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Aslanikashvili A, Rylander C, Manjavidze T, Gamkrelidze A, Baliashvili D, Anda EE. Relationship between hepatitis C infection and treatment status and COVID-19-related hospitalizations in Georgia. J Infect Dis 2024:jiae103. [PMID: 38427715 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiae103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and treatment status on COVID-19-related hospitalizations in Georgia. METHODS We analyzed 2020-2021 Georgian health-registry data for COVID-19-positive individuals and categorized by HCV infection and treatment status. Logistic regression was used to assess the strengths of the associations. RESULTS Treated HCV individuals had lower odds of COVID-19-related hospitalization compared to anti-HCV-negatives, while untreated HCV-viremic and anti-HCV-positive non-viremic individuals had higher odds. CONCLUSIONS HCV treatment prior to COVID-19 infection was associated with lower odds of COVID-19-related hospitalization, highlighting the benefits of HCV management in the context of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Aslanikashvili
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Charlotta Rylander
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Tinatin Manjavidze
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health Georgia, 0198 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | | | - Erik Eik Anda
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
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Gvinjilia L, Baliashvili D, Shadaker S, Averhoff F, Kandelaki L, Kereselidze M, Tsertsvadze T, Chkhartishvili N, Butsashvili M, Metreveli D, Gamkrelidze A, Armstrong PA. Impact of Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Treatment on Mortality in the Country of Georgia, 2015-2020. Clin Infect Dis 2023; 77:405-413. [PMID: 37099136 PMCID: PMC10527899 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mortality related to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a key indicator for elimination. We assessed the impact of HCV infection and treatment on mortality in the country of Georgia during 2015-2020. METHODS We conducted a population-based cohort study using data from Georgia's national HCV Elimination Program and death registry. We calculated all-cause mortality rates in 6 cohorts: (1) Negative for anti-HCV; (2) anti-HCV positive, unknown viremia status; (3) current HCV infection and untreated; (4) discontinued treatment; (5) completed treatment, no sustained virologic response (SVR) assessment; (6) completed treatment and achieved SVR. Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate adjusted hazards ratios and confidence intervals. We calculated the cause-specific mortality rates attributable to liver-related causes. RESULTS After a median follow-up of 743 days, 100 371 (5.7%) of 1 764 324 study participants died. The highest mortality rate was observed among HCV infected patients who discontinued treatment (10.62 deaths per 100 PY, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 9.65, 11.68), and untreated group (10.33 deaths per 100 PY, 95% CI: 9.96, 10.71). In adjusted Cox proportional hazards model, the untreated group had almost 6-times higher hazard of death compared to treated groups with or without documented SVR (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 5.56, 95% CI: 4.89, 6.31). Those who achieved SVR had consistently lower liver-related mortality compared to cohorts with current or past exposure to HCV. CONCLUSIONS This large population-based cohort study demonstrated the marked beneficial association between hepatitis C treatment and mortality. The high mortality rates observed among HCV infected and untreated persons highlights the need to prioritize linkage to care and treatment to achieve elimination goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Gvinjilia
- Eastern Europe and Central Asia Regional Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | - Shaun Shadaker
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Francisco Averhoff
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Levan Kandelaki
- Department of Medical Statistics, National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Maia Kereselidze
- Department of Medical Statistics, National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Tengiz Tsertsvadze
- Clinic "Hepa," Tbilisi, Georgia
- Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | | | | | - Amiran Gamkrelidze
- Department of Medical Statistics, National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Paige A Armstrong
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Baliashvili D, Blumberg HM, Gandhi NR, Averhoff F, Benkeser D, Shadaker S, Gvinjilia L, Turdziladze A, Tukvadze N, Chincharauli M, Butsashvili M, Sharvadze L, Tsertsvadze T, Zarkua J, Kempker RR. Hepatitis C care cascade among patients with and without tuberculosis: Nationwide observational cohort study in the country of Georgia, 2015-2020. PLoS Med 2023; 20:e1004121. [PMID: 37141386 PMCID: PMC10194957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Eastern European country of Georgia initiated a nationwide hepatitis C virus (HCV) elimination program in 2015 to address a high burden of infection. Screening for HCV infection through antibody testing was integrated into multiple existing programs, including the National Tuberculosis Program (NTP). We sought to compare the hepatitis C care cascade among patients with and without tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis in Georgia between 2015 and 2019 and to identify factors associated with loss to follow-up (LTFU) in hepatitis C care among patients with TB. METHODS AND FINDINGS Using national ID numbers, we merged databases of the HCV elimination program, NTP, and national death registry from January 1, 2015 to September 30, 2020. The study population included 11,985 adults (aged ≥18 years) diagnosed with active TB from January 1, 2015 through December 31, 2019, and 1,849,820 adults tested for HCV antibodies between January 1, 2015 and September 30, 2020, who were not diagnosed with TB during that