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Gutiérrez JE, Ramírez H, Fernandez-Moreira E, Acosta ME, Mijares MR, De Sanctis JB, Gurská S, Džubák P, Hajdúch M, Labrador-Fagúndez L, Stella BG, Díaz-Pérez LJ, Benaim G, Charris JE. Synthesis, Antimalarial, Antileishmanial, and Cytotoxicity Activities and Preliminary In Silico ADMET Studies of 2-(7-Chloroquinolin-4-ylamino)ethyl Benzoate Derivatives. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1709. [PMID: 38139835 PMCID: PMC10747975 DOI: 10.3390/ph16121709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of heterocyclic chloroquine hybrids, containing a chain of two carbon atoms at position four of the quinolinic chain and acting as a link between quinoline and several benzoyl groups, is synthesized and screened in vitro as an inhibitor of β-hematin formation and in vivo for its antimalarial activity against chloroquine-sensitive strains of Plasmodium berghei ANKA in this study. The compounds significantly reduced haeme crystallization, with IC50 values < 10 µM. The values were comparable to chloroquine's, with an IC50 of 1.50 ± 0.01 µM. The compounds 4c and 4e prolonged the average survival time of the infected mice to 16.7 ± 2.16 and 14.4 ± 1.20 days, respectively. We also studied the effect of the compounds 4b, 4c, and 4e on another important human parasite, Leishmania mexicana, which is responsible for cutaneous leishmaniasis, demonstrating a potential leishmanicidal effect against promasigotes, with an IC50 < 10 µM. Concerning the possible mechanism of action of these compounds on Lesihmania mexicana, we performed experiments demonstrating that these three compounds could induce the collapse of the parasite mitochondrial electrochemical membrane potential (Δφ). The in vitro cytotoxicity assays against mammalian cancerous and noncancerous human cell lines showed that the studied compounds exhibit low cytotoxic effects. The ADME/Tox analysis predicted moderate lipophilicity values, low unbound fraction values, and a poor distribution for these compounds. Therefore, moderate bioavailability was expected. We calculated other molecular descriptors, such as the topological polar surface area, according to Veber's rules, and except for 2 and 4i, the rest of the compounds violated this descriptor, demonstrating the low antimalarial activity of our compounds in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce E. Gutiérrez
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Central University of Venezuela, Los Chaguaramos 1041-A, Caracas 1040, Venezuela;
| | - Hegira Ramírez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud y Desarrollo Humano, Univesidad Ecotec, Km. 13.5 Samborondón, Guayas, Guayaquil 092302, Ecuador
| | | | - María E. Acosta
- Unidad de Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Central University of Venezuela, Los Chaguaramos 1041-A, Caracas 1040, Venezuela;
| | - Michael R. Mijares
- Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Central University of Venezuela, Los Chaguaramos 1041-A, Caracas 1040, Venezuela;
| | - Juan Bautista De Sanctis
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hněvotínská 1333/5, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (J.B.D.S.); (S.G.); (P.D.); (M.H.)
| | - Soňa Gurská
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hněvotínská 1333/5, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (J.B.D.S.); (S.G.); (P.D.); (M.H.)
| | - Petr Džubák
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hněvotínská 1333/5, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (J.B.D.S.); (S.G.); (P.D.); (M.H.)
| | - Marián Hajdúch
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hněvotínská 1333/5, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (J.B.D.S.); (S.G.); (P.D.); (M.H.)
| | - Liesangerli Labrador-Fagúndez
- Unidad de Bioquímica de Parásitos y Señalización Celular, Instituto de Estudios Avanzados (IDEA), Caracas 1080, Venezuela; (L.L.-F.); (B.G.S.); (L.J.D.-P.); (G.B.)
| | - Bruno G. Stella
- Unidad de Bioquímica de Parásitos y Señalización Celular, Instituto de Estudios Avanzados (IDEA), Caracas 1080, Venezuela; (L.L.-F.); (B.G.S.); (L.J.D.-P.); (G.B.)
