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Farris J, Khanna C, Smadbeck JB, Johnson SH, Bothun E, Kaplan T, Hoffman F, Polonis K, Oliver G, Reis LM, Semina EV, Rust L, Hoppman NL, Vasmatzis G, Marcou CA, Schimmenti LA, Klee EW. Complex balanced intrachromosomal rearrangement involving PITX2 identified as a cause of Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2024; 194:e63542. [PMID: 38234180 PMCID: PMC11003841 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome (ARS) type 1 is a rare autosomal dominant condition characterized by anterior chamber anomalies, umbilical defects, dental hypoplasia, and craniofacial anomalies, with Meckel's diverticulum in some individuals. Here, we describe a clinically ascertained female of childbearing age with ARS for whom clinical targeted sequencing and deletion/duplication analysis followed by clinical exome and genome sequencing resulted in no pathogenic variants or variants of unknown significance in PITX2 or FOXC1. Advanced bioinformatic analysis of the genome data identified a complex, balanced rearrangement disrupting PITX2. This case is the first reported intrachromosomal rearrangement leading to ARS, illustrating that for patients with compelling clinical phenotypes but negative genomic testing, additional bioinformatic analysis are essential to identify subtle genomic abnormalities in target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Farris
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Cheryl Khanna
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - James B Smadbeck
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sarah H Johnson
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Erick Bothun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Tyler Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Francis Hoffman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Katarzyna Polonis
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Gavin Oliver
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Linda M Reis
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Elena V Semina
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Laura Rust
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nicole L Hoppman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - George Vasmatzis
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Cherisse A Marcou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lisa A Schimmenti
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Eric W Klee
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Untaroiu A, Reis LM, Higgins BP, Walesa A, Zacharias S, Nikezic D, Costakos DM, Carroll J, Semina EV. In Vivo Assessment of Retinal Phenotypes in Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:20. [PMID: 38587439 PMCID: PMC11005067 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.4.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome (ARS) is characterized by ocular anomalies including posterior embryotoxon, iridocorneal adhesions, corectopia/iris hypoplasia, and developmental glaucoma. Although anterior segment defects and glaucoma contribute to decreased visual acuity, the role of potential posterior segment abnormalities has not been explored. We used high-resolution retinal imaging to test the hypothesis that individuals with ARS have posterior segment pathology. Methods Three individuals with FOXC1-ARS and 10 with PITX2-ARS completed slit-lamp and fundus photography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), OCT angiography, and adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO). Quantitative metrics were compared to previously published values for individuals with normal vision. Results All individuals demonstrated typical anterior segment phenotypes. Average ganglion cell and inner plexiform layer thickness was lower in PITX2-ARS, consistent with the glaucoma history in this group. A novel phenotype of foveal hypoplasia was noted in 40% of individuals with PITX2-ARS (but none with FOXC1-ARS). Moreover, the depth and volume of the foveal pit were significantly lower in PITX2-ARS compared to normal controls, even excluding individuals with foveal hypoplasia. Analysis of known foveal hypoplasia genes failed to identify an alternative explanation. Foveal cone density was decreased in one individual with foveal hypoplasia and normal in six without foveal hypoplasia. Two individuals (one from each group) demonstrated non-foveal retinal irregularities with regions of photoreceptor anomalies on OCT and AOSLO. Conclusions These findings implicate PITX2 in the development of the posterior segment, particularly the fovea, in humans. The identified posterior segment phenotypes may contribute to visual acuity deficits in individuals with PITX2-ARS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Untaroiu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Linda M. Reis
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Brian P. Higgins
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Ashleigh Walesa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Serena Zacharias
- School of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Danica Nikezic
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Deborah M. Costakos
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Joseph Carroll
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Elena V. Semina
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Childrens Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
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Oppermann H, Marcos-Grañeda E, Weiss LA, Gurnett CA, Jelsig AM, Vineke SH, Isidor B, Mercier S, Magnussen K, Zacher P, Hashim M, Pagnamenta AT, Race S, Srivastava S, Frazier Z, Maiwald R, Pergande M, Milani D, Rinelli M, Levy J, Krey I, Fontana P, Lonardo F, Riley S, Kretzer J, Rankin J, Reis LM, Semina EV, Reuter MS, Scherer SW, Iascone M, Weis D, Fagerberg CR, Brasch-Andersen C, Hansen LK, Kuechler A, Noble N, Gardham A, Tenney J, Rathore G, Beck-Woedl S, Haack TB, Pavlidou DC, Atallah I, Vodopiutz J, Janecke AR, Hsieh TC, Lesmann H, Klinkhammer H, Krawitz PM, Lemke JR, Jamra RA, Nieto M, Tümer Z, Platzer K. CUX1-related neurodevelopmental disorder: deep insights into phenotype-genotype spectrum and underlying pathology. Eur J Hum Genet 2023; 31:1251-1260. [PMID: 37644171 PMCID: PMC10620399 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-023-01445-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous, pathogenic CUX1 variants are associated with global developmental delay or intellectual disability. This study delineates the clinical presentation in an extended cohort and investigates the molecular mechanism underlying the disorder in a Cux1+/- mouse model. Through international collaboration, we assembled the phenotypic and molecular information for 34 individuals (23 unpublished individuals). We analyze brain CUX1 expression and susceptibility to epilepsy in Cux1+/- mice. We describe 34 individuals, from which 30 were unrelated, with 26 different null and four missense variants. The leading symptoms were mild to moderate delayed speech and motor development and borderline to moderate intellectual disability. Additional symptoms were muscular hypotonia, seizures, joint laxity, and abnormalities of the forehead. In Cux1+/- mice, we found delayed growth, histologically normal brains, and increased susceptibility to seizures. In Cux1+/- brains, the expression of Cux1 transcripts was half of WT animals. Expression of CUX1 proteins was reduced, although in early postnatal animals significantly more than in adults. In summary, disease-causing CUX1 variants result in a non-syndromic phenotype of developmental delay and intellectual disability. In some individuals, this phenotype ameliorates with age, resulting in a clinical catch-up and normal IQ in adulthood. The post-transcriptional balance of CUX1 expression in the heterozygous brain at late developmental stages appears important for this favorable clinical course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Oppermann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Elia Marcos-Grañeda
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Linnea A Weiss
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christina A Gurnett
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Anne Marie Jelsig
- Dpt. of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanne H Vineke
- Dpt. of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bertrand Isidor
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Sandra Mercier
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
- L'institut du thorax, Inserm, Cnrs, Univ Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Kari Magnussen
- Randall Children's Hospital at Legacy Emanuel, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Pia Zacher
- Epilepsy Center Kleinwachau, Radeberg, Germany
| | - Mona Hashim
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alistair T Pagnamenta
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simone Race
- BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Zoë Frazier
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert Maiwald
- MVZ for Coagulation Diagnostics and Medical Genetics Cologne, ÜBAG Zotz/Klimas, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Donatella Milani
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Rinelli
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Departmental Unit of Molecular and Genomic Diagnostics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Jonathan Levy
- Genetics Department, CHU Robert-Debré, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Ilona Krey
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paolo Fontana
- Medical Genetics Unit, A.O.R.N. San Pio, Benevento, Italy
| | | | - Stephanie Riley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jasmine Kretzer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Julia Rankin
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Linda M Reis
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Elena V Semina
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Miriam S Reuter
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen W Scherer
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maria Iascone
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Denisa Weis
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kepler University Hospital Med Campus IV, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Alma Kuechler
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Nathan Noble
- Blank Children's Developmental Center, Unity Point Health, Des Moines, IA, USA
| | - Alice Gardham
- North West Thames Regional Genetic Service, North West London Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Jessica Tenney
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Geetanjali Rathore
- Dvision of Pediatric Neurology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Stefanie Beck-Woedl
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tobias B Haack
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Despoina C Pavlidou
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Lausanne Universitary Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Isis Atallah
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Lausanne Universitary Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julia Vodopiutz
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Bone and Growth Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas R Janecke
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tzung-Chien Hsieh
- Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hellen Lesmann
- Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hannah Klinkhammer
- Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter M Krawitz
- Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Johannes R Lemke
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- Center for Rare Diseases, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rami Abou Jamra
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marta Nieto
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Zeynep Tümer
- Kennedy Center, Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Medicin, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Konrad Platzer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
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4
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Reis LM, Amor DJ, Haddad RA, Nowak CB, Keppler-Noreuil KM, Chisholm SA, Semina EV. Alternative Genetic Diagnoses in Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome Spectrum. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1948. [PMID: 37895297 PMCID: PMC10606241 DOI: 10.3390/genes14101948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Axenfeld-Rieger anomaly (ARA) is a specific ocular disorder that is frequently associated with other systemic abnormalities. PITX2 and FOXC1 variants explain the majority of individuals with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome (ARS) but leave ~30% unsolved. Here, we present pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants in nine families with ARA/ARS or similar phenotypes affecting five different genes/regions. USP9X and JAG1 explained three families each. USP9X was recently linked with syndromic cognitive impairment that includes hearing loss, dental defects, ventriculomegaly, Dandy-Walker malformation, skeletal anomalies (hip dysplasia), and other features showing a significant overlap with FOXC1-ARS. Anterior segment anomalies are not currently associated with USP9X, yet our cases demonstrate ARA, congenital glaucoma, corneal neovascularization, and cataracts. The identification of JAG1 variants, linked with Alagille syndrome, in three separate families with a clinical diagnosis of ARA/ARS highlights the overlapping features and high variability of these two phenotypes. Finally, intragenic variants in CDK13, BCOR, and an X chromosome deletion encompassing HCCS and AMELX (linked with ocular and dental anomalies, correspondingly) were identified in three additional cases with ARS. Accurate diagnosis has important implications for clinical management. We suggest that broad testing such as exome sequencing be applied as a second-tier test for individuals with ARS with normal results for PITX2/FOXC1 sequencing and copy number analysis, with attention to the described genes/regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M. Reis
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (L.M.R.); (S.A.C.)
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - David J. Amor
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
| | - Raad A. Haddad
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Catherine B. Nowak
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
| | - Kim M. Keppler-Noreuil
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53726, USA;
| | - Smith Ann Chisholm
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (L.M.R.); (S.A.C.)
| | - Elena V. Semina
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (L.M.R.); (S.A.C.)
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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5
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Daruich A, Duncan M, Robert MP, Lagali N, Semina EV, Aberdam D, Ferrari S, Romano V, des Roziers CB, Benkortebi R, De Vergnes N, Polak M, Chiambaretta F, Nischal KK, Behar-Cohen F, Valleix S, Bremond-Gignac D. Congenital aniridia beyond black eyes: From phenotype and novel genetic mechanisms to innovative therapeutic approaches. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 95:101133. [PMID: 36280537 PMCID: PMC11062406 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Congenital PAX6-aniridia, initially characterized by the absence of the iris, has progressively been shown to be associated with other developmental ocular abnormalities and systemic features making congenital aniridia a complex syndromic disorder rather than a simple isolated disease of the iris. Moreover, foveal hypoplasia is now recognized as a more frequent feature than complete iris hypoplasia and a major visual prognosis determinant, reversing the classical clinical picture of this disease. Conversely, iris malformation is also a feature of various anterior segment dysgenesis disorders caused by PAX6-related developmental genes, adding a level of genetic complexity for accurate molecular diagnosis of aniridia. Therefore, the clinical recognition and differential genetic diagnosis of PAX6-related aniridia has been revealed to be much more challenging than initially thought, and still remains under-investigated. Here, we update specific clinical features of aniridia, with emphasis on their genotype correlations, as well as provide new knowledge regarding the PAX6 gene and its mutational spectrum, and highlight the beneficial utility of clinically implementing targeted Next-Generation Sequencing combined with Whole-Genome Sequencing to increase the genetic diagnostic yield of aniridia. We also present new molecular mechanisms underlying aniridia and aniridia-like phenotypes. Finally, we discuss the appropriate medical and surgical management of aniridic eyes, as well as innovative therapeutic options. Altogether, these combined clinical-genetic approaches will help to accelerate time to diagnosis, provide better determination of the disease prognosis and management, and confirm eligibility for future clinical trials or genetic-specific therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Daruich
- Ophthalmology Department, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, AP-HP, Paris Cité University, Paris, France; INSERM, UMRS1138, Team 17, From Physiopathology of Ocular Diseases to Clinical Development, Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Melinda Duncan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Matthieu P Robert
- Ophthalmology Department, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, AP-HP, Paris Cité University, Paris, France; Borelli Centre, UMR 9010, CNRS-SSA-ENS Paris Saclay-Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Neil Lagali
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Ophthalmology, Sørlandet Hospital Arendal, Arendal, Norway
| | - Elena V Semina
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute at the Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Daniel Aberdam
- INSERM, UMRS1138, Team 17, From Physiopathology of Ocular Diseases to Clinical Development, Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Stefano Ferrari
- Fondazione Banca degli Occhi del Veneto, Via Paccagnella 11, Venice, Italy
| | - Vito Romano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiolological Sciences, and Public Health, Ophthalmology Clinic, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Cyril Burin des Roziers
- INSERM, UMRS1138, Team 17, From Physiopathology of Ocular Diseases to Clinical Development, Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Service de Médecine Génomique des Maladies de Système et d'Organe, APHP. Centre Université de Paris, Fédération de Génétique et de Médecine Génomique Hôpital Cochin, 27 rue du Fbg St-Jacques, 75679, Paris Cedex 14, France
| | - Rabia Benkortebi
- Ophthalmology Department, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, AP-HP, Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie De Vergnes
- Ophthalmology Department, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, AP-HP, Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Michel Polak
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Gynecology and Diabetology, Hôpital Universitaire Necker Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris Cité University, INSERM U1016, Institut IMAGINE, France
| | | | - Ken K Nischal
- Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Strabismus, and Adult Motility, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; UPMC Eye Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Francine Behar-Cohen
- INSERM, UMRS1138, Team 17, From Physiopathology of Ocular Diseases to Clinical Development, Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Valleix
- INSERM, UMRS1138, Team 17, From Physiopathology of Ocular Diseases to Clinical Development, Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Service de Médecine Génomique des Maladies de Système et d'Organe, APHP. Centre Université de Paris, Fédération de Génétique et de Médecine Génomique Hôpital Cochin, 27 rue du Fbg St-Jacques, 75679, Paris Cedex 14, France
| | - Dominique Bremond-Gignac
- Ophthalmology Department, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, AP-HP, Paris Cité University, Paris, France; INSERM, UMRS1138, Team 17, From Physiopathology of Ocular Diseases to Clinical Development, Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.
