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Wallach D. The vintage descriptions of IgA pemphigus. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2022; 36:e1012. [PMID: 35841291 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.18419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gloor AD, Feldmeyer L, Rammlmair A, Schlapbach C, Wallach D, Borradori L. A relapsing localized variant of neutrophilic dermatosis triggered by tissue injury. Br J Dermatol 2020; 184:162-164. [PMID: 33169835 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.19418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A D Gloor
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - L Feldmeyer
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - A Rammlmair
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - C Schlapbach
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - D Wallach
- Physician (Hon.) of Paris Hospitals, Paris, France
| | - L Borradori
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
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3
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Bucchia M, Barbarot S, Reumaux H, Piram M, Mahe E, Mallet S, Balguerie X, Phan A, Lacour JP, Decramer S, Hatchuel Y, Jean S, Begon E, Joubert A, Merlin E, Wallach D, Meinzer U, Bourrat E. Age-specific characteristics of neutrophilic dermatoses and neutrophilic diseases in children. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2019; 33:2179-2187. [PMID: 31166045 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.15730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our suggested 'modern' concepts of 'neutrophilic dermatoses' (ND) and 'neutrophilic disease' were based on observations in adult patients and have not been studied in paediatric patients. Only a minority of ND occurs in children, and little is known about age-specific characteristics. OBJECTIVES To describe age-specific characteristics of ND in children and to study whether our suggested 'modern' classification of ND may be applied to children. METHODS We conducted a retrospective multicentre study in a French cohort of 27 paediatric patients diagnosed with pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) or Sweet's syndrome (SS). RESULTS Demographics and distribution of typical/atypical forms were similar in patients diagnosed with PG and SS. Atypical ND were more frequent in infants (90%), when compared to young children (60%) and adolescents (33%). Neutrophilic disease was observed in 17/27 patients and was most frequent in infants. Neutrophilic disease of the upper respiratory tract, as well as cardiac neutrophilic disease, was only observed in infants, whereas other locations were similarly found in infants, young children and adolescents. In infants and young children, ND were associated with a large spectrum of general diseases, whereas in adolescents associations were limited to inflammatory bowel disease and Behçet's disease. CONCLUSIONS Our study describes the concept of ND in paediatric patients and shows that they have some characteristics different from ND occurring in adults. ND occurring in infants can be associated with a large spectrum of general diseases. Occurrence of neutrophilic disease is frequent in children. Thus, ND occurring in young paediatric patients should incite clinicians to schedule complementary explorations in order to search for involvement of other organs and to rule out monogenetic autoinflammatory syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bucchia
- Centre Hospitalier Le Mans, Service Urgences pédiatriques, Le Mans, France.,Centre de référence des rhumatismes inflammatoires et maladies auto-immunes systémiques rares de l'enfant (RAISE), Service de pédiatrie générale, Maladies Infectieuses et Médecine Interne, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - S Barbarot
- Service de Dermatologie, CHU de Nantes - Hôtel Dieu, Nantes, France
| | - H Reumaux
- Service de Pédiatrie et médecine générale, CHRU de Lille, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, Lille, France
| | - M Piram
- CHU de Bicêtre, Service de Rhumatologue Pédiatrique, CEREMAIA, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,CESP, U1018 Inserm, Université Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - E Mahe
- Service de Dermatologie, Unité de Soutien à la Recherche Clinique, Argenteuil, France
| | - S Mallet
- Service de Dermatologie de l'hôpital de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - X Balguerie
- Clinique Dermatologique, CHU de Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - A Phan
- Service de Néphro-Rhumato-Dermatologie Pédiatrique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Bron, France
| | - J-P Lacour
- Service de Dermatologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France
| | - S Decramer
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Service de Néphrologie Médecine Interne Pédiatrique, Hôpital des Enfants, Centre De Référence des Maladies Rénales Rares du Sud Ouest, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Institut of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Y Hatchuel