| | - Luis José Díaz-Pérez
- Unidad de Bioquímica de Parásitos y Señalización Celular, Instituto de Estudios Avanzados (IDEA), Caracas 1080, Venezuela; (L.L.-F.); (B.G.S.); (L.J.D.-P.); (G.B.)
| | - Gustavo Benaim
- Unidad de Bioquímica de Parásitos y Señalización Celular, Instituto de Estudios Avanzados (IDEA), Caracas 1080, Venezuela; (L.L.-F.); (B.G.S.); (L.J.D.-P.); (G.B.)
- Instituto de Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas 1040, Venezuela
| | - Jaime E. Charris
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Central University of Venezuela, Los Chaguaramos 1041-A, Caracas 1040, Venezuela;
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Mijoba A, Fernandez-Moreira E, Parra-Giménez N, Espinosa-Tapia S, Blanco Z, Ramírez H, Charris JE. Synthesis of Benzocycloalkanone-Based Michael Acceptors and Biological Activities as Antimalarial and Antitrypanosomal Agents. Molecules 2023; 28:5569. [PMID: 37513441 PMCID: PMC10385825 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of benzocycloalkanone derivatives have been prepared and evaluated as antimalarial and antitrypanosomal agents. The compounds were obtained by direct coupling of preformed 4-substituted benzaldehyde and indanone or tetralone substitutes through aldol condensation of Claisen-Schmidt using sodium hydroxide as a catalyst in ethanol at room temperature. Although designed to inhibit the formation of β-hematin in vitro, only three compounds, 10, 11, and 12, showed activities greater than 50% (75.16%, 63.02%, and 56.17%, respectively). The results of the in vivo antimalarial evaluation show that 10, 11, and 12 reduced parasitemia marginally, and an insignificant increase in the days of survival of the mice was observed. As trypanocidals, all compounds showed marginal activity as inhibitors of the proliferation of T. cruzi epimastigotes, except compound 33, with an activity of 51.08 ± 3.4% compared to the activity shown by the reference compound benznidazole 59.99 ± 2.9%. The compounds appear to have little cytotoxic effect against VERO cells in vitro; this new class of Michael acceptor agents clearly warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mijoba
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Central University of Venezuela, Los Chaguaramos 1041-A, Caracas 47206, Venezuela
- Laboratory of Parasites Physiology, Biophysics and Biochemistry Center, Instituto Venezolano de Invest Gaciones Científicas, Altos de Pipe 1020-A, Caracas 21827, Venezuela
| | | | - Nereida Parra-Giménez
- Laboratory of Parasites Physiology, Biophysics and Biochemistry Center, Instituto Venezolano de Invest Gaciones Científicas, Altos de Pipe 1020-A, Caracas 21827, Venezuela
| | - Sandra Espinosa-Tapia
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador
| | - Zuleyma Blanco
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Central University of Venezuela, Los Chaguaramos 1041-A, Caracas 47206, Venezuela
| | - Hegira Ramírez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud y Desarrollo Humano, Univesidad Ecotec, Km. 13.5 Samborondón, Samborondón 092302, Ecuador
| | - Jaime E Charris
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Central University of Venezuela, Los Chaguaramos 1041-A, Caracas 47206, Venezuela
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3
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Ortega-Paredes D, Larrea-Álvarez CM, Torres-Elizalde L, de Janon S, Vinueza-Burgos C, Hidalgo-Arellano L, Šefcová MA, Molina-Cuasapaz G, Fernandez-Moreira E, Larrea-Álvarez M. Antibiotic Resistance Awareness among Undergraduate Students in Quito, Ecuador. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11020197. [PMID: 35203800 PMCID: PMC8868098 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11020197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The inappropriate use of antibiotics leads to antibiotic resistance, which reduces their efficacy. The education of undergraduates is likely to influence their practices. Assessing awareness is critical in the general effort to confront the spread of antibiotic resistance. This cross-sectional investigation was carried out using the questionnaire “Antibiotic resistance: Multi-country public awareness” developed by the World Health Organization. Students from different backgrounds at the Central University participated in the study (n = 733). The survey comprised five sections: demographics, knowledge, usage, sources of information, and attitudes. The rate of correct answers was 64.88%; differences were detected between programs of study (p < 0.001); effect size analysis showed that these differences cannot be considered large. Individuals from applied sciences scored higher than their counterparts from social studies. Mostly, interviewees were knowledgeable about usage, but mistakenly associated antibiotics with conditions such as cold/flu or viral illnesses; also, they associated antibiotic resistance with the patient and not with bacteria. Despite these misconceptions, positive attitudes were registered overall, and students generally adhered to common practices. They cited doctors/nurses and teachers as sources of information. As a consequence, it is recommended to develop courses that address deficient knowledge regarding antibiotic resistance, especially for individuals affiliated to social disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ortega-Paredes
- Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Alimentos y Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos (UNIETAR), Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170129, Ecuador; (D.O.-P.); (S.d.J.); (C.V.-B.)
