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Mikami H, Feng S, Matsuda Y, Ishii S, Naoi S, Azuma Y, Nagano H, Asanuma K, Kayukawa Y, Tsunenari T, Kamikawaji S, Iwabuchi R, Shinozuka J, Yamazaki M, Kuroi H, Ho SSW, Gan SW, Chichili P, Pang CL, Yeo CY, Shimizu S, Hironiwa N, Kinoshita Y, Shimizu Y, Sakamoto A, Muraoka M, Takahashi N, Kawa T, Shiraiwa H, Mimoto F, Kashima K, Kamata-Sakurai M, Ishikawa S, Aburatani H, Kitazawa T, Igawa T. Engineering CD3/CD137 Dual Specificity into a DLL3-Targeted T-Cell Engager Enhances T-Cell Infiltration and Efficacy against Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2024:OF1-OF12. [PMID: 38563577 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-23-0638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive cancer for which immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have had only limited success. Bispecific T-cell engagers are promising therapeutic alternatives for ICI-resistant tumors, but not all patients with SCLC are responsive. Herein, to integrate CD137 costimulatory function into a T-cell engager format and thereby augment therapeutic efficacy, we generated a CD3/CD137 dual-specific Fab and engineered a DLL3-targeted trispecific antibody (DLL3 trispecific). The CD3/CD137 dual-specific Fab was generated to competitively bind to CD3 and CD137 to prevent DLL3-independent cross-linking of CD3 and CD137, which could lead to systemic T-cell activation. We demonstrated that DLL3 trispecific induced better tumor growth control and a marked increase in the number of intratumoral T cells compared with a conventional DLL3-targeted bispecific T-cell engager. These findings suggest that DLL3 trispecific can exert potent efficacy by inducing concurrent CD137 costimulation and provide a promising therapeutic option for SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Mikami
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shu Feng
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmabody Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yutaka Matsuda
- Project & Lifecycle Management Unit, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinya Ishii
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sotaro Naoi
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmabody Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yumiko Azuma
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nagano
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmabody Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kentaro Asanuma
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoko Kayukawa
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Shogo Kamikawaji
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Iwabuchi
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Junko Shinozuka
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masaki Yamazaki
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Haruka Kuroi
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Siok Wan Gan
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmabody Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Chai Ling Pang
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmabody Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chiew Ying Yeo
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmabody Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shun Shimizu
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naoka Hironiwa
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmabody Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yasuko Kinoshita
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Shimizu
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akihisa Sakamoto
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masaru Muraoka
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Tatsuya Kawa
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Futa Mimoto
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmabody Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kenji Kashima
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Shumpei Ishikawa
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Aburatani
- Genome Science Division, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Tomoyuki Igawa
- Translational Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Mikami H, Feng S, Naoi S, Azuma Y, Kayukawa Y, Tsunenari T, Asanuma K, Iwabuchi R, Nagano H, Shinozuka J, Yamazaki M, Kuroi H, Gan SW, Chichili P, Shimizu S, Matsuda Y, Ishii S, Kamikawaji S, Kinoshita Y, Shimizu Y, Sakamoto A, Muraoka M, Takahashi N, Kawa T, Shiraiwa H, Kashima K, Mimoto F, Kamata-Sakurai M, Kitazawa T, Igawa T. Abstract 1872: A DLL3/CD3/CD137 trispecific T cell engager shows potent antitumor activity in small cell lung cancer models. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-1872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Despite the approval of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), prognosis of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) remains poor. DLL3 is upregulated in SCLC whereas expression in normal tissues is minimal, representing the favorable profile as a therapeutic target. T cell engager (TCE) is a potent immunotherapy that redirects T cells to tumors expressing a specific antigen. Unlike ICIs, TCEs do not require the recognition of tumor antigens by T cells and thus could be an alternative approach to target tumors where the benefit of ICIs is limited such as SCLC. CD137 (4-1BB) is a costimulatory molecule that promotes T cell activation, proliferation, and survival. Since CD137 agonists synergize with CD3-mediated T cell activation, inducing concurrent CD137 costimulation is a promising strategy to unleash the potential of TCEs. We therefore developed a DLL3/CD3/CD137 trispecific T cell engager composed of two CD3/CD137 dual specific Fabs and one extra DLL3 Fab (DLL3 trispecific, RG6524).