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6
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Seese SE, Muheisen S, Gath N, Gross JM, Semina EV. Identification of HSPA8 as an interacting partner of MAB21L2 and an important factor in eye development. Dev Dyn 2023; 252:510-526. [PMID: 36576422 PMCID: PMC10947772 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogenic variants in human MAB21L2 result in microphthalmia, anophthalmia, and coloboma. The exact molecular function of MAB21L2 is currently unknown. We conducted a series of yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) experiments to determine protein interactomes of normal human and zebrafish MAB21L2/mab21l2 as well as human disease-associated variant MAB21L2-p.(Arg51Gly) using human adult retina and zebrafish embryo libraries. RESULTS These screens identified klhl31, tnpo1, TNPO2/tnpo2, KLC2/klc2, and SPTBN1/sptbn1 as co-factors of MAB21L2/mab21l2. Several factors, including hspa8 and hspa5, were found to interact with MAB21L2-p.Arg51Gly but not wild-type MAB21L2/mab21l2 in Y2H screens. Further analyses via 1-by-1 Y2H assays, co-immunoprecipitation, and mass spectrometry revealed that both normal and variant MAB21L2 interact with HSPA5 and HSPA8. In situ hybridization detected co-expression of hspa5 and hspa8 with mab21l2 during eye development in zebrafish. Examination of zebrafish mutant hspa8hi138Tg identified reduced hspa8 expression associated with severe ocular developmental defects, including small eye, coloboma, and anterior segment dysgenesis. To investigate the effects of hspa8 deficiency on the mab21l2Arg51_Phe52del allele, corresponding zebrafish double mutants were generated and found to be more severely affected than single mutant lines. CONCLUSION This study identifies heat shock proteins as interacting partners of MAB21L2/mab21l2 and suggests a role for this interaction in vertebrate eye development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Seese
- Department of Pediatrics The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Sanaa Muheisen
- Department of Pediatrics The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Natalie Gath
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Gross
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Elena V. Semina
- Department of Pediatrics The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children’s of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Children’s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children’s of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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7
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Reis LM, Maheshwari M, Capasso J, Atilla H, Dudakova L, Thompson S, Zitano L, Lay-Son G, Lowry RB, Black J, Lee J, Shue A, Kremlikova Pourova R, Vaneckova M, Skalicka P, Jedlickova J, Trkova M, Williams B, Richard G, Bachman K, Seeley AH, Costakos D, Glaser TM, Levin AV, Liskova P, Murray JC, Semina EV. Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome: more than meets the eye. J Med Genet 2023; 60:368-379. [PMID: 35882526 PMCID: PMC9912354 DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2022-108646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome (ARS) is characterised by typical anterior segment anomalies, with or without systemic features. The discovery of causative genes identified ARS subtypes with distinct phenotypes, but our understanding is incomplete, complicated by the rarity of the condition. METHODS Genetic and phenotypic characterisation of the largest reported ARS cohort through comprehensive genetic and clinical data analyses. RESULTS 128 individuals with causative variants in PITX2 or FOXC1, including 81 new cases, were investigated. Ocular anomalies showed significant overlap but with broader variability and earlier onset of glaucoma for FOXC1-related ARS. Systemic anomalies were seen in all individuals with PITX2-related ARS and the majority of those with FOXC1-related ARS. PITX2-related ARS demonstrated typical umbilical anomalies and dental microdontia/hypodontia/oligodontia, along with a novel high rate of Meckel diverticulum. FOXC1-related ARS exhibited characteristic hearing loss and congenital heart defects as well as previously unrecognised phenotypes of dental enamel hypoplasia and/or crowding, a range of skeletal and joint anomalies, hypotonia/early delay and feeding disorders with structural oesophageal anomalies in some. Brain imaging revealed highly penetrant white matter hyperintensities, colpocephaly/ventriculomegaly and frequent arachnoid cysts. The expanded phenotype of FOXC1-related ARS identified here was found to fully overlap features of De Hauwere syndrome. The results were used to generate gene-specific management plans for the two types of ARS. CONCLUSION Since clinical features of ARS vary significantly based on the affected gene, it is critical that families are provided with a gene-specific diagnosis, PITX2-related ARS or FOXC1-related ARS. De Hauwere syndrome is proposed to be a FOXC1opathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Reis
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mohit Maheshwari
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jenina Capasso
- Pediatric Ophthalmology and Ocular Genetics, Flaum Eye Institute, Golisano Children's Hospital and University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Huban Atilla
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Lubica Dudakova
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Samuel Thompson
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Lia Zitano
- Department of Medical Genetics, Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Guillermo Lay-Son
- Unidad de Genética, División de Pediatría, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - R Brian Lowry
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jennifer Black
- Center for Development, Behavior, and Genetics, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Joseph Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ann Shue
- Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University and Stanford Children's Health, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Radka Kremlikova Pourova
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Manuela Vaneckova
- Department of Radiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlina Skalicka
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Jedlickova
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Trkova
- Gennet, Centre for Fetal Medicine and Reproductive Genetics, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Kristine Bachman
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrea H Seeley
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Deborah Costakos
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Thomas M Glaser
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, UC-Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Alex V Levin
- Pediatric Ophthalmology and Ocular Genetics, Flaum Eye Institute, Golisano Children's Hospital and University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Petra Liskova
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jeffrey C Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Elena V Semina
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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8
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Reis LM, Chassaing N, Bardakjian T, Thompson S, Schneider A, Semina EV. ARHGAP35 is a novel factor disrupted in human developmental eye phenotypes. Eur J Hum Genet 2023; 31:363-367. [PMID: 36450800 PMCID: PMC9995503 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-022-01246-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
ARHGAP35 has known roles in cell migration, invasion and division, neuronal morphogenesis, and gene/mRNA regulation; prior studies indicate a role in cancer in humans and in the developing eyes, neural tissue, and renal structures in mice. We identified damaging variants in ARHGAP35 in five individuals from four families affected with anophthalmia, microphthalmia, coloboma and/or anterior segment dysgenesis disorders, together with variable non-ocular phenotypes in some families including renal, neurological, or cardiac anomalies. Three variants affected the extreme C-terminus of the protein, with two resulting in a frameshift and C-terminal extension and the other a missense change in the Rho-GAP domain; the fourth (nonsense) variant affected the middle of the gene and is the only allele predicted to undergo nonsense-mediated decay. This study implicates ARHGAP35 in human developmental eye phenotypes. C-terminal clustering of the identified alleles indicates a possible common mechanism for ocular disease but requires further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Reis
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Nicolas Chassaing
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Purpan CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Platerforme AURAGEN, Lyon, France
| | | | - Samuel Thompson
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | - Elena V Semina
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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9
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Shmakova AA, Semina EV, Neyfeld EA, Tsygankov BD, Karagyaur MN. [An analysis of the relationship between genetic factors and the risk of schizophrenia]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2023; 123:26-36. [PMID: 36843456 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202312302126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
The etiology and pathogenesis of schizophrenia remain poorly understood, but it has been established that the contribution of heredity to the development of the disease is about 80-85%. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in the search for specific genetic variants associated with the development of schizophrenia. The review discusses the results of modern large-scale studies aimed at searching for genetic associations with schizophrenia: genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and the search for rare variants (mutations or copy number variations, CNV), including the use of whole exome sequencing. We synthesize data on currently known genes that are significantly associated with schizophrenia and discuss their biological functions in order to identify the main molecular pathways involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Shmakova
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Moscow, Russia
| | - E V Semina
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine - Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - E A Neyfeld
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - M N Karagyaur
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine - Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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10
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Reis LM, Atilla H, Kannu P, Schneider A, Thompson S, Bardakjian T, Semina EV. Distinct Roles of Histone Lysine Demethylases and Methyltransferases in Developmental Eye Disease. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:216. [PMID: 36672956 PMCID: PMC9859058 DOI: 10.3390/genes14010216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone lysine methyltransferase and demethylase enzymes play a central role in chromatin organization and gene expression through the dynamic regulation of histone lysine methylation. Consistent with this, genes encoding for histone lysine methyltransferases (KMTs) and demethylases (KDMs) are involved in complex human syndromes, termed congenital regulopathies. In this report, we present several lines of evidence for the involvement of these genes in developmental ocular phenotypes, suggesting that individuals with structural eye defects, especially when accompanied by craniofacial, neurodevelopmental and growth abnormalities, should be examined for possible variants in these genes. We identified nine heterozygous damaging genetic variants in KMT2D (5) and four other histone lysine methyltransferases/demethylases (KMT2C, SETD1A/KMT2F, KDM6A and KDM5C) in unrelated families affected with developmental eye disease, such as Peters anomaly, sclerocornea, Axenfeld-Rieger spectrum, microphthalmia and coloboma. Two families were clinically diagnosed with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome and two were diagnosed with Peters plus-like syndrome; others received no specific diagnosis prior to genetic testing. All nine alleles were novel and five of them occurred de novo; five variants resulted in premature truncation, three were missense changes and one was an in-frame deletion/insertion; and seven variants were categorized as pathogenic or likely pathogenic and two were variants of uncertain significance. This study expands the phenotypic spectra associated with KMT and KDM factors and highlights the importance of genetic testing for correct clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M. Reis
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Huban Atilla
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Ankara University, 0600 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Peter Kannu
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Adele Schneider
- Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19141, USA
| | - Samuel Thompson
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Tanya Bardakjian
- Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19141, USA
| | - Elena V. Semina
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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11
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Hijazi H, Reis LM, Pehlivan D, Bernstein JA, Muriello M, Syverson E, Bonner D, Estiar MA, Gan-Or Z, Rouleau GA, Lyulcheva E, Greenhalgh L, Tessarech M, Colin E, Guichet A, Bonneau D, van Jaarsveld R, Lachmeijer A, Ruaud L, Levy J, Tabet AC, Ploski R, Rydzanicz M, Kępczyński Ł, Połatyńska K, Li Y, Fatih JM, Marafi D, Rosenfeld JA, Coban-Akdemir Z, Bi W, Gibbs RA, Hobson GM, Hunter JV, Carvalho CM, Posey JE, Semina EV, Lupski JR. TCEAL1 loss-of-function results in an X-linked dominant neurodevelopmental syndrome and drives the neurological disease trait in Xq22.2 deletions. Am J Hum Genet 2022; 109:2270-2282. [PMID: 36368327 PMCID: PMC9748253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2022.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An Xq22.2 region upstream of PLP1 has been proposed to underly a neurological disease trait when deleted in 46,XX females. Deletion mapping revealed that heterozygous deletions encompassing the smallest region of overlap (SRO) spanning six Xq22.2 genes (BEX3, RAB40A, TCEAL4, TCEAL3, TCEAL1, and MORF4L2) associate with an early-onset neurological disease trait (EONDT) consisting of hypotonia, intellectual disability, neurobehavioral abnormalities, and dysmorphic facial features. None of the genes within the SRO have been associated with monogenic disease in OMIM. Through local and international collaborations facilitated by GeneMatcher and Matchmaker Exchange, we have identified and herein report seven de novo variants involving TCEAL1 in seven unrelated families: three hemizygous truncating alleles; one hemizygous missense allele; one heterozygous TCEAL1 full gene deletion; one heterozygous contiguous deletion of TCEAL1, TCEAL3, and TCEAL4; and one heterozygous frameshift variant allele. Variants were identified through exome or genome sequencing with trio analysis or through chromosomal microarray. Comparison with previously reported Xq22 deletions encompassing TCEAL1 identified a more-defined syndrome consisting of hypotonia, abnormal gait, developmental delay/intellectual disability especially affecting expressive language, autistic-like behavior, and mildly dysmorphic facial features. Additional features include strabismus, refractive errors, variable nystagmus, gastroesophageal reflux, constipation, dysmotility, recurrent infections, seizures, and structural brain anomalies. An additional maternally inherited hemizygous missense allele of uncertain significance was identified in a male with hypertonia and spasticity without syndromic features. These data provide evidence that TCEAL1 loss of function causes a neurological rare disease trait involving significant neurological impairment with features overlapping the EONDT phenotype in females with the Xq22 deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadia Hijazi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Linda M. Reis
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Davut Pehlivan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA,Section of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan A. Bernstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael Muriello
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Erin Syverson
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Devon Bonner
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mehrdad A. Estiar
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada,The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ziv Gan-Or
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada,The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada,Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Guy A. Rouleau
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada,The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada,Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ekaterina Lyulcheva
- Liverpool Centre for Genomic Medicine, Liverpool Women’s Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lynn Greenhalgh
- Liverpool Centre for Genomic Medicine, Liverpool Women’s Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Marine Tessarech
- Department of Medical Genetics, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France,Mitovasc Unit, UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM 1083, University of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Estelle Colin
- Department of Medical Genetics, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France,Mitovasc Unit, UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM 1083, University of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Agnès Guichet
- Department of Medical Genetics, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France,Mitovasc Unit, UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM 1083, University of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Dominique Bonneau
- Department of Medical Genetics, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France,Mitovasc Unit, UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM 1083, University of Angers, Angers, France
| | - R.H. van Jaarsveld
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - A.M.A. Lachmeijer
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lyse Ruaud
- INSERM UMR1141, Neurodiderot, University of Paris, 75019 Paris, France,APHP.Nord, Robert Debré University Hospital, Department of Genetics, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Jonathan Levy
- APHP.Nord, Robert Debré University Hospital, Department of Genetics, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Anne-Claude Tabet
- APHP.Nord, Robert Debré University Hospital, Department of Genetics, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Rafal Ploski
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Łukasz Kępczyński
- Department of Genetics, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital – Research Institute, Łódź, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Połatyńska
