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Children with medical complexity: a scoping review of interventions to support caregiver stress. Child Care Health Dev 2017; 43:323-333. [PMID: 27896838 DOI: 10.1111/cch.12430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caring for children with chronic and complex medical needs places extraordinary stress on parents and other family members. A scoping review was undertaken to identify and describe the full range of current interventions for reducing caregiver stress. METHODS Applying a broad definition of caregiver stress, a systematic search of three scientific databases (CINAHL, Embase and Ovid Medline), a general internet search and hand searching of key peer-reviewed articles were conducted. Inclusion criteria were as follows: (i) published in English between 2004-2016; (ii) focused on familial caregivers, defined as parents, siblings or extended family; (iii) targeted children/youth with medical complexity between the ages of 1-24 years; and (iv) described an intervention and impact on caregiver stress. Data on type of intervention, study design and methods, measures and overall findings were extracted. RESULTS Forty-nine studies were included from a list of 22 339 unique titles. Six domains of interventions were found: care coordination models (n = 23); respite care (n = 8); telemedicine (n = 5); peer and emotional support (n = 6); insurance and employment benefits (n = 4); and health and related supports (n = 3). Across studies, there was a wide variety of designs, outcomes and measures used. CONCLUSIONS Positive findings of reductions in caregiver stress were noted within an emerging body of evidence on effective interventions for families of children with medical complexity. A commonality across domains was a significant focus on streamlining services and reducing the burden of care related to varied pressures experienced, including time, finances, care needs and service access, among others. There was non-conclusive evidence however around which of the six identified intervention domains or combination thereof are most effective for reducing stress. These promising findings demonstrate that stress reduction is possible with the right support and that multiple interventions may be effective in reducing burdens of care experienced by families of children with medical complexity.
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The ASSURE study: HIV-1 suppression is maintained with bone and renal biomarker improvement 48 weeks after ritonavir discontinuation and randomized switch to abacavir/lamivudine + atazanavir. HIV Med 2015; 17:106-17. [PMID: 26176344 PMCID: PMC5034844 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES HIV treatment guidelines endorse switching or simplification of antiretroviral therapy in therapy-experienced patients with suppressed viraemia; ritonavir discontinuation may also enhance tolerability and reduce long-term adverse events (AEs). This open-label, multicentre, noninferiority study enrolled HIV-1-infected, treatment-experienced adults with confirmed HIV-1 RNA ≤ 75 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL currently receiving tenofovir/emtricitabine + atazanavir/ritonavir (TDF/FTC + ATV/r) for ≥ 6 months with no reported history of virological failure. METHODS Participants were randomized 1:2 to continue current treatment or switch to abacavir/lamivudine + atazanavir (ABC/3TC + ATV). Endpoints included the proportion of participants with HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/mL by time to loss of virological response (TLOVR), AEs, fasting lipids, and inflammatory, coagulation, bone and renal biomarkers. RESULTS After 48 weeks, 76% (152 of 199) of ABC/3TC + ATV-treated and 79% (77 of 97) of TDF/FTC + ATV/r-treated participants had HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/mL (TLOVR; P = 0.564). Other efficacy analyses yielded similar results. Rates of new grade 2-4 AEs were 45% in both groups, but an excess of hyperbilirubinaemia made the rate of treatment-emergent grade 3-4 laboratory abnormalities higher with TDF/FTC + ATV/r (36%) compared with ABC/3TC + ATV (19%). Most fasting lipid levels remained stable over time; high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol increased modestly in ABC/3TC + ATV-treated participants. Bone and renal biomarkers improved significantly between baseline and week 48 in participants taking ABC/3TC + ATV and were stable in participants taking TDF/FTC + ATV/r. No significant changes occurred in any inflammatory or coagulation biomarker within or between treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS The ABC/3TC + ATV treatment-switch group had similar viral suppression rates up to 48 weeks to the TDF/FTC + ATV/r comparator group, with lower rates of moderate- to high-grade hyperbilirubinaemia and improvements in bone and renal biomarkers.
