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Wierenga JR, Grimwood RM, Taylor HS, Hunter S, Argilla LS, Webster T, Lim L, French R, Schultz H, Jorge F, Bostina M, Burga L, Swindells-Wallace P, Holmes EC, McInnes K, Morgan KJ, Geoghegan JL. Total infectome investigation of diphtheritic stomatitis in yellow-eyed penguins (Megadyptes antipodes) reveals a novel and abundant megrivirus. Vet Microbiol 2023; 286:109895. [PMID: 37890432 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
First identified in 2002, diphtheritic stomatitis (DS) is a devastating disease affecting yellow-eyed penguins (Megadyptes antipodes, or hoiho in te reo Māori). The disease is associated with oral lesions in chicks and has caused significant morbidity and mortality. DS is widespread among yellow-eyed penguin chicks on mainland New Zealand yet appears to be absent from the subantarctic population. Corynebacterium spp. have previously been suspected as causative agents yet, due to inconsistent cultures and inconclusive pathogenicity, their role in DS is unclear. Herein, we used a metatranscriptomic approach to identify potential causative agents of DS by revealing the presence and abundance of all viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa - together, the infectome. Oral and cloacal swab samples were collected from presymptomatic, symptomatic and recovered chicks along with a control group of healthy adults. Two novel viruses from the Picornaviridae were identified, one of which - yellow-eyed penguin megrivirus - was highly abundant in chicks irrespective of health status but not detected in healthy adults. Tissue from biopsied oral lesions also tested positive for the novel megrivirus upon PCR. We found no overall clustering among bacteria, protozoa and fungi communities at the genus level across samples, although Paraclostridium bifermentans was significantly more abundant in oral microbiota of symptomatic chicks compared to other groups. The detection of a novel and highly abundant megrivirus has sparked a new line of inquiry to investigate its potential association with DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle R Wierenga
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Wildbase, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, New Zealand
| | - Rebecca M Grimwood
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Harry S Taylor
- Biodiversity Group, Department of Conservation/Te Papa Atawhai, New Zealand; Diagnostic and Surveillance Services, Biosecurity New Zealand, Ministry for Primary Industries, New Zealand
| | - Stuart Hunter
- Wildbase, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, New Zealand
| | - Lisa S Argilla
- Wildlife Hospital, Dunedin, Otago Polytechnic School of Veterinary Nursing, New Zealand
| | | | - Lauren Lim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Rebecca French
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Hendrik Schultz
- Biodiversity Group, Department of Conservation/Te Papa Atawhai, New Zealand
| | - Fátima Jorge
- Otago Micro and Nano Imaging, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Mihnea Bostina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Laura Burga
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Edward C Holmes
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Kate McInnes
- Biodiversity Group, Department of Conservation/Te Papa Atawhai, New Zealand
| | - Kerri J Morgan
- Wildbase, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, New Zealand
| | - Jemma L Geoghegan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand.
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Salloum PM, Jorge F, Poulin R. Different trematode parasites in the same snail host: Species-specific or shared microbiota? Mol Ecol 2023; 32:5414-5428. [PMID: 37615348 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The concept that microbes associated with macroorganisms evolve as a unit has swept evolutionary ecology. However, this idea is controversial due to factors such as imperfect vertical transmission of microbial lineages and high microbiome variability among conspecific individuals of the same population. Here, we tested several predictions regarding the microbiota of four trematodes (Galactosomum otepotiense, Philophthalmus attenuatus, Acanthoparyphium sp. and Maritrema novaezealandense) that parasitize the same snail host population. We predicted that each parasite species would harbour a distinct microbiota, with microbial composition similarity decreasing with increasing phylogenetic distance among parasite species. We also predicted that trematode species co-infecting the same individual host would influence each other's microbiota. We detected significant differences in alpha and beta diversity, as well as differential abundance, in the microbiota of the four trematode species. We found no evidence that phylogenetically closely related trematodes had more similar microbiota. We also uncovered indicator bacterial taxa that were significantly associated with each trematode species. Trematode species sharing the same snail host showed evidence of mostly one-sided bacterial exchanges, with the microbial community of one species approaching that of the other. We hypothesize that natural selection acting on specific microbial lineages may be important to maintain differences in horizontally acquired microbes, with vertical transmission also playing a role. In particular, one trematode species had a more consistent and diverse bacteriota than the others, potentially a result of stronger stabilizing pressures. We conclude that species-specific processes shape microbial community assembly in different trematodes exploiting the same host population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fátima Jorge
- Otago Micro and Nano Imaging, Electron Microscopy Unit, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Salloum PM, Jorge F, Dheilly NM, Poulin R. Adoption of alternative life cycles in a parasitic trematode is linked to microbiome differences. Biol Lett 2023; 19:20230091. [PMID: 37282491 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2023.0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
