Transumbilical laparoscopic-assisted appendectomy <em>versus</em> laparoscopic appendectomy in children: a single center experience

Laparoscopic Appendectomy (LPSA) is the first choice for appendectomy in pediatric surgery. Trans-Umbilical Laparoscopic Assisted Appendicectomy (TULAA) is another used technique. We compared both these procedures used for the treatment of acute appendicitis. The study was conducted between January 2019 to December 2020. Patients were divided into two groups: LPSA and TULAA groups. The collected data were: operative time, number of conversions, time of canalization and hospital stay. A total of 181 patients were included: 73 were kept in the LPSA and 108 in the TULAA group. Mean operative time was 70.9 minutes (range 45-130 min) for LPS and 56.4 (30-145 min) for TULAA group (p <0.0001). Complications rate showed no statistically significant difference between both the two groups. However, conversions showed a statistically significant difference (p=0.04). Both techniques showed similar results. TULAA technique takes a significantly shorter operating time. The selection between LPSA and TULAA techniques depends on the experience of the surgeon's work and the personal laparoscopic learning curve. In our experience LPSA was a useful technique to improve the laparoscopic skill of the pediatric surgery residents.

Dirofilaria repens Testicular Infection in Child, Italy

Testicular Dirofilaria repens infection was identified and confirmed by sequence analysis in a child in northeastern Italy. Because human dirofilariasis is emerging in southern and eastern Europe, this parasitic infection should be considered in the differential diagnosis of scrotal swelling in disease-endemic countries to avoid unnecessary interventions, such as orchiectomy.

Short-term treatment with infliximab in chronic refractory pouchitis and ileitis

BACKGROUND

Chronic refractory pouchitis is a long-term complication after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis and it may be associated with ileal inflammation.

AIM

To determine the efficacy of infliximab in treatment of chronic refractory pouchitis complicated by ileitis, using a wireless capsule endoscopy.

METHODS

Sixteen patients with chronic refractory pouchitis complicated by ileitis were enrolled. Pouchitis was diagnosed by clinical, endoscopic and histological criteria. Ileitis was documented using wireless capsule endoscopy. Duodenum-jejunum and proximal-middle ileum were evaluated and the presence of small lesions and large lesions were noted. Crohn's disease, intestinal infections were excluded in all patients. Patients were treated with infliximab and clinical response was recorded. Wireless capsule endoscopy was repeated at week 10 and Pouchitis Disease Activity Index score was determined.

RESULTS

Ten patients were enrolled and completed the study. Clinical remission was achieved in nine patients. At wireless capsule endoscopy and pouch endoscopy, a complete recovery of lesions was observed in eight patients. One patient presented four small lesions of the ileum at the 6 weeks of treatment and one patient did not show any modification. Clinical and endoscopic remission was maintained in these eight patients at least 6 months.

CONCLUSION

These preliminary results indicate that infliximab may be recommended for the treatment of chronic refractory pouchitis complicated by ileitis.

Surgical outcome and long-term follow up after laparoscopic rectosigmoid resection in women with deep infiltrating endometriosis

The aim of this study was to assess the long-term outcome of treating severely symptomatic women with deep infiltrating intestinal endometriosis by laparoscopic segmental rectosigmoid resection. Detailed intraoperative and postoperative records and questionnaires (preoperatively, 1 month postoperatively and every 6 months for 3 years) were collected from 22 women. The estimated blood loss during surgery was 290 +/- 162 ml (range 180-600), and average hospital stay was 8 days (range 6-19). One woman required blood transfusion after surgery. Two cases were converted to laparotomy. One woman had early dehiscence of the anastomosis. Six months after surgery, there was a significant reduction of symptom scores (greater than 50% for most types of pain) related to intestinal localisation of endometriosis (P < 0.05). Score improvements were maintained during the whole period of follow up. Noncyclic pelvic pain scores showed significant reductions (P < 0.05) after 6 and 12 months, but there was a high recurrence rate later. Dysmenorrhoea and dyspareunia improved in 18/21 and 14/18 women with preoperative symptoms, respectively. Constipation, diarrhoea and rectal bleeding improved in all affected women for the whole period of follow up. Laparoscopic segmental rectosigmoid resection seems safe and effective in women with deep infiltrating colorectal endometriosis resulting in significant reductions in painful and dysfunctional symptoms associated with deep bowel involvement.

