1
|
Gómez-Marín E, Parrilla L, Tejero López JL, Morales DP, Castillo E. Toward Sensor Measurement Reliability in Blockchains. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:9659. [PMID: 38139505 PMCID: PMC10747797 DOI: 10.3390/s23249659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a secure architecture to send data from an Internet of Things (IoT) device to a blockchain-based supply chain is presented. As is well known, blockchains can process critical information with high security, but the authenticity and accuracy of the stored and processed information depend primarily on the reliability of the information sources. When this information requires acquisition from uncontrolled environments, as is the normal situation in the real world, it may be, intentionally or unintentionally, erroneous. The entities that provide this external information, called Oracles, are critical to guarantee the quality and veracity of the information generated by them, thus affecting the subsequent blockchain-based applications. In the case of IoT devices, there are no effective single solutions in the literature for achieving a secure implementation of an Oracle that is capable of sending data generated by a sensor to a blockchain. In order to fill this gap, in this paper, we present a holistic solution that enables blockchains to verify a set of security requirements in order to accept information from an IoT Oracle. The proposed solution uses Hardware Security Modules (HSMs) to address the security requirements of integrity and device trustworthiness, as well as a novel Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) based on a blockchain for authenticity, traceability, and data freshness. The solution is then implemented on Ethereum and evaluated regarding the fulfillment of the security requirements and time response. The final design has some flexibility limitations that will be approached in future work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Gómez-Marín
- Infineon Technologies AG, 85579 Neubiberg, Germany;
- Departamento de Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadores, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (J.L.T.L.); (D.P.M.); (E.C.)
| | - Luis Parrilla
- Departamento de Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadores, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (J.L.T.L.); (D.P.M.); (E.C.)
| | - Jose L. Tejero López
- Departamento de Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadores, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (J.L.T.L.); (D.P.M.); (E.C.)
| | - Diego P. Morales
- Departamento de Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadores, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (J.L.T.L.); (D.P.M.); (E.C.)
| | - Encarnación Castillo
- Departamento de Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadores, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (J.L.T.L.); (D.P.M.); (E.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ortiz-Gómez I, Rivadeneyra A, Salmerón JF, de Orbe-Payá I, Morales DP, Capitán-Vallvey LF, Salinas-Castillo A. Near-Field Communication Tag for Colorimetric Glutathione Determination with a Paper-Based Microfluidic Device. Biosensors (Basel) 2023; 13:267. [PMID: 36832033 PMCID: PMC9954394 DOI: 10.3390/bios13020267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Here, we propose a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (µPAD) implemented with a near-field communication (NFC) tag as a portable, simple and fast colorimetric method for glutathione (GSH) determination. The proposed method was based on the fact that Ag+ could oxidize 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) into oxidized blue TMB. Thus, the presence of GSH could cause the reduction of oxidized TMB, which resulted in a blue color fading. Based on this finding, we developed a method for the colorimetric determination of GSH using a smartphone. A µPAD implemented with the NFC tag allowed the harvesting of energy from a smartphone to activate the LED that allows the capture of a photograph of the µPAD by the smartphone. The integration between electronic interfaces into the hardware of digital image capture served as a means for quantitation. Importantly, this new method shows a low detection limit of 1.0 µM. Therefore, the most important features of this non-enzymatic method are high sensitivity and a simple, fast, portable and low-cost determination of GSH in just 20 min using a colorimetric signal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Ortiz-Gómez
- ECsens, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Unit of Excellence in Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Almudena Rivadeneyra
- Unit of Excellence in Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Electronic Devices Research Group, Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - José F. Salmerón
- Unit of Excellence in Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Electronic Devices Research Group, Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Ignacio de Orbe-Payá
- ECsens, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Unit of Excellence in Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Diego P. Morales
- Unit of Excellence in Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Electronic Devices Research Group, Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Luis Fermín Capitán-Vallvey
- ECsens, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Unit of Excellence in Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Alfonso Salinas-Castillo
- ECsens, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Unit of Excellence in Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rodriguez N, Morales DP, Rivadeneyra A. Editorial: Functional Nanomaterials for Sensor Applications. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:3750. [PMID: 36364526 PMCID: PMC9655613 DOI: 10.3390/nano12213750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Functional nanomaterials have become one of the most fascinating fields in nanotechnology [...].
