1
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Ho J, Sciuscio D, Kogel U, Titz B, Leroy P, Vuillaume G, Talikka M, Martin E, Pospisil P, Lebrun S, Xia W, Lee T, Chng YX, Phillips BW, Veljkovic E, Guedj E, Xiang Y, Ivanov NV, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J, Vanscheeuwijck P. Evaluation of toxicity of aerosols from flavored e-liquids in Sprague-Dawley rats in a 90-day OECD inhalation study, complemented by transcriptomics analysis. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:2179-2206. [PMID: 32367274 PMCID: PMC7303093 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02759-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of flavoring substances is an important element in the development of reduced-risk products for adult smokers to increase product acceptance and encourage switching from cigarettes. In a first step towards characterizing the sub-chronic inhalation toxicity of neat flavoring substances, a study was conducted using a mixture of the substances in a base solution of e-liquid, where the standard toxicological endpoints of the nebulized aerosols were supplemented with transcriptomics analysis. The flavor mixture was produced by grouping 178 flavors into 26 distinct chemical groups based on structural similarities and potential metabolic and biological effects. Flavoring substances predicted to show the highest toxicological effect from each group were selected as the flavor group representatives (FGR). Following Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Testing Guideline 413, rats were exposed to three concentrations of the FGR mixture in an e-liquid composed of nicotine (23 µg/L), propylene glycol (1520 µg/L), and vegetable glycerin (1890 µg/L), while non-flavored and no-nicotine mixtures were included as references to identify potential additive or synergistic effects between nicotine and the flavoring substances. The results indicated that the inhalation of an e-liquid containing the mixture of FGRs caused very minimal local and systemic toxic effects. In particular, there were no remarkable clinical (in-life) observations in flavored e-liquid-exposed rats. The biological effects related to exposure to the mixture of neat FGRs were limited and mainly nicotine-mediated, including changes in hematological and blood chemistry parameters and organ weight. These results indicate no significant additive biological changes following inhalation exposure to the nebulized FGR mixture above the nicotine effects measured in this sub-chronic inhalation study. In a subsequent study, e-liquids with FGR mixtures will be aerosolized by thermal treatment and assessed for toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Ho
- PMI S&I, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd., Science Park II, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Davide Sciuscio
- PMI S&I, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Ulrike Kogel
- PMI S&I, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Bjoern Titz
- PMI S&I, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Patrice Leroy
- PMI S&I, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gregory Vuillaume
- PMI S&I, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Marja Talikka
- PMI S&I, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Elyette Martin
- PMI S&I, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Pavel Pospisil
- PMI S&I, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Lebrun
- PMI S&I, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Wenhao Xia
- PMI S&I, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd., Science Park II, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tom Lee
- PMI S&I, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd., Science Park II, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yun Xuan Chng
- PMI S&I, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd., Science Park II, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Blaine W Phillips
- PMI S&I, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd., Science Park II, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Emilija Veljkovic
- PMI S&I, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Guedj
- PMI S&I, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Yang Xiang
- PMI S&I, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- PMI S&I, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- PMI S&I, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI S&I, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Vanscheeuwijck
- PMI S&I, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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2
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Phillips B, Szostak J, Titz B, Schlage WK, Guedj E, Leroy P, Vuillaume G, Martin F, Buettner A, Elamin A, Sewer A, Sierro N, Choukrallah MA, Schneider T, Ivanov NV, Teng C, Tung CK, Lim WT, Yeo YS, Vanscheeuwijck P, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. A six-month systems toxicology inhalation/cessation study in ApoE -/- mice to investigate cardiovascular and respiratory exposure effects of modified risk tobacco products, CHTP 1.2 and THS 2.2, compared with conventional cigarettes. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 126:113-141. [PMID: 30763686 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Smoking is one of the major modifiable risk factors in the development and progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Modified-risk tobacco products (MRTP) are being developed to provide substitute products for smokers who are unable or unwilling to quit, to lessen the smoking-related health risks. In this study, the ApoE-/- mouse model was used to investigate the impact of cigarette smoke (CS) from the reference cigarette 3R4F, or aerosol from two potential MRTPs based on the heat-not-burn principle, carbon heated tobacco product 1.2 (CHTP1.2) and tobacco heating system 2.2 (THS 2.2), on the cardiorespiratory system over a 6-month period. In addition, cessation or switching to CHTP1.2 after 3 months of CS exposure was assessed. A systems toxicology approach combining physiology, histology and molecular measurements was used to evaluate the impact of MRTP aerosols in comparison to CS. CHTP1.2 and THS2.2 aerosols, compared with CS, demonstrated lower impact on the cardiorespiratory system, including low to absent lung inflammation and emphysematous changes, and reduced atherosclerotic plaque formation. Molecular analyses confirmed the lower engagement of pathological mechanisms by MRTP aerosols than CS. Both cessation and switching to CHTP1.2 reduced the observed CS effects to almost sham exposure levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaine Phillips
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd., Science Park II, Singapore.
| | - Justyna Szostak
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Bjoern Titz
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | | | - Emmanuel Guedj
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Patrice Leroy
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Gregory Vuillaume
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Florian Martin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | | | - Ashraf Elamin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Alain Sewer
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Nicolas Sierro
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | | | - Thomas Schneider
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Charles Teng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd., Science Park II, Singapore.