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Risk factors for non-Escherichia coli community-acquired bacteriuria. Infection 2012; 41:473-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s15010-012-0347-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Mannose-binding lectin in pre-menopausal women with recurrent urinary tract infections. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 16:1394-8. [PMID: 19886899 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.03107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) comprises an oligomeric serum protein that is a member of the collectin class of the C-type lectin superfamily. Its deficiency is genetically determined and confers predisposition to recurrent infections as well as increased infection severity. This correlation has been demonstrated in recurrent furunculosis caused by Staphylococcus aureus, and in pneumococcal and Candida infections. The present study aimed to determine whether there is a correlation between MBL serum levels and recurrent urinary tact infections (UTI) in pre-menopausal women. The present aged-matched double-blind controlled study was conducted in 100 pre-menopausal adult women: 50 who suffered from recurrent UTI and 50 without UTI. The MBL concentration was measured in a single serum sample from each patient using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. MBL serum levels [median (range)] were 2500 (4-12,000) ng/mL and 2105 (4-22,800) ng/mL for the research and control groups, respectively. The results from the two groups were compared and were not statistically different (p 0.4). According to these results, MBL serum levels are not associated with an increased risk for recurrent UTI in pre-menopausal women.
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SUPPORT: 48-week results of fosamprenavir/ritonavir vs efavirenz with abacavir/lamivudine in under-represented, antiretroviral-naïve patients. J Int AIDS Soc 2010. [PMCID: PMC3113075 DOI: 10.1186/1758-2652-13-s4-p7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Abstract
Seasonal variation in the infection rate with certain Gram-negative organisms has been previously described, but few studies have been published regarding Escherichia coli. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence rate of E. coli bloodstream infection (BSI) and the association with temperature in different seasons in the Yizrael Valley. Positive blood cultures sent to the microbiology laboratory of Ha'Emek Medical Centre over a period of 8 years (January 2001 to December 2008) were included. The mean monthly temperature in the Yizrael Valley in the same period was compared with the monthly E. coli BSI rate. We divided the year into three periods: winter (December to February: mean temperature <15°C), transitional (March, April and November: mean temperature 15-19°C) and summer (May to October: mean temperature ≥20°C). In addition, we correlated the mean monthly antibiotic use in the same period measured as total defined daily doses for the whole regional population with E. coli BSI. During the study period, 2810 BSIs were recorded (35%E. coli). In 67.4% of the cases of E. coli bacteraemia, the source was urinary tract infection. The crude incidence of E. coli BSI was 4.1/1000 admissions. There was no difference in the number of cultures/month (mean: 29 ± 6). However, E. coli BSI was 19% and 21% more frequent in summer than in the transitional and winter seasons, respectively (p 0.01). The antibiotic consumption was significantly higher in the winter period. We found significantly higher rates of E. coli BSI in the summer period. Host, bacterial and ecological factors, together with high consumption of antibiotics during the winter season, could partially explain these findings.
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O167 Attitudes, beliefs and knowledge concerning antibiotic use and self-medication:a comparative European study. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(07)70107-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Antiretroviral medication errors were universal in hospitalized HIV-seropositive patients at a teaching hospital. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2001; 28:496. [PMID: 11744841 DOI: 10.1097/00042560-200112150-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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[Hospital-at-home as a solution for the treatment requirements of acute exacerbation in multiple sclerosis]. HAREFUAH 2001; 140:603-6, 678. [PMID: 11481961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Cooperation between the Multiple Sclerosis center at the Carmel medical center and the Hospital-at-Home (H.H) department of the continuing care unit in the Haifa and Western Galilee district of the Clalit Health Services has made it possible to give methylprednisolone intravenously to Multiple Sclerosis (M.S) patients during an acute exacerbation of the disease, in their home. In this study, we describe the joint work of the two centers. We have summarized 30 treatment courses given to 26 patients in their homes, following referral by the M.S. center, in the year 1999. The aims of the study included assessing satisfaction, safety and cost-effectiveness in a treatment course in the HH framework, as compared to the same treatment being conducted in the framework of hospitalization in various neurological departments, as was done in the past in the same group of patients. The expenses involved in HH for this group of patients were only 14% of the parallel treatment in the hospital (a savings of 86%). The treatment has proven to be extremely safe. There were no side-effects that required returning patients to the hospital, and the treatment was given in conditions of maximum comfort for the patient and his family. A telephone survey was conducted, which compared the satisfaction with the HH treatment, and the burden caused the patient's family to prior hospitalization for the same treatment. For all of the parameters examined, greater satisfaction was distinctly proven in the HH treatment. In light of these findings, we can conclude that giving methylprednisolone intravenously to M.S patients during an acute exacerbation, in the HH framework, is a safe and cost effective treatment, preferred by the patient and his family.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the cost-effectiveness and safety of the Home Intravenous Antibiotic Therapy (HIAT) program in the district of Haifa and Western Galilee in Northern Israel. METHODS We checked all the medical records of all the patients who had been treated at home with intravenous antibiotics during 1999. We reviewed the mean clinical diagnosis, aetiological agent, type of antibiotic given, complications and cost evaluation. RESULTS During 1999, 250 patients received 284 courses of HIAT. The total duration of treatments was 3404 days; 61% of the patients were referred from clinical departments from one of the medical centres in our area. Soft-tissue infections and osteomyelitis were the most common clinical diagnoses at 40%. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most frequent pathogen presented and Ceftazidine the most common antimicrobial agent prescribed. The HIAT program saved $815 000 during 1999. Only minor complications were present. CONCLUSIONS HIAT is effective, safe, comfortable for the patients, and has an important economical impact.