For parasites with complex multi-host life cycles, the facultative truncation of the cycle represents an adaptation to challenging conditions for transmission. However, why certain individuals are capable of abbreviating their life cycle while other conspecifics are not remains poorly understood. Here, we test whether conspecific trematodes that either follow the normal three-host life cycle or skip their final host by reproducing precociously (via progenesis) in an intermediate host differ in the composition of their microbiomes. Characterization of bacterial communities based on sequencing of the V4 hypervariable region of the 16S SSU rRNA gene revealed that the same bacterial taxa occur in both normal and progenetic individuals, independent of host identity and temporal variation. However, all bacterial phyla recorded in our study, and two-thirds of bacterial families, differed in abundance between the two morphs, with some achieving higher abundance in the normal morph and others in the progenetic morph. Although the evidence is purely correlative, our results reveal a weak association between microbiome differences and intraspecific plasticity in life cycle pathways. Advances in functional genomics and experimental microbiome manipulation will allow future tests of the significance of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fátima Jorge
- Otago Micro and Nano Imaging, Electron Microscopy Unit, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Nolwenn M Dheilly
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- ANSES, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail - Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, Unité Génétique Virale de Biosécurité, 22440, Ploufragan, France
| | - Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
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Jorge F, Dheilly NM, Froissard C, Poulin R. Association between parasite microbiomes and caste development and colony structure in a social trematode. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:5608-5617. [PMID: 36004565 PMCID: PMC9826137 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Division of labour through the formation of morphologically and functionally distinct castes is a recurring theme in the evolution of animal sociality. The mechanisms driving the differentiation of individuals into distinct castes remain poorly understood, especially for animals forming clonal colonies. We test the association between microbiomes and caste formation within the social trematode Philophthalmus attenuatus, using a metabarcoding approach targeting the bacterial 16S SSU rRNA gene. Clonal colonies of this trematode within snail hosts comprise large reproductive individuals which produce dispersal stages, and small, non-reproducing soldiers which defend the colony against invaders. In colonies extracted directly from field-collected snails, reproductives harboured more diverse bacterial communities than soldiers, and reproductives and soldiers harboured distinct bacterial communities, at all taxonomic levels considered. No single bacterial taxon showed high enough prevalence in either soldiers or reproductives to be singled out as a key driver, indicating that the whole microbial community contributes to these differences. Other colonies were experimentally exposed to antibiotics to alter their bacterial communities, and sampled shortly after treatment and weeks later after allowing for turnover of colony members. At those time points, bacterial communities of the two castes still differed across all antibiotic treatments; however, the caste ratio within colonies changed: after antibiotic disruption and turnover of individuals, new individuals were more likely to become reproductives than in undisturbed control colonies. Our results reveal that each caste has a distinct microbiome; whether the social context affects the microbiota, or whether microbes contribute to modulating the phenotype of individuals, remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Jorge
- Otago Micro and Nano Imaging, Electron Microscopy UnitUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Nolwenn M. Dheilly
- School of Marine and Atmospheric SciencesStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA,Unité Génétique Virale de Biosécurité, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail ‐ Laboratoire de Ploufragan‐PlouzanéANSESPloufraganFrance
| | | | - Robert Poulin
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
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Poulin R, Jorge F, Salloum PM. Inter-individual variation in parasite manipulation of host phenotype: A role for parasite microbiomes? J Anim Ecol 2022; 92:807-812. [PMID: 35748637 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in host phenotype induced by metazoan parasites are widespread in nature, yet the underlying mechanisms and the sources of intraspecific variation in the extent of those alterations remain poorly understood. In light of the microbiome revolution sweeping through ecology and evolutionary biology, we hypothesise that the composition of symbiotic microbial communities living within individual parasites influences the nature and extent of their effect on host phenotype. The interests of both the parasite and its symbionts are aligned through the latter's vertical transmission, favouring joint contributions to the manipulation of host phenotype. Our hypothesis can explain the variation in the extent to which parasites alter host phenotype, as microbiome composition varies among individual parasites. We propose two non-exclusive approaches to test the hypothesis, furthering the integration of microbiomes into studies of host-parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Fátima Jorge
- Otago Micro and Nano Imaging, Electron Microscopy Unit, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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6
