%; Candida glabrata, 18%; Candida dubliniensis, 5%; others, < 5%. The increasing isolation of non-Candida albicans species is clinically important, since these species are often more resistant to antifungal drugs. Oral yeast carriage was associated with denture wearing (P = 0.006), and low stimulated whole salivary flow rate (P = 0.009). Identification of these risk factors offers new strategies for the prevention of oral candidosis in this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Davies
- Department of Palliative Medicine, Bristol Oncology Centre, Bristol, UK
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Simons D, Brailsford S, Kidd EA, Beighton D. Relationship between oral hygiene practices and oral status in dentate elderly people living in residential homes. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2001; 29:464-70. [PMID: 11784290 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0528.2001.290608.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the relationship between the oral hygiene practices of dentate elderly people living in residential homes, their requests for assistance and their oral health status. METHODS 164 people (81.2+/-7.4 years) participated in an interview and oral examination, and provided a stimulated saliva sample. RESULTS The mean number of coronal decayed surfaces (CDS) was 2.4+/-5.9, stimulated salivary levels (log(10)cfu/ml) of mutans streptococci, lactobacilli and yeasts were 1.6+/-2.1, 3.0+/-2.2, 2.1+/-1.7, respectively, and 53% had root decayed surfaces (RDS). Plaque (PI) and gingival (GI) Indices were 2.3+/-0.7 and 1.6+/-0.4 and denture debris scores (DDS) were high. 31% of the population cleaned their mouths twice daily without requesting help and they had significantly fewer yeasts, RDS, restorations on root surfaces, lower PI, GI (P<0.005) and DDS (P<0.0001) than the 69% who cleaned less often. 50% of those who cleaned less frequently requested assistance with oral hygiene but only 5% said that their carers supported them. Those residents who requested help had significantly higher levels of yeasts, lactobacilli (P<0.001), retained roots, DDS, RDS (P<0.005), PI and GI (P<0.0001). CONCLUSION The elderly residents' perceived need for assistance with oral hygiene was related directly to oral hygiene status and to clinical indicators of mucosal and dental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Simons
- Dental Department, Principal Health Centre, Civic Close, St Albans, Hertfordshire, AL1 3LA, UK
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Abstract
Streptococcus mutans, a major causal agent of dental caries, functions in nature as a component of a biofilm on teeth (dental plaque) and yet very little information is available on the physiology of the organism in such surface-associated communities. As a consequence, we undertook to examine the synthesis of proteins by planktonic and biofilm cells growing in a biofilm chemostat at pH 7.5 at a dilution rate of 0.1 h(-1) (mean generation time=7 h). Cells were incubated with (14)C-labelled amino acids, the proteins extracted and separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis followed by autoradiography and computer-assisted image analysis. Of 694 proteins analysed, 57 proteins were enhanced 1.3-fold or greater in biofilm cells compared to planktonic cells with 13 only expressed in sessile cells. Diminished protein expression was observed with 78 proteins, nine of which were not expressed in biofilm cells. The identification of enhanced and diminished proteins by mass spectrometry and computer-assisted protein sequence analysis revealed that, in general, glycolytic enzymes involved in acid formation were repressed in biofilm cells, while biosynthetic processes were enhanced. The results show that biofilm cells possess novel proteins, of as yet unknown function, that are not present in planktonic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Svensäter
- Department of Oral Biology, Centre for Oral Health Sciences, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden.