- Laboratorio de Referencia de E. coli, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas Enrique Ortega Moreira, Carrera de Medicina, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Guayaquil 0901952, Ecuador
| | | | - Lilibeth Torres-Elizalde
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Yachay-Tech University, Hacienda San José, Urcuquí 100650, Ecuador;
| | - Sofia de Janon
- Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Alimentos y Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos (UNIETAR), Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170129, Ecuador; (D.O.-P.); (S.d.J.); (C.V.-B.)
| | - Christian Vinueza-Burgos
- Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Alimentos y Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos (UNIETAR), Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170129, Ecuador; (D.O.-P.); (S.d.J.); (C.V.-B.)
| | - Luis Hidalgo-Arellano
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170129, Ecuador;
| | - Miroslava Anna Šefcová
- Research Unit, Life Science Initiative (LSI), Quito 170102, Ecuador; (C.M.L.-Á.); (M.A.Š.)
| | - Gabriel Molina-Cuasapaz
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Recursos Naturales, Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Técnica de Cotopaxi, Latacunga 050101, Ecuador;
| | - Esteban Fernandez-Moreira
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas Enrique Ortega Moreira, Carrera de Medicina, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Guayaquil 0901952, Ecuador
- Correspondence: (E.F.-M.); (M.L.-Á.)
| | - Marco Larrea-Álvarez
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Yachay-Tech University, Hacienda San José, Urcuquí 100650, Ecuador;
- Correspondence: (E.F.-M.); (M.L.-Á.)
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Ramírez H, Charris K, Fernandez-Moreira E, Nogueda-Torres B, Capparelli MV, Ángel J, Charris J. One-Pot Multicomponent Synthesis of Methoxybenzo[ h]quinoline-3-carbonitrile Derivatives; Anti-Chagas, X-ray, and In Silico ADME/Tox Profiling Studies. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226977. [PMID: 34834070 PMCID: PMC8619670 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Several methoxybenzo[h]quinoline-3-carbonitrile analogs were designed and synthesized in a repositioning approach to developing compounds with anti-prostate cancer and anti-Chagas disease properties. The compounds were synthesized through a sequential multicomponent reaction of aromatic aldehydes, malononitrile, and 1-tetralone in the presence of ammonium acetate and acetic acid (catalytic). The effect of the one-pot method on the generation of the target product has been studied. The compounds were in vitro screened against bloodstream trypomastigotes of T. cruzi (NINOA and INC-5 strains) and were most effective at showing a better activity profile than nifurtimox and benznidazole (reference drugs). A study in silico on absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADME/Tox) profiling to help describe the molecular properties related to the pharmacokinetic aspects in the human body of these compounds was reported. In addition, X-ray data for the compound 2-Amino-5,6-dihydro-4-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-8-methoxybenzo[h]quinoline-3-carbonitrile 6 was being reported. Spectral (IR, NMR, and elemental analyses) data on all final compounds were consistent with the proposed structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hegira Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Apartado 47206, Los Chaguaramos, Caracas 1041-A, Venezuela;
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito 170503, Ecuador
- Correspondence: (H.R.); (J.C.); Tel.: +593-97-8706334 (H.R.); +58-412-2359228 (J.C.)