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Randomized comparison trial of teicoplanin i.v., teicoplanin i.m., and cefazolin therapy for skin and soft tissue infections caused by gram-positive bacteria. South Med J 1994; 87:875-80. [PMID: 8091249 DOI: 10.1097/00007611-199409000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Teicoplanin, a glycopeptide antibiotic chemically related to the vancomycin-ristocetin group of antibiotics, has potent activity against aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive bacteria. In this study, we examined the efficacy and safety of teicoplanin for parenteral treatment of skin and soft tissue infections caused by gram-positive bacteria. Ninety-six hospitalized adults with moderate to severe skin and soft tissue infections were randomized to receive either teicoplanin intravenously (i.v.) once a day, teicoplanin intramuscularly (i.m.) once a day, or cefazolin i.v. every 8 hours. We evaluated patients' clinical and microbiologic status and assessed clinical and laboratory adverse events. Of 76 clinically assessable patients, 26 of 26 (100%) given teicoplanin i.v., 21 of 22 (95%) given teicoplanin i.m., and 26 of 28 (93%) given cefazolin showed improvement or cure. Of 60 microbiologically assessable patients, 22 of 22 (100%) given teicoplanin i.v., 16 of 18 (89%) given teicoplanin i.m, and 18 of 20 (90%) given cefazolin were cured. Of 96 patients assessable for adverse events, 7 of 34 (21%) given teicoplanin i.v., 4 of 31 (13%) give teicoplanin i.m., and 1 of 31 (3%) given cefazolin had adverse events. In this study, once daily teicoplanin appeared to be safe and effective therapy for skin and soft tissue infections.
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Mycobacterium marinum skin infections. Report of 31 cases and review of the literature. ARCHIVES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 1994; 154:1359-64. [PMID: 8002687 DOI: 10.1001/archinte.154.12.1359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium marinum is a rare cause of skin infections, and its treatment has been based primarily on the personal experience and preferences of individual investigators without the benefit of large studies. METHODS Thirty-one patients with confirmed M marinum infection were identified at 33 Kaiser Permanente Northern California Region medical centers by microbiologic records, and their charts were reviewed. RESULTS The upper extremity was affected in 90% of cases, and lymphatic or local spread was seen during the initial examination or during observation in 25 patients (81%). Granuloma was present in 22 (63%) of 35 biopsy specimens, and staining for acid-fast bacteria yielded positive results in two of 22 specimens. Cure or improvement occurred in 22 (81%) of 27 patients in whom outcome could be evaluated. Treatment with ethambutol plus rifampin appeared more successful (effective in five [100%] of five cases) than minocycline treatment (effective in 10 [71%] of 14 cases), although not significantly so (P = .28). Adverse reactions, most of which were gastrointestinal, occurred in five patients (18%). CONCLUSION Ethambutol plus rifampin appears more useful than minocycline in treating cutaneous M marinum infection. This result remains to be confirmed by larger clinical studies, which may be difficult because this infection is relatively rare.
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The prospective payment system and discharge diagnoses for coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 1994; 330:578; author reply 579. [PMID: 8302338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Abstract
Eight patients with osteomyelitis of the jaw were identified at two county hospitals over a 4-year period. Three patients (37.5%) were found to be HIV-seropositive, including two patients not previously known to be HIV-seropositive. Signs and symptoms of infection were similar in both groups of patients, and commonly included fever, pain, and swelling. Radiographs showed specific findings of osteomyelitis in one of three HIV-seropositive patients and four of four seronegative patients with chronic jaw infection. HIV-seropositive patients appeared to have a worse clinical outcome than their seronegative counterparts. We conclude that osteomyelitis of the jaw may be the presenting manifestation of HIV infection, and that careful attention and close follow-up should be applied to such patients because of their poor overall clinical response.