time. We estimated the proportion of patients with and without TB who were LTFU at each step of the HCV care cascade and explored temporal changes. Among 11,985 patients with active TB, 9,065 (76%) patients without prior hepatitis C treatment were tested for HCV antibodies, of which 1,665 (18%) had a positive result; LTFU from hepatitis C care was common, with 316 of 1,557 (20%) patients with a positive antibody test not undergoing viremia testing and 443 of 1,025 (43%) patients with viremia not starting treatment for hepatitis C. Overall, among persons with confirmed viremic HCV infection, due to LTFU at various stages of the care cascade only 28% of patients with TB had a documented cure from HCV infection, compared to 55% among patients without TB. LTFU after positive antibody testing substantially decreased in the last 3 years, from 32% among patients diagnosed with TB in 2017 to 12% among those diagnosed in 2019. After a positive HCV antibody test, patients without TB had viremia testing sooner than patients with TB (hazards ratio [HR] = 1.46, 95% confidence intervals [CI] [1.39, 1.54], p < 0.001). After a positive viremia test, patients without TB started hepatitis C treatment sooner than patients with TB (HR = 2.05, 95% CI [1.87, 2.25], p < 0.001). In the risk factor analysis adjusted for age, sex, and case definition (new versus previously treated), multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB was associated with an increased risk of LTFU after a positive HCV antibody test (adjusted risk ratio [aRR] = 1.41, 95% CI [1.12, 1.76], p = 0.003). The main limitation of this study was that due to the reliance on existing electronic databases, we were unable to account for the impact of all confounding factors in some of the analyses. CONCLUSIONS LTFU from hepatitis C care after a positive antibody or viremia test was high and more common among patients with TB than in those without TB. Better integration of TB and hepatitis C care systems can potentially reduce LTFU and improve patient outcomes both in Georgia and other countries that are initiating or scaling up their nationwide hepatitis C control efforts and striving to provide personalized TB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davit Baliashvili
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Henry M. Blumberg
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Neel R. Gandhi
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Francisco Averhoff
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - David Benkeser
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Shaun Shadaker
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lia Gvinjilia
- Eastern Europe and Central Asia Regional Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | - Nestani Tukvadze
- National Center for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | | | - Lali Sharvadze
- Clinic “Hepa”, Tbilisi, Georgia
- The University of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Tengiz Tsertsvadze
- Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | - Russell R. Kempker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Baliashvili D, Blumberg HM, Benkeser D, Kempker RR, Shadaker S, Averhoff F, Gvinjilia L, Adamashvili N, Magee M, Kamkamidze G, Zakalashvili M, Tsertsvadze T, Sharvadze L, Chincharauli M, Tukvadze N, Gandhi NR. Association of Treated and Untreated Chronic Hepatitis C With the Incidence of Active Tuberculosis Disease: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Clin Infect Dis 2023; 76:245-251. [PMID: 36134743 PMCID: PMC10194043 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection causes dysregulation and suppression of immune pathways involved in the control of tuberculosis (TB) infection. However, data on the role of chronic hepatitis C as a risk factor for active TB are lacking. We sought to evaluate the association between HCV infection and the development of active TB. METHODS We conducted a cohort study in Georgia among adults tested for HCV antibodies (January 2015-September 2020) and followed longitudinally for the development of newly diagnosed active TB. Data were obtained from the Georgian national programs of hepatitis C and TB. The exposures of interest were untreated and treated HCV infection. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to calculate adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs). RESULTS A total of 1 828 808 adults were included (median follow-up time: 26 months; IQR: 13-39 months). Active TB was diagnosed in 3163 (0.17%) individuals after a median of 6 months follow-up (IQR: 1-18 months). The incidence rate per 100 000 person-years was 296 among persons with untreated HCV infection, 109 among those with treated HCV infection, and 65 among HCV-negative persons. In multivariable analysis, both untreated (aHR = 2.9; 95% CI: 2.4-3.4) and treated (aHR = 1.6; 95% CI: 1.4-2.0) HCV infections were associated with a higher hazard of active TB, compared with HCV-negative persons. CONCLUSIONS Adults with HCV infection, particularly untreated individuals, were at higher risk of developing active TB disease. Screening for latent TB infection and active TB disease should be part of clinical evaluation of people with HCV infection, especially in high-TB-burden areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davit Baliashvili
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Henry M Blumberg
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David Benkeser
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Russell R Kempker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shaun Shadaker
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Francisco Averhoff
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lia Gvinjilia
- Eastern Europe and Central Asia Regional Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | - Matthew Magee
- Department of Global Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | - Tengiz Tsertsvadze
- Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Lali Sharvadze
- Clinic “Hepa”, Tbilisi, Georgia
- The University of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | - Nestan Tukvadze
