Generation of Zebrafish Models of Human Retinitis Pigmentosa Diseases Using CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Gene Editing System

Generating animal models can explore the role of new candidate genes in causing diseases and the pathogenicity of a specific mutation in the underlying genes. These animals can be used to identify new pharmaceutical or genetic therapeutic methods. In the present experiment, we developed a rpe65a knock out (KO) zebrafish as a retinitis pigmentosa (RP) disease model. Using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, the rpe65a gene was KO in zebrafish. Two specific single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) were designed for the zebrafish rpe65a gene. SgRNAs were cloned into the DR274 plasmid and synthesized using in vitro transcription method. The efficiency of Ribonucleoprotein (synthesized sgRNA and recombinant Cas9) was evaluated by in vitro digestion experiment. Ribonucleoprotein complexes were microinjected into one to four-celled eggs of the TU zebrafish strain. The effectiveness of sgRNAs in KO the target gene was determined using the Heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA) and Sanger sequencing. Online software was used to determine the percent of mosaicism in the sequenced samples. By examining the sequences of the larvae that showed a mobility shift in the HMA method, the presence of indels in the binding region of sgRNAs was confirmed, so the zebrafish model for RP disease established. Zebrafish is an ideal animal model for the functional study of various diseases involving different genes and mutations and used for evaluating different therapeutic approaches in human diseases. This study presents the production of rpe65a gene KO zebrafish models using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. This model can be used in RP pathophysiology studies and preclinical gene therapy experiments.

Green synthesis of nano-liposomes containing Bunium persicum and Trachyspermum ammi essential oils against Trichomonasvaginalis

BACKGROUND

Trichomonas vaginalis, a parasitic flagellated protozoan, is one of the main non-viral sexually transmitted diseases worldwide. Treatment options for trichomoniasis are limited to nitroimidazole compounds. However, resistance to these drugs has been reported, which requires the development of new anti-Trichomonas agents that confer suitable efficacy and less toxicity.

METHODS

In the present work, we assessed the effectiveness of the liposomal system containing essential oils of Bunium persicum and Trachyspermum ammi against T. vaginalis in vitro. The chemical composition of B. persicum and T. ammi were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Liposomal vesicles were prepared with phosphatidylcholine) 70%) and cholesterol)30%) using the thin-film method. The essential oils of B. persicum and T. ammi were loaded into the liposomes using the inactive loading method. Liposomal vesicles were made for two plants separately. Their physicochemical features were tested using Zeta-Sizer, AFM and SEM. The anti-Trichomonas activity was determined after 12 and 24 h of parasite cultures in TYI-S-33 medium.

RESULTS

After 12 and 24 h of administration, the IC₅₀ of the B. persicum essential oil nano-liposomes induced 14.41 μg/mL and 45.19 μg/mL, respectively. The IC₅₀ of T. ammi essential oil nano-liposomes induced 8.08 μg/mL and 25.81 μg/mL, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

These data suggested that nano-liposomes of the essential oils of B. persicum and T. ammi may be a promising alternative to current treatments for Trichomonas infection.

Antibacterial and anti-trichomunas characteristics of local landraces of Lawsonia inermis L

Background

Henna (Lawsonia inermis) with anti-bacterial properties has been widely used in traditional medicine especially Persian medicine. Henna oil is suggested for diseases of infectious origin, such as cervical ulcers. Group B Streptococcus agalactiae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and, Trichomonas vaginalis are involved in the infection of women especially cervicitis. Henna grows in dry and tropical regions. The main important landraces of henna landraces are cultivated in Kerman, Sistan and Baluchestan, Hormozgan, and Bushehr provinces in Iran.

Proper use of antimicrobial agents, use of new antimicrobial strategies, and alternative methods, such as herbal methods may help reduce drug resistance in the future. This study’s objective was to investigate the anti-Trichomonas vaginalis activity of three different henna landraces and antimicrobial effects against group B Streptococcus agalactiae and, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Methods

Total phenol content was measured by Folin ciocaltu method. Antibacterial effect of landraces of Henna against P. aeruginosa and S. agalactiae were assayed by well diffusion method and minimal inhibitory concentration assessments were done using the broth micro-dilution technique. Anti-Trichomonas effect of Henna landraces were assayed by Hemocytometery method.

