Evidence and opportunities for developing non-transgenic genome edited crops using site-directed nuclease 1 approach

The innovations and progress in genome editing/new breeding technologies have revolutionized research in the field of functional genomics and crop improvement. This revolution has expanded the horizons of agricultural research, presenting fresh possibilities for creating novel plant varieties equipped with desired traits that can effectively combat the challenges posed by climate change. However, the regulation and social acceptance of genome-edited crops still remain as major barriers. Only a few countries considered the site-directed nuclease 1 (SDN1) approach-based genome-edited plants under less or no regulation. Hence, the present review aims to comprise information on the research work conducted using SDN1 in crops by various genome editing tools. It also elucidates the promising candidate genes that can be used for editing and has listed the studies on non-transgenic crops developed through SDN1 either by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation or by ribo nucleoprotein (RNP) complex. The review also hoards the existing regulatory landscape of genome editing and provides an overview of globally commercialized genome-edited crops. These compilations will enable confidence in researchers and policymakers, across the globe, to recognize the full potential of this technology and reconsider the regulatory aspects associated with genome-edited crops. Furthermore, this compilation serves as a valuable resource for researchers embarking on the development of customized non-transgenic crops through the utilization of SDN1.

Comparative transcriptome profiling of near isogenic lines PBW343 and FLW29 to unravel defense related genes and pathways contributing to stripe rust resistance in wheat

Stripe rust (Sr), caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is the most devastating disease that poses serious threat to the wheat-growing nations across the globe. Developing resistant cultivars is the most challenging aspect in wheat breeding. The function of resistance genes (R genes) and the mechanisms by which they influence plant-host interactions are poorly understood. In the present investigation, comparative transcriptome analysis was carried out by involving two near-isogenic lines (NILs) PBW343 and FLW29. The seedlings of both the genotypes were inoculated with Pst pathotype 46S119. In total, 1106 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified at early stage of infection (12 hpi), whereas expressions of 877 and 1737 DEGs were observed at later stages (48 and 72 hpi) in FLW29. The identified DEGs were comprised of defense-related genes including putative R genes, 7 WRKY transcriptional factors, calcium, and hormonal signaling associated genes. Moreover, pathways involved in signaling of receptor kinases, G protein, and light showed higher expression in resistant cultivar and were common across different time points. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to further confirm the transcriptional expression of eight critical genes involved in plant defense mechanism against stripe rust. The information about genes are likely to improve our knowledge of the genetic mechanism that controls the stripe rust resistance in wheat, and data on resistance response-linked genes and pathways will be a significant resource for future research.

TiO2 supported cobalt oxide for olefin epoxidation reaction - characterization, catalytic activities and mechanism - using a DFT model

Metal oxide catalysts are known to trigger C-H bond activation selectively, indicating their suitability for olefin epoxidation. Nano-structured Co₃O₄ supported on TiO₂ was prepared for selective epoxidation of a number of olefins under optimized reaction conditions. An appropriate synthetic procedure yielded a catalytic material (Co-Ti (NP)^HT) with desired crystal size and interface conditions. Incorporation of Co into the Ti matrix resulted in an enhancement in the specific surface of Ti-Co nanoparticles (77.93 m² g^-1). XPS measurements evaluated the surface cobalt atom concentration (5.77%) in Ti-Co(NP)^HT, indicating more dispersion of cobalt oxide species. Catalytic application of the material, using various olefins (under optimized reaction conditions) shows higher conversion (>85%) in a 6-h time interval. The substrate : oxidant (H₂O₂) concentration in an optimized molar ratio of 1 : 2 shows high olefin conversion for the formation of olefin oxide. The reactivity of olefins was found to be in the order: cyclohexene > methylstyrene > styrene > chlorostyrene > p-nitrostyrene. A DFT model compared the HOMO-LUMO energies of styrene and its substituted forms. The reusability of Ti-Co (NP)^HT tested up to four continuous cycles of batch operations indicates a negligible loss (0.25-0.30%) of catalytic activity.

Comparison of Haloperidol and Quetiapine for Treatment of Delirium in Critical Illness: A Prospective Randomised Double-blind Placebo-controlled Trial

Introduction: Delirium is associated with an increased chance of death, prolonged hospitalisation, higher healthcare costs, and possibly long-term brain damage in survivors. Antipsychotics, both conventional and atypical, are the cornerstone of pharmacologic treatment for delirium in adults. Aim: To find out whether typical and atypical antipsychotic medication would result in a shorter duration of delirium than placebo and would improve other outcomes. Materials and Methods: This is a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial conducted on patients with delirium in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India from February 2021 to February 2022. Out of 45, 15 received enteral haloperidol (maximum dose 30 mg daily), 15 received quetiapine (maximum dose 300 mg daily) and 15 were controls receiving placebo through Ryle’s tube. Delirium was detected with the use of Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU (CAM-ICU), and side effects of the drugs were noted. Dose of a trial drug or placebo was placed halved or doubled at 12-hour intervals using these parameters. The primary end point was the number of days alive without delirium during the 14 day intervention period. Secondary end points included time to freedom from mechanical ventilation, time to ICU, hospital discharge and 30 day and 90 day survival. Results: Out of 45 patients screened, 25 were males and 20 were females with no comparable differences. The mean number of days alive without delirium or coma was 9.45 in the haloperidol group, 8.64 in the quetiapine group, and 8.57 in the placebo group (p-value=0.63) for overall effect across trial groups. The use of haloperidol or quetiapine as compared with placebo, had no significant effect on the primary end point. There were no significant between-group differences in respect to the secondary end points . Conclusion: The use of enteral haloperidol or quetiapine, as compared with placebo, did not significantly alter the duration of delirium in the critically-ill patients admitted in ICU.

Direct introgression of untapped diversity into elite wheat lines

The effective utilization of natural variation has become essential in addressing the challenges that climate change and population growth pose to global food security. Currently adopted protracted approaches to introgress exotic alleles into elite cultivars need substantial transformation. Here, through a strategic three-way crossing scheme among diverse exotics and the best historical elites (exotic/elite1//elite2), 2,867 pre-breeding lines were developed, genotyped and screened for multiple agronomic traits in four mega-environments. A meta-genome-wide association study, selective sweeps and haplotype-block-based analyses unveiled selection footprints in the genomes of pre-breeding lines as well as exotic-specific associations with agronomic traits. A simulation with a neutrality assumption demonstrated that many pre-breeding lines had significant exotic contributions despite substantial selection bias towards elite genomes. National breeding programmes worldwide have adopted 95 lines for germplasm enhancement, and 7 additional lines are being advanced in varietal release trials. This study presents a great leap forwards in the mobilization of GenBank variation to the breeding pipelines.