Collapse
|
4
|
Gómez-Marín E, Parrilla L, Mauro G, Escobar-Molero A, Morales DP, Castillo E. RESEKRA: Remote Enrollment Using SEaled Keys for Remote Attestation. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:s22135060. [PMID: 35808554 PMCID: PMC9269829 DOI: 10.3390/s22135060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents and implements a novel remote attestation method to ensure the integrity of a device applicable to decentralized infrastructures, such as those found in common edge computing scenarios. Edge computing can be considered as a framework where multiple unsupervised devices communicate with each other with lack of hierarchy, requesting and offering services without a central server to orchestrate them. Because of these characteristics, there are many security threats, and detecting attacks is essential. Many remote attestation systems have been developed to alleviate this problem, but none of them can satisfy the requirements of edge computing: accepting dynamic enrollment and removal of devices to the system, respecting the interrupted activity of devices, and last but not least, providing a decentralized architecture for not trusting in just one Verifier. This security flaw has a negative impact on the development and implementation of edge computing-based technologies because of the impossibility of secure implementation. In this work, we propose a remote attestation system that, through using a Trusted Platform Module (TPM), enables the dynamic enrollment and an efficient and decentralized attestation. We demonstrate and evaluate our work in two use cases, attaining acceptance of intermittent activity by IoT devices, deletion of the dependency of centralized verifiers, and the probation of continuous integrity between unknown devices just by one signature verification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Gómez-Marín
- Infineon Technologies AG, 85579 Neubiberg, Germany; (G.M.); (A.E.-M.)
- Departamento Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadores, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (L.P.); (D.P.M.); (E.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Luis Parrilla
- Departamento Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadores, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (L.P.); (D.P.M.); (E.C.)
| | - Gianfranco Mauro
- Infineon Technologies AG, 85579 Neubiberg, Germany; (G.M.); (A.E.-M.)
- Departamento Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadores, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (L.P.); (D.P.M.); (E.C.)
| | | | - Diego P. Morales
- Departamento Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadores, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (L.P.); (D.P.M.); (E.C.)
| | - Encarnación Castillo
- Departamento Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadores, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (L.P.); (D.P.M.); (E.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mendez J, Molina M, Rodriguez N, Cuellar MP, Morales DP. Camera-LiDAR Multi-Level Sensor Fusion for Target Detection at the Network Edge. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:3992. [PMID: 34207851 PMCID: PMC8227618 DOI: 10.3390/s21123992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There have been significant advances regarding target detection in the autonomous vehicle context. To develop more robust systems that can overcome weather hazards as well as sensor problems, the sensor fusion approach is taking the lead in this context. Laser Imaging Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and camera sensors are two of the most used sensors for this task since they can accurately provide important features such as target´s depth and shape. However, most of the current state-of-the-art target detection algorithms for autonomous cars do not take into consideration the hardware limitations of the vehicle such as the reduced computing power in comparison with Cloud servers as well as the reduced latency. In this work, we propose Edge Computing Tensor Processing Unit (TPU) devices as hardware support due to their computing capabilities for machine learning algorithms as well as their reduced power consumption. We developed an accurate and small target detection model for these devices. Our proposed Multi-Level Sensor Fusion model has been optimized for the network edge, specifically for the Google Coral TPU. As a result, high accuracy results are obtained while reducing the memory consumption as well as the latency of the system using the challenging KITTI dataset.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Mendez
- Infineon Technologies AG, Am Campeon 1-15, 85579 Neubiberg, Germany;
- Department of Electronic and Computer Technology, University of Granada, Avenida de Fuente Nueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain; (N.R.); (D.P.M.)
| | - Miguel Molina
- Infineon Technologies AG, Am Campeon 1-15, 85579 Neubiberg, Germany;
- Department of Electronic and Computer Technology, University of Granada, Avenida de Fuente Nueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain; (N.R.); (D.P.M.)
| | - Noel Rodriguez
- Department of Electronic and Computer Technology, University of Granada, Avenida de Fuente Nueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain; (N.R.); (D.P.M.)