Results

Total phenol content of Shahdad, Rudbar-e-Jonub, and Qaleh Ganj was 206.51, 201.96, and 254.85 μg/ml, respectively. Shahdad, Rudbar-e-Jonub, and Qaleh Ganj had MIC against GBS at 15, 15 and, 4 μg/ml. The growth inhibition diameter of the most effective henna (Shahdad landrace) at a concentration of 20 μg/ml on P. aeruginosa was 2.46 ± 0.15 cm and in the MIC method at a concentration of 5 μg/ml of Shahdad landrace, P. aeruginosa did not grow. IC50 of shahdad Henna after 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h was 7.54, 4.83 and 20.54 μg/ml, respectively. IC50 of Rudbar-e-Jonub extract was 5.76, 3.79 and 5.77 μg/ml in different days. IC50 of Qaleh Ganj extract was 6.09, 4.08 and 5.74 μg/ml in different days.

Conclusions

The amount of total phenol in Qaleh Ganj was higher than the other varieties. In the well diffusion method, Qaleh Ganj was more effective against group B Streptococcus (Gram-positive bacterium) than the other two landraces, and Shahdad landrace was more effective against P. aeruginosa (Gram-negative bacterium) than other. In the MIC method, the same result was obtained as in the well diffusion method, but at a lower concentration.

Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in Kermanshah City, west of Iran

It is estimated that one-third of the world's population is infected with Toxoplasma gondii. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the latest status of toxoplasmosis seroprevalence in the general population and pregnant women in the west of Iran. This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in 2018. Accordingly, data associated with serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis, age, sex, anti-toxoplasmosis IgG and IgM, and pregnancy status in women were collected from 6 health centers of Kermanshah City, the west of Iran, during 2016-2017. In total, 1228 people referred to the health centers in Kermanshah City. Of 1228 people, 359 (29.23%) individuals were seropositive for toxoplasmosis, of them 294 (81.89%) individuals were seropositive only for IgG, and 65 (18.11%) individuals were both IgG and IgM seropositive. The seropositivity in men was 29.3% (n = 63), in women was 29.2% (n = 296), and in pregnant women was 25.9% (n = 44). All individuals were examined using ELISA kit. This study showed that the prevalence of this disease in the west of Iran has been decreased in comparison with the previous studies. Therefore, regular epidemiological studies of in different regions seem to be necessary in order to conclude on the decrease or increase trend of this disease in an area.

Cytogenetic Studies of 608 Couples with Recurrent Spontaneous Abortions in Northeastern Iran

Background & Objective:

One of the major genetic causes of recurrent spontaneous abortions is parental chromosomal abnormalities. The objectives of the study were to determine, compare and analyze the incidence and distribution of chromosomal abnormalities in couples with recurrent miscarriages from Northeastern Iran.

Methods:

This study was conducted at Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad, Iran. We evaluated karyotype results of 608 couples with history of recurrent spontaneous abortion. The standard method was used for culturing peripheral venous blood lymphocytes.

Results:

Chromosome aberrations were detected in 43 patients (3.54%), including 25 females and 18 males. Structural chromosomal abnormality was detected in 40 cases, including balanced translocations (25 cases), robertsonian translocations (4 cases), inversions (10 cases) and numerical chromosome aberrations (3 cases). Polymorphic variants were observed in 22 individuals.

Conclusion:

The frequency of chromosomal abnormalities in couples with Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion (RSA) in our study is 3.54%. Reciprocal translocation, pericentric inversions, robertsonian translocations, and numerical abnormality observed among couples who had experienced recurrent spontaneous abortions and that these couples might benefit from cytogenetic analysis.

Amoebicidal activity of Cassia angustifolia extract and its effect on Acanthamoeba triangularis autophagy-related gene expression at the transcriptional level