- Department of Developmental Neurology an Epileptology, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital – Research Institute, Łódź, Poland
| | - Yidan Li
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jawid M. Fatih
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dana Marafi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jill A. Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA,Baylor Genetics, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zeynep Coban-Akdemir
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Weimin Bi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA,Baylor Genetics, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard A. Gibbs
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA,Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Grace M. Hobson
- Department of Research, Nemours Children’s Health, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Jill V. Hunter
- E.B. Singleton Department of Pediatric Radiology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Claudia M.B. Carvalho
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer E. Posey
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Elena V. Semina
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA,Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA,Corresponding author
| | - James R. Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA,Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA,Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA,Corresponding author
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12
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Ferre-Fernández JJ, Muheisen S, Thompson S, Semina EV. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated functional dissection of the foxc1 genomic region in zebrafish identifies critical conserved cis-regulatory elements. Hum Genomics 2022; 16:49. [PMID: 36284357 PMCID: PMC9597995 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-022-00423-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
FOXC1 encodes a forkhead-domain transcription factor associated with several ocular disorders. Correct FOXC1 dosage is critical to normal development, yet the mechanisms controlling its expression remain unknown. Together with FOXQ1 and FOXF2, FOXC1 is part of a cluster of FOX genes conserved in vertebrates. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated dissection of genomic sequences surrounding two zebrafish orthologs of FOXC1 was performed. This included five zebrafish-human conserved regions, three downstream of foxc1a and two remotely upstream of foxf2a/foxc1a or foxf2b/foxc1b clusters, as well as two intergenic regions between foxc1a/b and foxf2a/b lacking sequence conservation but positionally corresponding to the area encompassing a previously reported glaucoma-associated SNP in humans. Removal of downstream sequences altered foxc1a expression; moreover, zebrafish carrying deletions of two or three downstream elements demonstrated abnormal phenotypes including enlargement of the anterior chamber of the eye reminiscent of human congenital glaucoma. Deletions of distant upstream conserved elements influenced the expression of foxf2a/b or foxq1a/b but not foxc1a/b within each cluster. Removal of either intergenic sequence reduced foxc1a or foxc1b expression during late development, suggesting a role in transcriptional regulation despite the lack of conservation at the nucleotide level. Further studies of the identified regions in human patients may explain additional individuals with developmental ocular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús-José Ferre-Fernández
- grid.30760.320000 0001 2111 8460Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| | - Sanaa Muheisen
- grid.30760.320000 0001 2111 8460Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| | - Samuel Thompson
- grid.30760.320000 0001 2111 8460Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| | - Elena V. Semina
- grid.30760.320000 0001 2111 8460Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA ,grid.30760.320000 0001 2111 8460Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA ,grid.30760.320000 0001 2111 8460Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
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13
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Al-Jawahiri R, Foroutan A, Kerkhof J, McConkey H, Levy M, Haghshenas S, Rooney K, Turner J, Shears D, Holder M, Lefroy H, Castle B, Reis LM, Semina EV, Lachlan K, Chandler K, Wright T, Clayton-Smith J, Hug FP, Pitteloud N, Bartoloni L, Hoffjan S, Park SM, Thankamony A, Lees M, Wakeling E, Naik S, Hanker B, Girisha KM, Agolini E, Giuseppe Z, Alban Z, Tessarech M, Keren B, Afenjar A, Zweier C, Reis A, Smol T, Tsurusaki Y, Nobuhiko O, Sekiguchi F, Tsuchida N, Matsumoto N, Kou I, Yonezawa Y, Ikegawa S, Callewaert B, Freeth M, Kleinendorst L, Donaldson A, Alders M, De Paepe A, Sadikovic B, McNeill A. SOX11 variants cause a neurodevelopmental disorder with infrequent ocular malformations and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and with distinct DNA methylation profile. Genet Med 2022; 24:1261-1273. [PMID: 35341651 PMCID: PMC9245088 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2022.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to undertake a multidisciplinary characterization of the phenotype associated with SOX11 variants. METHODS Individuals with protein altering variants in SOX11 were identified through exome and genome sequencing and international data sharing. Deep clinical phenotyping was undertaken by referring clinicians. Blood DNA methylation was assessed using Infinium MethylationEPIC array. The expression pattern of SOX11 in developing human brain was defined using RNAscope. RESULTS We reported 38 new patients with SOX11 variants. Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism was confirmed as a feature of SOX11 syndrome. A distinctive pattern of blood DNA methylation was identified in SOX11 syndrome, separating SOX11 syndrome from other BAFopathies. CONCLUSION SOX11 syndrome is a distinct clinical entity with characteristic clinical features and episignature differentiating it from BAFopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Al-Jawahiri
- Department of Psychology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Aidin Foroutan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; The Archie and Irene Verspeeten Clinical Genome Centre, London Health Sciences Foundation, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer Kerkhof
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; The Archie and Irene Verspeeten Clinical Genome Centre, London Health Sciences Foundation, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Haley McConkey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; The Archie and Irene Verspeeten Clinical Genome Centre, London Health Sciences Foundation, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Levy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; The Archie and Irene Verspeeten Clinical Genome Centre, London Health Sciences Foundation, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sadegheh Haghshenas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; The Archie and Irene Verspeeten Clinical Genome Centre, London Health Sciences Foundation, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kathleen Rooney
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; The Archie and Irene Verspeeten Clinical Genome Centre, London Health Sciences Foundation, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jasmin Turner
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Debbie Shears
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Muriel Holder
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henrietta Lefroy
- Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service, RD&E Heavitree Hospital, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Bruce Castle
- Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service, RD&E Heavitree Hospital, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Linda M Reis
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Elena V Semina
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Katherine Lachlan
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Chandler
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Saint Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Wright
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Saint Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jill Clayton-Smith
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Saint Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Franziska Phan Hug
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nelly Pitteloud
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Bartoloni
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Hoffjan
- Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, Abteilung für Humangenetik, Bochum, Germany
| | - Soo-Mi Park
- Clinical Genetics, Addenbrooke's Treatment Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ajay Thankamony
- Clinical Genetics, Addenbrooke's Treatment Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa Lees
- Clinical Genetics, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Wakeling
- Clinical Genetics, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Swati Naik
- West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Centre and Department of Clinical Genetics, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Britta Hanker
- Ambulanzzentrum UKSH, Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Katta M Girisha
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Emanuele Agolini
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Bambino Gesu Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Zampino Giuseppe
- Paediatric Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Boris Keren
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Department of Human Genetics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Afenjar
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Department of Human Genetics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christiane Zweier
- Department of Human Genetics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andre Reis
- Department of Human Genetics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Smol
- EA7364 RADEME, Institute of Medical Genetics, Lille University Hospital, Lille University, Lille, France
| | - Yoshinori Tsurusaki
- Faculty of Nutritional Science, Sagami Women's University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Okamoto Nobuhiko
- Department of Medical Genetics, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Futoshi Sekiguchi
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Naomi Tsuchida
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Naomichi Matsumoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ikuyo Kou
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Yonezawa
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiro Ikegawa
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bert Callewaert
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Megan Freeth
- Department of Psychology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Lotte Kleinendorst
- Centrum voor Medische Genetica - UZ Gent, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | - Alan Donaldson
- Department of Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Marielle Alders
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne De Paepe
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bekim Sadikovic
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Alisdair McNeill
- Department of Neuroscience, The Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Genetics, Sheffield Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
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14
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Amlie-Wolf L, Bardakjian T, Kopinsky SM, Reis LM, Semina EV, Schneider A. Review of 37 patients with SOX2 pathogenic variants collected by the Anophthalmia/Microphthalmia Clinical Registry and DNA research study. Am J Med Genet A 2022; 188:187-198. [PMID: 34562068 PMCID: PMC9169870 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
SOX2 variants and deletions are a common cause of anophthalmia and microphthalmia (A/M). This article presents data from a cohort of patients with SOX2 variants, some of whom have been followed for 20+ years. Medical records from patients enrolled in the A/M Research Registry and carrying SOX2 variants were reviewed. Thirty-seven patients were identified, ranging in age from infant to 30 years old. Eye anomalies were bilateral in 30 patients (81.1%), unilateral in 5 (13.5%), and absent in 2 (5.4%). Intellectual disability was present in all with data available and ranged from mild to profound. Seizures were noted in 18 of 27 (66.6%) patients, usually with abnormal brain MRIs (10/15, 66.7%). Growth issues were reported in 14 of 21 patients (66.7%) and 14 of 19 (73.7%) had gonadotropin deficiency. Genitourinary anomalies were seen in 15 of 19 (78.9%) male patients and 5 of 15 (33.3%) female patients. Patients with SOX2 nucleotide variants, whole gene deletions or translocations are typically affected with bilateral or unilateral microphthalmia and anophthalmia. Other associated features include intellectual disability, seizures, brain anomalies, growth hormone deficiency, gonadotropin deficiency, and genitourinary anomalies. Recommendations for newly diagnosed patients with SOX2 variants include eye exams, MRI of the brain and orbits, endocrine and neurology examinations. Since the clinical spectrum associated with SOX2 alleles has expanded beyond the originally reported phenotypes, we propose a broader term, SOX2-associated disorder, for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Amlie-Wolf
- Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia, West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Nemours Children’s Hospital Delaware, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Tanya Bardakjian
- Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia, West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sarina M. Kopinsky
- Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia, West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Linda M. Reis
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Elena V. Semina
- Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia, West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Adele Schneider
- Department of Neurology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, 330 South Ninth Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Ocular Genetics, Wills Eye Hospital, 840 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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15
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Sorokina EA, Reis LM, Thompson S, Agre K, Babovic-Vuksanovic D, Ellingson MS, Hasadsri L, van Bever Y, Semina EV. WDR37 syndrome: identification of a distinct new cluster of disease-associated variants and functional analyses of mutant proteins. Hum Genet 2021; 140:1775-1789. [PMID: 34642815 PMCID: PMC9241141 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-021-02384-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Missense variants located in the N-terminal region of WDR37 were recently identified to cause a multisystemic syndrome affecting neurological, ocular, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and cardiac development. WDR37 encodes a WD40 repeat-containing protein of unknown function. We identified three novel WDR37 variants, two likely pathogenic de novo alleles and one inherited variant of uncertain significance, in individuals with phenotypes overlapping those previously reported but clustering in a different region of the protein. The novel alleles are C-terminal to the prior variants and located either within the second WD40 motif (c.659A>G p.(Asp220Gly)) or in a disordered protein region connecting the second and third WD40 motifs (c.778G>A p.(Asp260Asn) and c.770C>A p.(Pro257His)). The three novel mutants showed normal cellular localization but lower expression levels in comparison to wild-type WDR37. To investigate the normal interactions of WDR37, we performed co-immunoprecipitation and yeast two-hybrid assays. This revealed the ability of WDR37 to form homodimers and to strongly bind PACS1 and PACS2 phosphofurin acidic cluster sorting proteins; immunocytochemistry confirmed colocalization of WDR37 with PACS1 and PACS2 in human cells. Next, we analyzed previously reported and novel mutants for their ability to dimerize with wild-type WDR37 and bind PACS proteins. Interaction with wild-type WDR37 was not affected for any variant; however, one novel mutant, p.(Asp220Gly), lost its ability to bind PACS1 and PACS2. In summary, this study presents a novel region of WDR37 involved in human disease, identifies PACS1 and PACS2 as major binding partners of WDR37 and provides insight into the functional effects of various WDR37 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Sorokina
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Linda M Reis
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Samuel Thompson
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Katherine Agre
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Dusica Babovic-Vuksanovic
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Marissa S Ellingson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Linda Hasadsri
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Yolande van Bever
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elena V Semina
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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16
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Rubina KA, Semina EV, Kalinina NI, Sysoeva VY, Balatskiy AV, Tkachuk VA. Revisiting the multiple roles of T-cadherin in health and disease. Eur J Cell Biol 2021; 100:151183. [PMID: 34798557 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2021.151183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
As a non-canonical member of cadherin superfamily, T-cadherin was initially described as a molecule involved in homophilic recognition in the nervous and vascular systems. The ensuing decades clearly demonstrated that T-cadherin is a remarkably multifunctional molecule. It was validated as a bona fide receptor for both: LDL exerting adverse atherogenic action and adiponectin mediating many protective metabolic and cardiovascular effects. Motivated by the latest progress and accumulated data unmasking important roles of T-cadherin in blood vessel function and tissue regeneration, here we revisit the original function of T-cadherin as a guidance receptor for the growing axons and blood vessels, consider the recent data on T-cadherin-induced exosomes' biogenesis and their role in myocardial regeneration and revascularization. The review expands upon T-cadherin contribution to mesenchymal stem/stromal cell compartment in adipose tissue. We also dwell upon T-cadherin polymorphisms (SNP) and their possible therapeutic applications. Furthermore, we scrutinize the molecular hub of insulin and adiponectin receptors (AdipoR1 and AdipoR2) conveying signals to their downstream targets in quest for defining a putative place of T-cadherin in this molecular circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Rubina
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia.