Physiologic Specialization and Genetic Differentiation of Puccinia triticina Causing Leaf Rust of Wheat on the Indian Subcontinent During 2016 to 2019

Wheat is the second most cultivated cereal crop in the world and is an important crop in India. Leaf (brown) rust, caused by Puccinia triticina, was the most prevalent among the three rusts found in all the wheat-growing areas of India, Bhutan, and Nepal during 2016 to 2019. Leaf rust samples from wheat crops in these countries were pathotyped using the wheat differential genotypes and binomial Indian system of nomenclature. To facilitate international communication, each pathotype identified was also tested using the North American differentials. A total of 33 pathotypes were identified from 1,086 samples, including three new pathotypes: 61R47 (162-5 = KHTPM) and 93R49 (49 = NHKTN) from India and 93R57 (20-1 = NHKTN) from Nepal. Two pathotypes, 121R60-1 (77-9/52 = MHTKL) and 121R63-1 (77-5 = THTTM), accounted for 79.46% of the population. Virulence on Lr19 was identified in 0.27% of the samples from Nepal only. The proportion of pathotype 121R60-1 (77-9 = MHTKL) increased to 57.55% during these years. Virulence was not observed on Lr9, Lr24, Lr25, Lr28, Lr32, Lr39, Lr45, and Lr47 in the population of the Indian subcontinent. Eighteen polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) primer pairs tested on the isolates amplified 48 alleles with an average of 2.66 alleles per primer pair. Based on SSR genotyping, these pathotypes could be grouped into two clades with another two subclades each. Many of the Lr genes present in Indian wheat germplasm (Lr1, Lr3a, Lr10, Lr11, Lr14a, Lr15, Lr16, Lr17, Lr20, Lr23, and Lr26) were ineffective for a majority of pathotypes. Most of these varieties possessed a high degree of leaf rust resistance. The field resistance of wheat varieties could be attributed to the interaction of genes, unknown resistance, or adult plant resistance.

Integration of Dual Stress Transcriptomes and Major QTLs from a Pair of Genotypes Contrasting for Drought and Chronic Nitrogen Starvation Identifies Key Stress Responsive Genes in Rice

We report here the genome-wide changes resulting from low N (N-W+), low water (N+W-)) and dual stresses (N-W-) in root and shoot tissues of two rice genotypes, namely, IR 64 (IR64) and Nagina 22 (N22), and their association with the QTLs for nitrogen use efficiency. For all the root parameters, except for root length under N-W+, N22 performed better than IR64. Chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid content were higher in IR64 under N+W+ treatment and N-W+ and N+W- stresses; however, under dual stress, N22 had higher chlorophyll b content. While nitrite reductase, glutamate synthase (GS) and citrate synthase assays showed better specific activity in IR64, glutamate dehydrogenase showed better specific activity in N22 under dual stress (N-W-); the other N and C assimilating enzymes showed similar but low specific activities in both the genotypes. A total of 8926 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified compared to optimal (N+W+) condition from across all treatments. While 1174, 698 and 903 DEGs in IR64 roots and 1197, 187 and 781 in N22 roots were identified, nearly double the number of DEGs were found in the shoot tissues; 3357, 1006 and 4005 in IR64 and 4004, 990 and 2143 in N22, under N-W+, N+W- and N-W- treatments, respectively. IR64 and N22 showed differential expression in 15 and 11 N-transporter genes respectively, under one or more stress treatments, out of which four showed differential expression also in N+W- condition. The negative regulators of N- stress, e.g., NIGT1, OsACTPK1 and OsBT were downregulated in IR64 while in N22, OsBT was not downregulated. Overall, N22 performed better under dual stress conditions owing to its better root architecture, chlorophyll and porphyrin synthesis and oxidative stress management. We identified 12 QTLs for seed and straw N content using 253 recombinant inbred lines derived from IR64 and N22 and a 5K SNP array. The QTL hotspot region on chromosome 6 comprised of 61 genes, of which, five were DEGs encoding for UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, serine threonine kinase, anthocyanidin 3-O-glucosyltransferase, and nitrate induced proteins. The DEGs, QTLs and candidate genes reported in this study can serve as a major resource for both rice improvement and functional biology.

A multicentric, randomized, controlled phase III study of centhaquine (Lyfaquin ® ) as a resuscitative agent in hypovolemic shock patients

INTRODUCTION

Centhaquine (Lyfaquin ^® ) showed significant safety and efficacy in preclinical and clinical phase I and II studies.

METHODS

A prospective, multicentric, randomized phase III study was conducted in patients with hypovolemic shock having systolic blood pressure (SBP) of ≤90 mm Hg and blood lactate levels of ≥2 mmol/L. Patients were randomized in a 2:1 ratio, 71 patients to the centhaquine group and 34 patients to the control (saline) group. Every patient received standard of care (SOC) and was followed for 28 days. The study drug (normal saline or centhaquine (0.01 mg/kg)) was administered in 100 mL of normal saline infusion over 1 hour. The primary objectives were to determine changes (mean through 48 hours) in SBP, diastolic blood pressure (DBP), blood lactate levels, and base deficit. The secondary objectives included the amount of fluids, blood products, vasopressors administered in the first 48 hours, duration of hospital stay, time in ICU, time on the ventilator support, change in patient's Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS) scores, and the proportion of patients with 28-day all-cause mortality.

RESULTS

The demographics of patients and baseline vitals in both groups were comparable. Trauma was the cause of hypovolemic shock in 29.41% of control and 47.06% of centhaquine, gastroenteritis in 44.12% of control, and 29.41% of centhaquine patients. An equal amount of fluids and blood products were administered in both groups during the first 48 hours of resuscitation. A lesser amount of vasopressors was needed in the first 48 hours of resuscitation in the centhaquine group. An increase in SBP from the baseline was consistently higher in the centhaquine group than in the control. A significant increase in pulse pressure in the centhaquine group than the control group suggests improved stroke volume due to centhaquine. The shock index was significantly lower in the centhaquine group than control from 1 hour (p=0.0320) till 4 hours (p=0.0494) of resuscitation. Resuscitation with centhaquine had a significantly greater number of patients with improved blood lactate and the base deficit than the control group. ARDS and MODS improved with centhaquine, and an 8.8% absolute reduction in 28-day all-cause mortality was observed in the centhaquine group.

CONCLUSION

Centhaquine is a highly efficacious resuscitative agent for treating hypovolemic shock. The efficacy of centhaquine in distributive shock due to sepsis and COVID-19 is being explored.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Clinical Trials Registry, India; ctri.icmr.org.in, CTRI/2019/01/017196; clinicaltrials.gov, NCT04045327 .