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Jorge F, Dheilly NM, Froissard C, Wainwright E, Poulin R. Consistency of Bacterial Communities in a Parasitic Worm: Variation Throughout the Life Cycle and Across Geographic Space. Microb Ecol 2022; 83:724-738. [PMID: 34136952 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01774-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microbial communities within metazoans are increasingly linked with development, health and behaviour, possibly functioning as integrated evolutionary units with the animal in which they live. This would require microbial communities to show some consistency both ontogenetically (across life stages) and geographically (among populations). We characterise the bacteriome of the parasitic trematode Philophthalmus attenuatus, which undergoes major life cycle transitions, and test whether its bacteriome remains consistent on developmental and spatial scales. Based on sequencing the prokaryotic 16S SSU rRNA gene, we compared the parasite bacteriome (i) across three life stages (rediae in snails, cercariae exiting snails, adults in birds) in one locality and (ii) among three geographic localities for rediae only. We found that each life stage harbours a bacteriome different from that of its host (except the adult stage) and the external environment. Very few bacterial taxa were shared among life stages, suggesting substantial ontogenetic turnover in bacteriome composition. Rediae from the three different localities also had different bacteriomes, with dissimilarities increasing with geographical distance. However, rediae from different localities nevertheless shared more bacterial taxa than did different life stages from the same locality. Changes in the bacteriome along the parasite's developmental history but some degree of geographical stability within a given life stage point toward non-random, stage-specific acquisition, selection and/or propagation of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Jorge
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Nolwenn M Dheilly
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- ANSES, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de L'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail - Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, Unité Génétique Virale de Biosécurité, Ploufragan, France
| | - Céline Froissard
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Eleanor Wainwright
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
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7
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Jorge F, Brealey JC, Brindley PJ, Buysse M, Cantacessi C, Duron O, Fichorova R, Fitzpatrick CR, Hahn M, Hunter C, Hervé V, Knoll LJ, Kohl KD, Lalle M, Lukeš J, Martínez JM, Perkins SL, Poulin R, Rosario K, Schneider AC, Schriml LM, Thompson LR, Walls RL, Dheilly NM. MIxS-SA: a MIxS extension defining the minimum information standard for sequence data from symbiont-associated micro-organisms. ISME Commun 2022; 2:9. [PMID: 37938691 PMCID: PMC9723553 DOI: 10.1038/s43705-022-00092-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The symbiont-associated (SA) environmental package is a new extension to the minimum information about any (x) sequence (MIxS) standards, established by the Parasite Microbiome Project (PMP) consortium, in collaboration with the Genomics Standard Consortium. The SA was built upon the host-associated MIxS standard, but reflects the nestedness of symbiont-associated microbiota within and across host-symbiont-microbe interactions. This package is designed to facilitate the collection and reporting of a broad range of metadata information that apply to symbionts such as life history traits, association with one or multiple host organisms, or the nature of host-symbiont interactions along the mutualism-parasitism continuum. To better reflect the inherent nestedness of all biological systems, we present a novel feature that allows users to co-localize samples, to nest a package within another package, and to identify replicates. Adoption of the MIxS-SA and of the new terms will facilitate reports of complex sampling design from a myriad of environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Jorge
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - Jaelle C Brealey
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Paul J Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, D.C, 20037, USA
| | - Marie Buysse
- MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut pour la Recherche et le Développement (IRD) - Université de Montpellier (UM), Montpellier, France
- CREES (Centre de Recherche en Écologie et Évolution de la Santé), Montpellier, France
| | - Cinzia Cantacessi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Olivier Duron
- MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut pour la Recherche et le Développement (IRD) - Université de Montpellier (UM), Montpellier, France
- CREES (Centre de Recherche en Écologie et Évolution de la Santé), Montpellier, France
| | - Raina Fichorova
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Connor R Fitzpatrick
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Megan Hahn
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Long Island City, NY, USA
| | | | - Vincent Hervé
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS-Université de Tours, Avenue Monge, Parc Grandmont, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Laura J Knoll
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kevin D Kohl
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Marco Lalle
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Foodborne and Neglected Parasitic Diseases; European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasite, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, and Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | | | - Susan L Perkins
- Department of Biology, The City College of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Karyna Rosario
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, Saint Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Adam C Schneider
- Biology and Health Sciences Department, Hendrix College, Conway, AR, USA
| | - Lynn M Schriml
- Institute for Genome Sciences, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Luke R Thompson
- Northern Gulf Institute, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
- Ocean Chemistry and Ecosystems Division, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Miami, FL, 33149, USA
| | - Ramona L Walls
- Data Collaboration Center, Critical Path Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Nolwenn M Dheilly
- ANSES, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail - Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, Unité Génétique Virale de Biosécurité, Ploufragan, France.
- Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR VIROLOGIE, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France.
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Hahn MA, Piecyk A, Jorge F, Cerrato R, Kalbe M, Dheilly NM. Host phenotype and microbiome vary with infection status, parasite genotype, and parasite microbiome composition. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:1577-1594. [PMID: 35000227 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A growing literature demonstrates the impact of helminths on their host gut microbiome. We investigated whether the stickleback host microbiome depends on eco-evolutionary variables by testing the impact of exposure to the cestode parasite Schistocephalus solidus with respect to infection success, host genotype, parasite genotype, and parasite microbiome composition. We observed constitutive differences in the microbiome of sticklebacks of different origin, and those differences increased when sticklebacks exposed to the parasite resisted infection. In contrast, the microbiome of successfully infected sticklebacks varied with parasite genotype. More specifically, we revealed that the association between microbiome and immune gene expression increased in infected individuals and varied with parasite genotype. In addition, we showed that S. solidus hosts a complex endo- microbiome and that bacterial abundance in the parasite correlates with expression of host immune genes. Within this comprehensive analysis we demonstrated that (i) parasites contribute to modulating the host microbiome through both successful and unsuccessful infection, (ii) when infection is successful, the host microbiome varies with parasite genotype due to genotype-dependent variation in parasite immunomodulation, and (iii) the parasite-associated microbiome is distinct from its host's and impacts the host immune response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Hahn
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Agnes Piecyk
- Evolutionary Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany.,Evolutionary Ecology of Marine Fishes, GEOMAR Helmholtz, Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany
| | - Fátima Jorge
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Robert Cerrato
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Martin Kalbe
- Evolutionary Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany.,Evolutionary Ecology of Marine Fishes, GEOMAR Helmholtz, Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany
| | - Nolwenn M Dheilly
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,ANSES, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail - Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, Unité Génétique Virale de Biosécurité, Ploufragan, France.,UMR 1161 Virology ANSES/INRAE/ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, 94704, Maisons-Alfort, France
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9
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Jorge F, Froissard C, Dheilly NM, Poulin R. Bacterial community dynamics following antibiotic exposure in a trematode parasite. Int J Parasitol 2021; 52:265-274. [PMID: 34863802 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parasites harbour rich microbial communities that may play a role in host-parasite interactions, from influencing the parasite's infectivity to modulating its virulence. Experimental manipulation of a parasite's microbes would be essential, however, in order to establish their causal role. Here, we tested whether indirect exposure of a trematode parasite within its snail intermediate host to a variety of antibiotics could alter its bacterial community. Based on sequencing the prokaryotic 16S ssrRNA gene, we characterised and compared the bacterial community of the trematode Philophthalmus attenuatus before, shortly after, and weeks after exposure to different antibiotics (penicillin, colistin, gentamicin) with distinct activity spectra. Our findings revealed that indirectly treating the parasites by exposing their snail host to antibiotics resulted in changes to their bacterial communities, measured as their diversity, taxonomic composition, and/or the relative abundance of certain taxa. However, alterations to the parasite's bacterial community were not always as predicted from the activity spectrum of the antibiotic used. Furthermore, the bacterial communities of the parasites followed significantly divergent trajectories in the days post-exposure to antibiotics, but later converged toward a new state, i.e. a new bacterial community structure different from that pre-exposure. Our results confirm that a trematode's microbial community can be experimentally altered by antibiotic exposure while within its snail host, with the dynamic nature of the bacterial assemblage driving it to a new state over time after the perturbation. This research opens new possibilities for future experimental investigations of the functional roles of microbes in host-parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Jorge
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Céline Froissard
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Nolwenn M Dheilly
- ANSES, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail - Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, Unité Génétique Virale de Biosécurité, Ploufragan, France; UMR 1161 Virology ANSES/INRAE/ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