- Service de Pédiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Martinique, Fort de France, France
| | - S Jean
- Service de pédiatrie Centre Hospitalier universitaire de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - E Begon
- Service de Médecine, Centre Hospitalier René-Dubois, Cergy Pontoise, France
| | - A Joubert
- Service de Dermatologie, CHU de Nantes - Hôtel Dieu, Nantes, France
| | - E Merlin
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Pédiatrie Générale Multidisciplinaire, CIC INSERM 1405, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - D Wallach
- Médecin (honoraire) des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - U Meinzer
- Centre de référence des rhumatismes inflammatoires et maladies auto-immunes systémiques rares de l'enfant (RAISE), Service de pédiatrie générale, Maladies Infectieuses et Médecine Interne, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR1149, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.,Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et génétique de la paroi bactérienne, Paris, France
| | - E Bourrat
- Centre de référence des rhumatismes inflammatoires et maladies auto-immunes systémiques rares de l'enfant (RAISE), Service de pédiatrie générale, Maladies Infectieuses et Médecine Interne, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France.,Service de Dermatologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Louis, Paris, France
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4
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Wallach D. Atopic Dermatitis, The Skin-Disease. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017; 31:1397-1398. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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5
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Abstract
Pyoderma gangrenosum, a dramatic ulcerative skin disease, and Sweet syndrome, a papular dermatosis, were described independently. It was subsequently shown that they share many characteristics, including clinical overlap and the frequent association with multisystemic disorders. The group of the neutrophilic dermatoses encompasses these two dermatoses, as well as other conditions having in common an aseptic neutrophilic infiltrate predominating in the epidermis and/or the dermis and/or the subcutis. Some patients also experience neutrophilic infiltrates in other organs, defining the neutrophilic disease. Recent research suggests that the neutrophilic dermatoses could be considered as the cutaneous expression of the autoinflammation, an aberrant hyperproduction of interleukin-1. Autoinflammation is responsible for monogenic diseases, and is also involved in the mechanism of many polygenic conditions, including the neutrophilic dermatoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wallach
- Médecin (hon). des Hôpitaux, Paris, France
| | - M-D Vignon-Pennamen
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S 1165, F-75010, Paris, France.,INSERM, U1165, F-75010, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Pathologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, F-75010, Paris, France
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Yoon S, Bogdanov K, Kovalenko A, Wallach D. Necroptosis is preceded by nuclear translocation of the signaling proteins that induce it. Cell Death Differ 2015; 23:253-60. [PMID: 26184911 PMCID: PMC4716306 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A signaling pathway that induces programmed necrotic cell death (necroptosis) was reported to be activated in cells by several cytokines and various pathogen components. The major proteins participating in that pathway are the protein kinases RIPK1 and RIPK3 and the pseudokinase mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL). Recent studies have suggested that MLKL, once activated, mediates necroptosis by binding to cellular membranes, thereby triggering ion fluxes. However, our knowledge of both the sequence of molecular events leading to MLKL activation and the subcellular sites of these events is fragmentary. Here we report that the association of MLKL with the cell membrane in necroptotic death is preceded by the translocation of phosphorylated MLKL, along with RIPK1 and RIPK3, to the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yoon
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - K Bogdanov
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - A Kovalenko
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - D Wallach
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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7