KEY SUMMARY POINTS

A multicentric, randomized, controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of centhaquine in hypovolemic shock patients.One hundred and five patients were randomized 2:1 to receive centhaquine or saline. Centhaquine was administered at a dose of 0.01 mg/kg in 100 mL saline and infused over 1 hour. The control group received 100 mL of saline over a 1-hour infusion.Centhaquine improved blood pressure, shock index, reduced blood lactate levels, and improved base deficit. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS) score improved with centhaquine.An 8.8% absolute reduction in 28-day all-cause mortality was observed in the centhaquine group. There were no drug-related adverse events in the study.

Efficacy of Different Decontamination Processes in Mitigation of Pesticide Residues from Chili Crop

ABSTRACT

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of seven decontamination processes in reducing the pesticide mixture load of six insecticides (quinalphos, profenophos, ethion, lambda-cyhalothrin, imidacloprid, and acetamiprid) from chili (Capsicum annuum L.). In the control treatment, the pesticide residues were extracted without following any decontamination procedure. The extraction of the insecticides from chili was initiated after 48 h of pesticide mixture spray and was done using the QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method. The quantitative analysis of four insecticides, namely quinalphos, profenophos, ethion, and lambda-cyhalothrin, was done by coupled gas chromatography-electron capture detection and that of imidacloprid and acetamiprid by high-performance liquid chromatography-UV detection. The results depicted reduction of pesticide residues in all the decontamination treatments compared with the control, although it varied for different insecticides. Solutions of 1 and 5% NaCl and 5% CH3COOH served as efficient decontaminants in removal of quinalphos, profenophos, ethion, and lambda-cyhalothrin residues from chili to ca. 90%, whereas for imidacloprid and acetamiprid there was a mild decontamination only (33.33 to 52.44%). The solutions of 5% NaHCO3 and 0.01% KMnO4 were effective only in removing lambda-cyhalothrin residues from the chili crop, but for all other pesticides the decontamination was not much pronounced.

HIGHLIGHTS

Outcome of Ulinastatin vs Metabolic Resuscitation using Ascorbic Acid, Thiamine and Glucocorticoid in Early Treatment of Sepsis- A Randomised Controlled Trial

Introduction: Sepsis is one the most common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Sepsis and septic shock are life-threatening disease which increases mortality with circulatory, cellular and metabolic abnormalities. Urinary trypsin inhibitor is an important protease inhibitor found in human blood and urine, it is known as Ulinastatin (ULI) or bikunin. It is an acidic glycoprotein (molecular weight 30 kDa) and Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor. It is derived from the larger inter-α-trypsin inhibitor molecule by action of neutrophil elastase in the presence of inflammation, and is believed to play an important anti-inflammatory role. Aim: To compare the outcome of intravenous ULI (protease inhibitor known as urinary trypsin inhibitor) versus the combination of hydrocortisone, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and thiamine regarding outcome in sepsis and septic shock. Materials and Methods: In this randomised controlled trial conducted between July 2018 to June 2019 on total 60 sepsis patients were included and divided into two equal groups. Group A patients received combination of intravenous Hydrocortisone, Ascorbic acid and Thiamine (HAT) and group B Ulinastatin received intravenous Intensive Care Unit(ICU). Baseline demographic, clinical and laboratory data were recorded along with Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) 2 and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scoring system at the time of admission in ICU. All statistical test were performed using SPSS 21.0 windows software. Comparisons between groups were assessed by using student t-test and chi-square test. Results: Mean age was comparable in both the groups (36.7±12.5 years in group A vs 37.5±12.9 years in group B). SOFA Score were significantly lower in group B as compared to group A on day 3 (7.76±3.67 vs 12.03±4.77) and day 5 (4.79±4.02 vs 12.10±7.36). Rate of reduction in serum procalcitonin level was also found to be significant in group B (p=0.008) as compared to group A (p=0.103). Lactate clearance rate was also fast in group B as compared to group A on day 3 and day 5. There was significant mortality benefit in group B (20%) as compared to group A (50%). Patients were followed up for 28 days till the start of treatment. Conclusion: This study showed that the ULI may play a beneficial role in early management of sepsis and septic shock.

Hemoadsorption by extracorporeal cytokine adsorption therapy (CytoSorb®) in the management of septic shock: A retrospective observational study

INTRODUCTION

Sepsis results in immunologic disturbances with the release of various inflammatory mediators such as cytokines. Cytokines can damage the cells, and the continuous release of inflammatory mediators leads to severely impaired immunity. Therefore, the reduction in cytokine levels by hemoadsorption represents a new concept for blood purification. CytoSorb^® as a hemoadsorption device is a detoxification system, which aims to decrease the cytokines levels. This study was conducted to understand any beneficial effects of CytoSorb^® therapy in septic patients.

METHODOLOGY

This was a retrospective and observational study, approved by the scientific and ethics committee of Max Super Specialty Hospital, Patparganj, Delhi, India and conducted in compliance with current International Council for Harmonization, Good Clinical Practice, Schedule Y, and Indian Council of Medical Research guidelines. Subjects of either gender (age > 18 year) were included in the study. The data were presented as mean ± standard deviation and categorical as frequency and percentage (%). A p value less than 0.05 (p < 0.05) was considered to be statistically significant.

RESULTS

A total number of 36 patients were included in the study. Majority of the patients were male with mean age (56.36 ± 14.83). After therapy, procalcitonin and total leucocyte count levels decreased within 24 h. Post therapy, sepsis-related organ failure assessment (SOFA) score of Day (D)1, D2, and D3 reduced to 10.4 ± 3.63, 8.7 ± 4.02, and 7.8 ± 3.67, respectively. The Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score and predicted mortality were lower in the survivor group as compared to the non-survivor group.

CONCLUSION

Hemoadsorption using the extracorporeal adsorption device (CytoSorb^®) might be an effective rescue therapy in stabilizing septic shock patients.