| | - Manuel P. Cuellar
- Department of Computer Science and AI, University of Granada, C/Periodista Daniel Saucedo Aranda s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - Diego P. Morales
- Department of Electronic and Computer Technology, University of Granada, Avenida de Fuente Nueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain; (N.R.); (D.P.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rivadeneyra A, Salmeron JF, Murru F, Lapresta-Fernández A, Rodríguez N, Capitan-Vallvey LF, Morales DP, Salinas-Castillo A. Carbon Dots as Sensing Layer for Printed Humidity and Temperature Sensors. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2020; 10:E2446. [PMID: 33297413 PMCID: PMC7762300 DOI: 10.3390/nano10122446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This work presents an innovative application of carbon dots (Cdots) nanoparticles as sensing layer for relative humidity detection. The developed sensor is based on interdigitated capacitive electrodes screen printed on a flexible transparent polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film. Cdots are deposited on top of these electrodes. An exhaustive characterization of the nanoparticles has been conducted along with the fabrication of the sensor structure. The accompanied experiments give all the sensibility to the Cdots, showing its dependence with temperature and exciting frequency. To the best of our knowledge, this work paves the path to the use of these kind of nanoparticles in printed flexible capacitive sensors aimed to be employed in the continuously expanding Internet of Things ecosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Rivadeneyra
- Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, 18010 Granada, Spain; (J.F.S.); (N.R.); (D.P.M.)
| | - José F. Salmeron
- Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, 18010 Granada, Spain; (J.F.S.); (N.R.); (D.P.M.)
| | - Fabio Murru
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, 18010 Granada, Spain; (F.M.); (A.L.-F.); (L.F.C.-V.); (A.S.-C.)
| | - Alejandro Lapresta-Fernández
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, 18010 Granada, Spain; (F.M.); (A.L.-F.); (L.F.C.-V.); (A.S.-C.)
| | - Noel Rodríguez
- Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, 18010 Granada, Spain; (J.F.S.); (N.R.); (D.P.M.)
| | - Luis Fermín Capitan-Vallvey
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, 18010 Granada, Spain; (F.M.); (A.L.-F.); (L.F.C.-V.); (A.S.-C.)
| | - Diego P. Morales
- Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, 18010 Granada, Spain; (J.F.S.); (N.R.); (D.P.M.)
| | - Alfonso Salinas-Castillo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, 18010 Granada, Spain; (F.M.); (A.L.-F.); (L.F.C.-V.); (A.S.-C.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
García-Valdivia AA, Romero FJ, Cepeda J, Morales DP, Casati N, Mota AJ, Zotti LA, Palacios JJ, Choquesillo-Lazarte D, F Salmerón J, Rivadeneyra A, Rodríguez-Diéguez A. Rational design of an unusual 2D-MOF based on Cu(i) and 4-hydroxypyrimidine-5-carbonitrile as linker with conductive capabilities: a theoretical approach based on high-pressure XRD. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:9473-9476. [PMID: 32812539 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03564e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we present, for the first time, a 2D-MOF based on copper and 4-hydroxypyrimidine-5-carbonitrile as the linker. Each MOF layer is perfectly flat and neutral, as is the case for graphene. High pressure X-ray diffraction measurements reveal that this layered structure can be modulated between 3.01 to 2.78 Å interlayer separation, with an evident piezochromism and varying conductive properties. An analysis of the band structure indicates that this material is conductive along different directions depending on the application of pressure or H doping. These results pave the way for the development of novel layered materials with tunable and efficient properties for pressure-based sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio A García-Valdivia
- Departament of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Romero
- Pervasive Electronics Advanced Research Laboratory (PEARL), Department Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Javier Cepeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of The Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizabal 3, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Diego P Morales
- Pervasive Electronics Advanced Research Laboratory (PEARL), Department Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Nicola Casati
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation - Condensed Matter, Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Antonio J Mota
- Departament of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain.
| | - Linda A Zotti
- Departamento de Física Aplicada I, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, E-41011, Spain.
