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Gonsalves D, Ocanto A, Meilan E, Gomez A, Dominguez J, Torres L, Pascual CF, Teja M, Linde MM, Guijarro M, Rivas D, Begara J, González JA, Andreescu J, Holgado E, Alcaraz D, López E, Dzhugashvli M, Lopez-Campos F, Alongi F, Couñago F. Feasibility and Acute Toxicity of Hypo-Fractionated Radiotherapy on 0.35T MR-LINAC: The First Prospective Study in Spain. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1685. [PMID: 38730637 PMCID: PMC11083553 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16091685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This observational, descriptive, longitudinal, and prospective basket-type study (Registry #5289) prospectively evaluated the feasibility and acute toxicity of hypo-fractionated radiotherapy on the first 0.35T MR-LINAC in Spain. A total of 37 patients were included between August and December 2023, primarily with prostate tumors (59.46%), followed by pancreatic tumors (32.44%). Treatment regimens typically involved extreme hypo-fractionated radiotherapy, with precise dose delivery verified through quality assurance measures. Acute toxicity assessment at treatment completion revealed manageable cystitis, with one case persisting at the three-month follow-up. Gastrointestinal toxicity was minimal. For pancreatic tumors, daily adaptation of organ-at-risk (OAR) and gross tumor volume (GTV) was practiced, with median doses to OAR within acceptable limits. Three patients experienced gastrointestinal toxicity, mainly nausea. Overall, the study demonstrates the feasibility and safety of extreme hypo-fractionated radiotherapy on a 0.35T MR-LINAC, especially for challenging anatomical sites like prostate and pancreatic tumors. These findings support the feasibility of MR-LINAC-based radiotherapy in delivering precise treatments with minimal toxicity, highlighting its potential for optimizing cancer treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Gonsalves
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitario San Francisco de Asís, GenesisCare, 28002 Madrid, Spain; (A.O.); (L.T.); (C.F.P.); (M.T.); (M.M.L.); (M.G.); (F.C.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vithas La Milagrosa, GenesisCare, 28010 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.); (A.G.); (M.D.); (F.L.-C.)
- Facultad de Medicina Salud y Deporte, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - Abrahams Ocanto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitario San Francisco de Asís, GenesisCare, 28002 Madrid, Spain; (A.O.); (L.T.); (C.F.P.); (M.T.); (M.M.L.); (M.G.); (F.C.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vithas La Milagrosa, GenesisCare, 28010 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.); (A.G.); (M.D.); (F.L.-C.)
| | - Eduardo Meilan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vithas La Milagrosa, GenesisCare, 28010 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.); (A.G.); (M.D.); (F.L.-C.)
| | - Alberto Gomez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vithas La Milagrosa, GenesisCare, 28010 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.); (A.G.); (M.D.); (F.L.-C.)
| | - Jesus Dominguez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vithas La Milagrosa, GenesisCare, 28010 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.); (A.G.); (M.D.); (F.L.-C.)
| | - Lisselott Torres
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitario San Francisco de Asís, GenesisCare, 28002 Madrid, Spain; (A.O.); (L.T.); (C.F.P.); (M.T.); (M.M.L.); (M.G.); (F.C.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vithas La Milagrosa, GenesisCare, 28010 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.); (A.G.); (M.D.); (F.L.-C.)
| | - Castalia Fernández Pascual
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitario San Francisco de Asís, GenesisCare, 28002 Madrid, Spain; (A.O.); (L.T.); (C.F.P.); (M.T.); (M.M.L.); (M.G.); (F.C.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vithas La Milagrosa, GenesisCare, 28010 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.); (A.G.); (M.D.); (F.L.-C.)
| | - Macarena Teja
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitario San Francisco de Asís, GenesisCare, 28002 Madrid, Spain; (A.O.); (L.T.); (C.F.P.); (M.T.); (M.M.L.); (M.G.); (F.C.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vithas La Milagrosa, GenesisCare, 28010 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.); (A.G.); (M.D.); (F.L.-C.)
| | - Miguel Montijano Linde
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitario San Francisco de Asís, GenesisCare, 28002 Madrid, Spain; (A.O.); (L.T.); (C.F.P.); (M.T.); (M.M.L.); (M.G.); (F.C.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vithas La Milagrosa, GenesisCare, 28010 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.); (A.G.); (M.D.); (F.L.-C.)