Oral budesonide in the treatment of chronic refractory pouchitis

BACKGROUND

Pouchitis is the major long-term complication after ileal-pouch nal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis. Ten to 15% of patients develop a chronic pouchitis, either treatment responsive or treatment refractory.

AIM

To evaluate the efficacy of oral budesonide in inducing remission and improving quality of life in patients with chronic refractory pouchitis.

METHODS

Twenty consecutive patients with active pouchitis, not responding after 1 month of antibiotic treatment were treated with budesonide controlled ileal release 9 mg/day for 8 weeks. Symptomatic, endoscopic and histological evaluations were undertaken before and after treatment according to Pouchitis Disease Activity Index. Remission was defined as a combination of Pouchitis Disease Activity Index clinical score of < or = 2, endoscopic score of < or = 1 and total Pouchitis Disease Activity Index score of < or = 4. The quality of life was assessed with the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire.

RESULTS

Fifteen of 20 patients (75%) achieved remission. The median total Pouchitis Disease Activity Index scores before and after therapy were, respectively, 14 (range 9-16) and 3 (range 2-10) (P < 0.001). The median Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire score also significantly improved from 105 (range 77-175) to 180 (range 85-220) (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Eight-week treatment with oral budesonide appears effective in inducing remission in patients with active pouchitis refractory to antibiotic treatment in this open-label study.

Local injection of Infliximab for the treatment of perianal Crohn's disease

PURPOSE

Perianal disease is a serious complication of Crohn's disease and its surgical management is still controversial. It has been suggested that the local injection of infliximab has resulted in some potential benefit. This pilot study analyzed the feasibility and safety of such therapy in selected patients with severe perianal Crohn's disease.

METHODS

The study included 15 patients with complex perianal Crohn's disease in which sepsis was not controllable using surgical and medical therapy. Among them, four had previously undergone intravenous infusion of infliximab with no significant response, nine had contraindications for intravenous infusion, and two had associated stenosing ileitis and severe coloproctitis. The injection of 15 to 21 mg of infliximab, associated with surgical treatment, was performed at the internal and external orifices and along the fistula tract. Efficacy was measured by a complete morphologic evaluation using a personal score.

RESULTS

No major adverse effects were reported. Ten of 15 patients healed after 3 to 12 infusions.

CONCLUSIONS

Local injection of infliximab adjacent to the fistula tract of perianal Crohn's disease is safe and may help in fistula healing. A controlled, randomized trial is required to prove the value.

A new model of strictureplasty for multiple and long stenoses in Crohn's ileitis: side-to-side diseased to disease-free anastomosis

Conservative surgery has become the treatment of choice for diffuse jejunoileal Crohn's Disease. Previous research described a conservative approach both for multiple strictures located in close proximity to each other and for long stenoses. The side-to-side enteroenteric anastomosis has gained popularity and has lead to nonresectional surgery even for those patients who, until now, were considered suitable only for resection. This technique however, presents in our hands some disadvantages represented mainly by early restenosis at the two edges of the strictureplasty, probably caused by the sutures between the diseased and the thickened part of the bowel. We propose a new technique called "side-to-side diseased to disease-free anastomosis," which consists of dividing the bowel and the mesentery at the beginning of the stenoses and suturing the disease-free bowel above the stenoses to the diseased bowel. This procedure could avoid early restenosis at the two ends of the strictureplasty. Moreover, it is faster and safer to perform because the knots of the sutures are tied to the normal bowel with less risk of bleeding.

Review article: indication and type of surgery in Crohn's disease

The large majority of patients affected by Crohn's disease require surgery during their clinical history. Radical resection originally advocated for Crohn's disease does not decrease the recurrence rate, and repeated resections predispose patients to the development of short-bowel syndrome. Over the last few years, conservative surgery has become accepted by many authors as a safe means of treating obstructive Crohn's disease. In this review article we analyse the efficacy and safety of conservative techniques, in comparison with resective surgery. Indications, advantages and technical aspects of resective and conservative surgery are reported. The experience with 489 patients treated for complicated or treatment refractory Crohn's disease in our Institution suggests that strictureplasty is a safe and effective procedure in many cases, as reported by other authors. The risk of cancer in areas of active disease as in stenosis treated with strictureplasty seems to be negligible. Resective surgery still represents the 'gold standard' in patients with perforating Crohn's disease; however, conservative surgery, usually contraindicated in perforating Crohn's disease, can be advocated in patients with localized perforating disease presenting an actual risk of short bowel syndrome.