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Doherty JF, Filion A, Bennett J, Raj Bhattarai U, Chai X, de Angeli Dutra D, Donlon E, Jorge F, Milotic M, Park E, Sabadel AJM, Thomas LJ, Poulin R. The people vs science: can passively crowdsourced internet data shed light on host-parasite interactions? Parasitology 2021; 148:1313-1319. [PMID: 34103103 PMCID: PMC11010187 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021000962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Every internet search query made out of curiosity by anyone who observed something in nature, as well as every photo uploaded to the internet, constitutes a data point of potential use to scientists. Researchers have now begun to exploit the vast online data accumulated through passive crowdsourcing for studies in ecology and epidemiology. Here, we demonstrate the usefulness of iParasitology, i.e. the use of internet data for tests of parasitological hypotheses, using hairworms (phylum Nematomorpha) as examples. These large worms are easily noticeable by people in general, and thus likely to generate interest on the internet. First, we show that internet search queries (collated with Google Trends) and photos uploaded to the internet (specifically, to the iNaturalist platform) point to parts of North America with many sightings of hairworms by the public, but few to no records in the scientific literature. Second, we demonstrate that internet searches predict seasonal peaks in hairworm abundance that accurately match scientific data. Finally, photos uploaded to the internet by non-scientists can provide reliable data on the host taxa that hairworms most frequently parasitize, and also identify hosts that appear to have been neglected by scientific studies. Our findings suggest that for any parasite group likely to be noticeable by non-scientists, information accumulating through internet search activity, photo uploads, social media or any other format available online, represents a valuable source of data that can complement traditional scientific data sources in parasitology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antoine Filion
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jerusha Bennett
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Xuhong Chai
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Erica Donlon
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Fátima Jorge
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Marin Milotic
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Eunji Park
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Leighton J. Thomas
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Poulin R, Bennett J, Filion A, Bhattarai UR, Chai X, de Angeli Dutra D, Donlon E, Doherty JF, Jorge F, Milotic M, Park E, Sabadel A, Thomas LJ. iParasitology: Mining the Internet to Test Parasitological Hypotheses. Trends Parasitol 2021; 37:267-272. [PMID: 33547010 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Digital data (internet queries, page views, social media posts, images) are accumulating online at increasing rates. Tools for compiling these data and extracting their metadata are now readily available. We highlight the possibilities and limitations of internet data to reveal patterns in host-parasite interactions and encourage parasitologists to embrace iParasitology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - Jerusha Bennett
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Antoine Filion
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Xuhong Chai
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Erica Donlon
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Fátima Jorge
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Marin Milotic
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Eunji Park
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Amandine Sabadel
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Leighton J Thomas
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Hay EM, Poulin R, Jorge F. Macroevolutionary dynamics of parasite diversification: A reality check. J Evol Biol 2020; 33:1758-1769. [PMID: 33047407 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parasitism is often invoked as a factor explaining the variation in diversification rates across the tree of life, while also representing up to half of Earth's diversity. Yet, patterns and processes of parasite diversification remain mostly unknown. In this study, we assess the patterns of parasite diversification and specifically determine the role of life-history traits (i.e. life cycle complexity and host range) and major coevolutionary events in driving diversification across eight phylogenetic datasets spanning taxonomically different parasite groups. Aware of the degree of incomplete sampling among all parasite phylogenies, we also tested the impact of sampling bias on estimates of diversification. We show that the patterns and rates of parasite diversification differ among taxa according to life cycle complexity and to some extent major host transitions. Only directly transmitted parasites were found to be influenced by an effect of major host transitions on diversification rates. Although parasitism may be a main factor responsible for heterogeneity in diversification among the tree of life, the high degree of incomplete parasite phylogenies remains an obstacle when modelling diversification dynamics. Nevertheless, we provide the first comparative test of parasite diversification, revealing some consistent patterns and insight into the processes that shape it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor M Hay
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Fátima Jorge
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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13