| | - Ching Keong Tung
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd., Science Park II, Singapore.
| | - Wei Ting Lim
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd., Science Park II, Singapore.
| | - Ying Shan Yeo
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd., Science Park II, Singapore.
| | - Patrick Vanscheeuwijck
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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3
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Szostak J, Phillips B, Emmanuel G, Wong E, Titz B, Martin F, Vuillaume G, Leroy P, Buettner A, Vanscheeuwijck P, Peitsch M, Hoeng J. Six-month systems toxicology inhalation/cessation study in ApoE−/− mice to investigate cardiovascular and respiratory exposure effects of two reduced risk products compared with conventional cigarettes. Toxicol Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.06.981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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4
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Chaudhary N, Luettich K, Peck MJ, Pierri E, Felber-Medlin L, Vuillaume G, Leroy P, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC. Physiological and biological characterization of smokers with and without COPD. F1000Res 2018; 6:877. [PMID: 29862011 PMCID: PMC5843826 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.11698.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common inflammatory airway disease predominantly associated with cigarette smoking, and its incidence is increasing worldwide. According to the Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines, spirometry is used to diagnose the disease. However, owing to its complexity, spirometry alone may not account for the multitude of COPD phenotypes or the early, asymptomatic lung damage seen in younger smokers. In addition, suitable biomarkers enabling early diagnosis, guiding treatment and estimating prognosis are still scarce, although large scale ‘omics analyses have added to the spectrum of potential biomarkers that could be used for these purposes. The aim of the current study was to comprehensively profile patients with mild-to-moderate COPD and compare the profiles to i) a group of currently smoking asymptomatic subjects, ii) a group of healthy former smokers, and iii) a group of healthy subjects that had never smoked. The assessment was conducted at the molecular level using proteomics, transcriptomics, and lipidomics and complemented by a series of measurements of traditional and emerging indicators of lung health (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01780298). In this data note, we provide a comprehensive description of the study population’s physiological characteristics including full lung function, lung appearance on chest computed tomography, impulse oscillometry, and exercise tolerance and quality of life (QoL) measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nveed Chaudhary
- Philip Morris Products SA, Philip Morris International R&D, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Karsta Luettich
- Philip Morris Products SA, Philip Morris International R&D, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Michael J Peck
- Philip Morris Products SA, Philip Morris International R&D, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Elena Pierri
- Philip Morris Products SA, Philip Morris International R&D, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Loyse Felber-Medlin
- Philip Morris Products SA, Philip Morris International R&D, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gregory Vuillaume
- Philip Morris Products SA, Philip Morris International R&D, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Patrice Leroy
- Philip Morris Products SA, Philip Morris International R&D, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris Products SA, Philip Morris International R&D, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris Products SA, Philip Morris International R&D, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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5
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Phillips BW, Schlage WK, Titz B, Kogel U, Sciuscio D, Martin F, Leroy P, Vuillaume G, Krishnan S, Lee T, Veljkovic E, Elamin A, Merg C, Ivanov NV, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J, Vanscheeuwijck P. A 90-day OECD TG 413 rat inhalation study with systems toxicology endpoints demonstrates reduced exposure effects of the aerosol from the carbon heated tobacco product version 1.2 (CHTP1.2) compared with cigarette smoke. I. Inhalation exposure, clinical pathology and histopathology. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 116:388-413. [PMID: 29654848 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Within the framework of a systems toxicology approach, the inhalation toxicity of aerosol from a novel tobacco-heating potentially modified risk tobacco product (MRTP), the carbon-heated tobacco product (CHTP) 1.2, was characterized and compared with that of mainstream smoke (CS) from the 3R4F reference cigarette in a 90-day nose-only rat inhalation study in general accordance with OECD TG 413. CHTP1.2 is a heat-not-burn product using a carbon heat source to produce an aerosol that contains nicotine and tobacco flavor. At equal or twice the nicotine concentration in the test atmospheres, inhalation of CHTP1.2 aerosol led to a significantly lower exposure to harmful constituents and induced less respiratory tract irritation, systemic, and pathological effects compared with CS. Nasal epithelial changes were less pronounced in the CHTP1.2- than in the CS-exposed groups and reverted in the nicotine concentration-matched group after a recovery period. Lung inflammation was minimal in the CHTP1.2-treated groups compared with the moderate extent seen in the 3R4F groups. Many other toxicological endpoints evaluated did not show CHTP1.2 aerosol exposure-related effects, and no effects not seen for 3R4F were observed. These observations were consistent with findings from previous studies in which rats were exposed to MRTP aerosols containing similar nicotine concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaine W Phillips
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd., Science Park II, Singapore
| | - Walter K Schlage
- Biology Consultant, Max-Baermann-Str. 21, 51429, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Bjoern Titz
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Ulrike Kogel
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Davide Sciuscio
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Martin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Patrice Leroy
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Gregory Vuillaume
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Subash Krishnan
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd., Science Park II, Singapore
| | - Tom Lee
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd., Science Park II, Singapore
| | - Emilija Veljkovic
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd., Science Park II, Singapore
| | - Ashraf Elamin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Celine Merg
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Vanscheeuwijck
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland.