| | - Juan J Palacios
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), and Instituto Nicolás Cabrera (INC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Duane Choquesillo-Lazarte
- Crystallographic Studies Laboratory, IACT (CSIC-UGR), Avda. de las Palmeras 4, 18100, Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - José F Salmerón
- Pervasive Electronics Advanced Research Laboratory (PEARL), Department Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Almudena Rivadeneyra
- Pervasive Electronics Advanced Research Laboratory (PEARL), Department Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Diéguez
- Departament of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Romero FJ, Gerardo D, Romero R, Ortiz-Gomez I, Salinas-Castillo A, Moraila-Martinez CL, Rodriguez N, Morales DP. Comparison of Laser-Synthetized Nanographene-Based Electrodes for Flexible Supercapacitors. Micromachines (Basel) 2020; 11:mi11060555. [PMID: 32486206 PMCID: PMC7344853 DOI: 10.3390/mi11060555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a comparative study of a cost-effective method for the mass fabrication of electrodes to be used in thin-film flexible supercapacitors. This technique is based on the laser-synthesis of graphene-based nanomaterials, specifically, laser-induced graphene and reduced graphene oxide. The synthesis of these materials was performed using two different lasers: a CO2 laser with an infrared wavelength of λ = 10.6 µm and a UV laser (λ = 405 nm). After the optimization of the parameters of both lasers for this purpose, the performance of these materials as bare electrodes for flexible supercapacitors was studied in a comparative way. The experiments showed that the electrodes synthetized with the low-cost UV laser compete well in terms of specific capacitance with those obtained with the CO2 laser, while the best performance is provided by the rGO electrodes fabricated with the CO2 laser. It has also been demonstrated that the degree of reduction achieved with the UV laser for the rGO patterns was not enough to provide a good interaction electrode-electrolyte. Finally, we proved that the specific capacitance achieved with the presented supercapacitors can be improved by modifying the in-planar structure, without compromising their performance, which, together with their compatibility with doping-techniques and surface treatments processes, shows the potential of this technology for the fabrication of future high-performance and inexpensive flexible supercapacitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Romero
- Pervasive Electronics Advanced Research Laboratory, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (R.R.); (N.R.)
- Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.J.R.); (D.P.M.); Tel.: +34-958-241-000 (ext. 20193) (D.P.M.)
| | - Denice Gerardo
- Parque de Innovación Tecnológica, Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, 80040 Culiacán, Mexico; (D.G.); (C.L.M.-M.)
| | - Raul Romero
- Pervasive Electronics Advanced Research Laboratory, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (R.R.); (N.R.)
- Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Ortiz-Gomez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (I.O.-G.); (A.S.-C.)
| | - Alfonso Salinas-Castillo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (I.O.-G.); (A.S.-C.)
| | - Carmen L. Moraila-Martinez
- Parque de Innovación Tecnológica, Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, 80040 Culiacán, Mexico; (D.G.); (C.L.M.-M.)
| | - Noel Rodriguez
- Pervasive Electronics Advanced Research Laboratory, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (R.R.); (N.R.)
- Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Diego P. Morales
- Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Biochemistry and Electronics as Sensing Technologies Group, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.J.R.); (D.P.M.); Tel.: +34-958-241-000 (ext. 20193) (D.P.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Murru F, Romero FJ, Sánchez-Mudarra R, García Ruiz FJ, Morales DP, Capitán-Vallvey LF, Salinas-Castillo A. Portable Instrument for Hemoglobin Determination Using Room-Temperature Phosphorescent Carbon Dots. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2020; 10:nano10050825. [PMID: 32357422 PMCID: PMC7711904 DOI: 10.3390/nano10050825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A portable reconfigurable platform for hemoglobin determination based on inner filter quenching of room-temperature phosphorescent carbon dots (CDs) in the presence of H2O2 is described. The electronic setup consists of a light-emitting diode (LED) as the carbon dot optical exciter and a photodiode as a light-to-current converter integrated in the same instrument. The reconfigurable feature provides adaptability to use the platform as an analytical probe for CDs coming from different batches with some variations in luminescence characteristics. The variables of the reaction were optimized, such as pH, concentration of reagents, and response time; as well as the variables of the portable device, such as LED voltage, photodiode sensitivity, and adjustment of the measuring range by a reconfigurable electronic system. The portable device allowed the determination of hemoglobin with good sensitivity, with a detection limit of 6.2 nM and range up to 125 nM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Murru
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Romero
- Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Roberto Sánchez-Mudarra
- Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco J. García Ruiz
- Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Diego P. Morales
- Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- ECsens Group, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Unit of Excellence in Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Luis Fermín Capitán-Vallvey