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Park E, Jorge F, Poulin R. Shared geographic histories and dispersal contribute to congruent phylogenies between amphipods and their microsporidian parasites at regional and global scales. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:3330-3345. [PMID: 32706932 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In parasites that strongly rely on a host for dispersal, geographic barriers that act on the host will simultaneously influence parasite distribution as well. If their association persists over macroevolutionary time it may result in congruent phylogenetic and phylogeographic patterns due to shared geographic histories. Here, we investigated the level of congruent evolutionary history at a regional and global scale in a highly specialised parasite taxon infecting hosts with limited dispersal abilities: the microsporidians Dictyocoela spp. and their amphipod hosts. Dictyocoela can be transmitted both vertically and horizontally and is the most common microsporidian genus occurring in amphipods in Eurasia. However, little is known about its distribution elsewhere. We started by conducting molecular screening to detect microsporidian parasites in endemic amphipod species in New Zealand; based on phylogenetic analyses, we identified nine species-level microsporidian taxa including six belonging to Dictyocoela. With a distance-based cophylogenetic analysis at the regional scale, we identified overall congruent phylogenies between Paracalliope, the most common New Zealand freshwater amphipod taxon, and their Dictyocoela parasites. Also, hosts and parasites showed similar phylogeographic patterns suggesting shared biogeographic histories. Similarly, at a global scale, phylogenies of amphipod hosts and their Dictyocoela parasites showed broadly congruent phylogenies. The observed patterns may have resulted from covicariance and/or codispersal, suggesting that the intimate association between amphipods and Dictyocoela may have persisted over macroevolutionary time. We highlight that shared biogeographic histories could play a role in the codiversification of hosts and parasites at a macroevolutionary scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunji Park
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Fátima Jorge
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Jorge F, Dheilly NM, Poulin R. Persistence of a Core Microbiome Through the Ontogeny of a Multi-Host Parasite. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:954. [PMID: 32508779 PMCID: PMC7248275 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal microbiomes influence their development, behavior and interactions with other organisms. Parasitic metazoans also harbor microbial communities; although they are likely to modulate host-parasite interactions, little is known about parasite microbiomes. The persistence of microbial communities throughout the life of a parasite is particularly challenging for helminths with complex life cycles. These parasites undergo major morphological changes during their life, and parasitize host species that are immunologically, physiologically, and phylogenetically very different. Here, using 16S amplicon sequencing, we characterize the microbiome of the trematode Coitocaecum parvum across four of its life stages: sporocysts, metacercariae and adults inhabiting (respectively) snails, crustaceans and fish, as well as free-living cercariae. Our results demonstrate that, at each life stage, the parasite possesses a phylogenetically diverse microbiome, distinct from that of its hosts or the external environment. The parasite's microbiome comprises bacterial taxa specific to each life stage in different hosts, as well as a small core set of taxa that persists across the parasite's whole life. The apparent existence of an ontogenetically and vertically transmitted core microbiome is supported by the findings that the diversity and taxonomic composition of the microbiome does not vary significantly among life stages, and that the main source of microbial taxa at any life stage is the previous life stage. Our results suggest that microbes are an integrated component of the trematode, possibly shaping its phenotype and host-parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Jorge
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Nolwenn M. Dheilly
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
- Unité Génétique Virale de Biosécurité, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail, Ploufragan, France
| | - Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Feiner N, Souza-Lima SD, Jorge F, Naem S, Aubret F, Uller T, Nadler SA. Vertical Transmission of a Nematode from Female Lizards to the Brains of Their Offspring. Am Nat 2020; 195:918-926. [PMID: 32364782 DOI: 10.1086/708188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Parasites have evolved a diversity of lifestyles that exploit the biology of their hosts. Some nematodes that parasitize mammals pass via the placenta or milk from one host to another. Similar cases of vertical transmission have never been reported in avian and nonavian reptiles, suggesting that egg laying may constrain the means of parasite transmission. However, here we report the first incidence of transovarial transmission of a previously undescribed nematode in an egg-laying amniote, the common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis). Nematodes enter the developing brain from the female ovary early in embryonic development. Infected lizard embryos develop normally and hatch with nematodes residing in their braincase. We present a morphological and molecular phylogenetic characterization of the nematode and suggest that particular features of lizard biology that are absent from birds and turtles facilitated the evolutionary origin of this novel life history.