| | - Katiuska Charris
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Apartado 47206, Los Chaguaramos, Caracas 1041-A, Venezuela;
| | | | - Benjamín Nogueda-Torres
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico;
| | - Mario V. Capparelli
- Unidad de Estructura Molecular, Fundación Instituto de Estudios Avanzados (IDEA), Apartado 17606, Caracas 1015-A, Venezuela;
| | - Jorge Ángel
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica y Diseño de Fármacos, Dpto. de Química, Facultad Experimental de Ciencias, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo 4011-A, Venezuela;
| | - Jaime Charris
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Apartado 47206, Los Chaguaramos, Caracas 1041-A, Venezuela;
- Correspondence: (H.R.); (J.C.); Tel.: +593-97-8706334 (H.R.); +58-412-2359228 (J.C.)
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5
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Blanco Z, Mijares MR, Ramírez H, Fernandez-Moreira E, Oviedo HJ, Rodríguez NM, Charris JE. In vitro evaluation and in vivo efficacy of nitroimidazole-sulfanyl ethyl derivatives against Leishmania (V.) braziliensis and Leishmania (L.) mexicana. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:3307-3317. [PMID: 34370070 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07266-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to synthesize several small molecules of the type 5-nitroimidazole-sulfanyl and evaluate biological properties against the main Leishmania species that cause cutaneous leishmaniasis in Venezuela. Final compounds 4-7 were generated through simple nucleophilic substitution of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole 3 with 2-mercaptoethanol, 1-methyl-2-mercaptoethanol, and 2-thyolacetic acid derivative. Compound 8 was synthesized via a coupling reaction between 7 and (S)-Methyl 2-amino-4-methylpentanoate hydrochloride. The inhibitory concentrations of (3, 4, 7, 8) against Leishmania (L.) mexicana and (V.) braziliensis in promastigotes and experimentally infected macrophages were determined by in vitro activity assays. Compounds 7 and 8 shown high activity against both species of Leishmania and were selected for the in vivo evaluation. Animals were infected with promastigotes of the two species and divided into four groups of ten (10) animals and a control group. Intralesional injection way was used for the treatment. The parasitological diagnostic after treatment was obtained by PCR using species specific oligonucleotides. The two Leishmania species were susceptible to compounds 7 and 8 in vivo assays. The results indicated that both compounds reduce significantly (96%) the size of the lesion and cure 63% of the mice infected with L (L) mexicana or L (V) braziliensis as was determined by PCR. The results are indicating that both compounds may represent an alternative treatment for these two Leishmania species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuleima Blanco
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Central University of Venezuela, Los Chaguaramos 1041-A, Caracas, 47206, Venezuela
| | - Michael R Mijares
- Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Central University of Venezuela, Los Chaguaramos 1041-A, Caracas, 47206, Venezuela
| | - Hegira Ramírez
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Central University of Venezuela, Los Chaguaramos 1041-A, Caracas, 47206, Venezuela.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Henry J Oviedo
- Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Central University of Venezuela, 1010-A, 4043, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Noris M Rodríguez
- Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Central University of Venezuela, 1010-A, 4043, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Jaime E Charris
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Central University of Venezuela, Los Chaguaramos 1041-A, Caracas, 47206, Venezuela.