Cassia angustifolia Vahl. plant is used for many therapeutic purposes, for example, in people with constipation, skin diseases, including helminthic and parasitic infections. In our study, we demonstrated an amoebicidal activity of C. angustifolia extract against Acanthamoeba triangularis trophozoite at a micromolar level. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images displayed morphological changes in the Acanthamoeba trophozoite, which included the formation of pores in cell membrane and the membrane rupture. In addition to the amoebicidal activity, effects of the extract on surviving trophozoites were observed, which included cyst formation and vacuolization by a microscope and transcriptional expression of Acanthamoeba autophagy in response to the stress by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Our data showed that the surviving trophozoites were not transformed into cysts and the trophozoite number with enlarged vacuole was not significantly different from that of untreated control. Molecular analysis data demonstrated that the mRNA expression of AcATG genes was slightly changed. Interestingly, AcATG16 decreased significantly at 12 h post treatment, which may indicate a transcriptional regulation by the extract or a balance of intracellular signalling pathways in response to the stress, whereas AcATG3 and AcATG8b remained unchanged. Altogether, these data reveal the anti-Acanthamoeba activity of C. angustifolia extract and the autophagic response in the surviving trophozoites under the plant extract pressure, along with data on the formation of cysts. These represent a promising plant for future drug development. However, further isolation and purification of an active compound and cytotoxicity against human cells are needed, including a study on the autophagic response at the protein level.

Peganum harmala Extract Has Antiamoebic Activity to Acanthamoeba triangularis Trophozoites and Changes Expression of Autophagy-Related Genes

Peganum harmala, a well-known medicinal plant, has been used for several therapeutic purposes as it contains numerous pharmacological active compounds. Our study reported an anti-parasitic activity of P. harmala seed extract against Acanthamoeba triangularis. The stress induced by the extract on the surviving trophozoites for Acanthamoeba encystation and vacuolization was examined by microscopy, and transcriptional expression of Acanthamoeba autophagy-related genes was investigated by quantitative PCR. Our results showed that the surviving trophozoites were not transformed into cysts, and the number of trophozoites with enlarged vacuoles were not significantly different from that of untreated control. Molecular analysis data demonstrated that the mRNA expression of tested AcATG genes, i.e., ATG3, ATG8b, and ATG16, was at a basal level along the treatment. However, upregulation of AcATG16 at 24 h post treatment was observed, which may indicate an autophagic activity of this protein in response to the stress. Altogether, these data revealed the anti-Acanthamoeba activity of P. harmala extract and indicated the association of autophagy mRNA expression and cyst formation under the extract stress, representing a promising plant for future drug development. However, further identification of an active compound and a study of autophagy at the protein level are needed.

A novel delivery of curcumin by the efficient nanoliposomal approach against Leishmania major

Several side effects and drug resistance accompany the current therapies for Leishmaniasis. Nanoliposomal curcumin is applied as a new therapy approach instead of current therapy. In this study, nanoliposomal curcumin was prepared using thin-film hydration method and characterized based on encapsulation efficiency, size, and zeta potential. Curcumin was successfully loaded into nanoliposomes with an encapsulation efficiency of 92%. The surface charge of the nanoparticle was neutral, and the size of nanoparticle was 176.5 nm. Nanoliposomal curcumin is in spherical shape without any agglomeration. Cell viability assay was performed on HFF cell line to show biocompatibility of liposome nanoparticles. Anti-Leishmanial effect of different concentrations of liposomal curcumin (0.05-30 μg mL^-1) and amphotericin B (25 μg mL^-1) were studied on Leishmania major [MRHO/IR/75/ER] at various hours (24, 48, and 72) using hemocytometer technique. Nanoliposomal curcumin inhibitory concentration (IC50) at hours 24, 48, and 72 were 6.41, 3.8, and 2.33 µg mL^-1, respectively. As prepared nanoliposomal curcumin showed a significant antileishmanial effect and induced a better and more tangible effect on the survival of L. major promastigotes and could be suitable candidates for further investigations.

In vitro evaluation of nanoliposomes berberine chloride against Leishmania major promastigotes

Leishmaniosis caused by Leishmania major is one of the main infectious diseases that infected populations in developing countries around the world. We assessed the effectiveness of berberine chloride nanoliposomes (BcNLs) against L. major promastigotes in vitro. Nanoliposomal berberine chloride was prepared using thin film hydration method and characterized based on encapsulation efficiency, size and zeta potential. Anti-Leishmania effect of different concentrations (0.05-60 μg/ml) of BcNLs as studied in L. major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) at 24, 48 and 72 h using the hemocytometer technique. Berberine chloride was successfully loaded into nanoliposomes with encapsulation efficiency of 85.54%. The surface charge of nanoparticle is neutral and the morphology of nanoliposomal berbrine chloride is spherical without any agglomeration. Cell viability assay was performed on HFF cell line to show biocompatibility of liposome nanoparticles. IC50 of BcNPs at 24, 48 and 72 h against L. major were found to be 7.6, 5.96 and 3.19 μg/ml, respectively. BcNLs showed a significant anti-Leishmania effect and induced a better and more tangible effect on the survival of L. major promastigotes and could be suitable candidates for further investigation. The results showed that the BcNLs agent is effective against L. major promastigotes and may be a promising alternative to current treatments.