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6
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Zanetti F, Sewer A, Scotti E, Titz B, Schlage WK, Leroy P, Kondylis A, Vuillaume G, Iskandar AR, Guedj E, Trivedi K, Schneider T, Elamin A, Martin F, Frentzel S, Ivanov NV, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. Assessment of the impact of aerosol from a potential modified risk tobacco product compared with cigarette smoke on human organotypic oral epithelial cultures under different exposure regimens. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 115:148-169. [PMID: 29505817 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) is affecting considerably the oral mucosa. Heating, instead of burning, tobacco reduces consistently the amount of toxic compounds and may exert a lower impact on oral health than combusted cigarettes. The carbon-heated tobacco product 1.2 (CHTP1.2) is a potential modified risk tobacco product (MRTP) based on heat-not-burn technology. Using a systems toxicology assessment framework, we compared the effects of exposure to CHTP1.2 aerosol with those of CS from a reference cigarette (3R4F). Human organotypic cultures derived from buccal and gingival epithelia were exposed acutely (28-min) or repeatedly (28 min/day for 3 days), respectively, to two matching concentrations of CHTP1.2 aerosol or 3R4F CS, and a non-diluted (100%) CHTP1.2 aerosol. The results showed an absence of cytotoxicity, reduction in pathophysiological alterations, toxicological marker proteins, and inflammatory mediators following exposure to CHTP1.2 aerosol compared with 3R4F CS. Changes in mRNA and miRNA expression were linked by an integrative analysis approach, suggesting a regulatory role of miRNAs in several smoke/disease-relevant biological processes induced by 3R4F CS. The identification of mechanisms by which potential MRTPs can reduce the impact of tobacco use on biological systems is of great importance in understanding the molecular basis of the smoking harm reduction paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Zanetti
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Alain Sewer
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Elena Scotti
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Bjoern Titz
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Walter K Schlage
- Biology Consultant, Max-Baermann-Str. 21, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Patrice Leroy
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Athanasios Kondylis
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gregory Vuillaume
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Anita R Iskandar
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Guedj
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Keyur Trivedi
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Schneider
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Ashraf Elamin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Martin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Frentzel
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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7
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Titz B, Kogel U, Martin F, Schlage WK, Xiang Y, Nury C, Dijon S, Baumer K, Peric D, Bornand D, Dulize R, Phillips B, Leroy P, Vuillaume G, Lebrun S, Elamin A, Guedj E, Trivedi K, Ivanov NV, Vanscheeuwijck P, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. A 90-day OECD TG 413 rat inhalation study with systems toxicology endpoints demonstrates reduced exposure effects of the aerosol from the carbon heated tobacco product version 1.2 (CHTP1.2) compared with cigarette smoke. II. Systems toxicology assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 115:284-301. [PMID: 29545142 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Modified risk tobacco products (MRTPs) have the potential to reduce smoking-related health risks. The Carbon Heated Tobacco Product 1.2 (CHTP1.2) is a potential MRTP that uses a pressed carbon heat source to generate an aerosol by heating tobacco. Here, we report the results from the systems toxicology arm of a 90-day rat inhalation study (OECD test guideline 413) to assess the effects of CHTP1.2 aerosol compared with cigarette smoke (CS). Transcriptomics, proteomics, and lipidomics analyses complemented the standard endpoints. In the respiratory nasal epithelium, CS induced an adaptive tissue and inflammatory response, which was much weaker after CHTP1.2 aerosol exposure, mostly limited to the highest CHTP1.2 concentration (at twice the 3R4F CS concentration: 50 vs. 23 μg nicotine/L), in female rats. In the lungs, the effects of CS exposure included inflammatory and cellular stress responses, which were absent or much lower after CHTP1.2 aerosol exposure. Outside of the respiratory tract, CS and CHTP1.2 aerosol induced effects that were previously associated with exposure to any nicotine-containing aerosol, e.g., lower lipid concentrations in serum. Overall, this systems toxicology analysis complements and confirms the results from classical toxicological endpoints and further suggests potentially reduced respiratory health risks of CHTP1.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjoern Titz
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchatel, Switzerland(2)
| | - Ulrike Kogel
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchatel, Switzerland(2)
| | - Florian Martin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchatel, Switzerland(2)
| | - Walter K Schlage
- Biology Consultant, Max-Baermann-Str. 21, 51429, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Yang Xiang
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchatel, Switzerland(2)
| | - Catherine Nury
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchatel, Switzerland(2)
| | - Sophie Dijon
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchatel, Switzerland(2)
| | - Karine Baumer
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchatel, Switzerland(2)
| | - Dariusz Peric
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchatel, Switzerland(2)
| | - David Bornand
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchatel, Switzerland(2)
| | - Remi Dulize
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchatel, Switzerland(2)
| | - Blaine Phillips
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd., Science Park II, Singapore(2)
| | - Patrice Leroy
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchatel, Switzerland(2)
| | - Gregory Vuillaume
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchatel, Switzerland(2)
| | - Stefan Lebrun
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchatel, Switzerland(2)
| | - Ashraf Elamin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchatel, Switzerland(2)
| | - Emmanuel Guedj
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchatel, Switzerland(2)
| | - Keyur Trivedi
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchatel, Switzerland(2)
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchatel, Switzerland(2)
| | - Patrick Vanscheeuwijck
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchatel, Switzerland(2)
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchatel, Switzerland(2)
| | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchatel, Switzerland(2).