Results: We initially investigated the CD3 and CD137 signal transduction in Jurkat cells harboring NFAT or NF-κB reporter cocultured with DLL3 positive cells. DLL3 trispecific showed dose-dependent increase in NFAT and NF-κB activity, indicating that target engagement successfully activated CD3 and CD137 signaling. In the in vitro assay using human PBMC, DLL3 trispecific induced cytotoxicity against SCLC cell lines with EC50s in the two-digit pM range.
In vivo efficacy was evaluated in SCLC xenograft models established by engrafting SCLC cell lines into immune humanized NOG mice. DLL3 trispecific showed greater tumor growth inhibition compared to a traditional bispecific T cell engager. Furthermore, flow cytometry-based immunophenotyping revealed that DLL3 trispecific increased T cell number in tumors and improved IFN-γ production from CD8 T cells. We also explored the combination with platinum-based drugs, which are widely used for SCLC, and showed that DLL3 trispecific enhanced the efficacy of platinum-based drugs. These data demonstrated that DLL3 trispecific has the potent in vivo efficacy and the potential for clinical use.
We next evaluated whether cytokine release syndrome (CRS) mitigating approaches affect antitumor efficacy. Although prophylactic use of a steroid significantly reduced cytokine production, tumor growth inhibition by DLL3 trispecific remained unchanged. Likewise, tocilizumab treatment did not reduce the efficacy, suggesting that CRS mitigation did not abrogate the therapeutic benefit.
We finally assessed the tolerability in non-human primates. DLL3 trispecific did not reach the maximum tolerated dose and was well tolerated up to 16 mg/kg Q2D, the highest dose tested.
Conclusion: Our data showed that DLL3 trispecific has potent activity and is well suited for clinical application in SCLC. These findings provide a rationale for the clinical testing of DLL3 trispecific.
Citation Format: Hirofumi Mikami, Shu Feng, Sotaro Naoi, Yumiko Azuma, Yoko Kayukawa, Toshiaki Tsunenari, Kentaro Asanuma, Ryutaro Iwabuchi, Hiroaki Nagano, Junko Shinozuka, Masaki Yamazaki, Haruka Kuroi, Siok Wan Gan, Priyanka Chichili, Shun Shimizu, Yutaka Matsuda, Shinya Ishii, Shogo Kamikawaji, Yasuko Kinoshita, Yuichiro Shimizu, Akihisa Sakamoto, Masaru Muraoka, Noriyuki Takahashi, Tatsuya Kawa, Hirotake Shiraiwa, Kenji Kashima, Futa Mimoto, Mika Kamata-Sakurai, Takehisa Kitazawa, Tomoyuki Igawa. A DLL3/CD3/CD137 trispecific T cell engager shows potent antitumor activity in small cell lung cancer models [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 1872.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shu Feng
- 2Chugai Pharmabody Research, Biopolis Drive, Singapore
| | - Sotaro Naoi
- 2Chugai Pharmabody Research, Biopolis Drive, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Siok Wan Gan
- 2Chugai Pharmabody Research, Biopolis Drive, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Futa Mimoto
- 2Chugai Pharmabody Research, Biopolis Drive, Singapore
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Mimoto F, Tatsumi K, Shimizu S, Kadono S, Haraya K, Nagayasu M, Suzuki Y, Fujii E, Kamimura M, Hayasaka A, Kawauchi H, Ohara K, Matsushita M, Baba T, Susumu H, Sakashita T, Muraoka T, Aso K, Katada H, Tanaka E, Nakagawa K, Hasegawa M, Ayabe M, Yamamoto T, Tanba S, Ishiguro T, Kamikawa T, Nambu T, Kibayashi T, Azuma Y, Tomii Y, Kato A, Ozeki K, Murao N, Endo M, Kikuta J, Kamata-Sakurai M, Ishii M, Hattori K, Igawa T. Exploitation of Elevated Extracellular ATP to Specifically Direct Antibody to Tumor Microenvironment. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108542. [PMID: 33357423 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration is highly elevated in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and remains tightly regulated in normal tissues. Using phage display technology, we establish a method to identify an antibody that can bind to an antigen only in the presence of ATP. Crystallography analysis reveals that ATP bound in between the antibody-antigen interface serves as a switch for antigen binding. In a transgenic mouse model overexpressing the antigen systemically, the ATP switch antibody binds to the antigen in tumors with minimal binding in normal tissues and plasma and inhibits tumor growth. Thus, we demonstrate that elevated extracellular ATP concentration can be exploited to specifically target the TME, giving therapeutic antibodies the ability to overcome on-target off-tumor toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Futa Mimoto
- Chugai Pharmabody Research Pte. Ltd., 3 Biopolis Drive, #07 - 11 to 16, Synapse, 138623, Singapore.