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Abstract
The predominant microflora recovered from infected dentine of 52 carious teeth from 14 children with nursing caries was determined using both selective and non-selective media for the isolation of specific genera and acidified media (pH 5.2) to isolate the predominant aciduric microorganisms, and compared with the microflora of sound enamel surfaces in caries-free children. Streptococcus mutans formed a significantly greater proportion of the lesion flora while Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus sanguis and Streptococcus gordonii formed a significantly greater proportion of the plaque flora from sound tooth surfaces. The proportions of Actinomyces naeslundii and Actinomyces odontolyticus were significantly greater in the plaque samples than in the lesion samples. Actinomyces israelii formed 18.2% of the flora from the lesions, but was not isolated from the plaque samples. The proportions of Candida albicans, Lactobacillus spp. and Veillonella spp. were also significantly greater in the carious dentine than in the plaque samples. The most frequently isolated lactobacilli were Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus fermentum and Lactobacillus rhamnosus. The predominant aciduric flora was S. oralis, S. mutans and A. israelii and these taxa were also isolated from a similar proportion of the lesions at pH 7.0. Strains of S. mutans, L. casei, L. fermentum and L. rhamnosus isolated from individual carious teeth were genotyped using PCR-based methods. Each species was genotypically heterogeneous and different genotypes were recovered from different carious teeth in the same child. These data indicate that the microflora of lesions in the same child is microbiologically diverse and support a non-specific aetiology for nursing caries in which the physiological characteristics of the infecting flora, not its composition, is the major determinant underlying the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Marchant
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Guy's, King's and St Thomas' Dental Institute, London, England
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Sheehy EC, Brailsford SR, Kidd EA, Beighton D, Zoitopoulos L. Comparison between visual examination and a laser fluorescence system for in vivo diagnosis of occlusal caries. Caries Res 2001; 35:421-6. [PMID: 11799282 DOI: 10.1159/000047485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared a laser fluorescence (LF) system (DIAGNOdent) with a visual caries scoring system for in vivo detection and diagnosis of occlusal caries under the conditions of an epidemiological study, in 132 mandibular and 38 maxillary first permanent molars in 170 children (mean age: 6.85 +/- 0.58 years). The teeth were cleaned and occlusal caries status in a selected investigation site recorded using both visual and LF systems. The LF readings were interpreted both according to the cut-off points recommended by the manufacturers and those based on laboratory research with histological validation. The percentage agreement of the LF and visual scoring system was better using the cut-off limits recommended by the manufacturer. Histological validation was not possible in this clinical study, but it appeared that either the LF method was overscoring some lesions or the visual method was underscoring them. Since the LF instrument cannot be expected to differentiate caries from hypomineralisation, it should probably be used as an adjunct to a clinical examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Sheehy
- Dental Caries Research Group, Guy's King's and St. Thomas' Dental Institute, London, United Kingdom
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45
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46
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Simons D, Brailsford S, Kidd EA, Beighton D. The effect of chlorhexidine acetate/xylitol chewing gum on the plaque and gingival indices of elderly occupants in residential homes. J Clin Periodontol 2001; 28:1010-5. [PMID: 11686821 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-051x.2001.281104.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM A randomised, controlled, double-blind, clinical trial was conducted to investigate the effect of a chlorhexidine acetate/xylitol gum (ACHX) on the plaque and gingival indices of 111 elderly occupants in residential homes. A gum containing xylitol alone (X) and a no gum (N) group was included. Participants' opinions about chewing gum were also investigated. METHODS Subjects chewed 2 pellets, for 15 min, 2x daily for 12 months. RESULTS In the ACHX group, the plaque and gingival indices significantly decreased (p<0.001) over the 12 months. In the X group, only the plaque score significantly decreased (p<0.05) and in the N control group, both indices remained high and did not change significantly. The acceptance of both chewing gums was high but more participants in the ACHX group felt that the gum kept their mouth healthy (p<0.05). The effect of the ACHX gum on plaque and gingival indices was significantly greater than for the X gum. CONCLUSION The long-term use of a chlorhexidine acetate/xylitol chewing gum may therefore support oral hygiene routines for an elderly dependent population.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Simons
- Dental Caries Research Group, Guy's, King's and St Thomas's Dental Institute, London, UK
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Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the features of xerostomia in patients with advanced cancer. The protocol involved completion of the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale, and measurement of the unstimulated whole salivary flow rate (UWSFR) and the stimulated whole salivary flow rate (SWSFR). One hundred twenty patients participated in the study. Xerostomia was the fourth most common symptom (78% of patients). It was associated with a poor performance status (P = 0.01). The usual cause of xerostomia was drug treatment. There was an association with the total number of drugs prescribed (P = 0.009): the median number of xerostomic drugs prescribed was 4. Xerostomia was ranked the third most distressing symptom. Its severity was correlated with the severity of oral discomfort, dysgeusia, dysmasesia, dysphagia, dysphonia, and anorexia. The UWSFR was a relatively sensitive, but nonspecific, investigation. In contrast, the SWSFR was a relatively specific, but insensitive, investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Davies