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Martin F, Vuillaume G, Baker G, Sponsiello-Wang Z, Ricci PF, Lüdicke F, Weitkunat R. Quantifying the risk-reduction potential of new Modified Risk Tobacco Products. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 92:358-369. [PMID: 29258927 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative risk assessment of novel Modified Risk Tobacco Products (MRTP) must rest on indirect measurements that are indicative of disease development prior to epidemiological data becoming available. For this purpose, a Population Health Impact Model (PHIM) has been developed to estimate the reduction in the number of deaths from smoking-related diseases following the introduction of an MRTP. One key parameter of the model, the F-factor, describes the effective dose upon switching from cigarette smoking to using an MRTP. Biomarker data, collected in clinical studies, can be analyzed to estimate the effects of switching to an MRTP as compared to quitting smoking. Based on transparent assumptions, a link function is formulated that translates these effects into the F-factor. The concepts of 'lack of sufficiency' and 'necessity' are introduced, allowing for a parametrization of a family of link functions. These can be uniformly sampled, thus providing different 'scenarios' on how biomarker-based evidence can be translated into the F-factor to inform the PHIM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Martin
- Philip Morris International Research & Development, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gregory Vuillaume
- Philip Morris International Research & Development, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gizelle Baker
- Philip Morris International Research & Development, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Frank Lüdicke
- Philip Morris International Research & Development, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Weitkunat
- Philip Morris International Research & Development, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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9
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Phillips B, Ho J, Sciuscio D, Veljkovic E, Lebrun S, Kogel U, Vuillaume G, Leroy P, Hoeng J, Peitsch M, Vanscheeuwijck P. Toxicological assessment of the mainstream aerosol of a carbon heated tobacco product in Sprague-Dawley rats; a 90-day sub-chronic inhalation study. Toxicol Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.07.402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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10
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Kogel U, Martin F, Titz B, Vuillaume G, Ivanov N, Guedj E, Elamin A, Vanscheeuwijck P, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC, Lee KM, Oldham MJ, Gardner W, McKinney W. Comparison of molecular changes associated with cigarette smoke-induced toxicity pathways following mice whole body and nose-only exposure. Toxicol Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.07.667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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11
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Oviedo A, Lebrun S, Kogel U, Ho J, Tan WT, Titz B, Leroy P, Vuillaume G, Bera M, Martin F, Rodrigo G, Esposito M, Dempsey R, Ivanov NV, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC, Vanscheeuwijck P. Evaluation of the Tobacco Heating System 2.2. Part 6: 90-day OECD 413 rat inhalation study with systems toxicology endpoints demonstrates reduced exposure effects of a mentholated version compared with mentholated and non-mentholated cigarette smoke. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 81 Suppl 2:S93-S122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Wong ET, Kogel U, Veljkovic E, Martin F, Xiang Y, Boue S, Vuillaume G, Leroy P, Guedj E, Rodrigo G, Ivanov NV, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC, Vanscheeuwijck P. Evaluation of the Tobacco Heating System 2.2. Part 4: 90-day OECD 413 rat inhalation study with systems toxicology endpoints demonstrates reduced exposure effects compared with cigarette smoke. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 81 Suppl 2:S59-S81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Frentzel S, Steiner S, Majeed S, Vuillaume G, Kleinhans S, Nordlund M, Mathis C, Hoeng J. A new fluorescence based method for the characterization of in vitro aerosol exposure systems. Toxicol Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.07.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Titz B, Luettich K, Leroy P, Boue S, Vuillaume G, Vihervaara T, Ekroos K, Martin F, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. Alterations in Serum Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Eicosanoids in Patients with Mild to Moderate Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1583. [PMID: 27657052 PMCID: PMC5037848 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Smoking is a major risk factor for several diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). To better understand the systemic effects of cigarette smoke exposure and mild to moderate COPD-and to support future biomarker development-we profiled the serum lipidomes of healthy smokers, smokers with mild to moderate COPD (GOLD stages 1 and 2), former smokers, and never-smokers (n = 40 per group) (ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT01780298). Serum lipidome profiling was conducted with untargeted and targeted mass spectrometry-based lipidomics. Guided by weighted lipid co-expression network analysis, we identified three main trends comparing smokers, especially those with COPD, with non-smokers: a general increase in glycero(phospho)lipids, including triglycerols; changes in fatty acid desaturation (decrease in ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and an increase in monounsaturated fatty acids); and an imbalance in eicosanoids (increase in 11,12- and 14,15-DHETs (dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids), and a decrease in 9- and 13-HODEs (hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids)). The lipidome profiles supported classification of study subjects as smokers or non-smokers, but were not sufficient to distinguish between smokers with and without COPD. Overall, our study yielded further insights into the complex interplay between smoke exposure, lung disease, and systemic alterations in serum lipid profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjoern Titz
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland.
| | - Karsta Luettich
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland.
| | - Patrice Leroy
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland.
| | - Stephanie Boue
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland.
| | - Gregory Vuillaume
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland.
| | | | - Kim Ekroos
- Zora Biosciences Oy, 02150 Espoo, Finland.
| | - Florian Martin
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland.
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland.
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland.