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Pulgar-Sánchez M, Chamorro K, Fors M, Mora FX, Ramírez H, Fernandez-Moreira E, Ballaz SJ. Biomarkers of severe COVID-19 pneumonia on admission using data-mining powered by common laboratory blood tests-datasets. Comput Biol Med 2021; 136:104738. [PMID: 34391001 PMCID: PMC8349478 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the epidemiological COVID-19 research, artificial intelligence is a unique approach to make predictions about disease severity to manage COVID-19 patients. A limitation of artificial intelligence is, however, the high risk of bias. We investigated the skill of data mining and machine learning, two advanced forms of artificial intelligence, to predict severe COVID-19 pneumonia based on routine laboratory tests. A sample of 4009 COVID-19 patients was divided into Severe (PaO2< 60 mmHg, 489 cases) and Non-Severe (PaO2 ≥ 60 mmHg, 3520 cases) groups according to blood hypoxemia on admission and their laboratory datasets analyzed by the R software and WEKA workbench. After curation, data were processed for the selection of the most influential features including hemogram, pCO2, blood acid-base balance, prothrombin time, inflammation biomarkers, and glucose. The best fit of variables was successfully confirmed by either the Multilayer Perceptron, a feedforward neural network algorithm that performed machine recognition of severe COVID-19 with 96.5% precision, or by the C4.5 software, a supervised learning algorithm based on an objective-predefined variable (severity) that generated a decision tree with 89.4% precision. Finally, a complex bivariate Pearson's correlation matrix combined with advanced hierarchical clustering (dendrograms) were conducted for knowledge discovery. The hidden structure of the datasets revealed shift patterns related to the development of COVID-19-induced pneumonia that involved the lymphocyte-to-C-reactive protein and leukocyte-to-C-protein ratios, neutrophil %, pH and pCO2. The data mining approaches to the hematological fluctuations associated with severe COVID-19 pneumonia could not only anticipate adverse clinical outcomes, but also reveal putative therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Pulgar-Sánchez
- Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas e Ingeniería. Universidad Yachay Tech, Urcuquí, Ecuador
| | - Kevin Chamorro
- Escuela de Matemáticas y Ciencias Computacionales. Universidad Yachay Tech, Urcuquí, Ecuador; Universidad Técnica Del Norte, Ibarra, Ecuador
| | - Martha Fors
- Escuela de Medicina; Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Hégira Ramírez
- Escuela de Medicina; Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Santiago J Ballaz
- Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas e Ingeniería. Universidad Yachay Tech, Urcuquí, Ecuador; Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondón, Ecuador.
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Charris KE, Rodrigues JR, Ramírez H, Fernandez-Moreira E, Ángel JE, Charris JE. Synthesis of 5H-indeno[1,2-b]pyridine derivatives: Antiproliferative and antimetastatic activities against two human prostate cancer cell lines. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2021; 354:e2100092. [PMID: 33928662 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202100092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the direct synthesis of 2-amino-4-(phenylsubstituted)-5H-indeno[1,2-b]pyridine-3-carbonitrile derivatives 5-21, through sequential multicomponent reaction of aromatic aldehydes, malononitrile, and 1-indanone in the presence of ammonium acetate and acetic acid (catalytic). The biological study showed that compound 10 significantly impeded proliferation of the cell lines PC-3, LNCaP, and MatLyLu. The antimetastatic effects of compound 10 could be related with inhibition of MMP9 in the PC-3 and LNCaP human cell lines. On the basis of a study of the structure-activity relationship of these compounds, we propose that the presence of two methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 of the indeno nucleus and a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy phenyl substitution pattern at position 4 of the pyridine ring is decisive for these types of molecules to exert very good antiproliferative and antimetastatic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katiuska E Charris
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Juan R Rodrigues
- Departamento de Tecnología de Procesos Biológicos y Bioquímicos, División de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Hegira Ramírez
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Jorge E Ángel
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Design and Pharmacological Evaluation of New Products, Experimental Faculty of Science, Central University of Venezuela, Zulia University, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Jaime E Charris
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
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8