Cytogenetic Study of Patients with Primary Amenorrhea in the Northeast of Iran

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE

Primary amenorrhea refers to the absence of menstruation in females of reproductive by age 16 when the development of secondary sexual characteristics is evident (breast development, pubic hair) or by age 14 when there are no secondary sexual characteristics are present. Primary amenorrhea can occur in several quite different reasons. Common hormonal causes of primary amenorrhea include constitutional delay, hypothalamic or pituitary disorders, chronic systemic disease, and primary ovarian insufficiency, some endocrine gland disorders, and other causes. Previous studies suggested that chromosomal abnormality is the second most common cause of amenorrhea. This report aims to measure the prevalence of the chromosomal abnormality in primary amenorrhea (PA) patients in the northeast of Iran.

METHODS

Chromosomal study was carried out on 200 patients with clinical features. The standard method for culturing peripheral venous blood lymphocyte was to prepare metaphase chromosomes and perform routine GTG band analysis.

RESULTS

The results revealed that 71% of PA had normal female karyotype (46,XX) and 29% showed different chromosomal abnormalities. The chromosomal abnormalities can be categorized into seven primary groups with or without mosaicism. 1- The most common karyotype was X chromosome aneuploidy (10.5%, n=21), 2- Male karyotype with or without structural abnormality of Y chromosome (5.5 %, n=11), 3- Mosaicism of turner karyotype and structural anomalies of X chromosome (4%, n=8), 4- Structural anomalies of the X chromosome (3.5%, n=7), 5- Mosaicism of turner karyotype and normal karyotype (3%, n=6), 6- Mosaicism of turner karyotype and male karyotype (1.5%, n=3) and 7- Super female karyotype (1%, n=2).

CONCLUSION

The present study has emphasized that early cytogenetic and timely investigation can be necessary for the evaluation of primary amenorrhea.

Blood Parasites in Domestic Birds in Central Iran

Parasites may affect the dynamics of bird populations. Plasmodium, Leucocytozoon and Haemoproteus are well-known avian haematozoa that can trigger decreased productivity and high mortality in domesticated birds. In this study, we evaluated the prevalence of avian blood parasites (Plasmodium, Leucocytozoon and Haemoproteus) against 335 birds of 8 species in the Yazd province in central Iran. To detect blood parasites, Giemsa-stained blood smears were prepared. Of the birds, 11.64% (39/335) were infected with at least one parasite genus, particularly Haemoproteus (32.6%; 23/335). The total prevalence values for Plasmodium, Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon were 1.7, 6.8 and 2.9%, respectively. Plasmodium had lower prevalence rates of 1.7% (6/335). Among birds, pigeons, hens and ducks have the highest prevalence of Haemoproteus, Leucocytozoon and Plasmodium parasites at 1.7%, 6.8% and 2.9%, respectively. Results from this research extend our knowledge on the incidence of avian blood parasites in domesticated birds living in central Iran. The overall low incidence of avian blood parasites in birds was found in the Yazd province, Iran.

Evaluation of the Anti-Leishmanial Effect of Recombinant Clostridium α-Toxin

BACKGROUND

Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease common in tropical and subtropical regions caused by the genus Leishmania, which is transmitted by the bite of female sandflies. In this study, we evaluate the anti-leishmanial effect of recombinant Clostridium α-toxin protein alone and the combination with glucantime through in vitro and in vivo.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Production, expression, and purification of recombinant α-toxin were evaluated by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting techniques. The antileishmanial activities of the purified α-toxin plus and without glucantime were examined in vitro and in vivo.