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Asseng S, Ewert F, Martre P, Rötter RP, Lobell DB, Cammarano D, Kimball BA, Ottman MJ, Wall GW, White JW, Reynolds MP, Alderman PD, Prasad PVV, Aggarwal PK, Anothai J, Basso B, Biernath C, Challinor AJ, De Sanctis G, Doltra J, Fereres E, Garcia-Vila M, Gayler S, Hoogenboom G, Hunt LA, Izaurralde RC, Jabloun M, Jones CD, Kersebaum KC, Koehler AK, Müller C, Naresh Kumar S, Nendel C, O’Leary G, Olesen JE, Palosuo T, Priesack E, Eyshi Rezaei E, Ruane AC, Semenov MA, Shcherbak I, Stöckle C, Stratonovitch P, Streck T, Supit I, Tao F, Thorburn PJ, Waha K, Wang E, Wallach D, Wolf J, Zhao Z, Zhu Y. Rising temperatures reduce global wheat production. Nature Clim Change 2015; 5:143-147. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1038/nclimate2470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 528] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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Asseng S, Ewert F, Rosenzweig C, Jones JW, Hatfield JL, Ruane AC, Boote KJ, Thorburn PJ, Rötter RP, Cammarano D, Brisson N, Basso B, Martre P, Aggarwal PK, Angulo C, Bertuzzi P, Biernath C, Challinor AJ, Doltra J, Gayler S, Goldberg R, Grant R, Heng L, Hooker J, Hunt LA, Ingwersen J, Izaurralde RC, Kersebaum KC, Müller C, Naresh Kumar S, Nendel C, O’Leary G, Olesen JE, Osborne TM, Palosuo T, Priesack E, Ripoche D, Semenov MA, Shcherbak I, Steduto P, Stöckle C, Stratonovitch P, Streck T, Supit I, Tao F, Travasso M, Waha K, Wallach D, White JW, Williams JR, Wolf J. Uncertainty in simulating wheat yields under climate change. Nature Clim Change 2013. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1038/nclimate1916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
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9
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Wallach D, Toporek G, Weber S, Bale R, Widmann G. Comparison of freehand-navigated and aiming device-navigated targeting of liver lesions. Int J Med Robot 2013; 10:35-43. [PMID: 23832927 DOI: 10.1002/rcs.1505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate needle placement is crucial for the success of percutaneous radiological needle interventions. We compared three guiding methods using an optical-based navigation system: freehand, using a stereotactic aiming device and active depth control, and using a stereotactic aiming device and passive depth control. METHODS For each method, 25 punctures were performed on a non-rigid phantom. Five 1 mm metal screws were used as targets. Time requirements were recorded, and target positioning errors (TPE) were measured on control scans as the distance between needle tip and target. RESULTS Time requirements were reduced using the aiming device and passive depth control. The Euclidian TPE was similar for each method (4.6 ± 1.2-4.9 ± 1.7 mm). However, the lateral component was significantly lower when an aiming device was used (2.3 ± 1.3-2.8 ± 1.6 mm with an aiming device vs 4.2 ± 2.0 mm without). DISCUSSION Using an aiming device may increase the lateral accuracy of navigated needle insertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wallach
- University of Bern, ARTORG Centre for Biomedical Engineering Research, Bern, Switzerland
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10
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Wallach D, Kang T, Yang S, Toth Cohen B, Rajput A, Kim J, Kovalenko A. 47 Regulation of Inflammation and Cell-Death Trough Interactions of RHIM-domain Protein Kinases With Caspase-8. Eur J Cancer 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(12)70751-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Wallach D. Histoire du non-traitement de la dermatite atopique. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2011.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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12
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Le Maitre A, Wallach D, Hatt M, Edel S, Boussion N, Pradier O, Visvikis D. SU-E-J-113: Impact of 4D PET and Motion Correction in the Delineation of Gross Tumor Volume for Radiotherapy Treatment Planning in Lung Cancer. Med Phys 2011. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3611881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Wallach D. Analyse de livre. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2009.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Wallach D, Cottenot F, Pelbois G, Passa P. An immunofluorescence study of the skin in diabetes mellitus. Acta Med Scand 2009; 209:417-9. [PMID: 7018183 DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1981.tb11618.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The clinically normal skin of the lower back of 30 patients with diabetes mellitus was examined, using the direct immunofluorescence technique. No deposit of immunoglobulins or complement (C3) could be demonstrated, while other authors have previously reported lupus-like deposits in diabetes mellitus. As other discrepant studies of skin immunofluorescence have been published, it is suggested that the standards of the various immunopathology laboratories are different. This may explain why the actual value of the lupus band test remains controversial.