- National Center for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Neel R Gandhi
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Global Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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5
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McCullough LE, Maliniak ML, Amin AB, Baker JM, Baliashvili D, Barberio J, Barrera CM, Brown CA, Collin LJ, Freedman AA, Gibbs DC, Haddad MB, Hall EW, Hamid S, Harrington KRV, Holleman AM, Kaufman JA, Khan MA, Labgold K, Lee VC, Malik AA, Mann LM, Marks KJ, Nelson KN, Quader ZS, Ross-Driscoll K, Sarkar S, Shah MP, Shao IY, Smith JP, Stanhope KK, Valenzuela-Lara M, Van Dyke ME, Vyas KJ, Lash TL. Epidemiology beyond its limits. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabn3328. [PMID: 35675391 PMCID: PMC9176748 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn3328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In 1995, journalist Gary Taubes published an article in Science titled "Epidemiology faces its limits," which questioned the utility of nonrandomized epidemiologic research and has since been cited more than 1000 times. He highlighted numerous examples of research topics he viewed as having questionable merit. Studies have since accumulated for these associations. We systematically evaluated current evidence of 53 example associations discussed in the article. Approximately one-quarter of those presented as doubtful are now widely viewed as causal based on current evaluations of the public health consensus. They include associations between alcohol consumption and breast cancer, residential radon exposure and lung cancer, and the use of tanning devices and melanoma. This history should inform current debates about the reproducibility of epidemiologic research results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. McCullough
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Maret L. Maliniak
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Avnika B. Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Julia M. Baker
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Davit Baliashvili
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Julie Barberio
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chloe M. Barrera
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Lindsay J. Collin
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Alexa A. Freedman
- Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - David C. Gibbs
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Maryam B. Haddad
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eric W. Hall
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sarah Hamid
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Aaron M. Holleman
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - John A. Kaufman
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mohammed A. Khan
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Katie Labgold
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Veronica C. Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amyn A. Malik
- Yale Institute for Global Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Laura M. Mann
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kristin J. Marks
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kristin N. Nelson
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zerleen S. Quader
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Monica P. Shah
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Iris Y. Shao
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Smith
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kaitlyn K. Stanhope
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Marisol Valenzuela-Lara
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Miriam E. Van Dyke
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kartavya J. Vyas
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Timothy L. Lash
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Adamashvili N, Baliashvili D, Kuchukhidze G, Salindri AD, Kempker RR, Blumberg HM, Lomtadze N, Avaliani Z, Magee MJ. Low BMI increases all-cause mortality rates in patients with drug-resistant TB. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2022; 26:326-333. [PMID: 35351237 PMCID: PMC9757601 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.21.0450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Loss to follow-up (LTFU) is common among patients with drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) receiving second-line TB treatment; however, little is known about outcomes after LTFU, including mortality.OBJECTIVE: To determine rates of and factors associated with all-cause mortality among patients with DR-TB who were LTFU.METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of adult patients with DR-TB in Georgia who initiated second-line TB treatment during 2011-2014 and were LTFU. Survival analyses were used to estimate all-cause mortality rates and adjusted hazard ratios (aHR).RESULTS: During 2011-2014, 2,437 second-line treatment episodes occurred and 695 patients were LTFU. Among 695 LTFU patients, 143 (21%) died during 2,686 person-years (PY) post-LTFU (all-cause mortality rate 5.1%, 95% CI 4.3-6.0 per 100 PY). In multivariable analysis, low weight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m²) at treatment initiation (aHR 3.2, 95% CI 2.2-4.7), return to treatment after LTFU (aHR 3.1, 95% CI 2.2-4.4), <12 months of treatment (aHR 2.4, 95% CI 1.4-4.1) and a pre-LTFU positive culture (aHR 3.3, 95% CI 2.2-4.9) were associated with all-cause mortality.CONCLUSION: High all-cause mortality occurred among patients with DR-TB after LTFU despite a low HIV prevalence. Providing additional assistance for patients during DR-TB treatment to prevent LTFU and use of new and shorter treatment regimens may reduce mortality among LTFU.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Adamashvili
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - D Baliashvili
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - G Kuchukhidze
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - A D Salindri