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Oviedo A, Lebrun S, Ho J, Tan W, Vuillaume G, Veljkovic E, Hoeng J, Vanscheeuwijck P, Peitsch M. Toxicological characterization of the mentholated heat-not-burn product THS2.2M in a 90-day OECD Inhalation Study. Toxicol Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.06.2067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Phillips B, Sharma D, Sciuscio D, Veljkovic E, Lebrun S, Verbeeck J, Tan W, Kogel U, Ho J, Vuillaume G, Leroy P, Hoeng J, Peitsch M, Vanscheeuwijck P. Toxicity of aerosols of propylene glycol, vegetable glycerin and nicotine in Sprague-Dawley rats in a 90-d OECD 413 sub-chronic inhalation study. Toxicol Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.06.1733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Phillips B, Veljkovic E, Boué S, Schlage WK, Vuillaume G, Martin F, Titz B, Leroy P, Buettner A, Elamin A, Oviedo A, Cabanski M, De León H, Guedj E, Schneider T, Talikka M, Ivanov NV, Vanscheeuwijck P, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. An 8-Month Systems Toxicology Inhalation/Cessation Study in Apoe-/- Mice to Investigate Cardiovascular and Respiratory Exposure Effects of a Candidate Modified Risk Tobacco Product, THS 2.2, Compared With Conventional Cigarettes. Toxicol Sci 2016; 151:462-4. [PMID: 27225756 PMCID: PMC7297302 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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18
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Lo Sasso G, Titz B, Nury C, Boué S, Phillips B, Belcastro V, Schneider T, Dijon S, Baumer K, Peric D, Dulize R, Elamin A, Guedj E, Buettner A, Leroy P, Kleinhans S, Vuillaume G, Veljkovic E, Ivanov NV, Martin F, Vanscheeuwijck P, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. Effects of cigarette smoke, cessation and switching to a candidate modified risk tobacco product on the liver in Apoe -/- mice--a systems toxicology analysis. Inhal Toxicol 2016; 28:226-40. [PMID: 27027324 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2016.1150368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The liver is one of the most important organs involved in elimination of xenobiotic and potentially toxic substances. Cigarette smoke (CS) contains more than 7000 chemicals, including those that exert biological effects and cause smoking-related diseases. Though CS is not directly hepatotoxic, a growing body of evidence suggests that it may exacerbate pre-existing chronic liver disease. In this study, we integrated toxicological endpoints with molecular measurements and computational analyses to investigate effects of exposures on the livers of Apoe(-/- )mice. Mice were exposed to 3R4F reference CS, to an aerosol from the Tobacco Heating System (THS) 2.2, a candidate modified risk tobacco product (MRTP) or to filtered air (Sham) for up to 8 months. THS2.2 takes advantage of a "heat-not-burn" technology that, by heating tobacco, avoids pyrogenesis and pyrosynthesis. After CS exposure for 2 months, some groups were either switched to the MRTP or filtered air. While no group showed clear signs of hepatotoxicity, integrative analysis of proteomics and transcriptomics data showed a CS-dependent impairment of specific biological networks. These networks included lipid and xenobiotic metabolism and iron homeostasis that likely contributed synergistically to exacerbating oxidative stress. In contrast, most proteomic and transcriptomic changes were lower in mice exposed to THS2.2 and in the cessation and switching groups compared to the CS group. Our findings elucidate the complex biological responses of the liver to CS exposure. Furthermore, they provide evidence that THS2.2 aerosol has reduced biological effects, as compared with CS, on the livers of Apoe(-/- )mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lo Sasso
- a Philip Morris International Research and Development , Neuchatel , Switzerland
| | - Bjoern Titz
- a Philip Morris International Research and Development , Neuchatel , Switzerland
| | - Catherine Nury
- a Philip Morris International Research and Development , Neuchatel , Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Boué
- a Philip Morris International Research and Development , Neuchatel , Switzerland
| | - Blaine Phillips
- b Philip Morris International Research Laboratories , Singapore , Singapore , and
| | - Vincenzo Belcastro
- a Philip Morris International Research and Development , Neuchatel , Switzerland
| | - Thomas Schneider
- a Philip Morris International Research and Development , Neuchatel , Switzerland
| | - Sophie Dijon
- a Philip Morris International Research and Development , Neuchatel , Switzerland
| | - Karine Baumer
- a Philip Morris International Research and Development , Neuchatel , Switzerland
| | - Daruisz Peric
- a Philip Morris International Research and Development , Neuchatel , Switzerland
| | - Remi Dulize
- a Philip Morris International Research and Development , Neuchatel , Switzerland
| | - Ashraf Elamin
- a Philip Morris International Research and Development , Neuchatel , Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Guedj
- a Philip Morris International Research and Development , Neuchatel , Switzerland
| | | | - Patrice Leroy
- a Philip Morris International Research and Development , Neuchatel , Switzerland
| | - Samuel Kleinhans
- a Philip Morris International Research and Development , Neuchatel , Switzerland
| | - Gregory Vuillaume
- a Philip Morris International Research and Development , Neuchatel , Switzerland
| | - Emilija Veljkovic
- a Philip Morris International Research and Development , Neuchatel , Switzerland
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- a Philip Morris International Research and Development , Neuchatel , Switzerland
| | - Florian Martin
- a Philip Morris International Research and Development , Neuchatel , Switzerland
| | | | - Manuel C Peitsch
- a Philip Morris International Research and Development , Neuchatel , Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- a Philip Morris International Research and Development , Neuchatel , Switzerland
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19