RESULTS

The results indicated successful expression of α-toxin as a 48 kDa band on SDS-PAGE and Western blot methods. Also, evaluation of α-toxin IC50 showed the strong fatal effect of it, and glucantime on medium proliferated Leishmania promastigotes at lower concentrations compared with glucantime or α-toxin alone. Moreover, in vivo surveys showed that at the end of treatment courses, the mean of lesion size diminished in glucantime plus α-toxin treated mice versus negative control groups (p < 0.001). Also, there was a significant difference in the parasite burden of the spleen and liver of the control versus the test groups (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

The results showed recombinant α-toxin has synergistic effects with glucantime in destroying Leishmania parasites.

Production and characterization of recombinant human leukemia inhibitory factor and evaluation of anti-fertility effects of rabbit anti-rhLIF in Balb/c mice

Human leukemia inhibitory factor (hLIF) is a cytokine of interleukin-6 family. This study aimed to evaluate the recombinant production rate of active hLIF by different vector-host systems under various conditions. Moreover, a rabbit polyclonal antibody (pAb) against recombinant hLIF (rhLIF) was produced and its anti-fertility effects were explored in Balb/c mice. Four different constructs including pET22b/hLIF, pET28b/hLIF, pET32b/hLIF and pColdI/hLIF were designed and transformed into BL21-(DE3), Rosetta-(DE3), Origami-(DE3) and Shuffle T7-(DE3) host cells. The expression level and proliferative effect of rhLIF were measured by SDS-PAGE and MTT assays, respectively. Rabbit pAb to rhLIF was produced and characterized using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blot techniques. The Balb/c mice were divided into two intervention and control groups. Then, they were intraperitoneally injected by purified rabbit anti-rhLIF and non-immunized rabbit pAb, respectively. After sacrifice on day 7, the number of implantation sites was counted. The rhLIF was successfully expressed by pET32b/hLIF and pColdI/hLIF vectors in all hosts with no significant difference in the rate of their expression. The rhLIF was purified and checked for activity. The results showed that it is functionally active and the produced anti-rhLIF pAb could specifically bind to commercial rhLIF. Passive immunization results showed that anti-rhLIF antibody completely inhibited fertility in all injected Balb/c mice compared to controls. Although previous studies showed expression of rhLIF using various methods, using different vector-host systems ensures us of successful biological active expression of it. The pAb against rhLIF could be a powerful tool for inducing in vivo infertility.

Isolation and Molecular Identification of Leishmania spp. in Patients With Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Golestan Province, Iran

Background and aims: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a major health issue in many parts of Iran. Diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis in a non-endemic area is not as simple as that in endemic foci. The management and treatment of this disease are global dilemmas. The purpose of this study was to identify Leishmania species isolated from human cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions in patients referred to health centers of Golestan province, Iran. Methods: Cutaneous leishmaniasis patients with suspected lesions were clinically examined. History of journey to the endemic areas of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis and/or anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis and the characteristics of their lesion(s) were recorded. Diagnosis of the lesion was done by using direct smear microscopy and conventional polymerase chain reaction. Results: Out of 360 patients, 202 (57.4 %) were male and 158 (42.8 %) were female. A total of 360 samples were selected from different cities. The number of infected samples in the cities is as follows: Azad Shahr [3 (1.5%)], Aq Qala [11 (5.7%)], Ali Abad [4 (2.1%)], Bandar Turkmen [3 (1.5%)], Bandar Gaz [2 (1%)], Ramian [3 (1.5%)], Kalaleh [23 (12.1%)], Kord koy [1 (0.5%)], Galikesh [7 (3.7 %)], Gomishan [12 (3.6 %)], Gorgan [13 (6.8 %)], Gonbad Qabus [99 (52.1 %)], Marave Tappe [7 (3.6%)] and Minoodasht [2 (1%)]. In the molecular investigations, 186 (96.8%) samples were observed to acquire rural cutaneous leishmaniasis, 4 (2.1%) to acquire urban cutaneous leishmaniasis and 170 (47.2%) to be uninfected. Conclusion: Although history of visiting endemic areas is an important factor to be considered in diagnosis, parasitological confirmation is necessary for the initiation of treatment.