RNAseq analysis reveals drought-responsive molecular pathways with candidate genes and putative molecular markers in root tissue of wheat

Drought is one of the major impediments in wheat productivity. Traditional breeding and marker assisted QTL introgression had limited success. Available wheat genomic and RNA-seq data can decipher novel drought tolerance mechanisms with putative candidate gene and marker discovery. Drought is first sensed by root tissue but limited information is available about how roots respond to drought stress. In this view, two contrasting genotypes, namely, NI5439 41 (drought tolerant) and WL711 (drought susceptible) were used to generate ~78.2 GB data for the responses of wheat roots to drought. A total of 45139 DEGs, 13820 TF, 288 miRNAs, 640 pathways and 435829 putative markers were obtained. Study reveals use of such data in QTL to QTN refinement by analysis on two model drought-responsive QTLs on chromosome 3B in wheat roots possessing 18 differentially regulated genes with 190 sequence variants (173 SNPs and 17 InDels). Gene regulatory networks showed 69 hub-genes integrating ABA dependent and independent pathways controlling sensing of drought, root growth, uptake regulation, purine metabolism, thiamine metabolism and antibiotics pathways, stomatal closure and senescence. Eleven SSR markers were validated in a panel of 18 diverse wheat varieties. For effective future use of findings, web genomic resources were developed. We report RNA-Seq approach on wheat roots describing the drought response mechanisms under field drought conditions along with genomic resources, warranted in endeavour of wheat productivity.

Development of species specific putative miRNA and its target prediction tool in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

MicroRNA are 20-24 nt, non-coding, single stranded molecule regulating traits and stress response. Tissue and time specific expression limits its detection, thus is major challenge in their discovery. Wheat has limited 119 miRNAs in MiRBase due to limitation of conservation based methodology where old and new miRNA genes gets excluded. This is due to origin of hexaploid wheat by three successive hybridization, older AA, BB and younger DD subgenome. Species specific miRNA prediction (SMIRP concept) based on 152 thermodynamic features of training dataset using support vector machine learning approach has improved prediction accuracy to 97.7%. This has been implemented in TamiRPred ( http://webtom.cabgrid.res.in/tamirpred ). We also report highest number of putative miRNA genes (4464) of wheat from whole genome sequence populated in database developed in PHP and MySQL. TamiRPred has predicted 2092 (>45.10%) additional miRNA which was not predicted by miRLocator. Predicted miRNAs have been validated by miRBase, small RNA libraries, secondary structure, degradome dataset, star miRNA and binding sites in wheat coding region. This tool can accelerate miRNA polymorphism discovery to be used in wheat trait improvement. Since it predicts chromosome-wise miRNA genes with their respective physical location thus can be transferred using linked SSR markers. This prediction approach can be used as model even in other polyploid crops.

Dexmedetomidine as Bolus or Low-dose Infusion for the Prevention of Emergence Agitation with Sevoflurane Anesthesia in Pediatric Patients

Background

This study was designed to compare the prevention of emergence agitation (EA) of sevoflurane anesthesia by an intraoperative bolus or low-dose infusion of dexmedetomidine in pediatric patients undergoing lower abdominal surgeries.

Materials and Methods

Forty-eight patients, aged 2-12 years, undergoing lower abdominal surgeries with sevoflurane anesthesia were enrolled in this study. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either intravenous bolus over 10 min. 0.4 μg/kg dexmedetomidine (Group I, n = 24) or low-dose infusion 0.4 μg/kg/h of dexmedetomidine (Group II, n = 24) after intubation. Heart rate and mean arterial pressure were recorded before induction, at induction and every 5 min after induction. Observational pain scores (OPS), pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium (PAED) scores, and Ramsay sedation scores (RSS) were recorded on arrival to the postanesthesia care unit and at 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60 min thereafter. Extubation time, emergence time, and time to reach Aldrete score ≥9 were recorded.

Results

OPS and PAED scores and percentage of patients with OPS ≥4 or PAED scale ≥10 were significantly higher in Group II as compared to Group I. RSS score, extubation time, emergence time, and time to reach Aldrete score ≥9 did not show any significant difference.

Conclusion

Both bolus or low-dose infusion of dexmedetomidine was effective for the prevention of EA with sevoflurane anesthesia, but bolus dose of dexmedetomidine was more effective.

Free radical scavenging potential of sericin obtained from various ecoraces of tasar cocoons and its cosmeceuticals implication

Tropical tasar silkworm Antheraea mylitta is a wild sericigenous insect which is distributed in different geographical regions and named as different ecoraces. In the present study, we investigated the molecular characterisation and cosmeceutical properties of sericin extracted from different ecoraces of tasar cocoons. The surface morphology and molecular weight of cocoons were determined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and SDS-PAGE, respectively. Characterisation of sericin was performed by various methods such as FTIR, CHNS, TGA and amino acid analyzer. The anti-tyrosinase, anti-elastase, glutathione-S-transferase inhibition, free radical scavenging potential and inhibition of oxidative damages were measured in tasar ecoraces sericin. SEM images have revealed the removal of sericin from the surface of cocoons. SDS-PAGE of sericin depicted the presence of diverse molecular weight of proteins. Structural determination by FTIR revealed the presence of both α-helical and β-sheet structures. Thermal properties of sericin were studied by TGA which showed a 50% weight loss at temperature 410 °C-430 °C. Additionally, ecoraces sericin contains 17 amino acids in which serine, aspartic acid and glycine are predominantly present (55.68-59.61%). Further, anti-tyrosinase, anti-elastase, inhibition of glutathione-S-transferase activity, free radical scavenging potential and inhibition of lipid peroxidation were also observed in ecoraces sericin. Our findings suggest that the present study appear to be helpful in exploiting sericin as potential biomaterial in cosmeceutical and allied field.

Tasar silk fiber waste sericin: New source for anti-elastase, anti-tyrosinase and anti-oxidant compounds

The present study investigates the properties of sericin extracted from tasar silk fiber waste (TSFW). The surface morphology of TSFW was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). SEM images revealed the removal of residual sericin over the surface of TSFW. The molecular weight distribution of sericin was examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The results suggested that TSFW sericin represented a family of proteins with wide-ranging molecular weight distribution (11-245 kDa). Structural determination by FTIR revealed the presence of both α-helical and β-sheet structures. The colour was studied by colorimeter indicating less brightness, more red and yellow colour intensities. The carbon: nitrogen ratio (C:N) was studied by CHNS element analyzer and the ratio is 5.15-7.85. Thermal properties of TSFW sericin have been studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) method. TGA curve showed higher thermal stability and variable degradation profiles. Furthermore, TSFW sericin contains 17 amino acids where serine, aspartic acid and glycine are the more significant compounds (54.34-60.49%). In addition, sericin was found to inhibit tyrosinase, elastase and glutathione-S-transferase activity, and had apparent radical scavenging impacts on 2.2‑diphenyl‑1‑picryl‑hydrazil (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Result suggested that TSFW sericins might be a valuable ingredient for cosmoceutical products.