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
| | - R R Kempker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - H M Blumberg
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - N Lomtadze
- National Center for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Z Avaliani
- National Center for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - M J Magee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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7
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Baliashvili D, Averhoff F, Kasradze A, Salyer SJ, Kuchukhidze G, Gamkrelidze A, Imnadze P, Alkhazashvili M, Chanturia G, Chitadze N, Sukhiashvili R, Blanton C, Drobeniuc J, Morgan J, Hagan LM. Risk factors and genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus in Georgia: A nationwide population-based survey. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262935. [PMID: 35061841 PMCID: PMC8782338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In preparation for the National Hepatitis C Elimination Program in the country of Georgia, a nationwide household-based hepatitis C virus (HCV) seroprevalence survey was conducted in 2015. Data were used to estimate HCV genotype distribution and better understand potential sex-specific risk factors that contribute to HCV transmission. HCV genotype distribution by sex and reported risk factors were calculated. We used explanatory logistic regression models stratified by sex to identify behavioral and healthcare-related risk factors for HCV seropositivity, and predictive logistic regression models to identify additional variables that could help predict the presence of infection. Factors associated with HCV seropositivity in explanatory models included, among males, history of injection drug use (IDU) (aOR = 22.4, 95% CI = 12.7, 39.8) and receiving a blood transfusion (aOR = 3.6, 95% CI = 1.4, 8.8), and among females, history of receiving a blood transfusion (aOR = 4.0, 95% CI 2.1, 7.7), kidney dialysis (aOR = 7.3 95% CI 1.5, 35.3) and surgery (aOR = 1.9, 95% CI 1.1, 3.2). The male-specific predictive model additionally identified age, urban residence, and history of incarceration as factors predictive of seropositivity and were used to create a male-specific exposure index (Area under the curve [AUC] = 0.84). The female-specific predictive model had insufficient discriminatory performance to support creating an exposure index (AUC = 0.61). The most prevalent HCV genotype (GT) nationally was GT1b (40.5%), followed by GT3 (34.7%) and GT2 (23.6%). Risk factors for HCV seropositivity and distribution of HCV genotypes in Georgia vary substantially by sex. The HCV exposure index developed for males could be used to inform targeted testing programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davit Baliashvili
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Francisco Averhoff
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ana Kasradze
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Stephanie J. Salyer
- Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | | | - Paata Imnadze
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | - Gvantsa Chanturia
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | | | - Curtis Blanton
- Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jan Drobeniuc
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Juliette Morgan
- Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Global Disease Detection – South Caucasus Regional Center, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Liesl M. Hagan
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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8
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Baliashvili D, Gandhi NR, Kim S, Hughes M, Mave V, Mendoza-Ticona A, Gonzales P, Narunsky K, Selvamuthu P, Badal-Faesen S, Upton C, Naini L, Smith E, Gupta A, Churchyard G, Swindells S, Hesseling A, Shah NS. Resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection Among Household Contacts: A Multinational Study. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:1037-1045. [PMID: 33772550 PMCID: PMC8442792 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some contacts of patients with tuberculosis remain negative on tests for tuberculosis infection, despite prolonged exposure, suggesting they might be resistant to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. The objective of this multinational study was to estimate the proportion of household contacts resistant to M. tuberculosis (resisters). METHODS We conducted a longitudinal study enrolling index patients enrolled in treatment for pulmonary multidrug- or rifampin-resistant tuberculosis and their household contacts. Contacts were tested for tuberculosis infection with a tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) at baseline and after 1 year. Exposure was quantified based on index patients' infectiousness, index patient and household contact interaction, and age. We explored multiple definitions of resistance to tuberculosis infection by varying TST negativity cutoffs (0 vs <5 mm), classification of missing test results, and exposure level. RESULTS In total, 1016 contacts were evaluated from 284 households; 572 contacts aged ≥5 years had TST and longitudinal IGRA results available. And 77 (13%) or 71 (12%) contacts were classified as resisters with a <5 mm or 0 mm TST threshold, respectively. Among 263 highly exposed contacts, 29 (11%) or 26 (10%) were classified as resisters using TST cutoffs of <5 mm and 0 mm, respectively. The prevalence of resisters did not differ substantially by sex, age, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection, or comorbid conditions. CONCLUSIONS At least 10% of household contacts can be classified as resistant to tuberculosis infection, depending on the definition used, including those with high exposure. Further studies to understand genetic or immunologic mechanisms underlying the resister phenotype may inform novel strategies for therapeutics and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neel R Gandhi
- Emory Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Soyeon Kim