| | - E V Semina
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Cardiology Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 121552 Moscow, Russia
| | - N I Kalinina
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia
| | - V Yu Sysoeva
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Balatskiy
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia
| | - V A Tkachuk
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia; Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Cardiology Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 121552 Moscow, Russia
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17
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Ferre-Fernández JJ, Sorokina EA, Thompson S, Collery RF, Nordquist E, Lincoln J, Semina EV. Disruption of foxc1 genes in zebrafish results in dosage-dependent phenotypes overlapping Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:2723-2735. [PMID: 32720677 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Forkhead Box C1 (FOXC1) gene encodes a forkhead/winged helix transcription factor involved in embryonic development. Mutations in this gene cause dysgenesis of the anterior segment of the eye, most commonly Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome (ARS), often with other systemic features. The developmental mechanisms and pathways regulated by FOXC1 remain largely unknown. There are two conserved orthologs of FOXC1 in zebrafish, foxc1a and foxc1b. To further examine the role of FOXC1 in vertebrates, we generated foxc1a and foxc1b single knockout zebrafish lines and bred them to obtain various allelic combinations. Three genotypes demonstrated visible phenotypes: foxc1a-/- single homozygous and foxc1-/- double knockout homozygous embryos presented with similar characteristics comprised of severe global vascular defects and early lethality, as well as microphthalmia, periocular edema and absence of the anterior chamber of the eye; additionally, fish with heterozygous loss of foxc1a combined with homozygosity for foxc1b (foxc1a+/-;foxc1b-/-) demonstrated craniofacial defects, heart anomalies and scoliosis. All other single and combined genotypes appeared normal. Analysis of foxc1 expression detected a significant increase in foxc1a levels in homozygous and heterozygous mutant eyes, suggesting a mechanism for foxc1a upregulation when its function is compromised; interestingly, the expression of another ARS-associated gene, pitx2, was responsive to the estimated level of wild-type Foxc1a, indicating a possible role for this protein in the regulation of pitx2 expression. Altogether, our results support a conserved role for foxc1 in the formation of many organs, consistent with the features observed in human patients, and highlight the importance of correct FOXC1/foxc1 dosage for vertebrate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús-José Ferre-Fernández
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Elena A Sorokina
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Samuel Thompson
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Ross F Collery
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Emily Nordquist
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Joy Lincoln
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.,Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Herma Heart Institute, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Elena V Semina
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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18
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Seese SE, Deml B, Muheisen S, Sorokina E, Semina EV. Genetic disruption of zebrafish mab21l1 reveals a conserved role in eye development and affected pathways. Dev Dyn 2021; 250:1056-1073. [PMID: 33570754 PMCID: PMC8349561 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The male-abnormal 21 like (MAB21L) genes are important in human ocular development. Homozygous loss of MAB21L1 leads to corneal dystrophy in all affected individuals along with cataracts and buphthalmos in some. The molecular function and downstream pathways of MAB21L factors are largely undefined. RESULTS We generated the first mab21l1 zebrafish mutant carrying a putative loss-of-function allele, c.107delA p.(Lys36Argfs*7). At the final stages of embryonic development, homozygous mab21l1c.107delA fish displayed enlarged anterior chambers and corneal thinning which progressed with age. Additional studies revealed increased cell death in the mutant corneas, transformation of the cornea into a skin-like epithelium, and progressive lens degeneration with development of fibrous masses in the anterior chamber. RNA-seq of wild-type and mutant ocular transcriptomes revealed significant changes in expression of several genes, including irf1a and b, stat1, elf3, krt17, tlr9, and loxa associated with immunity and/or corneal function. Abnormal expression of lysyl oxidases have been previously linked with corneal thinning, fibrosis, and lens defects in mammals, suggesting a role for loxa misexpression in the progressive mab21l1c.107delA eye phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Zebrafish mab21l1 is essential for normal corneal development, similar to human MAB21L1. The identified molecular changes in mab21l1c.107delA mutants provide the first clues about possible affected pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Seese
- Department of Pediatrics, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Brett Deml
- Department of Pediatrics, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- PreventionGenetics, Marshfield, Wisconsin
| | - Sanaa Muheisen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Elena Sorokina
- Department of Pediatrics, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Elena V. Semina
- Department of Pediatrics, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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19
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Seese SE, Reis LM, Deml B, Griffith C, Reich A, Jamieson RV, Semina EV. Identification of missense MAB21L1 variants in microphthalmia and aniridia. Hum Mutat 2021; 42:877-890. [PMID: 33973683 PMCID: PMC8238893 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microphthalmia, coloboma, and aniridia are congenital ocular phenotypes with a strong genetic component but often unknown cause. We present a likely causative novel variant in MAB21L1, c.152G>T p.(Arg51Leu), in two family members with microphthalmia and aniridia, as well as novel or rare compound heterozygous variants of uncertain significance, c.184C>T p.(Arg62Cys)/c.-68T>C, and c.658G>C p.(Gly220Arg)/c.*529A>G, in two additional probands with microphthalmia, coloboma and/or cataracts. All variants were predicted as damaging by in silico programs. In vitro studies of coding variants revealed normal subcellular localization but variable stability for the corresponding mutant proteins. In vivo complementation assays using the zebrafish mab21l2 Q48Sfs*5 loss-of-function line demonstrated that though overexpression of wild-type MAB21L1 messenger RNA (mRNA) compensated for the loss of mab21l2, none of the coding variant mRNAs produced a statistically significant rescue, with p.(Arg51Leu) showing the highest degree of functional deficiency. Dominant variants in a close homolog of MAB21L1, MAB21L2, have been associated with microphthalmia and/or coloboma and repeatedly involved the same Arg51 residue, further supporting its pathogenicity. The possible role of p.(Arg62Cys) and p.(Gly220Arg) in microphthalmia is similarly supported by the observed functional defects, with or without an additional impact from noncoding MAB21L1 variants identified in each patient. This study suggests a broader spectrum of MAB21L1-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Seese
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of WisconsinChildren's of WisconsinMilwaukeeWIUSA
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and AnatomyThe Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Linda M. Reis
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of WisconsinChildren's of WisconsinMilwaukeeWIUSA
| | - Brett Deml
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of WisconsinChildren's of WisconsinMilwaukeeWIUSA
- Present address:
PreventionGeneticsMarshfieldWisconsinUSA
| | | | | | - Robyn V. Jamieson
- Eye Genetics Research Unit, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network and Children's Medical Research InstituteUniversity of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Elena V. Semina
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of WisconsinChildren's of WisconsinMilwaukeeWIUSA
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and AnatomyThe Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual SciencesMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
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20
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Reis LM, Sorokina EA, Dudakova L, Moravikova J, Skalicka P, Malinka F, Seese SE, Thompson S, Bardakjian T, Capasso J, Allen W, Glaser T, Levin AV, Schneider A, Khan A, Liskova P, Semina EV. Comprehensive phenotypic and functional analysis of dominant and recessive FOXE3 alleles in ocular developmental disorders. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:1591-1606. [PMID: 34046667 PMCID: PMC8369840 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The forkhead transcription factor FOXE3 is critical for vertebrate eye development. Recessive and dominant variants cause human ocular disease but the full range of phenotypes and mechanisms of action for the two classes of variants are unknown. We identified FOXE3 variants in individuals with congenital eye malformations and carried out in vitro functional analysis on selected alleles. Sixteen new recessive and dominant families, including six novel variants, were identified. Analysis of new and previously reported genetic and clinical data demonstrated a broad phenotypic range with an overlap between recessive and dominant disease. Most families with recessive alleles, composed of truncating and forkhead-domain missense variants, had severe corneal opacity (90%; sclerocornea in 47%), aphakia (83%) and microphthalmia (80%), but some had milder features including isolated cataract. The phenotype was most variable for recessive missense variants, suggesting that the functional consequences may be highly dependent on the type of amino acid substitution and its position. When assessed, aniridia or iris hypoplasia were noted in 89% and optic nerve anomalies in 60% of recessive cases, indicating that these defects are also common and may be underrecognized. In dominant pedigrees, caused by extension variants, normal eye size (96%), cataracts (99%) and variable anterior segment anomalies were seen in most, but some individuals had microphthalmia, aphakia or sclerocornea, more typical of recessive disease. Functional studies identified variable effects on the protein stability, DNA binding, nuclear localization and transcriptional activity for recessive FOXE3 variants, whereas dominant alleles showed severe impairment in all areas and dominant-negative characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Reis
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute at the Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Elena A Sorokina
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute at the Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Lubica Dudakova
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Moravikova
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlina Skalicka
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Ophthalmology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Malinka
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Computer Science, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sarah E Seese
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute at the Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Samuel Thompson
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute at the Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Tanya Bardakjian
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19141, USA
| | - Jenina Capasso
- Pediatric Ophthalmology and Ocular Genetics, Flaum Eye Institute, Pediatric Genetics, Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14534 USA
| | - William Allen
- Fullerton Genetics Center, Mission Hospitals, HCA, Asheville, NC, 28803 USA
| | - Tom Glaser
- Cell Biology and Human Anatomy Department, UC-Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Alex V Levin
- Pediatric Ophthalmology and Ocular Genetics, Flaum Eye Institute, Pediatric Genetics, Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14534 USA
| | - Adele Schneider
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19141, USA
| | - Ayesha Khan
- Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus Unit, Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.,Consultant Pediatric Ophthalmologist, Al Jalila Children's Specialty Hospital, United Arab Emirates
| | - Petra Liskova
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Ophthalmology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Elena V Semina
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute at the Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.,Departments of Ophthalmology and Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy at the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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21
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Reis LM, Costakos D, Wheeler PG, Bardakjian T, Schneider A, Fung SSM, Semina EV. Dominant variants in PRR12 result in unilateral or bilateral complex microphthalmia. Clin Genet 2020; 99:437-442. [PMID: 33314030 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Complex microphthalmia is characterized by small eyes with additional abnormalities that may include anterior segment dysgenesis. While many genes are known, a genetic cause is identified in only 4-30% of microphthalmia, with the lowest rate in unilateral cases. We identified four novel pathogenic loss-of-function alleles in PRR12 in families affected by complex microphthalmia and/or Peters anomaly, including two de novo, the first dominantly transmitted allele, as well as the first splicing variant. The ocular phenotypes were isolated with no additional systemic features observed in two unrelated families. Remarkably, ocular phenotypes were asymmetric in all individuals and unilateral (with structurally normal contralateral eye) in three. There are only three previously reported PRR12 variants identified in probands with intellectual disability, neuropsychiatric disorders, and iris anomalies. While some overlap with previously reported cases is seen, nonsyndromic developmental ocular anomalies are a novel phenotype for this gene. Additional phenotypic expansions included short stature and normal development/cognition, each noted in two individuals in this cohort, as well as absence of neuropsychiatric disorders in all. This study identifies new associations for PRR12 disruption in humans and presents a genetic diagnosis resulting in unilateral ocular phenotypes in a significant proportion of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Reis
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Deborah Costakos
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Tanya Bardakjian
- Division of Medical Genetics, Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adele Schneider
- Division of Medical Genetics, Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Ocular Genetics, Current position: Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Simon S M Fung
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Elena V Semina
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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22
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Reis LM, Basel D, McCarrier J, Weinberg DV, Semina EV. Compound heterozygous splicing CDON variants result in isolated ocular coloboma. Clin Genet 2020; 98:486-492. [PMID: 32729136 PMCID: PMC8341436 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ocular coloboma is caused by failure of optic fissure closure during development and recognized as part of the microphthalmia, anophthalmia, and coloboma (MAC) spectrum. While many genes are known to cause colobomatous microphthalmia, relatively few have been reported in coloboma with normal eye size. Genetic analysis including trio exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing was undertaken in a family with two siblings affected with bilateral coloboma of the iris, retina, and choroid. Pathogenic variants in MAC genes were excluded. Trio analysis identified compound heterozygous donor splice site variants in CDON, a cell-surface receptor known to function in the Sonic Hedgehog pathway, c.928 + 1G > A and c.2650 + 1G > T, in both affected individuals. Heterozygous missense and truncating CDON variants are associated with dominant holoprosencephaly (HPE) with incomplete penetrance and Cdon-/- mice display variable HPE and coloboma. A homozygous nonsense allele of uncertain significance was recently identified in a consanguineous patient with coloboma and a second molecular diagnosis. We report the first compound heterozygous variants in CDON as a cause of isolated coloboma. CDON is the first HPE gene identified to cause recessive coloboma. Given the phenotypic overlap, further examination of HPE genes in coloboma is indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Reis
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Donald Basel
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Julie McCarrier
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - David V Weinberg
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Elena V Semina
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