Investigation of Soil Contamination With Cryptosporidium spp. Oocysts in Different Regions of Yazd, Central Iran

Background: Cryptosporidium species are coccidian parasites that cause gastrointestinal disorders in humans and other animals worldwide. Objective: The aim of this study was to demonstrate the rate of contamination with Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in soils collected from public parks, primary schools, green areas, kindergartens, suburban areas, streets, residential complexes, backyards and a passenger terminal in Yazd, central Iran. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2014 to February 2015, and the samples were collected from 9 different study sites and 56 regions. Soil samples were investigated by flotation technique and modified Ziehl–Neelsen staining for Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts. Finally, the slides were examined with a light microscope. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 20.0 and chi-square statistical test. Results: Of a total of 220 soil samples, 47 (21.36%) were found to contain Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts. Statistical analysis showed that there was no significant difference between the contamination rate and different study sites in Yazd, central Iran (P>0.05). The highest contamination rate was observed in public parks (38.3%) and the lowest in passenger terminal, kindergartens and streets (4.25%) (P=0.934). Conclusion: The results of the present study show that the contamination of soil with Cryptosporidium spp. can be considered a serious problem in Yazd, central Iran. It should be considered particularly in public parks.

Prevalence and clinical features of Cryptosporidium infection in hemodialysis patients

AIM

This cross-sectional study aims to assess the prevalence of Cryptosporidium in hemodialysis patients compared with healthy individuals in central Iran from August 2014 to January 2015.

BACKGROUND

Cryptosporidiosis is a major cause of acute and persistent diarrhea with significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients such as those undergoing renal dialysis.

METHODS

Three stool samples were collected from 330 hemodialysis patients and 150 healthy individuals on 3 consecutive days. The samples were screened for Cryptosporidium infection using formalin-ether sedimentation and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining. Demographic variables as well as risk factors were recorded.

RESULTS

Out of 330 dialysis patients and 150 healthy individuals, 10 (3%) and 1 (0.7%) were infected with Cryptosporidium, respectively. We found statistically significant differences between infection and place of residency, hygiene status, education level, diarrhea, and abdominal pain in the two groups (p<0.05). On the other hand, there was no relationship between infection and sex, contact with domestic animals, fever, vomiting, nausea, flatulence, anorexia, duration of dialysis and underlying disorders in the two groups. Also, there was a statistically significant difference between age and infection in hemodialysis patients (p=0.003). A higher infection rate was observed in patients under 20 years of age.

CONCLUSION

Risk factors for Cryptosporidium infection must be controlled. We strongly recommended that stool samples from such patients, especially those with severe or prolonged diarrhea, should be examined with modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining for appropriate and timely treatment.

In vitro anti-leishmanial activity of Satureja hortensis and Artemisia dracunculus extracts on Leishmania major promastigotes

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is one of the important skin diseases with diverse clinical manifestations. With an incidence of 0.7-1.3 million cases annually, this disease is often reported from six countries, including Iran. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the anti-leishmanial effect of the three plant hydroalcoholic extracts including fleawort (Plantago psyllium L.), savory (Satureja hortensis L.) and tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.) on Leishmania major promastigotes. The hydroalcoholic extract from each plant was extracted and its anti-leishmanial effect was evaluated in different concentrations (100-1000 µg/ml) and at various hours (24, 48 and 72 h). Savory herb inhibitory concentration 50 % (IC₅₀) at 24, 48 and 72 h was 790.81, 398.11 and 298.42 µg/ml, respectively. In addition, tarragon herb IC₅₀ at 24, 48 and 72 h was 962.03, 688.36 and 585.51 µg/ml, respectively. Moreover, the fleawort extract was showed the lowest effect, considering that its effect at the concentration of 1000 µg/ml was 48 % after 72 h (P > 0.05). Furthermore, the statistical analysis showed a significant difference for interaction between concentration and time regarding the tarragon and savory extracts with a P value of lower than 0.05. According to the results, the anti-leishmanial effect of the tarragon and savory extracts may make it possible to use them in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis as a complementary or alternative therapy; however, further studies are necessary and should be evaluated in cell culture and in vivo conditions to confirm it.

SEROPREVALENCE OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII INFECTION AMONG PATIENTS ADMITTED TO AL-ZAHRA HOSPITAL, ISFAHAN, IRAN

BACKGROUND

Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection is one of the most common parasitic infections among humans and other warm-blooded animals worldwide. The aim of this study was to evaluate toxoplasmosis status in patients admitted to Al-Zahra hospital, Isfahan, Iran.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2012 to January 2015. During this period, 716 patients referred to AI-Zahra hospital in Isfahan city, Iran, were studied to investigate the IgG and IgM antibodies against T. gondii using ELISA kit. The data were analysed by Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. In addition, the relation of data with age and sex were also examined.