- Frontier Science Foundation, Brookline, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Hughes
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vidya Mave
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College-Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | | | | | - Poongulali Selvamuthu
- Chennai Antiviral Research and Treatment (CART) Clinical Research Site, Infectious Diseases Medical Center, Voluntary Health Services, Chennai, India
| | - Sharlaa Badal-Faesen
- Clinical HIV Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Caryn Upton
- TASK Applied Science, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Linda Naini
- Social and Scientific Systems, Inc., Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Amita Gupta
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gavin Churchyard
- Aurum Institute, Parktown, South Africa
- School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Anneke Hesseling
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - N Sarita Shah
- Emory Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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9
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Kuchukhidze G, Baliashvili D, Adamashvili N, Kasradze A, Kempker RR, Magee MJ. Long-Term Mortality and Active Tuberculosis Disease Among Patients Who Were Lost to Follow-Up During Second-Line Tuberculosis Treatment in 2011-2014: Population-Based Study in the Country of Georgia. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab127. [PMID: 34189157 PMCID: PMC8231391 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High rates of loss to follow-up (LFU) exist among patients with multidrug and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (M/XDR TB). We aimed to identify long-term clinical outcomes of patients who were LFU during second-line TB treatment. METHODS We conducted a follow-up study among adults who received second-line TB treatment in the country of Georgia during 2011-2014 with a final outcome of LFU. We attempted to interview all LFU patients, administered a structured questionnaire, and obtained sputum samples. Active TB at follow-up was defined by positive sputum Xpert-TB/RIF or culture. RESULTS Follow-up information was obtained for 461 patients. Among these patients, 107 (23%) died and 177 (38%) were contacted. Of those contacted, 123 (69%) consented to participate and 92 provided sputum samples. Thirteen (14%) had active TB with an estimated infectious time period for transmitting drug-resistant TB in the community of 480 days (interquartile range = 803). In multivariable analysis, positive culture at the time of LFU was associated with active TB at the time of our study (adjusted risk ratio = 13.3; 95% confidence interval, 4.2-42.2). CONCLUSIONS Approximately one quarter of patients on second-line TB treatment who were LFU died. Among those LFU evaluated in our study, 1 in 7 remained in the community with positive sputum cultures. To reduce death and transmission of disease, additional strategies are needed to encourage patients to complete treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Davit Baliashvili
- National Centre for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Ana Kasradze
- National Centre for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | - Matthew J Magee
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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10
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Kasradze A, Shadaker S, Kuchuloria T, Gamkrelidze A, Nasrullah M, Gvinjilia L, Baliashvili D, Chitadze N, Kodani M, Tejada-Strop A, Drobeniuc J, Hagan L, Morgan J, Imnadze P, Averhoff F. The burden and epidemiology of hepatitis B and hepatitis D in Georgia: findings from the national seroprevalence survey. Public Health 2020; 185:341-347. [PMID: 32738575 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The burden of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis D virus (HDV) infections is unknown in Georgia. This analysis describes the prevalence of hepatitis B and coinfection with HDV and the demographic characteristics and risk factors for persons with HBV infection in Georgia. STUDY DESIGN This is a cross-sectional seroprevalence study. METHODS A cross-sectional, nationwide survey to assess hepatitis B prevalence among the general adult Georgian population (age ≥18 years) was conducted in 2015. Demographic and risk behavior data were collected. Blood specimens were screened for anti-hepatitis B core total antibody (anti-HBc). Anti-HBc-positive specimens were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). HBsAg-positive specimens were tested for HBV and HDV nucleic acid. Nationally weighted prevalence estimates and adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for potential risk factors were determined for anti-HBc and HBsAg positivity. RESULTS The national prevalence of anti-HBc and HBsAg positivity among adults were 25.9% and 2.9%, respectively. Persons aged ≥70 years had the highest anti-HBc positivity (32.7%), but the lowest HBsAg positivity prevalence (1.3%). Anti-HBc positivity was associated with injection drug use (aOR = 2.34; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.46-3.74), receipt of a blood transfusion (aOR = 1.68; 95% CI = 1.32-2.15), and sex with a commercial sex worker (aOR = 1.46; 95% CI = 1.06-2.01). HBsAg positivity was associated with receipt of a blood transfusion (aOR = 2.72; 95% CI = 1.54-4.80) and past incarceration (aOR = 2.72; 95% CI = 1.25-5.93). Among HBsAg-positive persons, 0.9% (95% CI = 0.0-2.0) were HDV coinfected. CONCLUSIONS Georgia has an intermediate to high burden of hepatitis B, and the prevalence of HDV coinfection among HBV-infected persons is low. Existing infrastructure for hepatitis C elimination could be leveraged to promote hepatitis B elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kasradze
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - S Shadaker
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Viral Hepatitis National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD&TB Prevention, Atlanta, USA.