| | - Marcos Guijarro
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitario San Francisco de Asís, GenesisCare, 28002 Madrid, Spain; (A.O.); (L.T.); (C.F.P.); (M.T.); (M.M.L.); (M.G.); (F.C.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vithas La Milagrosa, GenesisCare, 28010 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.); (A.G.); (M.D.); (F.L.-C.)
| | - Daniel Rivas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, GenesisCare Málaga, 29018 Madrid, Spain; (D.R.); (J.B.); (E.L.)
| | - Jose Begara
- Department of Radiation Oncology, GenesisCare Málaga, 29018 Madrid, Spain; (D.R.); (J.B.); (E.L.)
| | | | - Jon Andreescu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, GenesisCare Cordoba, 14012 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Esther Holgado
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario San Francisco de Asís, GenesisCare, 28002 Madrid, Spain; (E.H.); (D.A.)
| | - Diego Alcaraz
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario San Francisco de Asís, GenesisCare, 28002 Madrid, Spain; (E.H.); (D.A.)
| | - Escarlata López
- Department of Radiation Oncology, GenesisCare Málaga, 29018 Madrid, Spain; (D.R.); (J.B.); (E.L.)
| | - Maia Dzhugashvli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vithas La Milagrosa, GenesisCare, 28010 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.); (A.G.); (M.D.); (F.L.-C.)
| | - Fernando Lopez-Campos
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vithas La Milagrosa, GenesisCare, 28010 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.); (A.G.); (M.D.); (F.L.-C.)
| | - Filippo Alongi
- Advanced Radiation Oncology Department, Cancer Care Center, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, 37024 Verona, Italy;
- Radiation Oncology School, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy
| | - Felipe Couñago
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitario San Francisco de Asís, GenesisCare, 28002 Madrid, Spain; (A.O.); (L.T.); (C.F.P.); (M.T.); (M.M.L.); (M.G.); (F.C.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vithas La Milagrosa, GenesisCare, 28010 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.); (A.G.); (M.D.); (F.L.-C.)
- Facultad de Medicina Salud y Deporte, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain
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Lawrence MG, Obinata D, Sandhu S, Selth LA, Wong SQ, Porter LH, Lister N, Pook D, Pezaro CJ, Goode DL, Rebello RJ, Clark AK, Papargiris M, Van Gramberg J, Hanson AR, Banks P, Wang H, Niranjan B, Keerthikumar S, Hedwards S, Huglo A, Yang R, Henzler C, Li Y, Lopez-Campos F, Castro E, Toivanen R, Azad A, Bolton D, Goad J, Grummet J, Harewood L, Kourambas J, Lawrentschuk N, Moon D, Murphy DG, Sengupta S, Snow R, Thorne H, Mitchell C, Pedersen J, Clouston D, Norden S, Ryan A, Dehm SM, Tilley WD, Pearson RB, Hannan RD, Frydenberg M, Furic L, Taylor RA, Risbridger GP. Patient-derived Models of Abiraterone- and Enzalutamide-resistant Prostate Cancer Reveal Sensitivity to Ribosome-directed Therapy. Eur Urol 2018; 74:562-572. [PMID: 30049486 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intractability of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is exacerbated by tumour heterogeneity, including diverse alterations to the androgen receptor (AR) axis and AR-independent phenotypes. The availability of additional models encompassing this heterogeneity would facilitate the identification of more effective therapies for CRPC. OBJECTIVE To discover therapeutic strategies by exploiting patient-derived models that exemplify the heterogeneity of CRPC. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Four new patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) were established from independent metastases of two patients and characterised using integrative genomics. A panel of rationally selected drugs was tested using an innovative ex vivo PDX culture system. INTERVENTION The following drugs were evaluated: AR signalling inhibitors (enzalutamide and galeterone), a PARP inhibitor (talazoparib), a chemotherapeutic (cisplatin), a CDK4/6 inhibitor (ribociclib), bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) protein inhibitors (iBET151 and JQ1), and inhibitors of ribosome biogenesis/function (RNA polymerase I inhibitor CX-5461 and pan-PIM kinase inhibitor CX-6258). OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Drug efficacy in ex vivo cultures of PDX tissues was evaluated using immunohistochemistry for Ki67 and cleaved caspase-3 levels. Candidate drugs were also tested for antitumour efficacy in vivo, with tumour volume being the primary endpoint. Two-tailed t tests were used to compare drug and control treatments. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Integrative genomics revealed that the new PDXs exhibited heterogeneous mechanisms of resistance, including known and novel AR mutations, genomic structural rearrangements of the AR gene, and a neuroendocrine-like AR-null phenotype. Despite their heterogeneity, all models were sensitive to the combination of ribosome-targeting agents CX-5461 and CX-6258. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that ribosome-targeting drugs may be effective against diverse CRPC subtypes including AR-null disease, and highlights the potential of contemporary patient-derived models to prioritise treatment strategies for clinical translation. PATIENT SUMMARY Diverse types of therapy-resistant prostate cancers are sensitive to a new combination of drugs that inhibit protein synthesis pathways in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell G Lawrence
- Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Melbourne Urological Research Alliance (MURAL), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Daisuke Obinata
- Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Shahneen Sandhu
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Division of Cancer Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Cancer Tissue Collection After Death (CASCADE) Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Luke A Selth
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories and Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Stephen Q Wong