| | - Kanako Tatsumi
- Research Division, Fuji Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513, Japan.
| | - Shun Shimizu
- Research Division, Fuji Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513, Japan
| | - Shojiro Kadono
- Research Division, Kamakura Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200, Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 247-8530, Japan
| | - Kenta Haraya
- Research Division, Fuji Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513, Japan
| | - Miho Nagayasu
- Research Division, Fuji Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513, Japan
| | - Yuki Suzuki
- Research Division, Fuji Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513, Japan
| | - Etsuko Fujii
- Research Division, Fuji Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513, Japan
| | - Masaki Kamimura
- Chugai Research Institute for Medical Science, Inc. 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513, Japan
| | - Akira Hayasaka
- Research Division, Fuji Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kawauchi
- Research Division, Kamakura Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200, Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 247-8530, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ohara
- Research Division, Kamakura Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200, Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 247-8530, Japan
| | - Masayuki Matsushita
- Research Division, Kamakura Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200, Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 247-8530, Japan; Project & Lifecycle Management Unit, 1-1 Nihonbashi-Muromachi 2-Chome, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-8324, Japan
| | - Takeshi Baba
- Research Division, Kamakura Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200, Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 247-8530, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Susumu
- Research Division, Fuji Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513, Japan
| | - Takuya Sakashita
- Research Division, Fuji Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513, Japan
| | - Terushige Muraoka
- Research Division, Kamakura Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200, Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 247-8530, Japan
| | - Kosuke Aso
- Research Division, Fuji Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Katada
- Research Division, Fuji Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513, Japan
| | - Eriko Tanaka
- Research Division, Kamakura Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200, Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 247-8530, Japan
| | - Kenji Nakagawa
- Research Division, Fuji Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513, Japan
| | - Masami Hasegawa
- Research Division, Kamakura Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200, Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 247-8530, Japan
| | - Miho Ayabe
- Research Division, Kamakura Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200, Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 247-8530, Japan
| | - Tessai Yamamoto
- Research Division, Fuji Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513, Japan
| | - Shigero Tanba
- Research Division, Kamakura Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200, Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 247-8530, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ishiguro
- Translational Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-1 Nihonbashi-Muromachi 2-Chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-8324, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kamikawa
- Research Division, Kamakura Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200, Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 247-8530, Japan
| | - Takeru Nambu
- Chugai Pharmabody Research Pte. Ltd., 3 Biopolis Drive, #07 - 11 to 16, Synapse, 138623, Singapore
| | - Tatsuya Kibayashi
- Research Division, Kamakura Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200, Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 247-8530, Japan
| | - Yumiko Azuma
- Research Division, Kamakura Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200, Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 247-8530, Japan
| | - Yasushi Tomii
- Research Division, Fuji Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Kato
- Research Division, Fuji Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Ozeki
- Research Division, Fuji Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513, Japan
| | - Naoaki Murao
- Research Division, Fuji Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513, Japan
| | - Mika Endo
- Research Division, Kamakura Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200, Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 247-8530, Japan
| | - Junichi Kikuta
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mika Kamata-Sakurai
- Translational Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-1 Nihonbashi-Muromachi 2-Chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-8324, Japan
| | - Masaru Ishii
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Hattori
- Research Division, Kamakura Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200, Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 247-8530, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Igawa
- Chugai Pharmabody Research Pte. Ltd., 3 Biopolis Drive, #07 - 11 to 16, Synapse, 138623, Singapore; Research Division, Fuji Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513, Japan