Outcome of Titanium Elastic Intramedullary Nail in the Treatment of Shaft of Femur Fracture in Children

Background Femoral-shaft fractures are among the most common fractures of the lower extremity in children. There are several different options for treating femoral-shaft fractures in children. Elastic stable intramedullary nailing (ESIN) has become the standard treatment for fractures of shaft of femur in children for reasons including mini-invasive surgery, no need for casting, early mobilization and discharge as well as growing concerns toward cost-effectiveness. Objective To demonstrate the effectiveness of intramedullary fixation of fracture shaft of femur in skeletally immature children using the titanium elastic intramedullary nails. Method Forty children who underwent fixation with titanium intramedullary nails because of fracture of shaft of femur (Winquist and Hansen type 1 and 2) were reviewed. There were 60% male and 40% female patients and mean follow-up was six months. Time of union, deformity at fracture site, limb length discrepancy, knee range of motion and complications were assessed. Result Average age of the patients was 5.17 years (range 3 to 10). All patients achieved complete healing at a mean 12.8 weeks (range 10 to 20 weeks). Average limb length discrepancy was -0.16 cm (range -1.0 to 1.1 cm) average knee range of motion was 137.55 degrees (range 118 to 152 degrees). Complications were recorded in 13 (31.7%) patients and included: Five malunion which did not show any deformity or functional impairment and eight superficial wound infections which were healed after removal of nail. All patients were active as their pre injury levels at six months follow up. Conclusion Elastic stable intramedullary nailing is the method of choice for the simple pediatrics fracture shaft of femur, as it is minimally invasive and shows good functional and cosmetic results. It allows short hospital stay and quick recovery from pain and is cast-free.

Nutritional Status of Dalit Children: A Comparative Study with Non-Dalit Children in Eastern Terai of Nepal

IntroductionThe poor nutritional status of under five children has been considered a serious problem in Nepal for many years. Children need adequate nutrition for their proper physical, emotional as well as psychological development.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to assess and compare the nutritional status of under five children and explore its socio demographic determinants.MethodologyAn analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in Eastern Terai, ecological belt of Nepal. Predesigned, pretested interview schedule was used to collect the information. Information was collected from 720 Dalit as well as Non-dalit mothers about their youngest children. The nutritional status was measured byusing anthropometric measurements.  ResultsIn bi-variate analysis the significant difference were observed among children's nutritional status between castes as well as a number of socio-demographic variables however in multivariate analysis only caste, number of Children Ever Born (CEB) and mother's education were found significant determinants of height for age, mother's education was found significant determinant for weight for height and caste, age of children and mother's education were found significant determinants of weight for age of children.ConclusionDalit children were found much more malnourished than Nondalit. The castes, age of child, CEB to mother and mothers' education were found as the determinants of nutritional status among under-five children.Birat Journal of Health Sciences Vol.2/No.1/Issue 2/ Jan - April 2017, Page: 117-126

Clinical and cone beam computed tomography comparison of NovaBone Dental Putty and PerioGlas in the treatment of mandibular Class II furcations

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study is to compare the putty form of bioactive glass (NovaBone Dental Putty) and particulate form (PerioGlas) in the resolution of Class II furcation defects.

BACKGROUND

Use of bone regeneration materials is becoming common in periodontal surgeries including furcation defects and the promising role of bioactive allograft materials has encouraged their presentation in different morphologic forms with their own advantages and disadvantages giving the operator ample of choices in his/her periodontal armamentarium.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 28 patients with 40 Class II furcation defects were enrolled in the study and were randomly allocated to two groups with 20 sites in each group. Measurement of defects was done using clinical and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) methods. The patients were followed-up at 6 months. Intergroup comparisons were done using Mann-Whitney U-test.

RESULTS

There was no significance between group differences in clinical parameters and defect size at the baseline. After 6 months, particulate form showed a mean resolution of 50.48 ± 16.47% and 51.11 ± 9.48%, respectively for vertical defect and horizontal defect while putty form showed a mean resolution of 43.48 ± 9.33% and 42.88 ± 11.09%, respectively. Mean resolution in furcation width was 40.15 ± 13.00% for particulate form as compared with 36.27 ± 11.41% in putty form. Statistically, there was no significant difference between two groups except for the horizontal defect fill where PerioGlas showed statistically better results.

CONCLUSION

Putty form was comparable to particulate form for resolution of Class II furcation defects.

Analysis of socket preservation using polylactide and polyglycolide (PLA-PGA) sponge: a clinical, radiographic, and histologic study

The aim of this study was to evaluate the extraction socket healing and dimensional changes following alveolar ridge preservation using polylactide and polyglycolide (PLA-PGA) sponge. Fifteen patients were selected for alveolar socket preservation immediately following tooth extraction. Monoradicular maxillary and mandibular teeth were evaluated. The selected sockets had intact sockets walls with a minimum of 7 mm of residual alveolar bone height. The test sites were thoroughly debrided and grafted with PLA-PGA sponge, while the control sites underwent natural healing. Computed tomography (CT) measurements were taken at baseline and 6 months. After 6 months of healing, final CT measurements were performed, and trephine core biopsy specimens were obtained for histologic analysis. Implants were placed immediately after biopsy harvesting. All subjects completed the study, and all sites healed without adverse events and allowed for implant placement. The mean difference in socket height, width, and density after 6 months was statistically significantly higher in the test sites compared with control sites. Clinical measurement at the midbuccal site of the alveolar socket showed a mean loss of 2.45 ± 0.67 mm in the control group, compared with a mean gain of 1.28 ± 0.58 mm in the test group. All test sites showed minimal ridge alterations, and statistically significant differences were observed between the test and control sites with respect to bone composition and horizontal and vertical bone loss, indicating that PLA-PGA sponge is suitable for alveolar ridge preservation.

Graphene supported plasmonic photocatalyst for hydrogen evolution in photocatalytic water splitting

It is well known that the noble metal nanoparticles show active absorption in the visible region because of the existence of the unique feature known as surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Here we report the effect of plasmonic Au nanoparticles on the enhancement of the renewable hydrogen (H2) evolution through photocatalytic water splitting. The plasmonic Au/graphene/TiO2 photocatalyst was synthesized in two steps: first the graphene/TiO2 nanocomposites were developed by the hydrothermal decomposition process; then the Au was loaded by photodeposition. The plasmonic Au and the graphene as co-catalyst effectively prolong the recombination of the photogenerated charges. This plasmonic photocatalyst displayed enhanced photocatalytic H2 evolution for water splitting in the presence of methanol as a sacrificial reagent. The H2 evolution rate from the Au/graphene co-catalyst was about 9 times higher than that of a pure graphene catalyst. The optimal graphene content was found to be 1.0 wt %, giving a H2 evolution of 1.34 mmol (i.e., 26 μmolh(-1)), which exceeded the value of 0.56 mmol (i.e., 112 μmolh(-1)) observed in pure TiO2. This high photocatalytic H2 evolution activity results from the deposition of TiO2 on graphene sheets, which act as an electron acceptors to efficiently separate the photogenerated charge carriers. However, the Au loading enhanced the H2 evolution dramatically and achieved a maximum value of 12 mmol (i.e., 2.4 mmolh(-1)) with optimal loading of 2.0 wt% Au on graphene/TiO2 composites. The enhancement of H2 evolution in the presence of Au results from the SPR effect induced by visible light irradiation, which boosts the energy intensity of the trapped electron as well as active sites for photocatalytic activity.