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Wallach D, Taïeb A, Tilles G. Les nourrissons atopiques sensibilisés à l’œuf peuvent-ils manger des œufs ? Ann Dermatol Venereol 2007; 134:686-7. [DOI: 10.1016/s0151-9638(07)91836-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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Régnier S, Wallach D, Assaf Z, Hamel-Teillac D, Voyer M, Hadj-Rabia S. La dermatose érosive et vésiculeuse : une cause rare d’érythrodermie bulleuse néonatale. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0151-9638(07)89310-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Tilles G, Janier M, Wallach D. [1801-2001: two centuries of dermatology and venereology in the Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2003; 130:753-62. [PMID: 14576605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
The specialization "Dermatology" was born at the Saint-Louis hospital in France in 1801, in the light of the revolutionary reforms that led to fundamental changes in the functioning of the hospitals in Paris. Hence, the Saint-Louis hospital occupies an eminent position in the history of dermatology in France, reinforced by the role of Jean-Louis Alibert, who founded the French school of Dermatology. Despite the place occupied by the physicians of the Saint-Louis Hospital in the creation and development of the French school of dermatology, other physicians in other hospitals contributed to the expansion of the dermatology school. The work of Pierre Rayer, in the nineteenth century, at the Saint-Antoine and subsequently the Charité hospitals, are within this scope. More recently, the re-organization of the Faculty of Medicine into University Hospital Centers has permitted the creation of various treatment, teaching and research centers within the structure of the public hospitals in Paris. From the start, syphilis was part of the Dermatology teaching and practice. In Paris, several so-called "specialized" hospitals were created to house patients presenting with syphilis. Later on, the existence of these hospitals was questioned notably because of the constraints that their functioning imposed on the patients. Anti-venereal care centers were developed in response to the request of the practitioners to facilitate the access to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tilles
- Société Française d'Histoire de la Dermatologie, Musée de l'Hôpital Saint-Louis, 1, avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75475 Paris 10.
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Antoniadou T, Wallach D. Evaluating optimal fertilizer rates using plant measurements. J Appl Stat 2002. [DOI: 10.1080/0266476022000006757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
Human interferons-alpha, -beta and -gamma enhance HLA-DR mRNAs in all the human lymphoblastoid and melanoma cell lines studied. The increase concerns both alpha and beta chain mRNAs. Moreover, we show that immune interferon-gamma preferentially enhances class II MHC mRNA. This effect of IFN-gamma on the synthesis of alpha and beta HLA-DR chains has been also analysed by immunoprecipitation. It is abolished by a monoclonal antibody directed against human IFN-gamma. The effect of interferon on the cell surface level of HLA-DR molecules does not always correspond to the enhancement of HLA-DR mRNA. Our experiments suggest that this discrepancy between the enhancement of HLA-DR mRNA and cell surface antigen might be due to a constitutively high level of the corresponding antigens on several of the human cells studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rosa
- Immunogénétique Humaine, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris VII, France
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Tilles G, Wallach D. [Léon Lortat-Jacob (1873-1931)]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2002; 129:97. [PMID: 11937949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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Tilles G, Wallach D. [François Henri Hallopeau (1842-1919)]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2001; 128:1379. [PMID: 11908156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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Tilles G, Wallach D. [The treatment of syphilis with mercury: an exemplary therapeutic history]. Hist Sci Med 2001; 30:501-10. [PMID: 11625051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Prior to the first use of penicillin against syphilis in 1943, mercury had a prominent position in the medical practice despite a tremendous toxicity and a questionable efficiency. In fact, during 450 years mercury remained the guarantee of efficacy. The modalities of use increased, the durations of treatment lengthened without any evidence of a worsening morbidity. This history of an exceptional duration seems to be a good example of the weight of tradition or habit in the medical practice, of the importance of the constraints supported by the patients, of the necessity and the difficulties to evaluate the treatments without error.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tilles
- Musée-bibliothèque de l'hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris cedex 10
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Tilles G, Wallach D. [Edouard Jeanselme (1858-1935)]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2001; 128:1270. [PMID: 11908184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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Tilles G, Wallach D. [Edouard Jeanselme (1858-1953)]. Hist Sci Med 2001; 27:195-200. [PMID: 11634234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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Tilles G, Wallach D. [History of the treatment of syphilis with mercury: five centuries of uncertainty and toxicity]. Rev Hist Pharm (Paris) 2001; 44:347-51. [PMID: 11618669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Tilles