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- ECsens Group, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Unit of Excellence in Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Alfonso Salinas-Castillo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- ECsens Group, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Unit of Excellence in Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-958-248-436
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Romero FJ, Rivadeneyra A, Becherer M, Morales DP, Rodríguez N. Fabrication and Characterization of Humidity Sensors Based on Graphene Oxide-PEDOT:PSS Composites on a Flexible Substrate. Micromachines (Basel) 2020; 11:E148. [PMID: 32013153 PMCID: PMC7074611 DOI: 10.3390/mi11020148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a simple, fast, and cost-effective method for the large-scale fabrication of high-sensitivity humidity sensors on flexible substrates. These sensors consist of a micro screen-printed capacitive structure upon which a sensitive layer is deposited. We studied two different structures and three different sensing materials by modifying the concentration of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) in a graphene oxide (GO) solution. The results show that the aggregation of the PEDOT:PSS to the GO can modify its electrical properties, boosting the performance of the capacitive sensors in terms of both resistive losses and sensitivity to relative humidity (RH) changes. Thus, in an area less than 30 mm2, the GO/PEDOT:PSS-based sensors can achieve a sensitivity much higher (1.22 nF/%RH at 1 kHz) than other similar sensors presented in the literature which, together with their good thermal stability, time response, and performance over bending, demonstrates that the manufacturing approach described in this work paves the way for the mass production of flexible humidity sensors in an inexpensive way.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Romero
- Pervasive Electronics Advanced Research Laboratory, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
- Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - Almudena Rivadeneyra
- Pervasive Electronics Advanced Research Laboratory, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
- Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - Markus Becherer
- Chair of Nanoelectronics, Technical University of Munich, 80333 München, Germany;
| | - Diego P. Morales
- Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
- Biochemistry and Electronics as Sensing Technologies Group, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Noel Rodríguez
- Pervasive Electronics Advanced Research Laboratory, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
- Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Romero FJ, Toral-Lopez A, Ohata A, Morales DP, Ruiz FG, Godoy A, Rodriguez N. Laser-Fabricated Reduced Graphene Oxide Memristors. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2019; 9:nano9060897. [PMID: 31248215 PMCID: PMC6630327 DOI: 10.3390/nano9060897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Finding an inexpensive and scalable method for the mass production of memristors will be one of the key aspects for their implementation in end-user computing applications. Herein, we report pioneering research on the fabrication of laser-lithographed graphene oxide memristors. The devices have been surface-fabricated through a graphene oxide coating on a polyethylene terephthalate substrate followed by a localized laser-assisted photo-thermal partial reduction. When the laser fluence is appropriately tuned during the fabrication process, the devices present a characteristic pinched closed-loop in the current-voltage relation revealing the unique fingerprint of the memristive hysteresis. Combined structural and electrical experiments have been conducted to characterize the raw material and the devices that aim to establish a path for optimization. Electrical measurements have demonstrated a clear distinction between the resistive states, as well as stable memory performance, indicating the potential of laser-fabricated graphene oxide memristors in resistive switching applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Romero
- Pervasive Electronics Advanced Research Laboratory, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
- Department of Electronics and Computer Technology & Center of Research in Telecommunications and Information Technologies, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Alejandro Toral-Lopez
- Pervasive Electronics Advanced Research Laboratory, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
- Department of Electronics and Computer Technology & Center of Research in Telecommunications and Information Technologies, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Akiko Ohata
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Kanagawa 252-5210, Japan.
| | - Diego P Morales
- Department of Electronics and Computer Technology & Center of Research in Telecommunications and Information Technologies, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
- Biochemistry and Electronics as Sensing Technologies Group, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Francisco G Ruiz
- Pervasive Electronics Advanced Research Laboratory, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
- Department of Electronics and Computer Technology & Center of Research in Telecommunications and Information Technologies, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Andres Godoy
- Pervasive Electronics Advanced Research Laboratory, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
- Department of Electronics and Computer Technology & Center of Research in Telecommunications and Information Technologies, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Noel Rodriguez
- Pervasive Electronics Advanced Research Laboratory, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