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Titz B, Boué S, Phillips B, Talikka M, Vihervaara T, Schneider T, Nury C, Elamin A, Guedj E, Peck MJ, Schlage WK, Cabanski M, Leroy P, Vuillaume G, Martin F, Ivanov NV, Veljkovic E, Ekroos K, Laaksonen R, Vanscheeuwijck P, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. Effects of Cigarette Smoke, Cessation, and Switching to Two Heat-Not-Burn Tobacco Products on Lung Lipid Metabolism in C57BL/6 and Apoe-/- Mice-An Integrative Systems Toxicology Analysis. Toxicol Sci 2016; 149:441-57. [PMID: 26582801 PMCID: PMC4725611 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of cigarette smoke (CS), a major cause of lung diseases, on the composition and metabolism of lung lipids is incompletely understood. Here, we integrated quantitative lipidomics and proteomics to investigate exposure effects on lung lipid metabolism in a C57BL/6 and an Apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe(-/-)) mouse study. In these studies, mice were exposed to high concentrations of 3R4F reference CS, aerosol from potential modified risk tobacco products (MRTPs) or filtered air (Sham) for up to 8 months. The 2 assessed MRTPs, the prototypical MRTP for C57BL/6 mice and the Tobacco Heating System 2.2 for Apoe(-/-) mice, utilize "heat-not-burn" technologies and were each matched in nicotine concentrations to the 3R4F CS. After 2 months of CS exposure, some groups were either switched to the MRTP or underwent cessation. In both mouse strains, CS strongly affected several categories of lung lipids and lipid-related proteins. Candidate surfactant lipids, surfactant proteins, and surfactant metabolizing proteins were increased. Inflammatory eicosanoids, their metabolic enzymes, and several ceramide classes were elevated. Overall, CS induced a coordinated lipid response controlled by transcription regulators such as SREBP proteins and supported by other metabolic adaptations. In contrast, most of these changes were absent in the mice exposed to the potential MRTPs, in the cessation group, and the switching group. Our findings demonstrate the complex biological response of the lungs to CS exposure and support the benefits of cessation or switching to a heat-not-burn product using a design such as those employed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjoern Titz
- *Philip Morris International Research and Development, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland; *Philip Morris International Research and Development, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland;
| | - Stéphanie Boué
- *Philip Morris International Research and Development, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Blaine Phillips
- Philip Morris International Research Laboratories, 50 Science Park Road, Singapore, Singapore; and
| | - Marja Talikka
- *Philip Morris International Research and Development, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas Schneider
- *Philip Morris International Research and Development, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Nury
- *Philip Morris International Research and Development, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Ashraf Elamin
- *Philip Morris International Research and Development, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Guedj
- *Philip Morris International Research and Development, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Michael J Peck
- *Philip Morris International Research and Development, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Walter K Schlage
- *Philip Morris International Research and Development, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Maciej Cabanski
- *Philip Morris International Research and Development, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Patrice Leroy
- *Philip Morris International Research and Development, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Gregory Vuillaume
- *Philip Morris International Research and Development, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Martin
- *Philip Morris International Research and Development, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- *Philip Morris International Research and Development, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Emilija Veljkovic
- *Philip Morris International Research and Development, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Kim Ekroos
- Zora Biosciences Oy, Biologinkuja 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | | | - Patrick Vanscheeuwijck
- *Philip Morris International Research and Development, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- *Philip Morris International Research and Development, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- *Philip Morris International Research and Development, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland;
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20
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Phillips B, Veljkovic E, Boué S, Schlage WK, Vuillaume G, Martin F, Titz B, Leroy P, Buettner A, Elamin A, Oviedo A, Cabanski M, De León H, Guedj E, Schneider T, Talikka M, Ivanov NV, Vanscheeuwijck P, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. An 8-Month Systems Toxicology Inhalation/Cessation Study in Apoe-/- Mice to Investigate Cardiovascular and Respiratory Exposure Effects of a Candidate Modified Risk Tobacco Product, THS 2.2, Compared With Conventional Cigarettes. Toxicol Sci 2016; 149:411-32. [PMID: 26609137 PMCID: PMC4725610 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Smoking cigarettes is a major risk factor in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Modified risk tobacco products (MRTPs) are being developed to reduce smoking-related health risks. The goal of this study was to investigate hallmarks of COPD and CVD over an 8-month period in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice exposed to conventional cigarette smoke (CS) or to the aerosol of a candidate MRTP, tobacco heating system (THS) 2.2. In addition to chronic exposure, cessation or switching to THS2.2 after 2 months of CS exposure was assessed. Engaging a systems toxicology approach, exposure effects were investigated using physiology and histology combined with transcriptomics, lipidomics, and proteomics. CS induced nasal epithelial hyperplasia and metaplasia, lung inflammation, and emphysematous changes (impaired pulmonary function and alveolar damage). Atherogenic effects of CS exposure included altered lipid profiles and aortic plaque formation. Exposure to THS2.2 aerosol (nicotine concentration matched to CS, 29.9 mg/m(3)) neither induced lung inflammation or emphysema nor did it consistently change the lipid profile or enhance the plaque area. Cessation or switching to THS2.2 reversed the inflammatory responses and halted progression of initial emphysematous changes and the aortic plaque area. Biological processes, including senescence, inflammation, and proliferation, were significantly impacted by CS but not by THS2.2 aerosol. Both, cessation and switching to THS2.2 reduced these perturbations to almost sham exposure levels. In conclusion, in this mouse model cessation or switching to THS2.2 retarded the progression of CS-induced atherosclerotic and emphysematous changes, while THS2.2 aerosol alone had minimal adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaine Phillips
- *Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte Ltd, The Kendall #02-07, Science Park II, Singapore 117406
| | - Emilija Veljkovic
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Boué
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Walter K Schlage
- WK Schlage Biology Consulting, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany; and
| | - Gregory Vuillaume
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Martin
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Bjoern Titz
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Patrice Leroy
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Ashraf Elamin
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Alberto Oviedo
- *Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte Ltd, The Kendall #02-07, Science Park II, Singapore 117406