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Poulin R, Presswell B, Jorge F. The state of fish parasite discovery and taxonomy: a critical assessment and a look forward. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:733-742. [PMID: 32151615 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to find and characterise new parasite species in fish hosts are crucial not just to complete our inventory of Earth's biodiversity, but also to monitor and mitigate disease threats in fisheries and aquaculture in the face of global climate change. Here, we review recent quantitative assessments of research efforts into fish parasite discovery and taxonomy. We address broad questions including: Are efforts aimed at finding new parasite species targeted at geographical hotspots of fish biodiversity, where there should be more parasite species to be found? Is the application of molecular tools to study parasite genetic diversity deployed strategically across regions of the world, or focused disproportionately on certain areas? How well coordinated is the search for new parasite species of fish among workers specialising on different higher helminth taxa? Are parasite discovery efforts in any geographical area consistent over time, or subject to idiosyncrasies due to the waxing and waning of highly prolific research careers? Is the quality of taxonomic descriptions of new species improving over time, with the incorporation of new tools to characterise species? Are taxonomic descriptions moving away from a focus on the adult stage only toward attempts to characterise the full life cycle of newly-discovered helminth species? By using empirical evidence to answer these questions, we assess the current state of research into fish parasite discovery and taxonomy. We also explore the far-reaching implications of recent research on parasite microbiomes for parasite taxonomy. We end with recommendations aimed at maximising the knowledge gained per fish sacrificed, and per dollar and time invested into research on fish parasite biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Bronwen Presswell
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Fátima Jorge
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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Jorge F, Poulin R. Poor geographical match between the distributions of host diversity and parasite discovery effort. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 285:rspb.2018.0072. [PMID: 29848643 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mapping global parasite diversity is crucial to identify geographical hotspots of emerging disease, and guide public health and conservation efforts. In principle, assuming a bottom-up coupling between the diversity of resources and consumers, the geographical distribution of parasite diversity should match that of host diversity. We test the expected spatial congruence between host and parasite diversity for helminth parasites of vertebrate hosts, across grid cells of a global map. Using high-resolution databases on host species distributions and newly compiled data on the geographical distribution of parasite species discovery, we found positive covariation between host species richness and the number of parasite species discovered, for all vertebrate groups, regardless of the analytical method used, spatial autocorrelation, and spatial resolution. However, all associations were very weak, indicating a poor match between host species richness and parasite species discovery. The research deficit in parasite discovery peaks in areas corresponding to hotspots of host diversity, where disproportionately fewer new parasites are discovered than expected based on local host richness. This spatially biased research effort prevents a full inventory of parasite biodiversity, and impedes predictions of where new diseases may emerge. The host taxon-specific maps we produced, however, can guide future efforts to uncover parasite biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Jorge
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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Poulin R, Hay E, Jorge F. Taxonomic and geographic bias in the genetic study of helminth parasites. Int J Parasitol 2019; 49:429-435. [PMID: 30797772 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The use of genetic information is now fundamental in parasite taxonomy and systematics, for resolving parasite phylogenies, discovering cryptic species, and elucidating patterns of gene flow among parasite populations. The accumulation of available gene sequences per geographical area or per parasite taxonomic group is likely proportional to species richness, but not without some biases. Certain areas and certain taxonomic groups receive more research effort than others, possibly causing a deficit in the relative number of parasite species being characterized genetically in some areas or taxonomic groups. Here, we use data on the number of parasite records per country or helminth family from the London Natural History Museum host-parasite database, and matching data on the number of gene sequences available from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) GenBank database, to determine how available gene sequences scale with species richness across countries or parasitic helminth families. Our quantitative analysis identified countries/regions of the world and helminth families that have received the most effort in genetic research. More importantly, it allowed us to generate lists (based on residuals from the statistical model) of the 20 countries/regions and the 20 helminth families with the largest deficit in available gene sequences relative to their helminth species richness. We propose these lists as useful guides toward future allocation of effort to maximise advances in parasite biodiscovery, systematics and population structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Eleanor Hay
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Fátima Jorge
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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Wallis GP, Jorge F. Going under down under? Lineage ages argue for extensive survival of the Oligocene marine transgression on Zealandia. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:4368-4396. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fátima Jorge
- Department of Zoology; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