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23
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Rysenkova KD, Klimovich PS, Shmakova AA, Karagyaur MN, Ivanova KA, Aleksandrushkina NA, Tkachuk VA, Rubina KA, Semina EV. Urokinase receptor deficiency results in EGFR-mediated failure to transmit signals for cell survival and neurite formation in mouse neuroblastoma cells. Cell Signal 2020; 75:109741. [PMID: 32822758 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator uPA and its receptor (uPAR) are the central players in extracellular matrix proteolysis, which facilitates cancer invasion and metastasis. EGFR is one of the important components of uPAR interactome. uPAR/EGFR interaction controls signaling pathways that regulate cell survival, proliferation and migration. We have previously established that uPA binding to uPAR stimulates neurite elongation in neuroblastoma cells, while blocking uPA/uPAR interaction induces neurite branching and new neurite formation. Here we demonstrate that blocking the uPA binding to uPAR with anti-uPAR antibody decreases the level of pEGFR and its downstream pERK1/2, but does increase phosphorylation of Akt, p38 and c-Src Since long-term uPAR blocking results in a severe DNA damage, accompanied by PARP-1 proteolysis and Neuro2a cell death, we surmise that Akt, p38 and c-Src activation transmits a pro-apoptotic signal, rather than a survival. Serum deprivation resulting in enhanced neuritogenesis is accompanied by an upregulated uPAR mRNA expression, while EGFR mRNA remains unchanged. EGFR activation by EGF stimulates neurite growth only in uPAR-overexpressing cells but not in control or uPAR-deficient cells. In addition, AG1478-mediated inhibition of EGFR activity impedes neurite growth in control and uPAR-deficient cells, but not in uPAR-overexpressing cells. Altogether these data implicate uPAR as an important regulator of EGFR and ERK1/2 signaling, representing a novel mechanism which implicates urokinase system in neuroblastoma cell survival and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Rysenkova
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Federal State Budgetary Organization National Cardiology Research Center Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia; Laboratory of Gene and Cell Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - P S Klimovich
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Federal State Budgetary Organization National Cardiology Research Center Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - A A Shmakova
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Federal State Budgetary Organization National Cardiology Research Center Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - M N Karagyaur
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Education Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - K A Ivanova
- Laboratory of Gene and Cell Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - N A Aleksandrushkina
- Laboratory of Gene and Cell Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Education Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - V A Tkachuk
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Federal State Budgetary Organization National Cardiology Research Center Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia; Laboratory of Gene and Cell Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - K A Rubina
- Laboratory of Morphogenesis and Tissue Reparation, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - E V Semina
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Federal State Budgetary Organization National Cardiology Research Center Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia; Laboratory of Gene and Cell Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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24
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Klimovich PS, Semina EV. [Mechanisms of Participation of the Urokinase Receptor in Directed Axonal Growth]. Mol Biol (Mosk) 2020; 54:103-113. [PMID: 32163394 DOI: 10.31857/s0026898420010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The degradation of the extracellular matrix plays an important role in the processes of morphogenesis, angio- and neurogenesis, wound healing, inflammation, carcinogenesis and others. The urokinase receptor uPAR is an important participant in processes that regulate extracellular proteolysis, cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix, cell migration along the chemokine gradient, proliferation and survival involving growth factor receptors. The presence of the GPI anchor and the absence of transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains in uPAR promote involvement of membrane partners for the realization of uPAR signal effects. In some studies, involvement of the fMLP chemokine receptor FPRL in the regulation of uPAR-dependent directed migration has been shown. Moreover, the migration of neural progenitors and their maturation into neurons during the formation of brain structures are regulated by chemokine receptors. Despite the data on the role of uPARin the processes of morphogenesis, little is known about the interactions between uPAR and chemokine receptors in guidance processes during nerve growth and regeneration. In the present work, it was shown for the first time that the soluble form of uPAR (suPAR) regulates the trajectory of axon outgrowth, and this effect does not depend on the presence of urokinase. It was also shown that regulation of the directed axon growth is based on the interaction of suPAR with the chemokine receptor FPRL1. These data show new mechanisms for the participation of the urokinase system in the regulation of axon guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Klimovich
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Cardiology Research Center, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 121552 Russia.,Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991 Russia
| | - E V Semina
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Cardiology Research Center, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 121552 Russia.,Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991 Russia.,
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25
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Klimovich PS, Semina EV, Karagyaur MN, Rysenkova KD, Sysoeva VY, Mironov NA, Sagaradze GD, Az'muko AA, Popov VS, Rubina KA, Tkachuk VA. Urokinase receptor regulates nerve regeneration through its interaction with α5β1-integrin. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 125:110008. [PMID: 32187956 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Urokinase receptor (uPAR) promotes extracellular matrix proteolysis, regulates adhesion and cell migration, transduces intracellular signals through interactions with the lateral partners. The expression of uPAR and urokinase (uPA) is significantly upregulated in peripheral nerves after injury, however, little is known about uPAR function in nerve regeneration or the molecular mechanisms involved. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of uPAR in nerve regeneration after traumatic injury of n. Peroneus communis in uPA-/-, uPAR-/- or control mice (WT) and in neuritogenesis in an in vitro Neuro 2A cell model. RESULTS Electrophysiological analysis indicates that nerve recovery is significantly impaired in uPAR-/- mice, but not in uPA-/- mice. These data correlate with the reduced amount of NF200-positive axons in regenerating nerves from uPAR-/- mice compared to uPA-/- or control mice. There is an increase in uPAR expression and remarkable colocalization of uPAR with α5 and β1 integrin in uPA-/- mice in recovering nerves, pointing to a potential link between uPAR and its lateral partner α5β1-integrin. Using an in vitro model of neuritogenesis and α325 blocking peptide, which abrogates uPAR-α5β1 interaction in Neuro 2A cells but has no effect on their function, we have further confirmed the significance of uPAR-α5β1 interaction. CONCLUSION Taken together, we report evidence pointing to an important role of uPAR, rather than uPA, in peripheral nerve recovery and neuritogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Klimovich
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Federal State Budgetary Organization National Cardiology Research Center Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, 3d Cherepkovskaya st. 15а, Moscow, 121552, Russia; Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovsky av. 27-1, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - E V Semina
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Federal State Budgetary Organization National Cardiology Research Center Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, 3d Cherepkovskaya st. 15а, Moscow, 121552, Russia; Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovsky av. 27-1, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - M N Karagyaur
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Education Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovsky av. 27-10, Moscow, 119191, Russia
| | - K D Rysenkova
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Federal State Budgetary Organization National Cardiology Research Center Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, 3d Cherepkovskaya st. 15а, Moscow, 121552, Russia; Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovsky av. 27-1, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - V Yu Sysoeva
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovsky av. 27-1, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - N A Mironov
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovsky av. 27-1, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - G D Sagaradze
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Education Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovsky av. 27-10, Moscow, 119191, Russia
| | - A A Az'muko
- Laboratory for the Synthesis of Peptides, Federal State Budgetary Organization National Cardiology Research Center Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, 3d Cherepkovskaya st. 15а, Moscow, 121552, Russia
| | - V S Popov
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovsky av. 27-1, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - K A Rubina
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovsky av. 27-1, Moscow, 119991, Russia; Laboratory of Morphogenesis and Tissue Reparation, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovsky av. 27-1, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - V A Tkachuk
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Federal State Budgetary Organization National Cardiology Research Center Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, 3d Cherepkovskaya st. 15а, Moscow, 121552, Russia; Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovsky av. 27-1, Moscow, 119991, Russia; Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Education Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovsky av. 27-10, Moscow, 119191, Russia
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26
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Abstract
Carcinogenesis and tumor progression are not caused not only by malignant epithelial cells, but also by the tumor stroma around cancer stem cells which performs regulatory, nutritional and 'framework' functions. It is represented by mesenchymal cells of various types predominantly by cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF). αSMA, FAP-1, desmin, podoplanin, neuron-glial antigen 2 (NG2), PDGFR-α and -β are used for CAF identification but there is no universal markers due to the plasticity of the cell population that underlies the subpopulation division CAF. CAF subpopulations are not described for many tumor types. Recently, evidence has accumulated that CAFs mediate many adverse processes in the tumor, including can support stromal inflammation and cause fibrosis. By forming a niche in cancer stem cells, CAFs mediate chemoresistance and the appearance of dormant metastases. The study of the role of CAF will allow not only to form a fundamentally new understanding of the mechanisms of carcinogenesis, but also to create new diagnostic and therapeutic targets for treating tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - N V Danilova
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - I A Mikhailov
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - E V Semina
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - P G Malkov
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
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27
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Reis LM, Houssin NS, Zamora C, Abdul-Rahman O, Kalish JM, Zackai EH, Plageman TF, Semina EV. Novel variants in CDH2 are associated with a new syndrome including Peters anomaly. Clin Genet 2019; 97:502-508. [PMID: 31650526 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Peters anomaly (PA) is a congenital corneal opacity associated with corneo-lenticular attachments. PA can be isolated or part of a syndrome with most cases remaining genetically unsolved. Exome sequencing of a trio with syndromic PA and 145 additional unexplained probands with developmental ocular conditions identified a de novo splicing and three novel missense heterozygous CDH2 variants affecting the extracellular cadherin domains in four individuals with PA. Syndromic anomalies were seen in three individuals and included left-sided cardiac lesions, dysmorphic facial features, and decreasing height percentiles; brain magnetic resonance imaging identified agenesis of the corpus callosum and hypoplasia of the inferior cerebellar vermis. CDH2 encodes for N-cadherin, a transmembrane protein that mediates cell-cell adhesion in multiple tissues. Immunostaining in mouse embryonic eyes confirmed N-cadherin is present in the lens stalk at the time of separation from the future cornea and in the developing lens and corneal endothelium at later stages, supporting a possible role in PA. Previous studies in animal models have noted the importance of Cdh2/cdh2 in the development of the eye, heart, brain, and skeletal structures, also consistent with the patient features presented here. Examination of CDH2 in additional patients with PA is indicated to confirm this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Reis
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | | | - Carlos Zamora
- Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Omar Abdul-Rahman
- Genetic Medicine, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Jennifer M Kalish
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elaine H Zackai
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Elena V Semina
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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28
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Tkachuk VA, Parfyonova YV, Plekhanova OS, Stepanova VV, Menshikov MY, Semina EV, Bibilashvili RS, Chazov EI. [Fibrinolytics: from the thrombolysis to the processes of blood vessels growth and remodeling, neurogenesis, carcinogenesis and fibrosis]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2019; 91:4-9. [PMID: 32598807 DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2019.09.000411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
One of the most outstanding scientific achievements in the thrombolysis is the development and administration of fibrinolysin - the first Soviet drug that lyses blood clots. Intracoronary administration of fibrinolysin reduced the mortality of patients with myocardial infarction by almost 20%. For his work in this field Yevgeny Chazov was awarded the Lenin Prize in 1982. Over the next decades, under his leadership, the Cardiology Center established scientific and clinical laboratories that created new generations of drugs based on fibrinolytics for treating patients with myocardial infarction, restoration of blood flow in ischemic tissue, and also studying the mechanisms of remodeling of blood vessels involving the fibrinolysis system. It have been found new mechanisms of regulation of the navigation of blood vessels and nerves growth, tumor growth and its metastasis with the participation of the fibrinolysis system proteins. The review reports the role of the fibrinolysis system in the thrombolysis, blood vessels growth and remodeling, neurogenesis, carcinogenesis and fibrosis. The article is dedicated to the 90th anniversary of academician E.I. Chazov.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Tkachuk
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology
| | | | | | | | | | - E V Semina
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology
| | | | - E I Chazov
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology
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29
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Reis LM, Sorokina EA, Thompson S, Muheisen S, Velinov M, Zamora C, Aylsworth AS, Semina EV. De Novo Missense Variants in WDR37 Cause a Severe Multisystemic Syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 105:425-433. [PMID: 31327510 PMCID: PMC6698968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