RESULTS

Among 716 patients, 21 patients (2.9%) had positive IgM and 288 patients (40.2%) had positive IgG titer against T. gondii. Data analysis by Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests revealed that there was no significant relationship between IgG titer and age (p > 0.05). Additionally, there was no relationship between IgM titer and age (p > 0.05). The data showed that there was no relationship between IgG and IgM antibody titer and sex (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

The prevalence of toxoplasmosis in Isfahan inhabitants seems fairly high but it can be concluded that the rate of seropositive patient is moderate comparing to other regions of country. Accordingly, the authors propose that all sensitive patients have to be tested for T. gondii antibody in order to prevent the consequences of disease.

Chromosomal analysis of couples with repeated spontaneous abortions in northeastern iran

Background

Cytogenetic study of reproductive wastage is an important aspect in determining the genetic background of early embryogenesis. Approximately 15 to 20% of all pregnancies in humans are terminated as recurrent spontaneous abortions (RSAs). The aim of this study was to detect chromosome abnormalities in couples with RSAs and to compare our results with those reported previously.

Materials and Methods

In this retrospective study, the pattern of chromosomal aberrations was evaluated during a six-year period from 2005 to 2011. The population under study was 728 couples who attended genetic counseling services for their RSAs at Pardis Clinical and Genetics Laboratory, Mashhad, Iran.

Results

In this study, about 11.7% of couples were carriers of chromosomal aberrations. The majority of abnormalities were found in couples with history of abortion, without stillbirth or livebirth. Balanced reciprocal translocations, Robertsonian translocations, inversions and sex chromosome aneuploidy were seen in these cases. Balanced reciprocal translocations were the most frequent chromosomal anomalies (62.7%) detected in current study.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that chromosomal abnormalities can be one of the important causes of RSAs. In addition, cytogenetic study of families who experienced RSAs may prevent unnecessary treatment if RSA are caused by chromosomal abnormalities. The results of cytogenetic studies of RSA cases will provide a standard protocol for the genetic counselors in order to follow up and to help these families.

Molecular identification of Leishmania tropica infections in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis from an endemic central of Iran

The most common form of the disease is cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) which is a public health and social problem in many countries especially Iran. In endemic areas where other diseases with similar clinical symptoms occur, definitive diagnosis of CL is very important. The detection and identification of Leishmania in infected patients is crucial for achieving a correct treatment and prognosis. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study in terms of geographical distribution and molecular identification of Leishmania tropica isolates in central of Iran. This study was performed between 2010 and 2011, during which 218 CL suspected patients referred to Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in Yazd, Iran for confirmation were examined. After microscopic analysis, DNA extraction was performed for identification. The molecular target region was ITS1 gene. Results showed that out of 218 isolates, 102 (46.8%) samples were positive for Leishman body using molecular assay. After PCR-RFLP, analysis identified 50 (49.01%) samples as L. major and 52 (50.98%) as L. tropica. Two samples showed a different pattern that were reported as unknown. Among L. tropica, six different isolates were identified in this endemic area. Finally, this study showed heterozygosity among L. tropica isolates in this endemic area such as some other studies from the world. This heterozygosity among the strains may suggest a sexual recombination or genetic exchange between strains.

Evaluation of methylation of MGMT (O⁶-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase) gene promoter in sporadic colorectal cancer

The DNA repair gene O⁶-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) is frequently methylated in colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of this study was to demonstrate that MGMT methylation may be one of the candidate mediators of field cancerization in the colon mucosa. Therefore, quantitative methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction was performed on tumor itself and additional samples of 5 and 10 cm away from the tumor in 40 CRC patients. Moreover, colon mucosa was examined from 30 cases with no evidence of cancer as a control. MGMT promoter methylation was present in 27.5% of colorectal tumor specimens. Tumors that showed MGMT promoter methylation had substantial MGMT promoter methylation in their normal adjacent mucosa. The methylation was also observed in 36.36% (4/11) of normal samples with MGMT promoter methylation in the adjacent tumors, in 20.79% (6/29) of samples without MGMT methylation in the adjacent tumors, and in 6.66% (2/30) of control samples (p<0.006 and p<0.001 respectively). Finally, the mean of MGMT methylation levels was significantly higher in the cancerous group than in the control group (6.25±1.702 vs. 0.086±0.036, p<0.001). Some CRCs arise from a field defect defined by epigenetic inactivation of MGMT. Detection of such abnormality may ultimately be useful in risk assessment for CRCs.