Improved results of liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma on cirrhosis give the procedure added value

OBJECTIVE

To review a single-center experience to update the performance indexes of liver resection (LR).

SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA

Several therapies have been proposed in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) on cirrhosis, although LR was the first to be widely applied.

METHODS

Of 408 patients with cirrhosis admitted for HCC in the period 1983 to 1998, 264 had a LR. Patient selection, surgical technique, 30-day deaths, long-term survival, recurrence rate, and recurrence treatment were reviewed after stratifying patients according to the year of surgery. Mean follow-up was 34.5 +/- 29.1 months.

RESULTS

The number of Child A patients who underwent surgery after the discovery of the tumor at routine evaluation increased significantly from 64.5% to 87.9% during the study period. Procedures carried out without blood transfusions increased from 31.4% to 76.9%. The overall operative death rate was 4.9%. Actuarial survival rates were 63.1% and 41.1% after 3 and 5 years, respectively; actuarial tumor-free survival rates were 49.3% and 27.9% at the same intervals. After 1992, surgical deaths decreased from 9.3% to 1.3%. Actuarial survival rates increased from 52.9% and 32.3% to 71.7% and 49.4% after 3 and 5 years, respectively. There was no difference in the actuarial recurrence rate between the two periods, but the chance to treat recurrence increased over time from 22.4% to 53.7% with a concomitant, significant improvement in survival.

CONCLUSIONS

LR represents a well-established therapy for HCC on cirrhosis. It remains one of the fundamentals in the multidisciplinary approach to this tumor and should be considered as the first option for patients with preserved hepatic function and limited disease. Today, LR should offer a surgical death rate of less than 1.5%, a 5-year survival rate of approximately 50%, and a 5-year tumor-free survival rate of 28% when performed in specialized centers.

A revised consideration on the use of very aged donors for liver transplantation

The upper age limit for organ donation for liver transplantation has increased over the past few years. A retrospective case control study was carried out to evaluate the outcome of 36 liver transplants (group A) performed with grafts procured from donors over 70 years old in the period 1996 to April 2000, matched with 36 transplants (group B) chronologically performed thereafter with organs procured from donors below the age of 40 yr. The groups were comparable as regards main clinical characteristics. Mean follow-up was 14.5 months. Clinical and laboratory parameters of the donors, cold ischemia period, intraoperative blood transfusions, 30-d mortality, incidence of primary graft nonfunction, acute rejection episodes, arterial complications and long-term survival of recipients were considered. The main postoperative biochemical parameters were also collected and compared. A liver biopsy was obtained in 20/36 old donors, revealing less than 25% of steatosis in all but one, which showed steatosis involving 70% of the hepatocytes. There were two postoperative deaths (5.6%) in group A and one (2.8%) in group B (p = NS). Seven postoperative arterial complications (19.4%) occurred in group A, leading to the patient's death because of rupture of the hepatic artery in one case, to successful surgical revascularization in three cases and to retransplantation in three cases. Only one patient in group B (2.8%) experienced hepatic artery thrombosis (p = 0.055). One-year patient survival rates were 77.4% for group A and 88.8% for group B (p = NS); 1-yr graft survival rates were 73.3% for group A and 85.7% for group B (p = NS). In conclusion, donors over 70 should not be excluded a priori for liver transplantation in elective settings. Great attention should be paid to the pathological conditions of arterial vessels caused by atherosclerosis, i.e. the presence of calcified plaques on the hepatic artery, which might represent the source of severe complications.

Isolated resection of segment 8 for liver tumors: a new approach for anatomical segmentectomy

HYPOTHESIS

Isolated resection of segment 8 (the right anterosuperior liver segment) is one of the most difficult hepatectomies to perform because of the location of segment 8, the relation between section 8 and the main intrahepatic vessels, and the absence of any anatomical landmarks. The few reports that deal with isolated resection of section 8 generally describe the use of a deep wedge transparenchymal transection.