While genetic causes are known for many syndromes involving developmental anomalies, a large number of individuals with overlapping phenotypes remain undiagnosed. Using exome-sequencing analysis and review of matchmaker databases, we have discovered four de novo missense variants predicted to affect the N-terminal region of WDR37-p.Ser119Phe, p.Thr125Ile, p.Ser129Cys, and p.Thr130Ile-in unrelated individuals with a previously unrecognized syndrome. Features of WDR37 syndrome include the following: ocular anomalies such as corneal opacity/Peters anomaly, coloboma, and microcornea; dysmorphic facial features; significant neurological impairment with structural brain defects and seizures; poor feeding; poor post-natal growth; variable skeletal, cardiac, and genitourinary defects; and death in infancy in one individual. WDR37 encodes a protein of unknown function with seven predicted WD40 domains and no previously reported human pathogenic variants. Immunocytochemistry and western blot studies showed that wild-type WDR37 is localized predominantly in the cytoplasm and mutant proteins demonstrate similar protein levels and localization. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome editing generated zebrafish mutants with novel missense and frameshift alleles: p.Ser129Phe, p.Ser129Cys (which replicates one of the human variants), p.Ser129Tyr, p.Lys127Cysfs, and p.Gln95Argfs. Zebrafish carrying heterozygous missense variants demonstrated poor growth and larval lethality, while heterozygotes with frameshift alleles survived to adulthood, suggesting a potential dominant-negative mechanism for the missense variants. RNA-seq analysis of zebrafish embryos carrying a missense variant detected significant upregulation of cholesterol biosynthesis pathways. This study identifies variants in WDR37 associated with human disease and provides insight into its essential role in vertebrate development and possible molecular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Reis
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Elena A Sorokina
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Samuel Thompson
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Sanaa Muheisen
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Milen Velinov
- Department of Human Genetics, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
| | - Carlos Zamora
- Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Arthur S Aylsworth
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Elena V Semina
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Departments of Ophthalmology and Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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30
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Reis LM, Semina EV. Genetic landscape of isolated pediatric cataracts: extreme heterogeneity and variable inheritance patterns within genes. Hum Genet 2018; 138:847-863. [PMID: 30187164 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-018-1932-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric cataract represents an important cause of pediatric visual impairment. While both genetic and environmental causes for pediatric cataract are known, a large proportion remains idiopathic. The purpose of this review is to discuss genes involved in isolated pediatric cataract, with a focus on variable inheritance patterns within genes. Mutations in over 52 genes are known to cause isolated pediatric cataract, with a major contribution from genes encoding for crystallins, transcription factors, membrane proteins, and cytoskeletal proteins. Interestingly, both dominant and recessive inheritance patterns have been reported for mutations in 13 different cataract genes. For some genes, dominant and recessive alleles represent distinct types of mutations, but for many, especially missense variants, there are no clear patterns to distinguish between dominant and recessive alleles. Further research into the functional effects of these mutations, as well as additional data on the frequency of the identified variants, is needed to clarify variant pathogenicity. Exome sequencing continues to be successful in identifying novel genes associated with congenital cataract but is hindered by the extreme genetic heterogeneity of this condition. The large number of idiopathic cases suggests that more genes and potentially novel mechanisms of gene disruption remain to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Reis
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Elena V Semina
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
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31
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Hendee KE, Sorokina EA, Muheisen SS, Reis LM, Tyler RC, Markovic V, Cuturilo G, Link BA, Semina EV. PITX2 deficiency and associated human disease: insights from the zebrafish model. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 27:1675-1695. [PMID: 29506241 PMCID: PMC5932568 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The PITX2 (paired-like homeodomain 2) gene encodes a bicoid-like homeodomain transcription factor linked with several human disorders. The main associated congenital phenotype is Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome, type 1, an autosomal dominant condition characterized by variable defects in the anterior segment of the eye, an increased risk of glaucoma, craniofacial dysmorphism and dental and umbilical anomalies; in addition to this, one report implicated PITX2 in ring dermoid of the cornea and a few others described cardiac phenotypes. We report three novel PITX2 mutations-c.271C > T, p.(Arg91Trp); c.259T > C, p.(Phe87Leu); and c.356delA, p.(Gln119Argfs*36)-identified in independent families with typical Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome characteristics and some unusual features such as corneal guttata, Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome, and hyperextensibility. To gain further insight into the diverse roles of PITX2/pitx2 in vertebrate development, we generated various genetic lesions in the pitx2 gene via TALEN-mediated genome editing. Affected homozygous zebrafish demonstrated congenital defects consistent with the range of PITX2-associated human phenotypes: abnormal development of the cornea, iris and iridocorneal angle; corneal dermoids; and craniofacial dysmorphism. In addition, via comparison of pitx2M64* and wild-type embryonic ocular transcriptomes we defined molecular changes associated with pitx2 deficiency, thereby implicating processes potentially underlying disease pathology. This analysis identified numerous affected factors including several members of the Wnt pathway and collagen types I and V gene families. These data further support the link between PITX2 and the WNT pathway and suggest a new role in regulation of collagen gene expression during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Hendee
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Research Institute Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Elena A Sorokina
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Research Institute Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Sanaa S Muheisen
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Research Institute Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Linda M Reis
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Research Institute Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Rebecca C Tyler
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Research Institute Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Vujica Markovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinical Centre of Serbia, University Eye Hospital, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Goran Cuturilo
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Children’s Hospital, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Brian A Link
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Elena V Semina
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Research Institute Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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Protas ME, Weh E, Footz T, Kasberger J, Baraban SC, Levin AV, Katz LJ, Ritch R, Walter MA, Semina EV, Gould DB. Mutations of conserved non-coding elements of PITX2 in patients with ocular dysgenesis and developmental glaucoma. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:3630-3638. [PMID: 28911203 PMCID: PMC5886142 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in FOXC1 and PITX2 constitute the most common causes of ocular anterior segment dysgenesis (ASD), and confer a high risk for secondary glaucoma. The genetic causes underlying ASD in approximately half of patients remain unknown, despite many of them being screened by whole exome sequencing. Here, we performed whole genome sequencing on DNA from two affected individuals from a family with dominantly inherited ASD and glaucoma to identify a 748-kb deletion in a gene desert that contains conserved putative PITX2 regulatory elements. We used CRISPR/Cas9 to delete the orthologous region in zebrafish in order to test the pathogenicity of this structural variant. Deletion in zebrafish reduced pitx2 expression during development and resulted in shallow anterior chambers. We screened additional patients for copy number variation of the putative regulatory elements and found an overlapping deletion in a second family and in a potentially-ancestrally-related index patient with ASD and glaucoma. These data suggest that mutations affecting conserved non-coding elements of PITX2 may constitute an important class of mutations in patients with ASD for whom the molecular cause of their disease have not yet been identified. Improved functional annotation of the human genome and transition to sequencing of patient genomes instead of exomes will be required before the magnitude of this class of mutations is fully understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith E. Protas
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Eric Weh
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Tim Footz
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Jay Kasberger
- Celgene Quanticel Research, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Scott C. Baraban
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Alex V. Levin
- Pediatric Ophthalmology and Ocular Genetics, Wills Eye Hospital, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - L. Jay Katz
- Glaucoma Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Robert Ritch
- Einhorn Clinical Research Center, The New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Michael A. Walter
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Elena V. Semina
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Douglas B. Gould
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Vasilyeva TA, Voskresenskaya AA, Käsmann-Kellner B, Khlebnikova OV, Pozdeyeva NA, Bayazutdinova GM, Kutsev SI, Ginter EK, Semina EV, Marakhonov AV, Zinchenko RA. Molecular analysis of patients with aniridia in Russian Federation broadens the spectrum of PAX6 mutations. Clin Genet 2017; 92:639-644. [PMID: 28321846 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Congenital aniridia is a severe autosomal dominant congenital panocular disorder, mainly associated with pathogenic variants in the PAX6 gene. The objective of the study was to investigate the mutational and clinical spectra of congenital aniridia in a cohort of 117 patients from Russia. Each patient underwent detailed ophthalmological examination. From 91 unrelated families, 110 patients were diagnosed with congenital aniridia and 7 with WAGR syndrome (Wilms tumor, Aniridia, Genitourinary anomalies, and mental Retardation syndrome). The clinical presentation in aniridia patients varied from the complete bilateral absence of the iris (75.5%) to partial aniridia or iris hypoplasia (24.5%). Additional ocular abnormalities were consistent with previous reports. In our cohort, we saw a previously not described high percentage of patients (45%) who showed non-ocular phenotypes. Prevalence of deletions coherent with WAGR syndrome appeared to be 19.4% out of sporadic patients. Among the other aniridia cases, PAX6 deletions were identified in 18 probands, and small intragenic changes were detected in 58 probands with 27 of these mutations being novel and 21 previously reported. In 3 families mosaic mutation was transmitted from a subtly affected parent. Therefore, PAX6 mutations explained 96.7% of aniridia phenotypes in this study with only 3 of 91 probands lacking pathogenic variants in the gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Vasilyeva
- Federal State Budgetary Institution 'Research Center for Medical Genetics', Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - A A Voskresenskaya
- Department of Ambulant Surgery and Conservative Treatment, Cheboksary Branch of S. Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution, Cheboksary, Russian Federation
| | - B Käsmann-Kellner
- German Aniridia Center at the Section of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Orthoptics, Low Vision & Neuroophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - O V Khlebnikova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution 'Research Center for Medical Genetics', Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - N A Pozdeyeva
- Department of Ambulant Surgery and Conservative Treatment, Cheboksary Branch of S. Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution, Cheboksary, Russian Federation
| | - G M Bayazutdinova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution 'Research Center for Medical Genetics', Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - S I Kutsev
- Federal State Budgetary Institution 'Research Center for Medical Genetics', Moscow, Russian Federation.,Department of Molecular and Cell Genetics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - E K Ginter
- Federal State Budgetary Institution 'Research Center for Medical Genetics', Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - E V Semina
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - A V Marakhonov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution 'Research Center for Medical Genetics', Moscow, Russian Federation.,Laboratory of Functional Analysis of the Genome, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russian Federation
| | - R A Zinchenko
- Federal State Budgetary Institution 'Research Center for Medical Genetics', Moscow, Russian Federation.,Department of Molecular and Cell Genetics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Hendee K, Wang LW, Reis LM, Rice GM, Apte SS, Semina EV. Identification and functional analysis of an ADAMTSL1 variant associated with a complex phenotype including congenital glaucoma, craniofacial, and other systemic features in a three-generation human pedigree. Hum Mutat 2017; 38:1485-1490. [PMID: 28722276 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Developmental glaucoma can occur as an isolated or syndromic condition and is genetically heterogeneous. We describe a three-generation family affected with developmental glaucoma, myopia, and/or retinal defects associated with variable craniofacial/dental, auditory, brain, renal, and limb anomalies. Whole-exome sequencing identified a heterozygous c.124T> C, p.(Trp42Arg) allele in ADAMTSL1; cosegregation analysis confirmed the presence of this allele in four affected family members. The mutation affects a highly conserved residue and is strongly predicted to have a deleterious effect on protein function. Trp42 is normally modified by protein C-mannosylation, an unusual post-translational modification. Comparison of ADAMTSL1-WT (also known as punctin-1) and ADAMTSL1-p.Trp42Arg in vitro demonstrated that the latter was not secreted from transfected cells but retained intracellularly. Moreover, ADAMTSL1-p.Trp42Arg reduced secretion of cotransfected wild-type ADAMTSL1, suggesting a dominant negative effect for this mutation. These data imply a multisystem role for ADAMTSL1 and present the first disease-associated variant affecting a C-mannosylation motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Hendee
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Lauren Weiping Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Linda M Reis
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Gregory M Rice
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Suneel S Apte
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Elena V Semina
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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35
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Reis LM, Tyler RC, Weh E, Hendee KE, Kariminejad A, Abdul-Rahman O, Ben-Omran T, Manning MA, Yesilyurt A, McCarty CA, Kitchner TE, Costakos D, Semina EV. Analysis of CYP1B1 in pediatric and adult glaucoma and other ocular phenotypes. Mol Vis 2016; 22:1229-1238. [PMID: 27777502 PMCID: PMC5070572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The CYP1B1 gene encodes an enzyme that is a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily. Mutations in CYP1B1 have been mainly reported in recessive pediatric ocular phenotypes, such as primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) and congenital glaucoma with anterior segment dysgenesis (CG with ASD), with some likely pathogenic variants also identified in families affected with adult-onset primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). METHODS We examined CYP1B1 in 158 pediatric patients affected with PCG (eight), CG with ASD (22), CG with other developmental ocular disorders (11), juvenile glaucoma with or without additional ocular anomalies (26), and ASD or other developmental ocular conditions without glaucoma (91); in addition, a large cohort of adult patients with POAG (193) and POAG-negative controls (288) was examined. RESULTS Recessive pathogenic variants in CYP1B1 were identified in two PCG pedigrees, three cases with CG and ASD, and two families with CG and other ocular defects, such as sclerocornea in one patient and microphthalmia in another individual; neither sclerocornea nor microphthalmia has been previously associated with CYP1B1. Most of the identified causative mutations are new occurrences of previously reported pathogenic alleles with two novel variants identified: a c.1325delC, p.(Pro442Glnfs*15) frameshift allele in a family with PCG and a c.157G>A, p.(Gly53Ser) variant identified in a proband with CG, Peters anomaly, and microphthalmia. Analysis of the family history in the CYP1B1-positive families revealed POAG in confirmed or presumed heterozygous relatives in one family with PCG and two families with ASD/CG; POAG was associated with the c.1064_1076del, p.(Arg355Hisfs*69) allele in two of these pedigrees. Screening of an unrelated POAG cohort identified the same c.1064_1076del heterozygous allele in one individual with sporadic POAG but not in age- and ethnicity-matched POAG-negative individuals. Overall, there was no significant enrichment for mutant alleles in CYP1B1 within the POAG cases compared to the controls. CONCLUSIONS In summary, these data expand the mutational and phenotypic spectra of CYP1B1 to include two novel alleles and additional developmental ocular phenotypes. The contribution of CYP1B1 to POAG is less clear, but loss-of-function variants in CYP1B1, especially c.1064_1076del, p.(Arg355Hisfs*69), may be associated with an increased risk for POAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M. Reis