| | | | - A Gamkrelidze
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - M Nasrullah
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Viral Hepatitis National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD&TB Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | | | - D Baliashvili
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - N Chitadze
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - M Kodani
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Viral Hepatitis National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD&TB Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - A Tejada-Strop
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Viral Hepatitis National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD&TB Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - J Drobeniuc
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Viral Hepatitis National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD&TB Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - L Hagan
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Viral Hepatitis National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD&TB Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - J Morgan
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Viral Hepatitis National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD&TB Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - P Imnadze
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - F Averhoff
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Viral Hepatitis National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD&TB Prevention, Atlanta, USA
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11
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Buziashvili M, Mirtskhulava V, Kipiani M, Blumberg HM, Baliashvili D, Magee MJ, Furin JJ, Tukvadze N, Kempker RR. Rates and risk factors for nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity among tuberculosis patients in Tbilisi, Georgia. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2020; 23:1005-1011. [PMID: 31615608 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.18.0626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
SETTING: Treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is lengthy and utilizes second-line anti-TB drugs associated with frequent adverse drug reactions (ADRs).OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of and risk factors for ADRs among patients with MDR- and extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB).DESIGN: A retrospective chart review of patients initiating treatment for M/XDR-TB in 2010-2012 in Tbilisi, Georgia.RESULTS: Eighty (54%) and 38 (26%) of 147 patients developed nephrotoxicity per RIFLE (Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss of kidney function, and End-stage kidney disease) classification and ototoxicity, respectively. Twenty-five (17%) patients required permanent interruption of injectables due to an ADR. Median hospital stay, total treatment duration and number of regimen changes were higher among those with nephrotoxicity and/or ototoxicity, compared to those without (P < 0.01). Multinomial logistic regression analysis identified increasing age (per year) as a risk factor for nephrotoxicity (aOR 1.08, 95%CI 1.03-1.12) and for both, nephro- and ototoxicity (aOR 1.11, 95%CI 1.05-1.17). Low baseline creatinine clearance (CrCl) was a significant risk factor for developing nephrotoxicity (aOR 1.05, 95%CI 1.02-1.07).CONCLUSION: Second-line injectable drug-related ADRs are common among M/XDR-TB patients. Patients with increasing age and low baseline CrCl should be monitored closely for injectable-related ADRs. Notably, our findings support WHO's latest recommendations on introduction of injectable free anti-TB treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Buziashvili
- Department of Scientific Research, National Center for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Tbilisi
| | | | - M Kipiani
- Department of Scientific Research, National Center for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Tbilisi
| | - H M Blumberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, Department of Epidemiology and Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - D Baliashvili
- Department of Epidemiology and Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - M J Magee
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
| | - J J Furin
- Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - N Tukvadze
- Department of Scientific Research, National Center for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Tbilisi
| | - R R Kempker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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12
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Walker JG, Kuchuloria T, Sergeenko D, Fraser H, Lim AG, Shadaker S, Hagan L, Gamkrelidze A, Kvaratskhelia V, Gvinjilia L, Aladashvili M, Asatiani A, Baliashvili D, Butsashvili M, Chikovani I, Khonelidze I, Kirtadze I, Kuniholm MH, Otiashvili D, Sharvadze L, Stvilia K, Tsertsvadze T, Zakalashvili M, Hickman M, Martin NK, Morgan J, Nasrullah M, Averhoff F, Vickerman P. Interim effect evaluation of the hepatitis C elimination programme in Georgia: a modelling study. Lancet Glob Health 2020; 8:e244-e253. [PMID: 31864917 PMCID: PMC7025283 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(19)30483-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Georgia has a high prevalence of hepatitis C, with 5·4% of adults chronically infected. On April 28, 2015, Georgia launched a national programme to eliminate hepatitis C by 2020 (90% reduction in prevalence) through scaled-up treatment and prevention interventions. We evaluated the interim effect of the programme and feasibility of achieving the elimination goal. METHODS We developed a transmission model to capture the hepatitis C epidemic in Georgia, calibrated to data from biobehavioural surveys of people who inject drugs (PWID; 1998-2015) and a national survey (2015). We projected the effect of the administration of direct-acting antiviral treatments until Feb 28, 2019, and the effect of continuing current treatment rates until the end of 2020. Effect was estimated in terms of the relative decrease in hepatitis C incidence, prevalence, and mortality relative to 2015 and of the deaths and infections averted compared with a counterfactual of no treatment over the study period. We also estimated treatment rates needed to reach Georgia's elimination target. FINDINGS From May 1, 2015, to Feb 28, 2019, 54 313 patients were treated, with approximately 1000 patients treated per month since mid 2017. Compared with 2015, our model projects that these treatments have reduced the prevalence of adult chronic hepatitis C by a median 37% (95% credible interval 30-44), the incidence of chronic hepatitis C by 37% (29-44), and chronic hepatitis C mortality by 14% (3-30) and have prevented 3516 (1842-6250) new infections and averted 252 (134-389) deaths related to chronic hepatitis C. Continuing treatment of 1000 patients per month is predicted to reduce prevalence by 51% (42-61) and incidence by 51% (40-62), by the end of 2020. To reach a 90% reduction by 2020, treatment rates must increase to 4144 (2963-5322) patients initiating treatment per month. INTERPRETATION Georgia's hepatitis C elimination programme has achieved substantial treatment scale-up, which has reduced the burden of chronic hepatitis C. However, the country is unlikely to meet its 2020 elimination target unless treatment scales up considerably. FUNDING CDC Foundation, National Institute for Health Research, National Institutes of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine G Walker