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Breast abscess due to Salmonella serogroup B, serotype Reading, in a young nonpuerperal woman. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 17:951-2. [PMID: 8286662 DOI: 10.1093/clinids/17.5.951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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Syphilis screening in a suburban community. South Med J 1992; 85:858. [PMID: 1502634 DOI: 10.1097/00007611-199208000-00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Abstract
Ceftibuten is an oral third generation cephalosporin with potent antimicrobial activity against Enterobacteriaceae, beta-lactamase positive Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria gonorrheae, penicillin-susceptible pneumococci, and beta-hemolytic streptococci. To study the efficacy and safety of ceftibuten for treatment of bronchitis, 58 patients were randomized to therapy with either ceftibuten 400 mg once a day or cefaclor 250 mg every 8 h at a ratio of two to one. Of 45 clinically evaluable patients, 28 (87.5%) of the 32 ceftibuten patients and 12 (92.3%) of the 13 cefaclor patients were clinically improved or cured. Of 33 microbiologically evaluable patients, 21 (87.5%) of the 24 ceftibuten patients and eight (80%) of the ten cefaclor patients were cured. Of 56 patients evaluable for adverse effects, three (7.9%) of the 38 ceftibuten patients and one (5.6%) of the 18 cefaclor patients had adverse reactions. In this small study, once-daily ceftibuten appeared as safe and as effective as cefaclor for the treatment of bronchitis.
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A randomized trial of cefepime (BMY-28142) and ceftazidime for the treatment of pneumonia. J Antimicrob Chemother 1991; 28:569-75. [PMID: 1761451 DOI: 10.1093/jac/28.4.569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cefepime is a new cephalosporin with a broad antimicrobial spectrum that includes Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. To study the efficacy and safety of cefepime for treatment of pneumonia, 65 patients were randomized to therapy with either cefepime or ceftazidime at a two to one ratio. Of the 57 evaluable patients, 89% of the cefepime patients and 84% of the ceftazidime patients were cured clinically or improved. Haemophilus spp., Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Neisseria spp. were common pathogens. Bacteriological cure was achieved in 31 (91%) of cefepime patients and 17 (100%) ceftazidime patients. Adverse clinical and laboratory reactions possibly due to study drug occurred in 9 (21%) cefepime patients and in 1 (5%) ceftazidime patient. Most reactions were mild and resolved with discontinuation of study drug. In this study, cefepime appeared as effective as ceftazidime for the treatment of pneumonia.
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Abstract
This collaborative model of "short-term, long-term care" (Brody, 1987) for older persons returning home after a hospital stay involved three hospitals, a senior center, and an Area Agency on Aging. The program provided short-term (up to 6 weeks) case management and nonmedical, supportive services to elderly individuals, in their own homes, immediately following discharge from acute-care hospitals. Client satisfaction was high, costs were moderate, and only one-third of the clients required formal services after 6 weeks. The program was discontinued due to lack of funding.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND METHODS Symptomatic pulmonary aspergillosis has rarely been reported in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). We describe the predisposing factors, the clinical and radiologic features, and the therapeutic outcomes in 13 patients with pulmonary aspergillosis, all of whom had human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and 12 of whom had AIDS. RESULTS Pulmonary aspergillosis was detected a median of 25 months after the diagnosis of AIDS, usually following corticosteroid use, neutropenia, pneumonia due to other pathogens, marijuana smoking, or the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Two major patterns of disease were observed: invasive aspergillosis (in 10 patients) and obstructing bronchial aspergillosis (in 3). Cough and fever, the most common symptoms, tended to be insidious in onset in patients with invasive disease (median duration, 1.3 months before diagnosis). Breathlessness, cough, and chest pain predominated in the three patients with obstructing bronchial aspergillosis, who coughed up fungal casts. Radiologic patterns included upper-lobe cavitary disease (sometimes mistaken for tuberculosis), nodules, pleural-based lesions, and diffuse infiltrates, usually of the lower lobe. Transbronchial biopsies were usually negative, but positive cultures were obtained from bronchoalveolar-lavage fluid or percutaneous aspirates. Dissemination to other organs occurred in at least two patients, and direct invasion of extrapulmonary sites was seen in two others. The results of treatment with amphotericin B, itraconazole, or both were variable. Ten of the patients died a median of 3 months after the diagnosis (range, 0 to 12 months). CONCLUSIONS Pulmonary aspergillosis is a possible late complication of AIDS; if diagnosed early, it may be treated successfully.