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Tomé B, Pereira A, Jorge F, Carretero MA, Harris DJ, Perera A. Along for the ride or missing it altogether: exploring the host specificity and diversity of haemogregarines in the Canary Islands. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:190. [PMID: 29554983 PMCID: PMC5859493 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2760-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Host-parasite relationships are expected to be strongly shaped by host specificity, a crucial factor in parasite adaptability and diversification. Because whole host communities have to be considered to assess host specificity, oceanic islands are ideal study systems given their simplified biotic assemblages. Previous studies on insular parasites suggest host range broadening during colonization. Here, we investigate the association between one parasite group (haemogregarines) and multiple sympatric hosts (of three lizard genera: Gallotia, Chalcides and Tarentola) in the Canary Islands. Given haemogregarine characteristics and insular conditions, we hypothesized low host specificity and/or occurrence of host-switching events. Methods A total of 825 samples were collected from the three host taxa inhabiting the seven main islands of the Canarian Archipelago, including locations where the different lizards occurred in sympatry. Blood slides were screened to assess prevalence and parasitaemia, while parasite genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships were inferred from 18S rRNA gene sequences. Results Infection levels and diversity of haplotypes varied geographically and across host groups. Infections were found in all species of Gallotia across the seven islands, in Tarentola from Tenerife, La Gomera and La Palma, and in Chalcides from Tenerife, La Gomera and El Hierro. Gallotia lizards presented the highest parasite prevalence, parasitaemia and diversity (seven haplotypes), while the other two host groups (Chalcides and Tarentola) harbored one haplotype each, with low prevalence and parasitaemia levels, and very restricted geographical ranges. Host-sharing of the same haemogregarine haplotype was only detected twice, but these rare instances likely represent occasional cross-infections. Conclusions Our results suggest that: (i) Canarian haemogregarine haplotypes are highly host-specific, which might have restricted parasite host expansion; (ii) haemogregarines most probably reached the Canary Islands in three colonization events with each host genus; and (iii) the high number of parasite haplotypes infecting Gallotia hosts and their restricted geographical distribution suggest co-diversification. These findings contrast with our expectations derived from results on other insular parasites, highlighting how host specificity depends on parasite characteristics and evolutionary history. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2760-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Tomé
- CIBIO, InBIO - Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal. .,Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ana Pereira
- CIBIO, InBIO - Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal.,Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Jorge
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, 340 Great King Street, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Miguel A Carretero
- CIBIO, InBIO - Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal
| | - D James Harris
- CIBIO, InBIO - Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Ana Perera
- CIBIO, InBIO - Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal
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Jorge F, Perera A, Poulin R, Roca V, Carretero MA. Getting there and around: Host range oscillations during colonization of the Canary Islands by the parasitic nematode Spauligodon. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:533-549. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Jorge
- Department of Zoology; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Ana Perera
- CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources; InBIO; Universidade do Porto; Vila do Conde Portugal
| | - Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Vicente Roca
- Departament de Zoologia; Facultat de Ciències Biològiques; Universitat de València; València Spain
| | - Miguel A. Carretero
- CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources; InBIO; Universidade do Porto; Vila do Conde Portugal
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Tobias ZJC, Jorge F, Poulin R. Life at the beach: comparative phylogeography of a sandhopper and its nematode parasite reveals extreme lack of parasite mtDNA variation. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blx046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Roca V, Jorge F, Ilgaz Ç, Kumlutaș Y, Durmuș SH, Carretero MA. Are the helminth communities from unisexual and bisexual lizards different? Evidence from gastrointestinal parasites of Darevskia spp. in Turkey. ACTA ZOOL ACAD SCI H 2015. [DOI: 10.17109/azh.61.3.6.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Jorge F, Perera A, Roca V, Carretero MA, Harris DJ, Poulin R. Evolution of alternative male morphotypes in oxyurid nematodes: a case of convergence? J Evol Biol 2014; 27:1631-43. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Jorge
- CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO; Universidade do Porto; Vairão Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia; Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
- Department of Zoology; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - A. Perera
- CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO; Universidade do Porto; Vairão Portugal
| | - V. Roca
- Departament de Zoologia; Facultat de Ciències Biològiques; Universitat de València; València Spain
| | - M. A. Carretero
- CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO; Universidade do Porto; Vairão Portugal
| | - D. J. Harris
- CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO; Universidade do Porto; Vairão Portugal
| | - R. Poulin
- Department of Zoology; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
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Carretero MA, Jorge F, Llorente GA, Roca V. Relationships between helminth communities and diet in Canarian lizards: the evidence fromGallotia atlantica(Squamata: Lacertidae). J NAT HIST 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.869366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Harris DJ, Graciá E, Jorge F, Maia JPMC, Perera A, Carretero MA, Giménez A. Molecular Detection ofHemolivia(Apicomplexa: Haemogregarinidae) from Ticks of North AfricanTestudo graeca(Testudines: Testudinidae) and an Estimation of Their Phylogenetic Relationships Using 18S rRNA Sequences. COMP PARASITOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1654/4594.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Jorge F, Perera A, Carretero MA, James Harris D, Roca V. Cryptic species unveiled: the case of the nematode Spauligodon atlanticus. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Jorge
- CIBIO-UP; Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos; Universidade do Porto; Vairão Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia; Faculdade de Ciências da; Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
| | - Ana Perera
- CIBIO-UP; Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos; Universidade do Porto; Vairão Portugal
| | - Miguel A. Carretero
- CIBIO-UP; Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos; Universidade do Porto; Vairão Portugal
| | - D. James Harris
- CIBIO-UP; Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos; Universidade do Porto; Vairão Portugal
| | - Vicente Roca
- Departament de Zoologia; Facultat de Ciències Biològiques; Universitat de València; València Spain
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Jorge F, Carretero MA, Perera A, Harris DJ, Roca V. A New Species of Spauligodon (Nematoda: Oxyurida: Pharyngodonidae) in Geckos from São Nicolau Island (Cape Verde) and Its Phylogenetic Assessment. J Parasitol 2012; 98:160-6. [DOI: 10.1645/ge-2856.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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