DESIGN

Original surgical technique.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The proposed technique is based on the extraparenchymal isolation and temporary clamping of the right anterior artery and portal branches, causing ischemic demarcation on the liver surface, which corresponds to the anatomical borders of the right paramedian segments (5 and 8). The liver is widely transected along the main hepatic fissure; then the pedicles of segment 8 are selectively ligated inside the parenchyma, and the resection is accomplished. This technique was used in 10 patients: 5 with hepatocellular carcinoma on cirrhosis and 5 with liver metastases.

RESULTS

The mean operation time was 253 minutes. Intraoperative blood loss was minimal in all cases, and 7 patients did not require blood transfusion. Slight complications developed in 3 patients, and there was no operative death. The mean hospital stay was 9.3 days.

CONCLUSIONS

This operative procedure is safe and ensures a complete anatomical resection of segment 8. The wide opening of the liver parenchyma facilitates hemostasis and makes it possible to obtain a correct resection margin. This technique is recommended for limited metastatic lesions located in segment 8 or for hepatocellular carcinoma arising in a cirrhotic liver.

The lidocaine (MEGX) test as an index of hepatic function: its clinical usefulness in liver surgery

BACKGROUND

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical usefulness of the lidocaine test, as an index of hepatic function, in the different fields of liver surgery.

METHODS

The lidocaine (MEGX [monoethylglycinexylidide]) test, which was performed in 200 patients with different liver diseases and in 23 organ donors, was compared with common laboratory tests. The MEGX value was related to postoperative complications in patients who undergo liver resection and to the survival of patients with cirrhosis who are awaiting transplantation. In organ donors, the test was related to the outcome of patients who underwent transplantation.

RESULTS

The MEGX value was significantly higher in patients without cirrhosis compared to patients with cirrhosis (77.8 +/- 25 ng/mL vs 35.6 +/- 30 ng/mL; P < .05); among patients with cirrhosis, there was a significant difference between those patients classified Child A and those classified Child B and C (43.3 +/- 25 ng/mL vs 11.5 +/- 7.1 ng/mL; P < .05). The patients classified Child A who underwent liver resection with MEGX value less than 25 ng/mL had a significantly higher rate of postoperative complications compared with other patients (P < .001). Patients with cirrhosis who were awaiting liver transplantation and who had a MEGX value of less than 10 ng/mL had a life expectancy of no longer than 1 year.

CONCLUSIONS

The MEGX test is a reliable index of hepatic function. Patients carrying hepatocellular carcinoma with MEGX value of less than 25 ng/mL have a high risk of liver insufficiency after hepatic resection. Patients with decompensated cirrhosis who have an MEGX value of less than 10 ng/mL should undergo transplantation as soon as possible.

Highly aggressive policy of hepatic resections for neuroendocrine liver metastases

BACKGROUND/AIMS

Neuroendocrine tumors are usually slow growing and carry a prolonged prognosis. The presence of liver metastases significantly impairs long-term survival. The clinical experience with 28 patients admitted since 1981 for liver metastases from neuroendocrine tumors was retrospectively reviewed to analyze the clinical and surgical management and to evaluate their outcome.

METHODOLOGY

Surgery was indicated in 25 (89.2%) patients. Three had metachronous metastases. A correct diagnosis of these liver metastases was achieved before laparotomy in 15 (68.1%) of the remaining 22. The primary tumor site, unknown in 14/22 patients, was located during surgery only in 8 (57.1%).

RESULTS

Due to tumoral spread, surgery was limited to exploration in 3 cases. Liver resections were performed in 19/22 patients (3 for palliation): 11/19 (57.9%) were major hepatectomies and in 8/19 (42.1%) cases they were accomplished by procedures for removing the primary tumor. Overall, curative procedures were carried out in 16/28 (57.1%). Resections were performed in 6 cases without the knowledge of the primary site. There was no operative mortality. Overall recurrence rate was 50.0%. Four-year actuarial survival was 92.6% after resection and 18.5% for patients that did not receive surgery (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Our experience confirms that the small number of patients makes the management of liver metastases from neuroendocrine tumors difficult to plan. In consideration of the satisfactory results achieved with an aggressive policy of resection, we advise referral of these patients to specialized liver units where major hepatic procedures, even if extended, can be safely performed.