- Musée-bibliothque de l'hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
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Wallach D, Tilles G. [Not Available]. Hist Sci Med 2001; 24:99-104. [PMID: 11634166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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Wallach D, Tillès G. [Pierre Rayer's dermatological work]. Hist Sci Med 2001; 25:279-84. [PMID: 11629859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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Wallach D, Charansonnet MC. [The establishment of the first journals of dermatology and venereology in the nineteenth century]. Hist Sci Med 2001; 29:359-64. [PMID: 11640706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Medical periodicals specialized in dermatology and sexually transmitted diseases were first published during the second half of the nineteenth century. Their goal was to promote the diffusion of medical knowledge, among specialists (clinical research), as well as towards general practitioners (medical education). Until now, medical journals are the major tool for the diffusion of news and progress in medicine. We briefly describe the first of these dermatological journals: Syphilidologie, founded in 1838 in Leipzig by Friedrich Jacob Behrend; Annales des maladies de la peau et de la syphilis, the first truly dermatological journal, published in Paris from August 1843 to 1852 by Alphée Cazenave; Giornale italiano delle malattie veneree e delle malattie della pelle, founded in 1866 in Milan by Giovanni Battista Soresina; Journal of cutaneous medicine and diseases of the skin, created in London in 1867 by Erasmus Wilson, and which lasted only four years; Annales de dermatologie et de syphiligraphie, founded in Paris in 1868 by Adrien Doyon, which are still published now; Archiv für Dermatologie und Syphilis, published in Prague in 1869 by Heindrich Auspitz and Filipp Josef Pick; The American Journal of Syphilography and Dermatology, the first non-European dermatological periodical, created in 1870 in New York by Morris H. Henry.
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Tilles G, Wallach D. [Ernest Gaucher (1854-1919)]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2001; 128:963. [PMID: 11590360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Tilles
- Société française d'Histoire de la Dermatologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris
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Bergez JE, Debaeke P, Deumier JM, Lacroix B, Leenhardt D, Leroy P, Wallach D. MODERATO: an object-oriented decision tool for designing maize irrigation schedules. Ecol Modell 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3800(00)00431-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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32
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/administration & dosage
- Antigens, CD/blood
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Delayed-Action Preparations
- Drug Carriers
- Drug Implants
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Lactic Acid
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Polyglycolic Acid
- Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer
- Polymers
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/administration & dosage
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/blood
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Eliaz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Wallach D, Foldès C, Cottenot F. [D. Wallach, C. Foldès, F. Cottenot: "Subcorneal pustulosis, superficial acantholysis and monoclonal IgA". 1982]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2000; 127:1037-41. [PMID: 11221760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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34
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Abstract
It is important, both for farmer profit and for the environment, to correctly dose nitrogen fertilizer for crop growth. Fertilizer recommendations are embodied in decision rules, which give a recommended dose of nitrogen (N) as a function of information available at the time the decision is made. In this paper, we first propose a criterion for evaluating decision rules. The proposed criterion is the expectation of the objective function when the decision rule is implemented. The major problem here is the estimation of this criterion. Two estimators are considered, a model-based and a nonparametric estimator. A simulation study shows that, in essentially all cases, the nonparametric estimator is better or no worse than the model-based estimator. The bias in the nonparametric estimator is always very small.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Antoniadou
- Unité d'Agronomie, INRA, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wallach
- Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital Tarnier, Paris, France
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36