| | - Maciej Cabanski
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Héctor De León
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Guedj
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Schneider
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Marja Talikka
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Vanscheeuwijck
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland;
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21
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Ansari S, Baumer K, Boué S, Dijon S, Dulize R, Ekroos K, Elamin A, Foong C, Guedj E, Hoeng J, Ivanov NV, Krishnan S, Leroy P, Martin F, Merg C, Peck MJ, Peitsch MC, Phillips B, Schlage WK, Schneider T, Talikka M, Titz B, Vanscheeuwijck P, Veljkovic E, Vihervaara T, Vuillaume G, Woon CQ. Comprehensive systems biology analysis of a 7-month cigarette smoke inhalation study in C57BL/6 mice. Sci Data 2016; 3:150077. [PMID: 26731301 PMCID: PMC4700839 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2015.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking of combustible cigarettes has a major impact on human health. Using a systems toxicology approach in a model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (C57BL/6 mice), we assessed the health consequences in mice of an aerosol derived from a prototype modified risk tobacco product (pMRTP) as compared to conventional cigarettes. We investigated physiological and histological endpoints in parallel with transcriptomics, lipidomics, and proteomics profiles in mice exposed to a reference cigarette (3R4F) smoke or a pMRTP aerosol for up to 7 months. We also included a cessation group and a switching-to-pMRTP group (after 2 months of 3R4F exposure) in addition to the control (fresh air-exposed) group, to understand the potential risk reduction of switching to pMRTP compared with continuous 3R4F exposure and cessation. The present manuscript describes the study design, setup, and implementation, as well as the generation, processing, and quality control analysis of the toxicology and ‘omics’ datasets that are accessible in public repositories for further analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Ansari
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S. A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Karine Baumer
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S. A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Boué
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S. A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Dijon
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S. A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Remi Dulize
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S. A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Kim Ekroos
- Zora Biosciences Oy, Biologinkuja 1, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Ashraf Elamin
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S. A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Clement Foong
- Philip Morris International Research Laboratories, 50 Science Park Road, Science Park II, Singapore, Singapore 117406
| | - Emmanuel Guedj
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S. A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S. A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S. A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Subash Krishnan
- Philip Morris International Research Laboratories, 50 Science Park Road, Science Park II, Singapore, Singapore 117406
| | - Patrice Leroy
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S. A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Florian Martin
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S. A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Celine Merg
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S. A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Michael J Peck
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S. A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S. A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Blaine Phillips
- Philip Morris International Research Laboratories, 50 Science Park Road, Science Park II, Singapore, Singapore 117406
| | - Walter K Schlage
- Biology consultant, Max-Baermann-Str. 21, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Thomas Schneider
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S. A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Marja Talikka
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S. A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Bjoern Titz
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S. A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Vanscheeuwijck
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S. A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Emilija Veljkovic
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S. A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | | | - Gregory Vuillaume
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S. A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Ching Qing Woon
- Philip Morris International Research Laboratories, 50 Science Park Road, Science Park II, Singapore, Singapore 117406
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22
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Steiner S, Majeed S, Pierrick D, Vuillaume G, Dossin E, Guy P, Frentzel S, Nordlund M, Mathis C, Bentley M, Hoeng J. Gas-vapor phase and particulate matter partitioning of 3R4F aerosol components and their delivery in the Vitrocell 24/48 ® aerosol exposure system. Toxicol Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.08.400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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23
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Titz B, Sewer A, Schneider T, Elamin A, Martin F, Dijon S, Luettich K, Guedj E, Vuillaume G, Ivanov NV, Peck MJ, Chaudhary NI, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC. Alterations in the sputum proteome and transcriptome in smokers and early-stage COPD subjects. J Proteomics 2015; 128:306-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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24