- Heart of Kent Hospice, Aylesford, Kent, United Kingdom
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48
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Brailsford SR, Shah B, Simons D, Gilbert S, Clark D, Ines I, Adams SE, Allison C, Beighton D. The predominant aciduric microflora of root-caries lesions. J Dent Res 2001; 80:1828-33. [PMID: 11926242 DOI: 10.1177/00220345010800091101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of root caries is not fully understood, and although mutans streptococci, lactobacilli, and A. naeslundii have been implicated in its initiation and progression, this study was designed to determine the potential role of other microbial species and the nature of predominant aciduric microflora in the root caries process. We isolated the predominant aciduric microflora from root-caries lesions (n = 14) and sound root surfaces in subjects with (n = 13) or without (n = 10) root caries, using both a "most probable numbers" method and conventional plating methods. The predominant aciduric bacteria from root lesions were lactobacilli and A. israelii, while from sound root surfaces in subjects with root caries, A. gerencseriae comprised over 60% of aciduric isolates. Mutans streptococci were not among the aciduric isolates. Subjects without root caries harbored fewer bacteria, and S. anginosus (pH 4.8) and S. oralis (pH 5.2) were the predominant aciduric bacteria. The microbial etiology of root caries is more complex than was previously appreciated, and factors underlying the microbial succession occurring during the disease process are not known. Taxa with previously unrecognized aciduric characteristics have been isolated routinely, and the role of these organisms in the root caries process requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Brailsford
- Caries Research Group, GKT Dental Institute, Denmark Hill, London, England.
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49
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Wilkins JC, Homer KA, Beighton D. Altered protein expression of Streptococcus oralis cultured at low pH revealed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:3396-405. [PMID: 11472910 PMCID: PMC93034 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.8.3396-3405.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus oralis is the predominant aciduric nonmutans streptococcus isolated from the human dentition, but the role of this organism in the initiation and progression of dental caries has yet to be established. To identify proteins that are differentially expressed by S. oralis growing under conditions of low pH, soluble cellular proteins extracted from bacteria grown in batch culture at pH 5.2 or 7.0 were analyzed by two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis. Thirty-nine proteins had altered expression at low pH; these were excised, digested with trypsin using an in-gel protocol, and further analyzed by peptide mass fingerprinting using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry. The resulting fingerprints were compared with the genomic database for Streptococcus pneumoniae, an organism that is phylogenetically closely related to S. oralis, and putative functions for the majority of these proteins were determined on the basis of functional homology. Twenty-eight proteins were up-regulated following growth at pH 5.2; these included enzymes of the glycolytic pathway (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase), the polypeptide chains comprising ATP synthase, and proteins that are considered to play a role in the general stress response of bacteria, including the 60-kDa chaperone, Hsp33, and superoxide dismutase, and three distinct ABC transporters. These data identify, for the first time, gene products that may be important in the survival and proliferation of nonmutans aciduric S. oralis under conditions of low pH that are likely to be encountered by this organism in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Wilkins
- Department of Oral Microbiology, GKT Dental Institute, King's College London, London United Kingdom.
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50
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Roberts G, Homer KA, Tarelli E, Philpott-Howard J, Devriese LA, Beighton D. Distribution of endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase amongst enterococci. J Med Microbiol 2001; 50:620-626. [PMID: 11444772 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-50-7-620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococci are becoming increasingly important nosocomial pathogens, a fact mainly attributed to their antimicrobial resistance profiles. However, the enzymic activities required for these organisms to proliferate in vivo have received little attention. Enterococcus faecalis has been shown previously to produce an endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity which cleaves high mannose-type glycans in glycoproteins between the N-acetylglucosamine residues of the pentasaccharide core. This study investigated the distribution of this endoglycosidase activity amongst the other enterococcal species. Ribonuclease B, a high mannose-type glycoprotein, was used as a substrate and endoglycosidase activity was demonstrated by a combination of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry and high pH anion-exchange chromatography. Endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity was present in 10 of the 18 enterococcal species isolated from both human and animal sources, including all E. faecalis strains. The most notable exception was the lack of this activity in all E. faecium isolates tested. All enterococcal species possessing endoglycosidase activity utilised the liberated glycans to support bacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - L A Devriese
- Oral Microbiology, Guy's, King's and St Thomas' Dental Institute, King's College London, London, SE5 9RW, UK and *Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gent, Gent, Belgium
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