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Sekiguchi N, Kubo C, Takahashi A, Muraoka K, Takeiri A, Ito S, Yano M, Mimoto F, Maeda A, Iwayanagi Y, Wakabayashi T, Takata S, Murao N, Chiba S, Ishigai M. MHC-associated peptide proteomics enabling highly sensitive detection of immunogenic sequences for the development of therapeutic antibodies with low immunogenicity. MAbs 2018; 10:1168-1181. [PMID: 30199322 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1518888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunogenicity is a key factor capable of influencing the efficacy and safety of therapeutic antibodies. A recently developed method called MHC-associated peptide proteomics (MAPPs) uses liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry to identify the peptide sequences derived from a therapeutic protein that are presented by major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) on antigen-presenting cells, and therefore may induce immunogenicity. In this study, we developed a MAPPs technique (called Ab-MAPPs) that has high throughput and can efficiently identify the MHC II-presented peptides derived from therapeutic antibodies using magnetic nanoparticle beads coated with a hydrophilic polymer in the immunoprecipitation process. The magnetic beads could identify more peptides and sequence regions originating from infliximab and adalimumab in a shorter measurement time than Sepharose beads, which are commonly used for MAPPs. Several sequence regions identified by Ab-MAPPs from infliximab corresponded to immunogenic sequences reported by other methods, which suggests the method's high potential for identifying significant sequences involved in immunogenicity. Furthermore, our study suggests that the Ab-MAPPs method can recognize the difference of a single amino acid residue between similar antibody sequences with different levels of T-cell proliferation activity and can identify potentially immunogenic peptides with high binding affinity to MHC II. In conclusion, Ab-MAPPs is useful for identifying the immunogenic sequences of therapeutic antibodies and will contribute to the design of therapeutic antibodies with low immunogenicity during the drug discovery stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Sekiguchi
- a Research Division, Fuji Gotemba Research Labs , Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd ., Gotemba , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Chiyomi Kubo
- a Research Division, Fuji Gotemba Research Labs , Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd ., Gotemba , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Ayako Takahashi
- a Research Division, Fuji Gotemba Research Labs , Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd ., Gotemba , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Kumiko Muraoka
- a Research Division, Fuji Gotemba Research Labs , Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd ., Gotemba , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Akira Takeiri
- a Research Division, Fuji Gotemba Research Labs , Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd ., Gotemba , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ito
- a Research Division, Fuji Gotemba Research Labs , Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd ., Gotemba , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Mariko Yano
- a Research Division, Fuji Gotemba Research Labs , Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd ., Gotemba , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Futa Mimoto
- a Research Division, Fuji Gotemba Research Labs , Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd ., Gotemba , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Maeda
- a Research Division, Fuji Gotemba Research Labs , Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd ., Gotemba , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Yuki Iwayanagi
- a Research Division, Fuji Gotemba Research Labs , Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd ., Gotemba , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Tetsuya Wakabayashi
- a Research Division, Fuji Gotemba Research Labs , Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd ., Gotemba , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Shotaro Takata
- a Research Division, Fuji Gotemba Research Labs , Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd ., Gotemba , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Naoaki Murao
- a Research Division, Fuji Gotemba Research Labs , Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd ., Gotemba , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Shuichi Chiba
- a Research Division, Fuji Gotemba Research Labs , Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd ., Gotemba , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Masaki Ishigai
- a Research Division, Fuji Gotemba Research Labs , Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd ., Gotemba , Shizuoka , Japan
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Fukuzawa T, Sampei Z, Haraya K, Ruike Y, Shida-Kawazoe M, Shimizu Y, Gan SW, Irie M, Tsuboi Y, Tai H, Sakiyama T, Sakamoto A, Ishii S, Maeda A, Iwayanagi Y, Shibahara N, Shibuya M, Nakamura G, Nambu T, Hayasaka A, Mimoto F, Okura Y, Hori Y, Habu K, Wada M, Miura T, Tachibana T, Honda K, Tsunoda H, Kitazawa T, Kawabe Y, Igawa T, Hattori K, Nezu J. Long lasting neutralization of C5 by SKY59, a novel recycling antibody, is a potential therapy for complement-mediated diseases. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1080. [PMID: 28439081 PMCID: PMC5430875 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01087-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the complement system is linked to the pathogenesis of a variety of hematological disorders. Eculizumab, an anti-complement C5 monoclonal antibody, is the current standard of care for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS). However, because of high levels of C5 in plasma, eculizumab has to be administered biweekly by intravenous infusion. By applying recycling technology through pH-dependent binding to C5, we generated a novel humanized antibody against C5, SKY59, which has long-lasting neutralization of C5. In cynomolgus monkeys, SKY59 suppressed C5 function and complement activity for a significantly longer duration compared to a conventional antibody. Furthermore, epitope mapping by X-ray crystal structure analysis showed that a histidine cluster located on C5 is crucial for the pH-dependent interaction with SKY59. This indicates that the recycling effect of SKY59 is driven by a novel mechanism of interaction with its antigen and is distinct from other known pH-dependent antibodies. Finally, SKY59 showed neutralizing effect on C5 variant p.Arg885His, while eculizumab does not inhibit complement activity in patients carrying this mutation. Collectively, these results suggest that SKY59 is a promising new anti-C5 agent for patients with PNH and other complement-mediated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Fukuzawa
- Chugai Pharmabody Research Pte. Ltd., 3 Biopolis Drive, #07-11 to 16, Synapse, 138623, Singapore
| | - Zenjiro Sampei
- Chugai Pharmabody Research Pte. Ltd., 3 Biopolis Drive, #07-11 to 16, Synapse, 138623, Singapore
| | - Kenta Haraya
- Chugai Pharmabody Research Pte. Ltd., 3 Biopolis Drive, #07-11 to 16, Synapse, 138623, Singapore
| | - Yoshinao Ruike
- Chugai Pharmabody Research Pte. Ltd., 3 Biopolis Drive, #07-11 to 16, Synapse, 138623, Singapore
| | - Meiri Shida-Kawazoe
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Shimizu
- Chugai Pharmabody Research Pte. Ltd., 3 Biopolis Drive, #07-11 to 16, Synapse, 138623, Singapore
| | - Siok Wan Gan
- Chugai Pharmabody Research Pte. Ltd., 3 Biopolis Drive, #07-11 to 16, Synapse, 138623, Singapore
| | - Machiko Irie
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Tsuboi
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tai
- Chugai Research Institute for Medical Science, Inc., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Sakiyama
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Akihisa Sakamoto
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Shinya Ishii
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Maeda
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yuki Iwayanagi
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Norihito Shibahara
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Mitsuko Shibuya
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Genki Nakamura
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takeru Nambu
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Akira Hayasaka
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Futa Mimoto
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yuu Okura
- Chugai Pharmabody Research Pte. Ltd., 3 Biopolis Drive, #07-11 to 16, Synapse, 138623, Singapore
| | - Yuji Hori
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Habu
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Manabu Wada
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takaaki Miura
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Tachibana
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kiyofumi Honda
- Chugai Pharmabody Research Pte. Ltd., 3 Biopolis Drive, #07-11 to 16, Synapse, 138623, Singapore
| | - Hiroyuki Tsunoda
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takehisa Kitazawa
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Kawabe
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan.,Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Igawa
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Hattori
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Junichi Nezu
- Chugai Pharmabody Research Pte. Ltd., 3 Biopolis Drive, #07-11 to 16, Synapse, 138623, Singapore.
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Mimoto F, Kuramochi T, Katada H, Igawa T, Hattori K. Fc Engineering to Improve the Function of Therapeutic Antibodies. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2016; 17:1298-1314. [PMID: 27552846 DOI: 10.2174/1389201017666160824161854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are currently the most attractive therapeutic modality in a broad range of disease areas, including infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases, and oncology. Fc engineering is one attractive application to maximize the value or overcome the drawbacks of monoclonal antibodies for therapeutic use. With the Fc region, antibodies bind to several types of receptors, such as Fc gamma receptors, a complement receptor, and a neonatal Fc receptor. Through this interaction with the receptors, antibodies demonstrate unique functions, such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, antibody- dependent cellular phagocytosis, complement dependent cytotoxicity, agonistic activity, and endosomal recycling. Fc engineering technology is conducted mainly to maximize the receptor-mediated functions of antibodies. Moreover, Fc engineering of the two heavy chains to facilitate heterodimerization is indispensable for generating IgG-like bispecific antibodies that are asymmetric. Fc engineering is also conducted to avoid the undesired properties, such as cytokine release and protease-mediated cleavage of the hinge region, of wild-type antibodies, as well as providing additional functions. Thus, Fc engineering technology is an attractive approach for maximizing the potency and convenience of therapeutic antibodies. This review will cover a variety of Fc engineering technologies that improve the functions of therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tomoyuki Igawa