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Ortega-Paredes D, Larrea-Álvarez C, Herrera M, Fernandez-Moreira E, Larrea-Álvarez M. Assessing knowledge of genetics in undergraduate students in Quito, Ecuador. F1000Res 2019; 8:290. [PMID: 31508211 PMCID: PMC6719661 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.18394.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of genetics is crucial for understanding genetic and genomic tests and for interpreting personal genomic information. Despite this relevance, no data are available about the level of knowledge of genetics in an Ecuadorian population. This investigation sought to survey such knowledge in undergraduate students affiliated with private and public institutions in Quito, the capital city of Ecuador. A total of 350 individuals responded to a validated questionnaire measuring knowledge of genetics. Scores ranged from 45% to 87% (mean: 66.8%), and students achieved slightly better results when asked about genetics and diseases (mean score: 68.3%) than when asked about genetic facts (mean score: 64.9%). Additionally, no significant differences in performance were found among students from private and public institutions. Surprisingly, the lower score obtained (45%) was from a question about how chromosomes are passed to the next generation. The highly educated status of the surveyed population could explain the overall results; nonetheless, the possibility that the correct responses were given by chance cannot be ignored. Therefore, the actual knowledge of genetics among the participants might be different than that revealed by the percentages of correct answers. Consequently, to achieve the goal of ensuring informed decision-making concerning genetic and genomic tests, it seems evident that the national education programs of Ecuador require improvement in the teaching of genetic concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ortega-Paredes
- Medicine School, Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Udlapark, Via a Nayón, Quito, 170124, Ecuador.,Education Unit, Life Science Initiative, Julian Estrella, Quito, 170607, Ecuador
| | - César Larrea-Álvarez
- Education Unit, Life Science Initiative, Julian Estrella, Quito, 170607, Ecuador
| | - Michelle Herrera
- Medicine School, Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Udlapark, Via a Nayón, Quito, 170124, Ecuador
| | | | - Marco Larrea-Álvarez
- Education Unit, Life Science Initiative, Julian Estrella, Quito, 170607, Ecuador.,School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Yachay-Tech University, Hacienda San José, Urcuquí, Imbabura, 100650, Ecuador
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Seeger EM, Thuma M, Fernandez-Moreira E, Jacobs E, Schmitz M, Helbig JH. Lipopolysaccharide of Legionella pneumophila shed in a liquid culture as a nonvesicular fraction arrests phagosome maturation in amoeba and monocytic host cells. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2010; 307:113-9. [PMID: 20636972 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2010.01976.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
After uptake by susceptible host cells, Legionella pneumophila displays the ability to arrest phagolysosome fusion. To elucidate the role of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in this mechanism, we investigated its influence on Acanthamoeba castellanii, A/J mouse macrophages and human monocytes. For this, legionellae were cultured in broth to the replicative, noninfectious phase or to the infectious phase expressing virulence traits. Shed LPS-enriched outer membrane vesicles (OMV) and LPS species <300 kDa were obtained from L. pneumophila Corby strains possessing the virulence-associated LPS epitope recognized by monoclonal antibody (MAb) 3/1 and its mutant TF 3/1, which has lost this epitope due to a mutation in the lag-1 gene. The shed LPS components were attached by specific antibodies to latex beads and added to the host cells for phagocytosis. We demonstrated for the first time that evasion of lysosomal degradation of phagosomes for up to 5 h can also be set off by LPS that is not tied up in OMV. Moreover, our cell culture models showed that the influence of MAb 3/1-positive and -negative LPS was identical. Our data clearly substantiate that LPS is an independent factor for evading lysosomal degradation, which is independent of the bacterial expression of known virulence traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Seeger
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Faculty of the Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Abstract