The changing profile of cutaneous leishmaniasis agent in a central province of Iran

Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran is usually caused by Leishmania major or L. tropica. However, the direct examination or the cultures of biopsies for diagnosis are not very sensitive. The objective of this study was to identify the responsible species obtained from patients suspected of cutaneous leishmaniasis referred to the reference laboratory atYazd in Iran during 2010-2011 using parasitological and molecular assays. After completing a clinical/epidemiologic data questionnaire for 145 patients with suspected skin lesions, scraping samples were collected. Each specimen was examined using both direct microscopy and molecular assay using polymerase chain reaction-restriction length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Location of the lesions included 47.7% on hands, 30.7% on face, 15.4% on feet, and the remainder on other regions. Out of 145 samples, Leishman body was observed in 52 by direct smear and 73 by PCR assay. Molecular assay indicated 36 cases as L. major, 36 cases as L. tropica and one case as unknown. In conclusion, molecular-characterization showed changing profile of Leishmania species in the study area which may have implications on treatment and/or control strategies.

Two novel familial balanced translocations t(8;11)(p23;q21) and t(6;16)(q26;p12) implicated in recurrent spontaneous abortion

Reciprocal translocations represent one of the most common structural rearrangements observed in humans. Estimates of the population frequency range from 1/673 to 1/1000. We have described two novel balanced translocations in two unrelated families who experienced Recurrent spontaneous abortions (RSA) following their separate non-consanguineous marriages. Initial cytogenetic studies were performed on cultured blood cells. High resolution GTG-banding analysis using cytovision software performed on their chromosomes revealed a novel balanced translocation t(8;11)(p23;q21) in a brother (45 years) and his sister (27 years) in one family. The second novel balanced translocation t(6;16)(q26;p12) was observed in a consanguineous couple with 4 RSA. These two families have an increased risk of having children with unbalanced karyotypes or RSA, because of incorrect chromosomal segregation during meiosis.

Amlodipine attenuates oxidative stress in the heart and blood of high-cholesterol diet rabbits

INTRODUCTION

Oxidative stress is a key component of atherosclerosis. It has been suggested that amlodipine inhibits oxidative stress. In this study, we evaluated the effects of amlodipine on the total antioxidant capacity of heart tissue and blood in 36 control and cholesterol-fed male New Zealand white rabbits.

METHODS

The rabbits were divided into four groups (n = 9). Group 1 rabbits were fed a regular diet, group 2 were fed a diet with 2% cholesterol, group 3 were fed a regular diet plus 5 mg/kg/day oral amlodipine, and group 4 were fed 2% cholesterol diet plus amlodipine 5 mg/kg/day. At the end of eight weeks, blood samples were drawn and at the same time heart tissue was isolated and frozen in liquid nitrogen. After homogenisation, the solution was centrifuged and the light supernatant was stored at -80°C. This was used for determination of glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and (MDA) levels.

RESULTS

Eight weeks of amlodipine treatment significantly reduced the levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides in the group on the hypercholesterolaemic diet (p < 0.05). In the blood, the level of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances increased in the rabbits on the 2% cholesterol diet (group 2) and 2% cholesterol-plusamlodipine diet (group 4) and decreased in the amlodipineonly group (group 3) (p < 0.05). Lipid peroxidation in the heart tissue was similar to that in the blood, except in the amlodipine-only group (group 3). In the blood, the activity of total SOD (tSOD) decreased in the group on the 2% cholesterol diet (group 2) (p < 0.05) and markedly increased in the amlodipine-only (group 3) and 2% cholesterol-plusamlodipine groups (group 4) (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Amlodipine decreased oxidative stress in the heart and blood and improved the lipid profile in cholesterolfed rabbits. Therefore, it may be considered a useful tool for the reduction of oxidative stress and improvement of lipid profiles in diseases related to atherosclerosis.