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Zhang SQ, Kovalenko A, Cantarella G, Wallach D. Recruitment of the IKK signalosome to the p55 TNF receptor: RIP and A20 bind to NEMO (IKKgamma) upon receptor stimulation. Immunity 2000; 12:301-11. [PMID: 10755617 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80183-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The adapter protein RIP plays a crucial role in NF-kappaB activation by TNF. Here we show that triggering of the p55 TNF receptor induces binding of RIP to NEMO (IKKgamma), a component of the I-kappa-B-kinase (IKK) "signalosome" complex, as well as recruitment of RIP to the receptor together with the three major signalosome components, NEMO, IKK1 and IKK2, and some kind of covalent modification of the recruited RIP molecules. It also induces binding of NEMO to the signaling inhibitor A20, and recruitment of A20 to the receptor. Enforced expression of NEMO in cells revealed that NEMO can both promote and block NF-kappaB activation and dramatically augments the phosphorylation of c-Jun. The findings suggest that the signaling activities of the IKK signalosome are regulated through binding of NEMO to RIP and A20 within the p55 TNF receptor complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Q Zhang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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37
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Flageul B, Wallach D, Cavelier-Balloy B, Bachelez H, Carsuzaa F, Dubertret L. [Thalidomide and thrombosis]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2000; 127:171-4. [PMID: 10739975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Teratogenicity and neuropathy are the well known serious side effects induced by thalidomide. We describe 5 cases of thrombotic events occurring within a brief delay after the onset of thalidomide in a manner that suggests that thalidomide could have acted as a precipiting or as a starting factor in these events. OBSERVATIONS Five patients including 4 patients with lupus erythematosus (1 discoid lupus, 1 subacute lupus and 2 systemic lupus erythematosus) and one patient with a severe atopic dermatitis, all without previous history of vascular events, developed an arterial thrombosis (2 cases) or a venous thrombosis (3 cases), severe in 4 cases, few days or weeks after the onset of thalidomide treatment (50 to 100 mg daily). DISCUSSION All the patients had risk factors of thrombosis: the presence of antiphospholipids and/or anticardiolipin antibodies in lupus erythematosus patients and a trauma in the atopic case. However the absence of a previous story of thrombosis, its rapid occurrence after the onset of thalidomide and its severity are intriguing. In addition, recent studies demonstrate that thalidomide has various effects that would act, among other things, on angiogenesis. Thus, we think that a doubt exists on a negative effect of thalidomide in thrombosis risk factors patients and that this hypothesis has to be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Flageul
- Clinique des Maladies Cutanées, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 1, avenue Claude-Vellefaux, 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wallach
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Tarnier-Cochin, 89 rue d'Assas, Paris, France.
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39
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Brunhes A, Wallach D. [Neonatal pustular diseases]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1999; 126:950-6. [PMID: 10648974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
- Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use
- Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
- Candidiasis, Cutaneous/diagnosis
- Candidiasis, Cutaneous/drug therapy
- Chickenpox/diagnosis
- Chickenpox/drug therapy
- Dermatomycoses/diagnosis
- Dermatomycoses/drug therapy
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Female
- Herpes Simplex/diagnosis
- Herpes Simplex/drug therapy
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/diagnosis
- Listeriosis/diagnosis
- Listeriosis/drug therapy
- Malassezia
- Male
- Melanosis/diagnosis
- Pregnancy
- Prognosis
- Psoriasis/diagnosis
- Psoriasis/drug therapy
- Scabies/diagnosis
- Skin Diseases, Bacterial/diagnosis
- Skin Diseases, Bacterial/drug therapy
- Skin Diseases, Infectious/diagnosis
- Skin Diseases, Infectious/drug therapy
- Skin Diseases, Papulosquamous/diagnosis
- Skin Diseases, Viral/diagnosis
- Skin Diseases, Viral/drug therapy
- Staphylococcal Skin Infections/diagnosis
- Staphylococcal Skin Infections/drug therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- A Brunhes
- Service de Médecine Néonatale, Maternité Port-Royal, (GH Cochin - Saint-Vincent-de-Paul), 123, boulevard du Port-Royal, 75014 Paris, France
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40
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Holtmann H, Winzen R, Holland P, Eickemeier S, Hoffmann E, Wallach D, Malinin NL, Cooper JA, Resch K, Kracht M. Induction of interleukin-8 synthesis integrates effects on transcription and mRNA degradation from at least three different cytokine- or stress-activated signal transduction pathways. Mol Cell Biol 1999; 19:6742-53. [PMID: 10490613 PMCID: PMC84667 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.19.10.6742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/1999] [Accepted: 06/23/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of inflammation is the burst-like formation of certain proteins, initiated by cellular stress and proinflammatory cytokines like interleukin 1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor, stimuli which simultaneously activate different mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases and NF-kappaB. Cooperation of these signaling pathways to induce formation of IL-8, a prototype chemokine which causes leukocyte migration and activation, was investigated by expressing active and inactive forms of protein kinases. Constitutively active MAP kinase kinase 7 (MKK7), an activator of the stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK) pathway, induced IL-8 synthesis and transcription from a minimal IL-8 promoter. Furthermore, MKK7 synergized in both effects with NF-kappaB-inducing kinase (NIK). Activation of the IL-8 promoter by either of the kinases required functional NF-kappaB and AP-1 sites. While NIK and MKK7 did not affect degradation of IL-8 mRNA, an active form of MKK6, which selectively activates p38 MAP kinase, induced marked stabilization of the transcript and further increased IL-8 protein formation induced by NIK plus MKK7. Consistently, the MAP kinase kinase kinase MEKK1, which can activate NF-kappaB, SAPK/JNK, and p38 MAP kinases, most potently induced IL-8 formation. These results provide evidence that maximal IL-8 gene expression requires the coordinate action of at least three different signal transduction pathways which cooperate to induce mRNA synthesis and suppress mRNA degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Holtmann