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Molecular Biomarkers and Translational Genomics Lab, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Laura H Porter
- Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Natalie Lister
- Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - David Pook
- Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Medical Oncology, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Carmel J Pezaro
- Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Eastern Health and Monash University Eastern Health Clinical School, Box Hill, VIC, Australia
| | - David L Goode
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Computational Cancer Biology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard J Rebello
- Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ashlee K Clark
- Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa Papargiris
- Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Melbourne Urological Research Alliance (MURAL), Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Prostate Cancer Bioresource, VIC Node, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Jenna Van Gramberg
- Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Prostate Cancer Bioresource, VIC Node, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Adrienne R Hanson
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories and Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Patricia Banks
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Hong Wang
- Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Birunthi Niranjan
- Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Shivakumar Keerthikumar
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Computational Cancer Biology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shelley Hedwards
- Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alisee Huglo
- Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rendong Yang
- Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Christine Henzler
- Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Yingming Li
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Elena Castro
- Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roxanne Toivanen
- Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Arun Azad
- Medical Oncology, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Damien Bolton
- Department of Urology, Austin Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne Heidelberg, VIC, Australia; Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeremy Goad
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Epworth Healthcare, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeremy Grummet
- Epworth Healthcare, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Surgery, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Australian Urology Associates, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Laurence Harewood
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Epworth Healthcare, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - John Kourambas
- Department of Medicine, Monash Health, Casey Hospital, Berwick, VIC, Australia
| | - Nathan Lawrentschuk
- Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Surgery, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel Moon
- Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Epworth Healthcare, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Urology Associates, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; The Epworth Prostate Centre, Epworth Hospital, Richmond, VIC, Australia
| | - Declan G Murphy
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Epworth Healthcare, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shomik Sengupta
- Eastern Health and Monash University Eastern Health Clinical School, Box Hill, VIC, Australia; Department of Urology, Austin Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne Heidelberg, VIC, Australia; Epworth Healthcare, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Surgery, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia; Epworth Freemasons, Epworth Health, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ross Snow
- Australian Urology Associates, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Heather Thorne
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; kConFab, Research Department, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Catherine Mitchell
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - John Pedersen
- Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; TissuPath, Mount Waverley, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Sam Norden
- TissuPath, Mount Waverley, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Scott M Dehm
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Wayne D Tilley
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories and Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Richard B Pearson
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Oncogenic Signaling and Growth Control Program, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ross D Hannan
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Oncogenic Signaling and Growth Control Program, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, ACT, Australia
| | - Mark Frydenberg
- Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Epworth Healthcare, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Urology Associates, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Surgery, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Luc Furic
- Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Renea A Taylor
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Melbourne Urological Research Alliance (MURAL), Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Gail P Risbridger
- Monash Partners Comprehensive Cancer Consortium, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute Cancer Program, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Melbourne Urological Research Alliance (MURAL), Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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