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan.. Japan
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Hironiwa N, Ishii S, Kadono S, Iwayanagi Y, Mimoto F, Habu K, Igawa T, Hattori K. Calcium-dependent antigen binding as a novel modality for antibody recycling by endosomal antigen dissociation. MAbs 2015; 8:65-73. [PMID: 26496237 PMCID: PMC4966519 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1110660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The pH-dependent antigen binding antibody, termed a recycling antibody, has recently been reported as an attractive type of second-generation engineered therapeutic antibody. A recycling antibody can dissociate antigen in the acidic endosome, and thus bind to its antigen multiple times. As a consequence, a recycling antibody can neutralize large amounts of antigen in plasma. Because this approach relies on histidine residues to achieve pH-dependent antigen binding, which could limit the epitopes that can be targeted and affect the rate of antigen dissociation in the endosome, we explored an alternative approach for generating recycling antibodies. Since calcium ion concentration is known to be lower in endosome than in plasma, we hypothesized that an antibody with antigen-binding properties that are calcium-dependent could be used as recycling antibody. Here, we report a novel anti-interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) antibody, identified from a phage library that binds to IL-6R only in the presence of a calcium ion. Thermal dynamics and a crystal structure study revealed that the calcium ion binds to the heavy chain CDR3 region (HCDR3), which changes and possibly stabilizes the structure of HCDR3 to make it bind to antigen calcium dependently (PDB 5AZE). In vitro and in vivo studies confirmed that this calcium-dependent antigen-binding antibody can dissociate its antigen in the endosome and accelerate antigen clearance from plasma, making it a novel approach for generating recycling antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hironiwa
- Research Division; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Ishii
- Research Division; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Kadono
- Research Division; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Iwayanagi
- Research Division; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Tokyo, Japan
| | - F Mimoto
- Research Division; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Habu
- Research Division; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Igawa
- Research Division; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Hattori
- Research Division; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Tokyo, Japan
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Iwayanagi Y, Igawa T, Maeda A, Haraya K, Wada NA, Shibahara N, Ohmine K, Nambu T, Nakamura G, Mimoto F, Katada H, Ito S, Tachibana T, Jishage KI, Hattori K. Inhibitory FcγRIIb-Mediated Soluble Antigen Clearance from Plasma by a pH-Dependent Antigen-Binding Antibody and Its Enhancement by Fc Engineering. J Immunol 2015; 195:3198-205. [PMID: 26320252 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Fc engineering can modulate the Fc-FcγR interaction and thus enhance the potency of Abs that target membrane-bound Ags, but it has not been applied to Abs that target soluble Ags. In this study, we revealed a previously unknown function of inhibitory FcγRII in vivo and, using an Ab that binds to Ag pH dependently, demonstrated that the function can be exploited to target soluble Ag. Because pH-dependent Ab dissociates Ag in acidic endosome, its Ag clearance from circulation reflects the cellular uptake rate of Ag/Ab complexes. In vivo studies showed that FcγR but not neonatal FcR contributes to Ag clearance by the pH-dependent Ab, and when Fc binding to mouse FcγRII and III was increased, Ag clearance was markedly accelerated in wild-type mice and FcR γ-chain knockout mice, but the effect was diminished in FcγRII knockout mice. This demonstrates that mouse FcγRII efficiently promotes Ab uptake into the cell and its subsequent recycling back to the cell surface. Furthermore, when a human IgG1 Fc variant with selectively increased binding to human FcγRIIb was tested in human FcγRIIb transgenic mice, Ag clearance was accelerated without compromising the Ab half-life. Taken together, inhibitory FcγRIIb was found to play a prominent role in the cellular uptake of monomeric Ag/Ab immune complexes in vivo, and when the Fc of a pH-dependent Ab was engineered to selectively enhance human FcγRIIb binding, the Ab could accelerate soluble Ag clearance from circulation. We assume such a function would enhance the therapeutic potency of Abs that target soluble Ags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Iwayanagi
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokyo 103-8324, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Igawa
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokyo 103-8324, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Maeda
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokyo 103-8324, Japan
| | - Kenta Haraya
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokyo 103-8324, Japan
| | - Naoko A Wada
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokyo 103-8324, Japan
| | - Norihito Shibahara
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokyo 103-8324, Japan
| | - Ken Ohmine
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokyo 103-8324, Japan
| | - Takeru Nambu
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokyo 103-8324, Japan
| | - Genki Nakamura
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokyo 103-8324, Japan
| | - Futa Mimoto