Comparative analysis of hyaluronan gel and xanthan-based chlorhexidine gel, as adjunct to scaling and root planing with scaling and root planing alone in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: A preliminary study

AIM

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of hyaluronan (HA) and chlorhexidine (CHX) gels as adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) in the treatment of chronic periodontitis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sixty patients within the age group of 30-65 years recruited to participate in the study were randomly equally divided into three groups. Complete SRP and subgingival debridement were performed within 6 h in all the patients. For control (Group I) patients, SRP was the only treatment modality given; for Group II and III patients, at least 8 teeth with 4-8 mm probing pocket depth (PPD) were selected for subgingival application of HA gel and CHX gel, respectively. Clinical periodontal parameters such as gingival index, PPD, and clinical attachment level (CAL) were recorded at baseline and 3 months, whereas plaque index was recorded at baseline, 1 month, and 3 months. For measuring systemic/hematological parameters, blood samples for laboratory tests for total leucocyte count (TLC), differential leucocyte count (DLC), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were obtained using standard 2-mL syringe from each subject in all the three groups at baseline, 24 h, and on the 1 month and 3 months post-baseline.

RESULTS

In all the three groups, a significant reduction in PPD and gain in CAL were observed between baseline and 3 months follow-up (P< 0.05); however, at 3 months, change in PPD and CAL was more in Group II than Group III, but the difference was non-significant, and Group I (control) showed less changes in PPD and CAL than both experimental groups. Only one patient revealed positive value for CRP at baseline only, and hence could not be statistically analyzed. In all the three groups, the peak values for TLC count were observed at 24 h. At 1-month and 3-month intervals, a significant improvement in TLC and DLC counts was observed among the experimental (HA gel/SRP and Xan-CHX gel) groups as compared to control group (SRP alone).

Characterization of differentially expressed stress-associated proteins in starch granule development under heat stress in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Abiotic stress causes abrupt increase in the expression of stress-associated proteins, which provide tolerance by modulating the defense mechanism of plants. Small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) and anti-oxidant enzymes are important for environmental stress tolerance of the plants. In this study, two full-length cDNAs encoding small heat shock protein (sHSP) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), designated as TasHSP and SODI were identified and characterized from C-306 (thermotolerant) and PBW343 (thermosusceptible) cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). An alpha crystalline domain was observed in TasHSP and manganese/iron binding domain in case of SODI. Quantitative real-time PCR showed very high transcript level of TasHSP and SOD in C-306 compared to PBW343 at different stages of growth and against differential heat stress (HS). Under differential HS at milky-dough stage, the fold change in transcript of both TasHSP and SOD was observed maximum in C-306, compared to PBW343. Protein profiling and isoenzymes analysis showed the expression of several heat-stable proteins and prominent isoenzymes of SOD in C-306, compared to PBW343. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of starch granules showed globular, well-shaped and more numbers of endospermic cells in C-306, compared to defragmented, irregular shaped and shrunken granules in case of PBW343 under HS treatment (42 degrees C for 2 h). Diurnal change in soluble starch synthase (SSS) activity showed an increase in the activity during afternoon (35 degrees C), compared to morning (29 degrees C) and evening (32 degrees C) in both the cultivars. Under heat stress (42 degrees C for 2 h), a drastic decrease in the SSS activity was observed, due to the thermal denaturation of the enzyme. Thermotolerance capacity analyzed using cell membrane stability (CMS) showed significantly higher CMS in case of C-306, compared to PBW343 at different stages of growth. Findings suggest that abundance of TasHSP and SODI during milky-dough stage plays a very important role in starch granule biosynthesis. The mechanism may be further exploited to develop tolerant wheat cultivar with high quality seeds.

Influence of smokeless tobacco on periodontal health status in local population of north India: A cross-sectional study

Background:

Limited studies have been published so far, which revealed the association of different types of smokeless tobacco on various periodontal health indicators, including mobility and furcation, on North Indian population. The present study has been undertaken to evaluate the effects of commonly used smokeless tobacco forms on periodontal health in Lucknow, North India.

Methods:

This cross-sectional study investigated the effect of commonly used smokeless tobacco on periodontal health in local population of Lucknow, for which 2045 individuals were evaluated. Amongst them, 1069 individuals were found to be using some kind of tobacco; amongst the tobacco users, n=122 were smokers, n=657 were only using only smokeless tobacco and n=290 were using both smokeless tobacco as well as tobacco in smoking form. After completing the questionnaire, all the participants underwent clinical examination for the various clinical parameters.

Results:

The impact of smokeless form of tobacco use was significantly higher on all the periodontal health indicators, viz., plaque index, gingival index, calculus, clinical attachment loss, gingival recession, mobility, furcation, lesion, and probing pocket depth. Both duration and frequency of smokeless tobacco use significantly affected the periodontal health.

Conclusion:

The periodontal health of the general population in the region required immediate attention as majority of subjects irrespective of their habit status had onset of clinical attachment loss and gingival recession, more so amongst the smokeless tobacco users than smoking form of tobacco as well as than from non-tobacco users.

Mucogingival surgery: where we stand today

Mucogingival problems are developmental and acquired aberrations in the morphology, position, and/or the amount of gingiva surrounding teeth. According to an academic report by American Academy of Periodontology, mucogingival therapy should be advocated for gingival augmentation and to create adequate vestibular depth in areas with insufficient attached gingiva. This paper provides an overview on mucogingival surgical procedures from its inception to the current time.

Stabilization of quinapril by incorporating hydrogen bonding interactions

In the present study stability of various known solvates of quinapril hydrochloride has been compared with nitromethane solvate. Nitromethane solvate was found to be more stable compared to other known solvates. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of quinapril nitromethane solvate shows intermolecular hydrogen bonding between quinapril molecule and nitromethane. Stabilization of quinapril by forming strong hydrogen bonding network as in case of co-crystals was further studied by forming co-crystal with tris(hydroxymethyl)amino methane. Quinapril free base forms a stable salt with tris(hydroxymethyl)amino methane not reported earlier. Quinapril tris(hydroxymethyl)amino methane salt found to be stable even at 80° for 72 h i.e. hardly any formation of diketopiperazine and diacid impurity. As expected single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveals tris(hydroxymethyl)amino methane salt of quinapril shows complex hydrogen bonding network between the two entities along with ionic bond. The properties of this stable salt - stable in solid as well as solution phase, might lead to an alternate highly stable formulation.