- Department of Electronics and Computer Technology & Center of Research in Telecommunications and Information Technologies, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Toral V, García A, Romero FJ, Morales DP, Castillo E, Parrilla L, Gómez-Campos FM, Morillas A, Sánchez A. Wearable System for Biosignal Acquisition and Monitoring Based on Reconfigurable Technologies. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:E1590. [PMID: 30986953 PMCID: PMC6479924 DOI: 10.3390/s19071590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Wearable monitoring devices are now a usual commodity in the market, especially for the monitoring of sports and physical activity. However, specialized wearable devices remain an open field for high-risk professionals, such as military personnel, fire and rescue, law enforcement, etc. In this work, a prototype wearable instrument, based on reconfigurable technologies and capable of monitoring electrocardiogram, oxygen saturation, and motion, is presented. This reconfigurable device allows a wide range of applications in conjunction with mobile devices. As a proof-of-concept, the reconfigurable instrument was been integrated into ad hoc glasses, in order to illustrate the non-invasive monitoring of the user. The performance of the presented prototype was validated against a commercial pulse oximeter, while several alternatives for QRS-complex detection were tested. For this type of scenario, clustering-based classification was found to be a very robust option.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Toral
- Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Antonio García
- Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Romero
- Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Diego P Morales
- Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Encarnación Castillo
- Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Luis Parrilla
- Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | | | | | - Alejandro Sánchez
- Mando de Adiestramiento y Doctrina, Ejército de Tierra, 18010 Granada, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Toral-Lopez A, Marin EG, Gonzalez-Medina JM, Romero FJ, Ruiz FG, Morales DP, Rodriguez N, Godoy A. Assessment of three electrolyte-molecule electrostatic interaction models for 2D material based BioFETs. Nanoscale Adv 2019; 1:1077-1085. [PMID: 36133192 PMCID: PMC9473221 DOI: 10.1039/c8na00109j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BioFETs based on two-dimensional materials (2DMs) offer a unique opportunity to enhance, at a low cost, the sensitivity of current biosensors enabling the design of compact devices compatible with standard CMOS technology. The unique combination of large exposed surface areas and minimal thicknesses of 2DMs is an outstanding feature for these devices, and the assessment of their behaviour requires combined experimental and theoretical efforts. In this work we present a 2D-material based BioFET simulator including complex electrolyte reactions and analysing different models for the electrolyte-molecule interaction. These models describe how the molecular charge is screened by the electrolyte ions when their distributions are modified. The electrolyte simulation is validated against experimental results as well as against the analytical predictions of the Debye-Hückel approximation. The role of the electrolyte charge screening as well as the impact of the interaction model on the device responsivity are analysed in detail. The results are discussed in order to conclude about the consequences of employing different interaction approximations for the simulation of BioFETs and more generally on the correct modelling of biomolecule-device interaction in BioFETs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Toral-Lopez
- Dpto. Electrónica, Fac. Ciencias, Universidad de Granada 18071 Spain
| | - E G Marin
- Dpto. Electrónica, Fac. Ciencias, Universidad de Granada 18071 Spain
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università di Pisa 56122 Pisa Italy
| | | | - F J Romero
- Dpto. Electrónica, Fac. Ciencias, Universidad de Granada 18071 Spain
| | - F G Ruiz
- Dpto. Electrónica, Fac. Ciencias, Universidad de Granada 18071 Spain
| | - D P Morales
- Dpto. Electrónica, Fac. Ciencias, Universidad de Granada 18071 Spain
| | - N Rodriguez
- Dpto. Electrónica, Fac. Ciencias, Universidad de Granada 18071 Spain
| | - A Godoy
- Dpto. Electrónica, Fac. Ciencias, Universidad de Granada 18071 Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Romero FJ, Salinas-Castillo A, Rivadeneyra A, Albrecht A, Godoy A, Morales DP, Rodriguez N. In-Depth Study of Laser Diode Ablation of Kapton Polyimide for Flexible Conductive Substrates. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2018; 8:E517. [PMID: 29997329 PMCID: PMC6070914 DOI: 10.3390/nano8070517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a detailed study of the photothermal ablation of Kapton® polyimide by a laser diode targeting its electrical conductivity enhancement. Laser-treated samples were structurally characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), as well as Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy. The results show that the laser-assisted ablation constitutes a simple one-step and environmental friendly method to induce graphene-derived structures on the surface of polyimide films. The laser-modified surface was also electrically characterized through the Transmission Line Method (TLM) aiming at the improvement of the conductivity of the samples by tuning the laser power and the extraction of the contact resistance of the electrodes. Once the laser-ablation process is optimized, the samples increase their conductivity up to six orders of magnitude, being comparable to that of graphene obtained by chemical vapor deposition or by the reduction of graphene-oxide. Additionally, we show that the contact resistance can be decreased down to promising values of ∼2 Ω when using silver-based electrodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Romero
- Pervasive Electronics Advanced Research Laboratory (PEARL), Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | | | - Almudena Rivadeneyra
- Institute for Nanoelectronics, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany.
| | - Andreas Albrecht
- Institute for Nanoelectronics, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany.