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Candida albicans septic arthritis and osteomyelitis of the sternoclavicular joint in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Rheumatol 1991; 18:110-1. [PMID: 2023178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A 52-year-old intravenous drug user, seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus, developed Candida albicans fungemia and septic phlebitis due to an infected peripheral plastic intravenous catheter. Amphotericin B produced quick resolution of fungemia and systemic toxicity, but in the midst of treatment, after 647 mg of amphotericin B, he developed sternoclavicular osteomyelitis and arthritis due to Candida albicans. He responded well to surgical debridement and continuance of antifungal therapy. This is the only case to our knowledge of Candida albicans arthritis and osteomyelitis occurring either in a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus or in the sternoclavicular joint.
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Atypical presentations of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients receiving inhaled pentamidine prophylaxis. Chest 1990; 98:1366-9. [PMID: 2245676 DOI: 10.1378/chest.98.6.1366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhaled pentamidine is used commonly to prevent Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. Case reports indicate that PCP can recur in patients who receive inhaled pentamidine and that clinical features may be atypical. To determine the magnitude of this problem, we reviewed retrospectively the medical records of patients with proven PCP during a 30-month period at two hospitals. Four (31 percent) of 13 patients with previous PCP who received inhaled pentamidine prophylaxis had recurrent P carinii infection, including one patient with widely metastatic extrapulmonary disease. Chest roentgenographic findings included cavities, pneumothoraces, bilateral and upper lobe interstitial infiltrates, and pleural effusion. False-negative bronchoalveolar lavage and induced sputum examinations were frequent. We conclude that recurrent PCP in patients maintained on a regimen of inhaled pentamidine prophylaxis occurs frequently, causes chest roentgenographic abnormalities other than interstitial infiltrates, and may be difficult to diagnose. Clinicians who choose to use this effective and convenient mode of prophylaxis should be aware of the problems attendant to its use.
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Abstract
We retrospectively reviewed medical records of all adult patients with blood cultures positive for Streptococcus pneumoniae to determine the number of HIV seropositive patients in whom S pneumoniae bacteremia was the presenting manifestation. We also compared the clinical presentation, laboratory data, and outcome of pneumococcal bacteremia in patients who were HIV seropositive with patients with no risk factors for HIV infection. All adult patients with blood cultures positive for S pneumoniae from January 1987 through April 1989 at two acute care general hospitals in northern California were identified by review of microbiology data. One hospital served veterans, the other the indigent of a suburban area. Six (15%) of 41 patients with pneumococcal bacteremia were HIV seropositive; five were not known to be HIV seropositive before the onset of bacteremia, and the sixth was asymptomatic with respect to HIV infection. No patient with AIDS had pneumococcal bacteremia. HIV seropositive patients were significantly younger, had significantly fewer underlying diseases, and had fewer complications of pneumococcal bacteremia than bacteremic patients with no risk factors for HIV infection. Patients with pneumococcal bacteremia should be evaluated for HIV infection, especially in the absence of other underlying diseases that predispose to pneumococcal bacteremia.
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Open trial of cefepime (BMY 28142) for infections in hospitalized patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990; 34:954-7. [PMID: 2203309 PMCID: PMC171736 DOI: 10.1128/aac.34.6.954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The safety and efficacy of cefepime, a new broad-spectrum, semisynthetic parenteral cephem antibiotic, were evaluated in an open trial at a single hospital. Seventy patients were treated with cefepime: 44 had lower respiratory tract infections, 4 had urinary tract infections, and 22 had skin or soft tissue infections. Of 65 clinically evaluable patients, 64 (98%) had satisfactory responses. No mortality or superinfections occurred. Of 57 respiratory and urinary tract pathogens, 54 (95%) were eradicated and 3 (5%) persisted after therapy. Five bacteremias (two with Streptococcus pneumoniae and one each with Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, and a coagulase-negative staphylococcus) were eradicated. MICs ranged from 1 to 8 micrograms/ml for 13 S. aureus and 9 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates and were less than or equal to 0.125 micrograms/ml for 10 streptococcal isolates. Adverse effects occurred in two patients: transient diarrhea and Clostridium difficile toxin in the stool in one patient and loose bowel movements and increased transaminases in the other patient. Cefepime appeared to be well tolerated in humans and was effective against a wide range of isolates, including S. aureus and P. aeruginosa.