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Phillips B, Esposito M, Verbeeck J, Boué S, Iskandar A, Vuillaume G, Leroy P, Krishnan S, Kogel U, Utan A, Schlage WK, Bera M, Veljkovic E, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC, Vanscheeuwijck P. Toxicity of aerosols of nicotine and pyruvic acid (separate and combined) in Sprague-Dawley rats in a 28-day OECD 412 inhalation study and assessment of systems toxicology. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 27:405-31. [PMID: 26295358 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2015.1046000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Toxicity of nebulized nicotine (Nic) and nicotine/pyruvic acid mixtures (Nic/Pyr) was characterized in a 28-day Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development 412 inhalation study with additional transcriptomic and lipidomic analyses. Sprague-Dawley rats were nose-only exposed, 6 h/day, 5 days/week to filtered air, saline, nicotine (50 µg/l), sodium pyruvate (NaPyr, 33.9 µg/l) or equimolar Nic/Pyr mixtures (18, 25 and 50 µg nicotine/l). Saline and NaPyr caused no health effects, but rats exposed to nicotine-containing aerosols had decreased body weight gains and concentration-dependent increases in liver weight. Blood neutrophil counts were increased and lymphocyte counts decreased in rats exposed to nicotine; activities of alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase were increased, and levels of cholesterol and glucose decreased. The only histopathologic finding in non-respiratory tract organs was increased liver vacuolation and glycogen content. Respiratory tract findings upon nicotine exposure (but also some phosphate-buffered saline aerosol effects) were observed only in the larynx and were limited to adaptive changes. Gene expression changes in the lung and liver were very weak. Nic and Nic/Pyr caused few significant changes (including Cyp1a1 gene upregulation). Changes were predominantly related to energy metabolism and fatty acid metabolism but did not indicate an obvious toxicity-related response. Nicotine exposure lowered plasma lipids, including cholesteryl ester (CE) and free cholesterol and, in the liver, phospholipids and sphingolipids. Nic, NaPyr and Nic/Pyr decreased hepatic triacylglycerol and CE. In the lung, Nic and Nic/Pyr increased CE levels. These data suggest that only minor biologic effects related to inhalation of Nic or Nic/Pyr aerosols were observed in this 28-day study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaine Phillips
- a Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte Ltd , Science Park II , Singapore and
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25
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Chan J, Vuillaume G, Bever C, Lebrun S, Lietz M, Steffen Y, Stolle K, Wahba K, Wang X, Moodie S, Hoeng J, Peitsch M, Powell L. The Apoe-/- Mouse PhysioLab® Platform: A Validated Physiologically-based Mathematical Model of Atherosclerotic Plaque Progression in the Apoe-/- Mouse. Biodiscovery 2012. [DOI: 10.7750/biodiscovery.2012.3.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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26
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Steffen Y, Vuillaume G, Stolle K, Roewer K, Lietz M, Schueller J, Lebrun S, Wallerath T. Cigarette smoke and LDL cooperate in reducing nitric oxide bioavailability in endothelial cells via effects on both eNOS and NADPH oxidase. Nitric Oxide 2012; 27:176-84. [PMID: 22766265 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitous free radical nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in many biological processes, including the regulation of both vascular tone and inflammatory response; however, its role in the effects of cigarette smoke exposure on atherosclerosis remains unclear. Our aim was to study the mechanisms of NO regulation in endothelial cells in response to cigarette smoke exposure in vitro. Using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), we have demonstrated that combining non-toxic concentrations of cigarette smoke bubbled through PBS (smoke-bubbled PBS [sbPBS]) with native LDL (nLDL) significantly reduces the amount of bioavailable NO. The effect is comparable to that seen with oxidized LDL (oxLDL), but has not been seen with sbPBS or nLDL alone. Mechanistic investigations showed that the combination of sbPBS+nLDL did not reduce the amount of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), but did inhibit its enzymatic activity. Concomitantly, both sbPBS+nLDL and oxLDL significantly increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the form of superoxide anions ((·)O(2)(-)) and peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) in HUVEC. Selective inhibition of NADPH oxidase prevented this response. Incubation of sbPBS+nLDL revealed the formation of 7-ketocholesterol (7-KC) and 7-hydroxycholesterol, which are indicators for oxidative modification of LDL. This could explain the reported increase in circulatory levels of oxLDL in smokers. Our results suggest that reduction of functional NO in response to a combination of sbPBS+nLDL is secondary to both reduction of eNOS activity and stimulation of NADPH oxidase activity. Because sbPBS alone showed no effect on eNOS activity or ROS formation, nLDL should be included in cigarette-smoke-related mechanistic in vitro experiments on endothelial cells to be more reflective of the clinical situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Steffen
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Research Laboratories GmbH, Cologne, Germany.
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- C. A. Stuart
- Institut d'Analyse et Calcul Scientifique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - G. Vuillaume
- Institut d'Analyse et Calcul Scientifique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- C.A Stuart
- Institut de Mathématiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - G Vuillaume
- Institut de Mathématiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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29
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Abstract
A rapid and sensitive method for measuring maleic hydrazide (6-hydroxy-2H-pyridazin-3-one) residues in cured tobacco is described. A mixture of free and bound maleic hydrazide is extracted with hydrochloric acid in which maleic hydrazide glycoside is simultaneously hydrolysed. The free maleic hydrazide obtained is methylated using dimethyl sulphate and the derivative is partitioned into chloroform and determined by capillary gas chromatography using a nitrogen-phosphorus detector. The limit of detection of maleic hydrazide is 5 ppm.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Renaud
- Philip Morris Europe SA, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Vuillaume G, Spitz R, Revillon A, Guyot A. Supported Chromium Oxide Catalyst for Olefin Polymerization. X. Propylene Polymerization-Activity Measurements at Low Pressure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1080/00222337408066424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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31
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Spitz R, Vuillaume G, Revillon A, Guyot A. Supported Chromium Oxide Catalysts for Olefin Polymerization. VI. Activation Process and Catalytic Activity Versus Ethylene Polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1972. [DOI: 10.1080/00222337208061126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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32
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Guyot A, Charcosset H, Revillon A, Vuillaume G. Interaction between Chromium Oxide and Its Silica-Alumina Support and Activity of the Resulting Polymerization Catalyst. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1968. [DOI: 10.1080/00222336808053353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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