| | - Andres Godoy
- Pervasive Electronics Advanced Research Laboratory (PEARL), Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Diego P Morales
- Pervasive Electronics Advanced Research Laboratory (PEARL), Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Noel Rodriguez
- Pervasive Electronics Advanced Research Laboratory (PEARL), Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Castillo E, Morales DP, García A, Parrilla L, Ruiz VU, Álvarez-Bermejo JA. A clustering-based method for single-channel fetal heart rate monitoring. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199308. [PMID: 29933366 PMCID: PMC6014640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive fetal electrocardiography (ECG) is based on the acquisition of signals from abdominal surface electrodes. The composite abdominal signal consists of the maternal electrocardiogram along with the fetal electrocardiogram and other electrical interferences. These recordings allow for the acquisition of valuable and reliable information that helps ensure fetal well-being during pregnancy. This paper introduces a procedure for fetal heart rate extraction from a single-channel abdominal ECG signal. The procedure is composed of three main stages: a method based on wavelet for signal denoising, a new clustering-based methodology for detecting fetal QRS complexes, and a final stage to correct false positives and false negatives. The novelty of the procedure thus relies on using clustering techniques to classify singularities from the abdominal ECG into three types: maternal QRS complexes, fetal QRS complexes, and noise. The amplitude and time distance of all the local maxima followed by a local minimum were selected as features for the clustering classification. A wide set of real abdominal ECG recordings from two different databases, providing a large range of different characteristics, was used to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed method. The accuracy achieved shows that the proposed technique exhibits a competitve performance when compared to other recent works in the literature and a better performance over threshold-based techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Encarnación Castillo
- Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, Campus Universitario Fuentenueva, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Diego P. Morales
- Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, Campus Universitario Fuentenueva, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio García
- Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, Campus Universitario Fuentenueva, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Luis Parrilla
- Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, Campus Universitario Fuentenueva, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Víctor U. Ruiz
- Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, Campus Universitario Fuentenueva, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Parrilla L, Castillo E, López-Ramos JA, Álvarez-Bermejo JA, García A, Morales DP. Unified Compact ECC-AES Co-Processor with Group-Key Support for IoT Devices in Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors (Basel) 2018; 18:s18010251. [PMID: 29337921 PMCID: PMC5795697 DOI: 10.3390/s18010251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Security is a critical challenge for the effective expansion of all new emerging applications in the Internet of Things paradigm. Therefore, it is necessary to define and implement different mechanisms for guaranteeing security and privacy of data interchanged within the multiple wireless sensor networks being part of the Internet of Things. However, in this context, low power and low area are required, limiting the resources available for security and thus hindering the implementation of adequate security protocols. Group keys can save resources and communications bandwidth, but should be combined with public key cryptography to be really secure. In this paper, a compact and unified co-processor for enabling Elliptic Curve Cryptography along to Advanced Encryption Standard with low area requirements and Group-Key support is presented. The designed co-processor allows securing wireless sensor networks with independence of the communications protocols used. With an area occupancy of only 2101 LUTs over Spartan 6 devices from Xilinx, it requires 15% less area while achieving near 490% better performance when compared to cryptoprocessors with similar features in the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Parrilla
- Dpto. Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadores, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Encarnación Castillo
- Dpto. Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadores, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | | | | | - Antonio García
- Dpto. Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadores, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Diego P Morales
- Dpto. Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadores, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Salinas-Castillo A, Morales DP, Lapresta-Fernández A, Ariza-Avidad M, Castillo E, Martínez-Olmos A, Palma AJ, Capitan-Vallvey LF. Evaluation of a reconfigurable portable instrument for copper determination based on luminescent carbon dots. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:3013-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9349-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
18
|
Martínez-Martí F, González-Montesinos JL, Morales DP, Santos JRF, Castro-Piñero J, Carvajal MA, Palma AJ. Validation of Instrumented Insoles for Measuring Height in Vertical Jump. Int J Sports Med 2016; 37:374-81. [PMID: 26855433 DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1565137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Martínez-Martí
- ECsens, CITIC-UGR, Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - J L González-Montesinos
- Department of Physical Education, School of Science, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - D P Morales
- ECsens, CITIC-UGR, Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - J R F Santos
- Department of Physical Education, School of Science, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - J Castro-Piñero
- Department of Physical Education, School of Science, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - M A Carvajal
- ECsens, CITIC-UGR, Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - A J Palma
- ECsens, CITIC-UGR, Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Carvajal MA, Martínez-Olmos A, Morales DP, Lopez-Villanueva JA, Lallena AM, Palma AJ. Thermal drift reduction with multiple bias current for MOSFET dosimeters. Phys Med Biol 2011; 56:3535-50. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/56/12/006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|