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Tinatin Kuchuloria
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Foundation, Tbilisi, Georgia; TEPHINET, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - David Sergeenko
- Ministry of Labor Health and Social Affairs of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Hannah Fraser
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Aaron G Lim
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Shaun Shadaker
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Liesl Hagan
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amiran Gamkrelidze
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | - Lia Gvinjilia
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Foundation, Tbilisi, Georgia; TEPHINET, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Malvina Aladashvili
- Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Alexander Asatiani
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Davit Baliashvili
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia; Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Irma Khonelidze
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Irma Kirtadze
- Addiction Research Center Alternative Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia; Ilia State University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Institute of Addiction Studies, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Mark H Kuniholm
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Ketevan Stvilia
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Tengiz Tsertsvadze
- Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | - Matthew Hickman
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Natasha K Martin
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, UC San Diego, California, USA
| | - Juliette Morgan
- Division of Global Health Protection, South Caucasus Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Office, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Muazzam Nasrullah
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Francisco Averhoff
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Peter Vickerman
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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13
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Hagan LM, Kasradze A, Salyer SJ, Gamkrelidze A, Alkhazashvili M, Chanturia G, Chitadze N, Sukhiashvili R, Shakhnazarova M, Russell S, Blanton C, Kuchukhidze G, Baliashvili D, Hariri S, Ko S, Imnadze P, Drobeniuc J, Morgan J, Averhoff F. Hepatitis C prevalence and risk factors in Georgia, 2015: setting a baseline for elimination. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:480. [PMID: 32326913 PMCID: PMC6696670 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-6784-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The country of Georgia launched the world's first Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Elimination Program in 2015 and set a 90% prevalence reduction goal for 2020. We conducted a nationally representative HCV seroprevalence survey to establish baseline prevalence to measure progress toward elimination over time. METHODS A cross-sectional seroprevalence survey was conducted in 2015 among adults aged ≥18 years using a stratified, multi-stage cluster design (n = 7000). Questionnaire variables included demographic, medical, and behavioral risk characteristics and HCV-related knowledge. Blood specimens were tested for antibodies to HCV (anti-HCV) and HCV RNA. Frequencies were computed for HCV prevalence, risk factors, and HCV-related knowledge. Associations between anti-HCV status and potential risk factors were calculated using logistic regression. RESULTS National anti-HCV seroprevalence in Georgia was 7.7% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 6.7, 8.9); HCV RNA prevalence was 5.4% (95% CI = 4.6, 6.4). Testing anti-HCV+ was significantly associated with male sex, unemployment, urban residence, history of injection drug use (IDU), incarceration, blood transfusion, tattoos, frequent dental cleanings, medical injections, dialysis, and multiple lifetime sexual partners. History of IDU (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 21.4, 95% CI = 12.3, 37.4) and blood transfusion (AOR = 4.5, 95% CI = 2.8, 7.2) were independently, significantly associated with testing anti-HCV+ after controlling for sex, age, urban vs. rural residence, and history of incarceration. Among anti-HCV+ participants, 64.0% were unaware of their HCV status, and 46.7% did not report IDU or blood transfusion as a risk factor. CONCLUSIONS Georgia has a high HCV burden, and a majority of infected persons are unaware of their status. Ensuring a safe blood supply, implementing innovative screening strategies beyond a risk-based approach, and intensifying prevention efforts among persons who inject drugs are necessary steps to reach Georgia's HCV elimination goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesl M. Hagan
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Ana Kasradze
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Stephanie J. Salyer
- Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | | | | | - Gvantsa Chanturia
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | | | | | - Steven Russell
- Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Curtis Blanton
- Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | | | - Davit Baliashvili
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Susan Hariri
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Stephen Ko
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
- School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Paata Imnadze
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Jan Drobeniuc
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Juliette Morgan
- Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
- Global Disease Detection – South Caucasus Regional Center, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Francisco Averhoff
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
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14