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokyo 103-8324, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Katada
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokyo 103-8324, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ito
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokyo 103-8324, Japan
| | | | - Kou-ichi Jishage
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokyo 103-8324, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Hattori
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokyo 103-8324, Japan
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Igawa T, Mimoto F, Hattori K. pH-dependent antigen-binding antibodies as a novel therapeutic modality. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics 2014; 1844:1943-1950. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Mimoto F, Katada H, Kadono S, Igawa T, Kuramochi T, Muraoka M, Wada Y, Haraya K, Miyazaki T, Hattori K. Engineered antibody Fc variant with selectively enhanced FcγRIIb binding over both FcγRIIa(R131) and FcγRIIa(H131). Protein Eng Des Sel 2013; 26:589-98. [PMID: 23744091 PMCID: PMC3785249 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzt022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Engaging inhibitory FcγRIIb by Fc region has been recently reported to be an attractive approach for improving the efficacy of antibody therapeutics. However, the previously reported S267E/L328F variant with enhanced binding affinity to FcγRIIb, also enhances binding affinity to FcγRIIa(R131) allotype to a similar degree because FcγRIIb and FcγRIIa(R131) are structurally similar. In this study, we applied comprehensive mutagenesis and structure-guided design based on the crystal structure of the Fc/FcγRIIb complex to identify a novel Fc variant with selectively enhanced FcγRIIb binding over both FcγRIIa(R131) and FcγRIIa(H131). This novel variant has more than 200-fold stronger binding affinity to FcγRIIb than wild-type IgG1, while binding affinity to FcγRIIa(R131) and FcγRIIa(H131) is comparable with or lower than wild-type IgG1. This selectivity was achieved by conformational change of the C(H)2 domain by mutating Pro to Asp at position 238. Fc variant with increased binding to both FcγRIIb and FcγRIIa induced platelet aggregation and activation in an immune complex form in vitro while our novel variant did not. When applied to agonistic anti-CD137 IgG1 antibody, our variant greatly enhanced the agonistic activity. Thus, the selective enhancement of FcγRIIb binding achieved by our Fc variant provides a novel tool for improving the efficacy of antibody therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - T. Igawa
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
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Mimoto F, Igawa T, Kuramochi T, Katada H, Kadono S, Kamikawa T, Shida-Kawazoe M, Hattori K. Novel asymmetrically engineered antibody Fc variant with superior FcγR binding affinity and specificity compared with afucosylated Fc variant. MAbs 2013; 5:229-36. [PMID: 23406628 PMCID: PMC3893233 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.23452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fc engineering is a promising approach to enhance the antitumor efficacy of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) through antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Glyco- and protein-Fc engineering have been employed to enhance FcγR binding and ADCC activity of mAbs; the drawbacks of previous approaches lie in their binding affinity to both FcγRIIIa allotypes, the ratio of activating FcγR binding to inhibitory FcγR binding (A/I ratio) or the melting temperature (TM) of the CH2 domain. To date, no engineered Fc variant has been reported that satisfies all these points. Herein, we present a novel Fc engineering approach that introduces different substitutions in each Fc domain asymmetrically, conferring optimal binding affinity to FcγR and specificity to the activating FcγR without impairing the stability. We successfully designed an asymmetric Fc variant with the highest binding affinity for both FcγRIIIa allotypes and the highest A/I ratio compared with previously reported symmetrically engineered Fc variants, and superior or at least comparable in vitro ADCC activity compared with afucosylated Fc variants. In addition, the asymmetric Fc engineering approach offered higher stability by minimizing the use of substitutions that reduce the TM of the CH2 domain compared with the symmetric approach. These results demonstrate that the asymmetric Fc engineering platform provides best-in-class effector function for therapeutic antibodies against tumor antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Futa Mimoto
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
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Igawa T, Tsunoda H, Tachibana T, Maeda A, Mimoto F, Moriyama C, Nanami M, Sekimori Y, Nabuchi Y, Aso Y, Hattori K. Reduced elimination of IgG antibodies by engineering the variable region. Protein Eng Des Sel 2010; 23:385-92. [DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzq009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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13
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Yamamura A, Ichimura T, Mimoto F, Ohtsuka J, Miyazono KI, Okai M, Kamo M, Lee WC, Nagata K, Tanokura M. A unique catalytic triad revealed by the crystal structure of APE0912, a short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family protein from Aeropyrum pernix K1. Proteins 2008; 70:1640-5. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.21860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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