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Research Institute at the Medical College of Wisconsin and Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Rebecca C. Tyler
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Research Institute at the Medical College of Wisconsin and Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Eric Weh
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Research Institute at the Medical College of Wisconsin and Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Kathryn E. Hendee
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Research Institute at the Medical College of Wisconsin and Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI,Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | | | - Omar Abdul-Rahman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | - Tawfeg Ben-Omran
- Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Hamad Medical Corporation and Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha-Qatar
| | - Melanie A. Manning
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pathology and Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Ahmet Yesilyurt
- Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Education Hospital, Genetic Diagnosis Center, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Catherine A. McCarty
- Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Center for Human Genetics Department, Marshfield WI
| | - Terrie E. Kitchner
- Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Center for Human Genetics Department, Marshfield WI
| | - Deborah Costakos
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Elena V. Semina
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Research Institute at the Medical College of Wisconsin and Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI,Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI,Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
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Happ H, Weh E, Costakos D, Reis LM, Semina EV. Case report of homozygous deletion involving the first coding exons of GCNT2 isoforms A and B and part of the upstream region of TFAP2A in congenital cataract. BMC Med Genet 2016; 17:64. [PMID: 27609212 PMCID: PMC5016880 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-016-0316-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital cataracts affect 3-6 per 10,000 live births and represent one of the leading causes of blindness in children. Congenital cataracts have a strong genetic component with high heterogeneity and variability. CASE PRESENTATION Analysis of whole exome sequencing data in a patient affected with congenital cataracts identified a pathogenic deletion which was further defined by other techniques. A ~98-kb homozygous deletion of 6p24.3 involving the first three exons (two non-coding and one coding) of GCNT2 isoform A, the first exon (coding) of GCNT2 isoform B, and part of the intergenic region between GCNT2 and TFAP2A was identified in the patient and her brother while both parents were found to be heterozygous carriers of the deletion. The exact breakpoints were identified and revealed the presence of Alu elements at both sides of the deletion, thus indicating Alu-mediated non-homologous end-joining as the most plausible mechanism for this rearrangement. Recessive mutations in GCNT2 are known to cause an adult i blood group phenotype with congenital cataracts in some cases. The GCNT2 gene has three differentially expressed transcripts, with GCNT2B being the only isoform associated with lens function and GCNT2C being the only isoform expressed in red blood cells based on earlier studies; previously reported mutations/deletions have either affected all three isoforms (causing blood group and cataract phenotype) or the C isoform only (causing blood group phenotype only). Dominant mutations in TFAP2A are associated with syndromic anophthalmia/microphthalmia and other ocular phenotypes as part of Branchio-Ocular-Facial-Syndrome (BOFS). While the patients do not fit a diagnosis of BOFS, one sibling demonstrates mild overlap with the phenotypic spectrum, and therefore an effect of this deletion on the function of TFAP2A cannot be ruled out. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case reported in which disruption of the GCNT2 gene does not involve the C isoform. The congenital cataracts phenotype in the affected patients is consistent with the previously defined isoform-specific roles of this gene. The GCNT2-TFAP2A region may be prone to rearrangements through Alu-mediated non-homologous end-joining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Happ
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Eric Weh
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Deborah Costakos
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Linda M Reis
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Elena V Semina
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA. .,Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
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Semina EV, Rubina KA, Stepanova VV, Tkachuk VA. [PARTICIPATION OF UROKINASE RECEPTOR AND ITS ENDOGENOUS LIGANDS IN BRAIN DEVELOPMENT AND FORMATION OF COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS]. Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova 2016; 102:881-903. [PMID: 30193055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently it has been found that the urokinase receptor (uPAR) and its ligands - urokinase (uPA) and SRPX2 protein play an important role in the development and functioning of the brain. There is a strong association between uPAR gene polymorphism and autism disorders in humans. Patients with autism, intractable lobe epilepsy, verbal dyspraxia and perisylvian polymicrogyria display significant changes in uPAR expression. Mice, lacking the uPAR gene develop epilepsy and demonstrate abnormal social behavior. uPA and SRPX2 protein, have been shown to be involved in pathological brain conditions such as autism, cognitive deficits and language disorders. Urokinase system that stimulates blood vessel growth as demonstrated before, also plays an important role in the regulation of the nerve growth via matrix remodeling and activation of neurotrophic and angiogenic factors. Moreover, the urokinase system also functions as a guidance system which determines the growth trajectory of the vessels' and nerves' in tissue regeneration. This review summarizes and integrates the results and recent progress in the field of uPAR and its endogenous ligands in brain development and cognitive functions.
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38
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Reis LM, Tyler RC, Weh E, Hendee KE, Schilter KF, Phillips JA, Sequeira S, Schinzel A, Semina EV. Whole exome sequencing identifies multiple diagnoses in congenital glaucoma with systemic anomalies. Clin Genet 2016; 90:378-82. [PMID: 27272408 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The genetic basis of congenital glaucoma with systemic anomalies is largely unknown. Whole exome sequencing (WES) in 10 probands with congenital glaucoma and variable systemic anomalies identified pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in three probands; in two of these, a combination of two Mendelian disorders was found to completely explain the patients' features whereas in the third case only the ocular findings could be explained by the genetic diagnosis. The molecular diagnosis for glaucoma included two cases with compound heterozygous or homozygous pathogenic alleles in CYP1B1 and one family with a dominant pathogenic variant in FOXC1; the second genetic diagnosis for the additional systemic features included compound heterozygous mutations in NPHS1 in one family and a heterozygous 18q23 deletion in another pedigree. These findings show the power of WES in the analysis of complex conditions and emphasize the importance of CYP1B1 screening in patients with congenital glaucoma regardless of the presence/absence of other systemic anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Reis
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - R C Tyler
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - E Weh
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - K E Hendee
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - K F Schilter
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - J A Phillips
- Division of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - S Sequeira
- Metabolic Unit, Pediatric Department, Hospital de Dona Estefânia, CHLC, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - A Schinzel
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - E V Semina
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA. .,Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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Happ H, Schilter KF, Weh E, Reis LM, Semina EV. 8q21.11 microdeletion in two patients with syndromic peters anomaly. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 170:2471-5. [PMID: 27378168 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Peters anomaly is a form of anterior segment dysgenesis characterized by central ocular opacity and corneo-lenticular adhesions. Isolated and syndromic Peters anomaly can be observed and demonstrate significant genetic heterogeneity. We report the identification of overlapping 8q21.11 deletions in two patients with syndromic Peters anomaly via whole exome sequencing and chromosomal microarray analyses. Microdeletions of 8q21.11 were recently reported in 10 patients with highly variable phenotypes involving craniofacial features, ptosis, intellectual disability, abnormalities of the hands/feet and other defects; sclerocornea and/or microphthalmia were reported in three cases. The two additional cases presented in this report expand the phenotypic spectrum of 8q21.11 microdeletions to include Peters anomaly (seen in both patients) and persistent primary dentition (seen in one patient with a larger deletion). The two novel deletions include the ZFHX4 and PEX2 genes, which were also affected in all three previous cases involving ocular anomalies. Screening of the remaining alleles of ZFHX4 and PEX2 did not identify any additional likely pathogenic variants in either patient, suggesting a dominant mechanism (haploinsufficiency) for the identified deletion. This report provides further insight into the phenotypes associated with 8q21.11 deletions and, for the first time, reports Peters anomaly as an additional ocular feature; screening for copy number variations of the 8q21.11 region should be considered in patients with Peters anomaly and related syndromic features. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Happ
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Kala F Schilter
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Eric Weh
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Linda M Reis
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Elena V Semina
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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40
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Deml B, Reis LM, Lemyre E, Clark RD, Kariminejad A, Semina EV. Novel mutations in PAX6, OTX2 and NDP in anophthalmia, microphthalmia and coloboma. Eur J Hum Genet 2015; 24:535-41. [PMID: 26130484 PMCID: PMC4929874 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2015.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anophthalmia and microphthalmia (A/M) are developmental ocular malformations defined as the complete absence or reduction in size of the eye. A/M is a highly heterogeneous disorder with SOX2 and FOXE3 playing major roles in dominant and recessive pedigrees, respectively; however, the majority of cases lack a genetic etiology. We analyzed 28 probands affected with A/M spectrum (without mutations in SOX2/FOXE3) by whole-exome sequencing. Analysis of 83 known A/M factors identified pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants in PAX6, OTX2 and NDP in three patients. A novel heterozygous likely pathogenic variant in PAX6, c.767T>C, p.(Val256Ala), was identified in two brothers with bilateral microphthalmia, coloboma, primary aphakia, iris hypoplasia, sclerocornea and congenital glaucoma; the unaffected mother appears to be a mosaic carrier. While A/M has been reported as a rare feature, this is the first report of congenital primary aphakia in association with PAX6 and the identified allele represents the first variant in the PAX6 homeodomain to be associated with A/M. A novel pathogenic variant in OTX2, c.651delC, p.(Thr218Hisfs*76), in a patient with syndromic bilateral anophthalmia and a hemizygous pathogenic variant in NDP, c.293 C>T, p.(Pro98Leu), in two brothers with isolated bilateral microphthalmia and sclerocornea were also identified. Pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants were not discovered in the 25 remaining A/M cases. This study underscores the utility of whole-exome sequencing for identification of causative mutations in highly variable ocular phenotypes as well as the extreme genetic heterogeneity of A/M conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Deml
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, WI, USA
| | - Linda M Reis
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Emmanuelle Lemyre
- Service de Génétique médicale, CHU Ste-Justine, Département de Pédiatrie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Robin D Clark
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, Loma Linda, CA 92354
| | | | - Elena V Semina
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, WI, USA
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Deml B, Reis LM, Muheisen S, Bick D, Semina EV. EFTUD2 deficiency in vertebrates: Identification of a novel human mutation and generation of a zebrafish model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 103:630-40. [PMID: 26118977 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital microphthalmia and coloboma are severe developmental defects that are frequently associated with additional systemic anomalies and display a high level of genetic heterogeneity. METHODS To identify the pathogenic variant in a patient with microphthalmia, coloboma, retinal dystrophy, microcephaly, and other features, whole exome sequencing analysis of the patient and parental samples was undertaken. To further explore the identified variant/gene, expression and functional studies in zebrafish were performed. RESULTS Whole exome sequencing revealed a de novo variant, c.473_474delGA, p.(Arg158Lysfs*4), in EFTUD2 which encodes a component of the spliceosome complex. Dominant mutations in EFTUD2 cause Mandibulofacial Dysostosis, Guion-Almeida type, which does not involve microphthalmia, coloboma, or retinal dystrophy; analysis of genes known to cause these ocular phenotypes identified several variants of unknown significance but no causal alleles in the affected patient. Zebrafish eftud2 demonstrated high sequence conservation with the human gene and broad embryonic expression. TALEN-mediated disruption was employed to generate a c.378_385 del, p.(Ser127Aspfs*23) truncation mutation in eftud2. Homozygous mutants displayed a reduced head size, small eye, curved body, and early embryonic lethality. Apoptosis assays demonstrated a striking increase in terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells in the developing brain, eye, spinal cord, and other tissues starting at 30 hours postfertilization. CONCLUSION This study reports a novel mutation in EFTUD2 in a Mandibulofacial Dysostosis, Guion-Almeida type patient with unusual ocular features and the generation of a first animal model of eftud2 deficiency. The severe embryonic phenotype observed in eftud2 mutants indicates an important conserved role during development of diverse tissues in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Deml
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute at the Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Linda M Reis
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute at the Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Sanaa Muheisen
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute at the Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - David Bick
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute at the Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Elena V Semina