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Baliashvili D, Kempker RR, Blumberg HM, Kuchukhidze G, Merabishvili T, Aslanikashvili A, Magee MJ. A population-based tuberculosis contact investigation in the country of Georgia. Public Health Action 2018; 8:110-117. [PMID: 30271726 DOI: 10.5588/pha.18.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Setting: Identification and screening of contacts of patients with active tuberculosis (TB) is infrequent in low- and middle-income countries. Objective: To estimate the incidence, prevalence and risk factors of latent tuberculous infection (LTBI) and active TB among contacts of newly reported smear-positive TB patients. Design: A population-based contact investigation of sputum smear-positive pulmonary TB (PTB) cases diagnosed between April and December 2012 in Georgia was conducted. LTBI was assessed using the tuberculin skin test (TST). Contacts with active TB were identified from the National TB Program surveillance database. Results: Among 896 index patients with active TB, 3133 contacts were identified and 1157 (37%) underwent a TST, 34% of whom were positive. Most contacts were household contacts (86%) and female (58%). Among contacts, the 1-year period prevalence of active TB was 3.3% (95%CI 2.70-3.98); the incidence rate was 1101 per 100 000 person-years (95%CI 822-1443). In multivariable analysis, household contacts were more likely to have LTBI (adjusted OR [aOR] 2.28, 95%CI 1.49-3.49) than close contacts. Conclusions: A high prevalence of both LTBI and active TB was identified among contacts of PTB cases. Efforts aimed at active case finding among TB contacts should improve early case detection and enhance TB control efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Baliashvili
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia.,Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - R R Kempker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - H M Blumberg
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Departments of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - G Kuchukhidze
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - T Merabishvili
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - A Aslanikashvili
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - M J Magee
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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15
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Topuridze M, Baliashvili D, Komakhidze T, Shishniashvili M, Grdzelidze N, Butsashvili M. ROTAVIRUS VACCINE IMPLEMENTATION IN GEORGIA - IMPACT OF KNOWLEDGE, APPROACH, AND PRACTICES OF HEALTH CARE WORKERS. Georgian Med News 2016:7-15. [PMID: 27770519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) is the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide. RV causes approximately half a million deaths each year among children aged <5 years. According to WHO estimates for 2008, there were approximately 10 to 50 deaths annually in young children due to rotavirus diarrhea in Georgia. The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to rotavirus diarrhea and the rotavirus vaccine among health care workers (HCWs). The National Center for Disease Control and Public Health (NCDC) conducted a cross-sectional survey of HCWs involved in the expanded program of immunization (EPI). The HCWs were selected by simple random sampling using employee lists, and questionnaires were hand-delivered to selected HCWs during working hours. The majority of HCWs (67.9%) recognized diarrhea as a frequent health-related problem in children under 2 years of age. However, 53.9% partially disagreed with the statement that rotavirus is the most common cause of all forms of diarrhea. Multivariable analysis revealed that the following perceptions among HCWs more than doubled the likelihood that they would not support adoption of the RV vaccine: no perception of need for this vaccine in Georgia specifically (OR=2.54, CI: 1.46-4.42), no perception of need to address burden of disease in developing countries (OR=2.75, CI: 1.59-4.75), and concerns about the vaccine's safety (OR=2.51, CI: 1.56-4.02). Concerns about vaccine safety, low awareness about the RV disease burden and the effectiveness of the RV vaccine, combined with a lack of communication skills represented the main predictors of RV vaccine uptake among HCWs. Intensive vaccine promotion interventions that focus on the epidemiology of disease and vaccine effectiveness are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Topuridze
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia; Health Research Union, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - D Baliashvili
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia; Health Research Union, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - T Komakhidze
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia; Health Research Union, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - M Shishniashvili
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia; Health Research Union, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - N Grdzelidze
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia; Health Research Union, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - M Butsashvili
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia; Health Research Union, Tbilisi, Georgia
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Baliashvili D, Magee MJ, Kempker RR, Kuchukhidze G, Aslanikashvili A, Blumberg HM. Contacts of retreatment tuberculosis cases with a prior poor treatment outcome are at increased risk of latent tuberculosis infection. Int J Infect Dis 2016; 43:49-50. [PMID: 26724774 PMCID: PMC4753115 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To estimate the prevalence of and risk factors for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) among contacts of index patients with tuberculosis (TB) with a prior history of active TB disease and TB treatment (retreatment cases). METHODS A cross-sectional population-based study was conducted using data from the national TB contact surveillance program in the country of Georgia. Contacts of retreatment cases were investigated and tuberculin skin testing was offered. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were performed to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals for risk of LTBI among contacts. RESULTS The prevalence of LTBI was significantly higher among contacts whose index TB patient had had a prior unfavorable treatment outcome compared to those who had had a favorable outcome (OR 3.14). Contacts whose index TB case had previously failed therapy (OR 6.43), was lost to follow-up (OR 5.63), or had completed treatment (OR 3.33) had a significantly higher prevalence of LTBI compared to contacts of previously cured TB cases. CONCLUSIONS Among contacts of active TB retreatment cases, the risk of LTBI was related to the outcome of the index case's previous TB treatment. Efforts aimed at reducing treatment loss to follow-up should be emphasized to enhance TB control efforts and may also decrease LTBI and active TB among contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davit Baliashvili
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, 9 Asatiani St., 0177 Tbilisi, Georgia.
| | - Matthew J Magee
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Russell R Kempker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Giorgi Kuchukhidze
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, 9 Asatiani St., 0177 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Ana Aslanikashvili
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, 9 Asatiani St., 0177 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Henry M Blumberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Departments of Epidemiology and Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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