Continuous versus intermittent portal triad clamping for liver resection: a controlled study

OBJECTIVE

The authors compared the intra- and postoperative course of patients undergoing liver resections under continuous pedicular clamping (CPC) or intermittent pedicular clamping (IPC).

SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA

Reduced blood loss during liver resection is achieved by pedicular clamping. There is controversy about the benefits of IPC over CPC in humans in terms of hepatocellular injury and blood loss control in normal and abnormal liver parenchyma.

METHODS

Eighty-six patients undergoing liver resections were included in a prospective randomized study comparing the intra- and postoperative course under CPC (n = 42) or IPC (n = 44) with periods of 15 minutes of clamping and 5 minutes of unclamping. The data were further analyzed according to the presence (steatosis >20% and chronic liver disease) or absence of abnormal liver parenchyma.

RESULTS

The two groups of patients were similar in terms of age, sex, nature of the liver tumors, results of preoperative assessment, proportion of patients undergoing major or minor hepatectomy, and nature of nontumorous liver parenchyma. Intraoperative blood loss during liver transsection was significantly higher in the IPC group. In the CPC group, postoperative liver enzymes and serum bilirubin levels were significantly higher in the subgroup of patients with abnormal liver parenchyma. Major postoperative deterioration of liver function occurred in four patients with abnormal liver parenchyma, with two postoperative deaths. All of them were in the CPC group.

CONCLUSIONS

This clinical controlled study clearly demonstrated the better parenchymal tolerance to IPC over CPC, especially in patients with abnormal liver parenchyma.

An appraisal of percutaneous treatment of liver metastases

Percutaneous treatments, such as ethanol injection and radiofrequency, have been recently proposed for the treatment of liver metastases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of these treatments in a series of 8 patients who subsequently underwent liver resection. These patients had been treated with percutaneous methods between December 1995 and May 1997. In 6 patients, the primary tumor was colonic; in 2 patients, carcinoid; and in 1 patient, ileal leiomyosarcoma. The lesions were all initially small in size (1.5 to 3.5 cm), single in 7 patients, and multiple in 1 patient with a carcinoid tumor. The initial decision for percutaneous treatment had been made on subjective grounds by the radiologists who originally saw the patients. The number of percutaneous treatment sessions ranged from 2 to 21. In all patients, a progression of the disease occurred. Four patients underwent a right hepatectomy; 1 patient, a left lobectomy; 2 patients, a segmentectomy; and 1 patient, a wedge resection. There was no operative mortality in any of these 8 patients. Two patients presented with seeding of the neoplasm on the diaphragm, which was resected. Histologic examination of all surgical specimens revealed the presence of vital neoplastic tissue; only two specimens of carcinoid tumors showed more than 50% necrosis of the nodules treated percutaneously. These results led us to express doubts as to the efficacy of percutaneous ablative treatment for liver metastases.

Prosthesis jump graft: an unusual arterial reconstruction in liver transplantation

The authors present a case of arterial jump graft using a number 9 Goretex prosthesis (FEP ringed vascular graft; W.I. Gore Associates Inc.-Delaware, Flagstaff, AZ) with an excellent outcome 3 years after the transplant. The prosthesis was necessary because of the impossibility of using the donor iliac arterial grafts due to the presence of widespread atherosclerotic damage.

Hepatic resective surgery in cirrhotic patients. Techniques and results of anatomical segmentectomies

The paper describes the technique of anatomical liver segmentectomies based on the extraparenchymal clamping, at the hepatic hilum, of the afferent vascular pedicles. The resection is started on the liver surface along the demarcation line caused by the ischemia. During parenchymal transection the technique of hemihepatic vascular occlusion has been undertaken. The results obtained with 125 segmentary hepatic resections performed for hepatocellular carcinoma arised on cirrhosis are also reported. The overall operative mortality has been 6.4%. The actuarial 1 and 3 year survivals were 93.3% and 70.4% respectively. Hepatic segmentary resections are recommended for limited hepatic lesions, mainly in well compensated cirrhotic patients.

Total vascular exclusion of the liver during hepatic surgery. Selective use, extensive use, or abuse?

OBJECTIVES

To review our experience with total vascular exclusion of the liver and to assess its role in hepatic resections.