Gastropleural fistula: rare entity with unusual etiology

Gastropleural fistula is a rare condition. We report a case where fistula developed iatrogenically during repeated intercostal drainage tube insertions for empyema.

Fiber probe based microfluidic raman spectroscopy

We report a novel fiber probe based Raman detection system on a microfluidic platform where a split Raman probe is directly embedded into a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) chip. In contrast to previous Raman detection schemes in microfluidics, probe based detection offers reduced background and portability. Compared to conventional backscattering probe designs, the split fiber probe we used in this system, results in a reduced size and offers flexibility to modify the collection geometry to minimize the background generated by the fibers. Also our microfluidic chip design enables us to obtain an alignment free system. As a proof of concept we demonstrate the sensitivity of the device for urea detection at relevant human physiological levels with a low acquisition time. The development of this system on a microfluidic platform means portable, lab on a chip devices for biological analyte detection and environmental sensing using Raman spectroscopy are now within reach.

Amphotericin B--fat emulsion in treatment of visceral leishmaniasis--a cost effective substitute for liposomal amphotericin B

In spite of high dosage and prolonged treatment schedule of sodium antimony gluconate, unresponsiveness and relapse ranging from 25 to 40% has been reported. The cure rate of 90 to 92.9% with amphotericin B-fat emulsion is comparable to that with liposomal amphotericin B (80 to 100%). Due to high cost liposomal amphotericin B is beyond the reach of most of the Indian patients, whereas the cost of treatment with amphotericin B-fat emulsion is quite affordable. Further large scale studies with amphotericin B-fat emulsion are required to evaluate its effectiveness in Indian kala-azar patients and to establish its optimal dose.

Plasma tocopherol levels: a preliminary reference range

Alpha-tocopherol level was measured spectrofluorometrically in 279 healthy volunteers to establish reliable reference values and to compare possible sex and age-related differences. In the present study, men had higher tocopherol levels than women (p<0.05) and older subjects had lower values. This study provides reference values for alpha-tocopherol that may assist it evaluating the anti-oxidant defense.

Efficacy of caudal butorphanol

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the efficacy of butorphanol with or without bupivacaine for caudal epidural anesthesia in children undergoing infraumbilical surgery.

METHODS

Sixty ASA physical status I and II patients of either sex aged 1-10 yr were randomized to one of three groups. Group L received 1 ml/kg of 0.25% bupivacaine; Group B received 1 ml/kg of 25 microg/kg butorphanol diluted in normal saline; and Group LB received 1 ml/kg of 25 microg/kg butorphanol in combination with 0.25% bupivacaine, in caudal epidural anesthesia. Hemodynamic variables (HR and MAP) and respiratory rate were monitored in all patients. Sedation score, pain score and requirement of rescue analgesia were recorded at preset time intervals alongwith post-operative complications.

RESULTS

There was no difference among the groups regarding sedation scores, requirement of rescue analgesia and post-operative complications. Mean duration of analgesia was maximum in group BL (14.5 +/- 3.5 hr, P<0.001), than in group L (8.8 +/- 4.8 hr) and group B (6.8 +/- 2.9 hr).

CONCLUSION

The addition of 25 microg/kg butorphanol to bupivacaine resulted in superior analgesia with a longer period compared with caudal bupivacaine and butorphanol alone, without an increase of side effects.

Sem study on the invasion of Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) on silkworm, Bombyx mori Linn. causing green muscardine

The mature conidia of Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) germinate on the larval integument of Bombyx mori within 24 h and penetrate the cuticle within 36 h after inoculation at 24.0 +/- 1.0 degrees C temperature and 80.0 +/- 5.0% relative humidity. The penetrating hyphae multiply by budding and septa formation in the hemocoel, and the larva succumbs to the infection 6-7 days post-treatment. The hyphal bodies elongate and become interwoven with other hyphae forming a mycelial complex across different tissues. The ramification of hyphae along the epidermal tissue results in larval mummification in 7-8 days. Numerous conidiophores emerge, producing a confluent white fungal mat over the entire surface of the host larva by 9-10 days. Pale green conidia develop, making the larval body green. Life cycle of the fungus on B. mori is completed in 10-11 days.

Oral midazolam and oral butorphanol premedication

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the efficacy of oral midazolam and oral butorphanol for their sedative analgesic effects in children.

METHODS

Sixty children, aged 2 to 10 yrs, of ASA physical status I and II, scheduled for surgical procedures of 1 to 2 hrs duration were randomized to one of the two groups. Group I: children received midazolam 0.5 mg/kg orally and Group II: children received butorphanol 0.2 mg/kg orally. Score of the children was assessed every 5 minutes till the induction of anesthesia. Intraoperative and postoperative analgesic requirement was recorded along with postoperative recovery and complications.

RESULTS

The groups were identical regarding the patient's characteristics, hemodynamic variables, duration of surgery and awakening time. Less time was required for the onset and time of maximum sedation in the butorphanol group (p<0.05). Sedation scores were similar among the groups at all time intervals, while the scores were higher in the butorphanol group at the time of induction (p<0.05). Less number of children required intraoperative and postoperative rescue analgesia in the butorphanol group (p<0.05). Statistically significant difference was found among the groups in respect to complete amnesia (50% in group I vs 80% I group II, p<0.05) and recollection (40% in group I vs 10% in group II, p<0.05).

CONCLUSION

Oral butorphanol is comparable to oral midazolam in children but analgesia along with sedation is an additional advantage which makes it better than midazolam without a significant increase in side effects.