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical School Hannover, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
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41
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Abstract
Four members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand family, TNF-alpha, LT-alpha, LT-beta, and LIGHT, interact with four receptors of the TNF/nerve growth factor family, the p55 TNF receptor (CD120a), the p75 TNF receptor (CD120b), the lymphotoxin beta receptor (LT beta R), and herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM) to control a wide range of innate and adaptive immune response functions. Of these, the most thoroughly studied are cell death induction and regulation of the inflammatory process. Fas/Apo1 (CD95), a receptor of the TNF receptor family activated by a distinct ligand, induces death in cells through mechanisms shared with CD120a. The last four years have seen a proliferation in knowledge of the proteins participating in the signaling by the TNF system and CD95. The downstream signaling molecules identified so far--caspases, phospholipases, the three known mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways, and the NF-kappa B activation cascade--mediate the effects of other inducers as well. However, the molecules that initiate these signaling events, including the death domain- and TNF receptor associated factor (TRAF) domain-containing adapter proteins and the signaling enzymes associated with them, are largely unique to the TNF/nerve growth factor receptor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wallach
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel.
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42
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Abstract
In 1798, Robert Willan published the founding textbook of British dermatology. In adopting the elementary lesions principle previously described by Josef Plenck and improving the nomenclature of the skin diseases, Willan established a method for the diagnosis and a doctrine for the nosology of the cutaneous diseases. Introduced into France by Biett in the 1810s, the Willanist method, which allowed diagnosis on the basis of objective criteria, was adopted by the majority of the dermatological community. However, as a doctrine, Willanism, the use of elementary lesions as a framework for classifying diseases, became the subject of lasting debate. In fact, apart from a few, most leading French dermatologists did not accept Willan's doctrine and preferred classifications according to systems which were supposed to reflect the best understanding of the cutaneous diseases: physiological, aetiological and pathological. Willanism is still used by every dermatologist as a method for recognizing skin diseases. It constitutes a firm link to the founding period of modern dermatology and remains a bastion against uncertain hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tilles
- Société française d'histoire de la dermatologie, Musée de l'hôpital Saint-Louis, 1 av. Claude Vellefaux, 75475 Paris cedex 10, France.
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Watts AD, Hunt NH, Wanigasekara Y, Bloomfield G, Wallach D, Roufogalis BD, Chaudhri G. A casein kinase I motif present in the cytoplasmic domain of members of the tumour necrosis factor ligand family is implicated in 'reverse signalling'. EMBO J 1999; 18:2119-26. [PMID: 10205166 PMCID: PMC1171296 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/18.8.2119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have identified a putative signalling feature of the cytoplasmic domains of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) family members based on available amino acid sequence data. A casein kinase I (CKI) consensus sequence is conserved in the cytoplasmic domain of six of 15 members of the type II integral membrane TNF ligand family. We examined the phosphorylation state of transmembrane tumour necrosis factor-alpha (mTNF) with [32P]orthophosphate labelling and in vitro kinase assays, in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. A dimeric form of the type I soluble TNF receptor (sTNFR) was found to dephosphorylate mTNF. This effect could be prevented by treatment with phosphatase inhibitors. Recombinant CKI was able to phosphorylate mTNF that had been dephosphorylated by sTNFR ligation in vivo, and this was less effective if phosphatase inhibitors had been used to prevent mTNF dephosphorylation. A mutated form of mTNF, lacking the CKI recognition site, cannot be phosphorylated by the enzyme. Binding of sTNFR to mTNF induced an increase in intracellular calcium levels in RAW264.7 cells, implying the presence of an associated signalling pathway. We predict that this CKI motif is phosphorylated in other TNF ligand members, and that it represents a new insight into the mechanism of 'reverse signalling' in this cytokine family.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Watts