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Long survival without zidovudine in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Ann Intern Med 1989; 111:856. [PMID: 2817632 DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-111-10-856_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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Abstract
Although infectious mononucleosis commonly afflicts young persons, it is now being described more frequently in the elderly. Neurologic manifestations are uncommon, and encephalitis is rare, especially in elderly patients. We have reported a case of acute Epstein-Barr virus infection causing acute encephalitis in a 64-year-old woman. Despite the severity of encephalitis, the patient recovered fully after several weeks.
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Perinephric abscess in pediatric patients: report of six cases and review of the literature. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1989; 8:167-70. [PMID: 2652088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Abstract
Carumonam is a new monobactam antibiotic with potent activity against gram-negative aerobes. To study the efficacy and safety of carumonam for treatment of complicated and uncomplicated urinary tract infections, 54 patients were randomized to therapy with either carumonam or ceftazidime. Of 42 patients who could be evaluated, 82% of the carumonam-treated patients and 80% of the ceftazidime-treated patients were cured clinically. At 5 to 9 days posttherapy, microbiologic criteria indicated that 13 carumonam-treated patients (48%) and 8 ceftazidime-treated patients (53%) were cured. Patients with indwelling bladder catheters at the end of therapy had a markedly worse microbiologic outcome than those without catheters. Enterococcus sp. reinfection was common in both groups. Possible adverse clinical and laboratory reactions occurred in six carumonam-treated patients (21%) and four ceftazidime-treated patients (27%). Most reactions occurred at the end of therapy and resolved with discontinuation of the study drug. In this small study, carumonam appeared as safe and as effective as ceftazidime for the treatment of complicated and uncomplicated urinary tract infections.
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Perinephric abscess. Modern diagnosis and treatment in 47 cases. Medicine (Baltimore) 1988; 67:118-31. [PMID: 3352513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The records of 47 patients with a perinephric abscess diagnosed from 1975 to 1986 at 8 San Francisco Bay Area hospitals were reviewed. The mean age was 51 years. Fifty-five percent were females and 45%, males. The left kidney was affected in 47% of cases, the right kidney in 40%, both in 4%, and a transplanted pelvic kidney in 9%. Fever (55%), chills or diaphoresis (47%), flank pain (40%), abdominal pain (40%), and nausea or vomiting (32%) were the most common presenting symptoms. About half the patients had symptoms for 1 week or less and 12% had no symptoms. Fever was documented before diagnosis in 88% of patients. Abdominal mass (13%) or tenderness (49%), and flank mass (9%) or tenderness (42%) were seen less frequently, and 11% of patients did not have fever, flank, or abdominal findings. The most frequent underlying conditions included previous urologic surgery (45%), previous urinary tract infection (38%), diabetes mellitus (36%), and urinary tract stones (36%). Cultures of perinephric abscesses yielded gram-negative aerobes in 52% of patients, primarily Escherichia coli. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in 26% of patients and anaerobes in 17%. A single pathogen was isolated in 71% and multiple isolates in 29%. Of interest and great potential therapeutic importance was culture of anaerobes, primarily Bacteroides spp. in 17%, Enterococcus spp. in 7%, and Candida albicans in 7%. Positive blood and urine cultures identified perinephric abscess organisms exactly in 58% and 37% of cases, respectively. Routine laboratory tests such as the white blood cell count and urinalysis were insensitive and non-specific for perinephric abscess. Leukocytosis and anemia at admission were seen in slightly more than half of the patients. For radiologic diagnosis, computerized tomographic scanning was most helpful. Ultrasound and intravenous pyelography were falsely negative in about one-third of cases. Mortality (13%) was low in this series when compared with earlier studies, and probably reflects modern medical care. Six patients (13%) died during hospitalization, 2 of whom had diagnosis of PNA established only at autopsy. Drainage of the perinephric abscess was carried out by open surgical drainage in 64% of patients, percutaneous drainage in 19%, and both in 13%. The initial procedure, whether open surgical drainage or percutaneous catheter drainage, was usually successful. Late complications included nephrocutaneous fistulas in 3 patients and disseminated candidiasis in 1 patient.
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Escherichia coli as cause of ecthyma gangrenosum. Postgrad Med 1986; 79:44-5. [PMID: 3511469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Another cause of diarrhea in AIDS. West J Med 1985; 142:262. [PMID: 4013259 PMCID: PMC1306004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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