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute at the Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Reis LM, Semina EV. Conserved genetic pathways associated with microphthalmia, anophthalmia, and coloboma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 105:96-113. [PMID: 26046913 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The human eye is a complex organ whose development requires extraordinary coordination of developmental processes. The conservation of ocular developmental steps in vertebrates suggests possible common genetic mechanisms. Genetic diseases involving the eye represent a leading cause of blindness in children and adults. During the last decades, there has been an exponential increase in genetic studies of ocular disorders. In this review, we summarize current success in identification of genes responsible for microphthalmia, anophthalmia, and coloboma (MAC) phenotypes, which are associated with early defects in embryonic eye development. Studies in animal models for the orthologous genes identified overlapping phenotypes for most factors, confirming the conservation of their function in vertebrate development. These animal models allow for further investigation of the mechanisms of MAC, integration of various identified genes into common developmental pathways and finally, provide an avenue for the development and testing of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Reis
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Elena V Semina
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Cell Biology Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Schilter KF, Reis LM, Sorokina EA, Semina EV. Identification of an Alu-repeat-mediated deletion of OPTN upstream region in a patient with a complex ocular phenotype. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2015; 3:490-9. [PMID: 26740941 PMCID: PMC4694134 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic causes of ocular conditions remain largely unknown. To reveal the molecular basis for a congenital ocular phenotype associated with glaucoma we performed whole‐exome sequencing (WES) and whole‐genome copy number analyses of patient DNA. WES did not identify a causative variant. Copy number variation analysis identified a deletion of 10p13 in the patient and his unaffected father; the deletion breakpoint contained a single 37‐bp sequence that is normally present in two distinct Alu repeats separated by ~181 kb. The deletion removed part of the upstream region of optineurin (OPTN) as well as the upstream sequence and two coding exons of coiled‐coil domain containing 3 (CCDC3); analysis of the patient's second allele showed normal OPTN and CCDC3 sequences. Studies of zebrafish orthologs identified expression in the developing eye for both genes. OPTN is a known factor in dominant adult‐onset glaucoma and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). The deletion eliminates 98 kb of the OPTN upstream sequence leaving only ~1 kb of the proximal promoter region. Comparison of transcriptional activation capability of the 3 kb normal and the rearranged del(10)(p13) OPTN promoter sequences demonstrated a statistically significant decrease for the deleted allele; sequence analysis of the entire deleted region identified multiple conserved elements with possible cis‐regulatory activity. Additional screening of CCDC3 indicated that heterozygous loss‐of‐function alleles are unlikely to cause congenital ocular disease. In summary, we report the first regulatory region deletion involving OPTN, caused by Alu‐mediated nonallelic homologous recombination and possibly contributing to the patient's ocular phenotype. In addition, our data indicate that Alu‐mediated rearrangements of the OPTN upstream region may represent a new source of affected alleles in human conditions. Evaluation of the upstream OPTN sequences in additional ocular and ALS patients may help to determine the role of this region, if any, in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kala F Schilter
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research InstituteMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsin53226; Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and AnatomyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsin53226
| | - Linda M Reis
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee Wisconsin 53226
| | - Elena A Sorokina
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee Wisconsin 53226
| | - Elena V Semina
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research InstituteMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsin53226; Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and AnatomyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsin53226
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Deml B, Kariminejad A, Borujerdi RHR, Muheisen S, Reis LM, Semina EV. Mutations in MAB21L2 result in ocular Coloboma, microcornea and cataracts. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005002. [PMID: 25719200 PMCID: PMC4342166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular coloboma results from abnormal embryonic development and is often associated with additional ocular and systemic features. Coloboma is a highly heterogeneous disorder with many cases remaining unexplained. Whole exome sequencing from two cousins affected with dominant coloboma with microcornea, cataracts, and skeletal dysplasia identified a novel heterozygous allele in MAB21L2, c.151 C>G, p.(Arg51Gly); the mutation was present in all five family members with the disease and appeared de novo in the first affected generation of the three-generational pedigree. MAB21L2 encodes a protein similar to C. elegans mab-21 cell fate-determining factor; the molecular function of MAB21L2 is largely unknown. To further evaluate the role of MAB21L2, zebrafish mutants carrying a p.(Gln48Serfs*5) frameshift truncation (mab21l2Q48Sfs*5) and a p.(Arg51_Phe52del) in-frame deletion (mab21l2R51_F52del) were developed with TALEN technology. Homozygous zebrafish embryos from both lines developed variable lens and coloboma phenotypes: mab21l2Q48Sfs*5 embryos demonstrated severe lens and retinal defects with complete lethality while mab21l2R51_F52del mutants displayed a milder lens phenotype and severe coloboma with a small number of fish surviving to adulthood. Protein studies showed decreased stability for the human p.(Arg51Gly) and zebrafish p.(Arg51_Phe52del) mutant proteins and predicted a complete loss-of-function for the zebrafish p.(Gln48Serfs*5) frameshift truncation. Additionally, in contrast to wild-type human MAB21L2 transcript, mutant p.(Arg51Gly) mRNA failed to efficiently rescue the ocular phenotype when injected into mab21l2Q48Sfs*5 embryos, suggesting this allele is functionally deficient. Histology, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization experiments identified retinal invagination defects, an increase in cell death, abnormal proliferation patterns, and altered expression of several ocular markers in the mab21l2 mutants. These findings support the identification of MAB21L2 as a novel factor involved in human coloboma and highlight the power of genome editing manipulation in model organisms for analysis of the effects of whole exome variation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Deml
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Research Institute at the Medical College of Wisconsin and Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | | | | | - Sanaa Muheisen
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Research Institute at the Medical College of Wisconsin and Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Linda M. Reis
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Research Institute at the Medical College of Wisconsin and Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Elena V. Semina
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Research Institute at the Medical College of Wisconsin and Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Semina EV, Rubina KA, Sysoeva VY, Makarevich PI, Parfyonova YV, Tkachuk VA. [UROKINASE SYSTEM INVOLVES IN VASCULAR CELLS MIGRATION AND REGULATES THE GROWTH AND BRANCHING OF CAPILLARIES]. Tsitologiia 2015; 57:689-698. [PMID: 26863767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Urokinase system representing urokinase-type plasminogen activator (urokinase, uPA) and urokinase re- ceptor (uPAR) plays an important regulatory role in the vascular wall and has the ability to run a proteolytic cascade, degradation of extracellular matrix and activate intracellular signaling in vascular cells. In this work, we have firstly shown a fundamental mechanism of urokinase system-dependent regulation of the trajectory of growth and branching of blood vessels what may be of particular importance in the growth of blood vessels in early embryogenesis and in adults during the repair/regeneration of tissues.
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Reis LM, Tyler RC, Semina EV. Identification of a novel C-terminal extension mutation in EPHA2 in a family affected with congenital cataract. Mol Vis 2014; 20:836-42. [PMID: 24940039 PMCID: PMC4057250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Congenital cataracts occur in 3-4 per 10,000 live births and account for 5% to 20% of pediatric blindness worldwide. With more than 37 genes known to be associated with isolated congenital cataract, whole exome sequencing (WES) was recently introduced as an efficient method for screening all known factors. METHODS Whole exome analysis in two members of a four-generation pedigree affected with dominant congenital cataract and glaucoma was performed by WES; co-segregation analysis of identified variants in all pedigree members was completed by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS Analysis of the WES data identified a novel pathogenic variant in EPHA2, c.2925dupC, p.(Ile976Hisfs*37), that demonstrated complete cosegregation with the phenotype in the pedigree. The mutation occurs in the final amino acid before the stop codon of the normal EPHA2 protein and is predicted to produce a mutant protein with an erroneous C-terminal extension of 35 amino acids. Nine other families have been previously reported with dominant congenital/juvenile cataracts and mutations in EPHA2. Two additional likely loss-of-function variants in genes known to cause dominant congenital cataract were considered and excluded based on control data and cosegregation analysis: a nonsense variant in CYRBB3, c.547G>T, p.(Glu183*), and a splicing variant in CRYBA2, c.446+1G>A. CONCLUSIONS Identification of a novel pathogenic EPHA2 allele further implicates this gene in congenital cataract. This is only the second EPHA2 mutation that specifically affects the most C-terminal PSD95/Dlg/ZO1 (PDZ)-binding motif and the third pathogenic allele associated with an erroneous C-terminal extension beyond the normal stop codon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M. Reis
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Rebecca C. Tyler
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Elena V. Semina
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI,Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
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Deml B, Reis LM, Maheshwari M, Griffis C, Bick D, Semina EV. Whole exome analysis identifies dominant COL4A1 mutations in patients with complex ocular phenotypes involving microphthalmia. Clin Genet 2014; 86:475-81. [PMID: 24628545 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Anophthalmia/microphthalmia (A/M) is a developmental ocular malformation defined as complete absence or reduction in size of the eye. A/M is a heterogenous disorder with numerous causative genes identified; however, about half the cases lack a molecular diagnosis. We undertook whole exome sequencing in an A/M family with two affected siblings, two unaffected siblings, and unaffected parents; the ocular phenotype was isolated with only mild developmental delay/learning difficulties reported and a normal brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the proband at 16 months. No pathogenic mutations were identified in 71 known A/M genes. Further analysis identified a shared heterozygous mutation in COL4A1, c.2317G>A, p.(Gly773Arg) that was not seen in the unaffected parents and siblings. Analysis of 24 unrelated A/M exomes identified a novel c.2122G>A, p.(Gly708Arg) mutation in an additional patient with unilateral microphthalmia, bilateral microcornea and Peters anomaly; the mutation was absent in the unaffected mother and the unaffected father was not available. Mutations in COL4A1 have been linked to a spectrum of human disorders; the most consistent feature is cerebrovascular disease with variable ocular anomalies, kidney and muscle defects. This study expands the spectrum of COL4A1 phenotypes and indicates screening in patients with A/M regardless of MRI findings or presumed inheritance pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Deml
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Li X, Venugopalan SR, Cao H, Pinho FO, Paine ML, Snead ML, Semina EV, Amendt BA. A model for the molecular underpinnings of tooth defects in Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:194-208. [PMID: 23975681 PMCID: PMC3857954 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome (ARS) present various dental abnormalities, including hypodontia, and enamel hypoplasia. ARS is genetically associated with mutations in the PITX2 gene, which encodes one of the earliest transcription factors to initiate tooth development. Thus, Pitx2 has long been considered as an upstream regulator of the transcriptional hierarchy in early tooth development. However, because Pitx2 is also a major regulator of later stages of tooth development, especially during amelogenesis, it is unclear how mutant forms cause ARS dental anomalies. In this report, we outline the transcriptional mechanism that is defective in ARS. We demonstrate that during normal tooth development Pitx2 activates Amelogenin (Amel) expression, whose product is required for enamel formation, and that this regulation is perturbed by missense PITX2 mutations found in ARS patients. We further show that Pitx2-mediated Amel activation is controlled by chromatin-associated factor Hmgn2, and that Hmgn2 prevents Pitx2 from efficiently binding to and activating the Amel promoter. Consistent with a physiological significance to this interaction, we show that K14-Hmgn2 transgenic mice display a severe loss of Amel expression on the labial side of the lower incisors, as well as enamel hypoplasia-consistent with the human ARS phenotype. Collectively, these findings define transcriptional mechanisms involved in normal tooth development and shed light on the molecular underpinnings of the enamel defect observed in ARS patients who carry PITX2 mutations. Moreover, our findings validate the etiology of the enamel defect in a novel mouse model of ARS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52244, USA
| | - Shankar R. Venugopalan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52244, USA
| | - Huojun Cao
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52244, USA
| | - Flavia O. Pinho
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52244, USA
| | - Michael L. Paine
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA and
| | - Malcolm L. Snead
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA and
| | - Elena V. Semina
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Brad A. Amendt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52244, USA
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Weh E, Reis LM, Tyler RC, Bick D, Rhead WJ, Wallace S, McGregor TL, Dills SK, Chao MC, Murray JC, Semina EV. Novel B3GALTL mutations in classic Peters plus syndrome and lack of mutations in a large cohort of patients with similar phenotypes. Clin Genet 2013; 86:142-8. [PMID: 23889335 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Peters plus syndrome (PPS) is a rare autosomal-recessive disorder characterized by Peters anomaly of the eye, short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable other systemic abnormalities. In this report, we describe screening of 64 patients affected with PPS, isolated Peters anomaly and PPS-like phenotypes. Mutations in the coding region of B3GALTL were identified in nine patients; six had a documented phenotype of classic PPS and the remaining three had a clinical diagnosis of PPS with incomplete clinical documentation. A total of nine different pathogenic alleles were identified. Five alleles are novel including one frameshift, c.168dupA, p.(Gly57Argfs*11), one nonsense, c.1234C>T, p.(Arg412*), two missense, c.1045G>A, p.(Asp349Asn) and c.1181G>A, p.(Gly394Glu), and one splicing, c.347+5G>T, mutations. Consistent with previous reports, the c.660+1G>A mutation was the most common mutation identified, seen in eight of the nine patients and accounting for 55% of pathogenic alleles in this study and 69% of all reported pathogenic alleles; while two patients were homozygous for this mutation, the majority had a second rare pathogenic allele. We also report the absence of B3GALTL mutations in 55 cases of PPS-like phenotypes or isolated Peters anomaly, further establishing the strong association of B3GALTL mutations with classic PPS only.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Weh
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Reis LM, Tyler RC, Zori R, Burgess J, Mueller J, Semina EV. A case of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome with Peters anomaly, congenital glaucoma, and heterozygous mutation in CYP1B1. Ophthalmic Genet 2013; 36:92-4. [PMID: 24024747 DOI: 10.3109/13816810.2013.835432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We read with interest the recent publication by Tarlan and colleagues 1 describing a patient with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and ocular features of right microphthalmia and left anterior segment dysgenesis. While anterior segment dysgenesis disorders are occasionally reported with 22q11.2 deletions, 2-5 this remains a rare association. We report here an 8-year-old patient with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and bilateral Peters anomaly with congenital glaucoma; in addition, our patient was found to have a single heterozygous mutation in CYP1B1, c.83C > T, p.(Ser28Trp).
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Reis
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Research Institute at the Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, WI , USA
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