Surface Ultrastructural Studies on the Germination, Penetration and Conidial Development of Aspergillus Flavus Link : Fries Infecting Silkworm, Bombyx Mori Linn

Aspergillosis is a common disease of the silkworm Bombyx mori Linn., caused by an insect mycopathogen Aspergillus flavus Link:Fries. The present study reveals the germination, penetration and conidial development of A. flavus on the larval integument of B. mori under SEM. Four different strains (NB18, KA, NB4D2 and NB7) of B. mori was surface inoculated with ca. of 1 x 10(6) conidia/ml. Each conidium germinated on the cuticle approximately 6 h after inoculation, forming a humpy or suctorial appressoria within 24 h. The hyphae which entered into haemocoel 2 day post-inoculation, grew and multiplied extensively, forming a mycelial complex, causing death of the host larva in about 4-5 days. This occurred with minimal breakdown of the internal tissues. Death of the host was followed by ramification of the fungus through the mesodermal and epidermal tissues, leading to larval mummification about 5-6 days after inoculation. Extensive fungal growths on the entire larval body followed, consisting of aerial hyphae, which developed branched conidiophores. The aerial hyphae with abundant conidiophores formed a confluent yellowish green fungal mat over the entire larval body in 6-7 days of post-inoculation. The tip of each emerging conidiophores gradually dilated and developed to become a bulbous head known as the vesicle. A large number of conidiogenous cells were produced over the entire surface of vesicle, which later developed into finger-like projections termed as sterigmata or phialides. The phialides matured within 2 days after the aerial hyphae emerged as evidenced by chains of conidia at their tips. The conidia were globose with externally roughened walls. The life cycle of the fungus on B. mori was completed in six to seven days.

Plasma concentrations of lipid peroxidation products in children with acute leukaemia

Acute leukaemia is the most common childhood malignancy. The cause of leukaemia is not known in most of the cases and of late free radicals have been implicated in the pathogenesis of leukaemia. The degree of lipid peroxidation was studied in the present study as a marker of disease activity in 15 patients of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and 20 healthy age and sex matched individuals served as control. Serum malonaldehyde (MDA) levels were increased in leukaemia and were higher in the active phase of disease as compared to those in remission, Hence, serum MDA estimation in leukaemia can be of help in diagnosis and to predict the chances of relapse.

Effect of smoking on lipid profile, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in normal subjects and in patients during and after acute myocardial infarction

We studied changes in lipid peroxidation, vitamin E status and lipid profile due to smoking in healthy subjects, patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI), and in stabilized patients surviving MI. A significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations was observed in MI patients, more than in smokers (P<0.05), as compared to control. The plasma vitamin E as well as the ratio of vitamin E/lipids were significantly lower in MI patients as compared to stable ischemic heart disease (IHD) patients and controls. Our data show that smoking is associated with lowered antioxidant status in MI.

Role of oxygen free radicals in shock

AIMS OF THE STUDY

To study lipid peroxidation, magnesium levels (Mg) in plasma and red cells (RBC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities in the plasma and RBC of shock patients.

METHODOLOGY

Twenty five patients with clinically defined septic shock and 30 healthy volunteers were selected for the study to study the parameters of oxidative stress.

RESULTS

Septic shock patients had higher activities of plasma and RBC SOD and CAT activities as compared to control. Also, plasma Mg and malonaldehyde (MDA) levels were higher in shock patients as compared to controls. While, RBC Mg levels were similar in two groups.

CONCLUSIONS

The finding of increased concentration of MDA, Mg, SOD and CAT in sepsis implicates oxygen free radicals in the pathophysiology and free radical scavengers may have a role in organ preservation.

Lipid peroxidation and vitamin E levels in preeclampsia

Twenty preeclamptic, 25 normotensive pregnant and 25 healthy nonpregnant women were analyzed with regard to serum malonaldehyde (MDA), vitamin E and lipid profile. In preeclampsia, MDA was significantly higher than control. MDA also showed high correlation to the level of blood pressure. Serum cholesterol and triglycerides were increased in normotensive women and still higher in preeclamptic women. A highly significant fall in vitamin E levels in preeclamptic women was noted as compared to control groups. Our study supports the view that an increased lipid peroxidation may be involved in vasoconstriction in preeclampsia.

Effect of glycemic control and vitamin E supplementation on total glutathione content in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

Thirty patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus were selected for the study. 15 age-matched healthy volunteers served as controls. Serum malonaldehyde, total glutathione, and vitamin E levels were estimated before and after glycemic control and after 4 weeks of vitamin E supplementation. Both total glutathione and vitamin E levels increased after glycemic control and showed an increase after vitamin E supplementation. Malonaldehyde levels lowered after glycemic control, but remained higher than controls. Since vitamin E supplementation significantly decreased oxidative stress in the present study, it may play a role in reducing free-radical-induced oxidant injury in diabetes mellitus.

Mortality in acute aluminium phosphide poisoning having hypomagnesaemia with and without ECG changes

Acute aluminium phosphide poisoning produces hypomagnesaemia with or without ECG changes. The mortality rate is significantly higher in those patients with hypomagnesaemia who have ECG changes.

Oxidative stress after acute myocardial infarction: effect of thrombolytic treatment

OBJECTIVE

Treatment with thrombolysis plays a crucial role in salvaging the myocardium in myocardial infarction (MI) patients, but reperfusion of ischaemic areas may itself be associated with reperfusion injury mediated by free radical induced oxidation. Hence the present study was planned to evaluate oxidative stress in patients receiving thrombolytic therapy during MI and to compare them with those not receiving thrombolysis.

METHODS

Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) was used as a marker of lipid peroxidation in 30 patients after acute MI. Thirteen were treated by intravenous thrombolysis and 17 served as control. Also, vitamin E levels were estimated in these patients.

RESULTS

Patients treated with thrombolysis showed a fall in vitamin E and increase in TBARS within first hours. The decrease in vitamin E was independent of a change in cholesterol. However, the levels were similar at 72 hours.

CONCLUSION

The results indicate increased free radical production after MI and reperfusion also increases in free radical production and antioxidants may have a part in improving thrombolytic reperfusion of ischaemic myocardium.

Evaluation of oxidative stress before and after control of glycemia and after vitamin E supplementation in diabetic patients

The present study evaluates the presence of oxidative stress in the uncontrolled diabetic state. Glycemic control reduced the oxidative stress, but total normalization of the parameters of oxidative stress was not achieved, indicating continued oxidant injury despite optimal control of the diabetes. Vitamin E supplementation for 4 weeks in these patients further reduced the oxidative stress, suggesting that vitamin E supplementation might be helpful in reducing free-radical-induced oxidant injury.

Glutathione levels in health and sickness

We speculate that the glutathione (GSH) status of human subjects could be an indicator of health and functional age. In this regard, in a study in which, 80 young and 40 elderly healthy individuals were selected as control. We also studied 145 patients with chronic illnesses namely, ischaemic heart disease, diabetes, preeclampsia, cataract, chronic renal failure and leukaemia (age 52 +/- 8.6 years). We observed that all the subjects had high malonadildehyde and low glutathione levels as compared to control. These early observations support the hypothesis that oxidative stress may have an important aetiological rule and antioxidants a potential therapeutic role.