When cultured in broth to the transmissive phase, Legionella pneumophila infects macrophages by inhibiting phagosome maturation, whereas replicative-phase cells are transported to the lysosomes. Here we report that the ability of L. pneumophila to inhibit phagosome-lysosome fusion correlated with developmentally regulated modifications of the pathogen's surface, as judged by its lipopolysaccharide profile and by its binding to a sialic acid-specific lectin and to the hydrocarbon hexadecane. Likewise, the composition of membrane vesicles shed by L. pneumophila was developmentally regulated, based on binding to the lectin and to the lipopolysaccharide-specific monoclonal antibody 3/1. Membrane vesicles were sufficient to inhibit phagosome-lysosome fusion by a mechanism independent of type IV secretion, since only approximately 25% of beads suspended with or coated by vesicles from transmissive phase wild type or dotA secretion mutants colocalized with lysosomal probes, whereas approximately 75% of beads were lysosomal when untreated or presented with vesicles from the L. pneumophila letA regulatory mutant or E. coli. As observed previously for L. pneumophila infection of mouse macrophages, vesicles inhibited phagosome-lysosome fusion only temporarily; by 10 h after treatment with vesicles, macrophages delivered approximately 72% of ingested beads to lysosomes. Accordingly, in the context of the epidemiology of the pneumonia Legionnaires' disease and virulence mechanisms of Leishmania and Mycobacteria, we discuss a model here in which L. pneumophila developmentally regulates its surface composition and releases vesicles into phagosomes that inhibit their fusion with lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Fernandez-Moreira
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0620, Institut Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Medical Faculty TU Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Juergen H. Helbig
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0620, Institut Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Medical Faculty TU Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michele S. Swanson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0620, Institut Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Medical Faculty TU Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
- Corresponding author. Mailing address: University of Michigan Medical School, 6734 Medical Sciences Building II, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0620. Phone: (734) 647-7295. Fax: (734) 764-3562. E-mail:
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Abstract
Humans live in harmony with much of the microbial world, thanks to a sophisticated immune system. As the first line of defense, macrophages engulf, digest, and display foreign material, then recruit specialists to eliminate potential threats. Yet infiltrators exist: certain fungi, viruses, parasites, and bacteria thrive within sentinel macrophages. By scrutinizing the life styles of these shrewd microbes, we can deduce how macrophages routinely mount an effective immune response. The bimorphic life cycles of three pathogens have dramatic consequences for phagosome traffic. In the transmissible state, Leishmania spp., Coxiella burnetii, and Legionella pneumophila block phagosome maturation; after a pregnant pause, replicative forms emerge and thrive in lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele S Swanson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0620, USA.
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Fernandez-Moreira E, Balas D, Gonzalez I, de la Campa AG. Fluoroquinolones inhibit preferentially Streptococcus pneumoniae DNA topoisomerase IV than DNA gyrase native proteins. Microb Drug Resist 2001; 6:259-67. [PMID: 11272253 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2000.6.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The genes encoding the subunits of DNA topoisomerase IV (parC and parE) and DNA gyrase (gyrA and gyrB) of Streptococcus pneumoniae were cloned and overproduced in Escherichia coli by using the T7promoter-T7 RNA polymerase system. The four subunits were separately purified to near homogeneity by column chromatography. Protein purification was achieved by DEAE-sepharose, heparin-agarose, and hydroxylapatite chromatography. DNA topoisomerase IV was reconstituted when ParC and ParE were combined at a 3.8-fold excess of ParE. The reconstituted topoisomerase IV showed to generate efficient ATP-dependent DNA decatenation activity. The DNA gyrase ATP-dependent supercoiling activity was reconstituted by mixing equimolar amounts of the two gyrase subunits. The inhibitory effects of four representative fluoroquinolones on the DNA decatenation activity of topoisomerase IV and DNA supercoiling of gyrase have been examined and compared. All four compounds were more active in inhibiting topoisomerase IV than gyrase. Moreover, there was a positive correlation between the inhibitory activity against topoisomerase IV decatenation and DNA gyrase supercoiling. The classification of the four fluoroquinolones, considering their inhibitory activities in decatenation, supercoiling and growth was the following: clinafloxacin > trovafloxacin > sparfloxacin > ciprofloxacin. These results suggest these drugs primarily target topoisomerase IV of S. pneumoniae, and gyrase secondarily, in agreement with genetic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fernandez-Moreira
- Unidad de Genética Bacteriana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Centro Nacional de Biologia Fundamental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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