DESIGN

Retrospective survey.

SETTING

University hospital, a tertiary referring center for surgical liver diseases.

PATIENTS

A total of 722 patients who underwent liver resections from November 1, 1981, to March 31, 1996, of whom 19 (2.6%) required total vascular exclusion because of hepatic lesions closely adherent to or infiltrating the retrohepatic vena cava or centrally located in the liver, strictly in contact with the hepatic vein convergence.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE

chi 2 Test for qualitative data and Student t test for categorical data.

RESULTS

Of the 19 resections carried out under total vascular exclusion, 6 had tumoral infiltration of the retrohepatic vena cava: in 4 cases the venous wall was partially resected, while in the remaining 2 it was completely removed and replaced with a prosthetic graft. There were no operative deaths. Of the 722 resections, 227 were major hepatectomies: 74 (32.6%) were performed after ligation of the glissonian elements for the hemiliver to be removed, without clamping of the hepatic pedicle, and a further 36 (15.8%) were performed without any preliminary vascular control. A significant reduction in intraoperative blood transfusions was achieved despite the performance of more extended operations, regardless of the technique used.

CONCLUSIONS

Total vascular exclusion is a useful tool in controlling blood inflow to the liver, but true need for it during liver resection is limited. Its performance requires a well-trained team familiar with problems regarding surgical access to the inferior vena cava and prolonged occlusion of the hepatic pedicle and the inferior vena cava.

Piggy-back versus conventional technique in liver transplantation: report of a randomized trial

Liver transplantation with preservation of the recipient vena cava (the "piggy-back" technique) has been proposed as an alternative to the traditional method. We performed a randomized study on 39 cirrhotic patients, 20 who underwent the piggy-back technique (group 1) and 19 the traditional method using venovenous bypass (group 2) to evaluate the feasibility and true advantages of the piggy-back technique compared to the traditional method. Two patients were switched to the conventional technique due to the presence of a caudate lobe embracing the vena cava in one patient and a caval lesion in the other. Statistically significant differences between the two groups were only found for the warm ischemia time (48.5 +/- 13 min for piggy-back vs 60 +/- 12 min for the conventional method) and for renal failure (zero cases in group 1 vs four cases in group 2). We therefore believe that liver transplantation with the piggy-back technique can easily be performed in almost all cases, and that only a few, specific situations, such as a very enlarged caudate lobe, do not justify its routine use.

Piggy-back versus conventional technique in liver transplantation: report of a randomized trial

Liver transplantation with preservation of the recipient vena cava (the "piggy-back" technique) has been proposed as an alternative to the traditional method. We performed a randomized study on 39 cirrhotic patients, 20 who underwent the piggy-back technique (group 1) and 19 the traditional method using venovenous bypass (group 2) to evaluate the feasibility and true advantages of the piggy-back technique compared to the traditional method. Two patients were switched to the conventional technique due to the presence of a caudate lobe embracing the vena cava in one patient and a caval lesion in the other. Statistically significant differences between the two groups were only found for the warm ischemia time (48.5 +/- 13 min for piggy-back vs 60 +/- 12 min for the conventional method) and for renal failure (zero cases in group 1 vs four cases in group 2). We therefore believe that liver transplantation with the piggy-back technique can easily be performed in almost all cases, and that only a few, specific situations, such as a very enlarged caudate lobe, do not justify its routine use.

Beware of TIPS in liver transplant candidates. Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) reduce portal pressure and prevent bleeding from esophageal varices in cirrhotic patients. The method is often used in liver transplant candidates. Two cases of TIPS malpositioning in liver transplantation candidates are reported. In the first patient, the caudal end of the TIPS was situated distally in the portal trunk and during transplantation it was necessary to isolate the spleno-portal confluence in order to ensure anastomosis in an area of the wall without endothelial lesions. In the second case, still on the waiting list, the cephalead end of the stent is situated in the right atrium and in this case a more complex trans-diaphragmatic and probably trans-atrial approach is foreseen to allow extraction of the stent. In cirrhotic patients who may be possible transplant candidates, shorter TIPS must be used and positioned with care intrahepatically. Careful radiological evaluation is recommended, together with a CT scan and possibly angiography, in patients with TIPS before liver transplantation is performed, to avoid surprises with detrimental effects during the transplant.