- Departments of Pathology, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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44
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Djien V, Wallach D. [Sweet syndrome: practical conduct]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1999; 126:343-7. [PMID: 10421940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V Djien
- Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital Tarnier-Cochin, Paris
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45
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Wallach D. [Neutrophilic disease]. Rev Prat 1999; 49:356-8. [PMID: 10319682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Wallach
- Service de dermatologie Hôpital Tarnier, Paris
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46
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Li Y, Kang J, Friedman J, Tarassishin L, Ye J, Kovalenko A, Wallach D, Horwitz MS. Identification of a cell protein (FIP-3) as a modulator of NF-kappaB activity and as a target of an adenovirus inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:1042-7. [PMID: 9927690 PMCID: PMC15347 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.3.1042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/1998] [Accepted: 12/09/1998] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
FIP-3 (14.7K interacting protein) was discovered during a search for cell proteins that could interact with an adenovirus protein (Ad E3-14.7K) that had been shown to prevent tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-induced cytolysis. FIP-3, which contains leucine zippers and a zinc finger domain, inhibits both basal and induced transcriptional activity of NF-kappaB and causes a late-appearing apoptosis with unique morphologic manifestations. Ad E3-14.7K can partially reverse apoptotic death induced by FIP-3. FIP-3 also was shown to bind to other cell proteins, RIP and NIK, which previously had been described as essential components of TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappaB activation. In addition, FIP-3 inhibited activation of NF-kappaB induced by TNF-alpha, the TNFR-1 receptor, RIP, NIK, and IKKbeta, as well as basal levels of endogenous NF-kappaB in 293 cells. Because the activation of NF-kappaB has been shown to inhibit apoptosis, FIP-3 appears both to activate a cell-death pathway and to inhibit an NF-kappaB-dependent survival mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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47
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Tilles G, Wallach D. [23 December 1886: founding of the medical library of the Saint-Louis Hospital]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1998; 125:951-4. [PMID: 9922878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Tilles
- Musée de l'hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris
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48
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Wallach D. [The concept of neutrophilic disease]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1998; 124:861-2. [PMID: 9732762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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49
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Tilles G, Wallach D. [Dermatology photographs in the 19th century]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1998; 125:647. [PMID: 10026093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Tilles
- Société Française d'Histoire de la Dermatologie, Musée de l'Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
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50
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Sylla BS, Hung SC, Davidson DM, Hatzivassiliou E, Malinin NL, Wallach D, Gilmore TD, Kieff E, Mosialos G. Epstein-Barr virus-transforming protein latent infection membrane protein 1 activates transcription factor NF-kappaB through a pathway that includes the NF-kappaB-inducing kinase and the IkappaB kinases IKKalpha and IKKbeta. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:10106-11. [PMID: 9707608 PMCID: PMC21469 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.17.10106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/1998] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus oncoprotein latent infection membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is a constitutively aggregated pseudo-tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) that activates transcription factor NF-kappaB through two sites in its C-terminal cytoplasmic domain. One site is similar to activated TNFRII in associating with TNFR-associated factors TRAF1 and TRAF2, and the second site is similar to TNFRI in associating with the TNFRI death domain interacting protein TRADD. TNFRI has been recently shown to activate NF-kappaB through association with TRADD, RIP, and TRAF2; activation of the NF-kappaB-inducing kinase (NIK); activation of the IkappaB alpha kinases (IKKalpha and IKKbeta); and phosphorylation of IkappaB alpha. IkappaB alpha phosphorylation on Ser-32 and Ser-36 is followed by its degradation and NF-kappaB activation. In this report, we show that NF-kappaB activation by LMP1 or by each of its effector sites is mediated by a pathway that includes NIK, IKKalpha, and IKKbeta. Dominant negative mutants of NIK, IKKalpha, or IKKbeta substantially inhibited NF-kappaB activation by LMP1 or by each of its effector sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Sylla
- Departments of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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