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Parker CC, Petersen PM, Cook AD, Clarke NW, Catton C, Cross WR, Kynaston H, Parulekar WR, Persad RA, Saad F, Bower L, Durkan GC, Logue J, Maniatis C, Noor D, Payne H, Anderson J, Bahl AK, Bashir F, Bottomley DM, Brasso K, Capaldi L, Chung C, Cooke PW, Donohue JF, Eddy B, Heath CM, Henderson A, Henry A, Jaganathan R, Jakobsen H, James ND, Joseph J, Lees K, Lester J, Lindberg H, Makar A, Morris SL, Oommen N, Ostler P, Owen L, Patel P, Pope A, Popert R, Raman R, Ramani V, Røder A, Sayers I, Simms M, Srinivasan V, Sundaram S, Tarver KL, Tran A, Wells P, Wilson J, Zarkar AM, Parmar MKB, Sydes MR. Timing of radiotherapy (RT) after radical prostatectomy (RP): long-term outcomes in the RADICALS-RT trial (NCT00541047). Ann Oncol 2024:S0923-7534(24)00105-4. [PMID: 38583574 DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2024.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The optimal timing of radiotherapy (RT) after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer has been uncertain. RADICALS-RT compared efficacy and safety of adjuvant RT versus an observation policy with salvage RT for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) failure. PATIENTS AND METHODS RADICALS-RT was a randomised controlled trial enrolling patients with ≥1 risk factor (pT3/4, Gleason 7-10, positive margins, preoperative PSA≥10 ng/ml) for recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Patients were randomised 1:1 to adjuvant RT ('Adjuvant-RT') or an observation policy with salvage RT for PSA failure ('Salvage-RT') defined as PSA≥0.1 ng/ml or three consecutive rises. Stratification factors were Gleason score, margin status, planned RT schedule (52.5 Gy/20 fractions or 66 Gy/33 fractions) and treatment centre. The primary outcome measure was freedom-from-distant-metastasis (FFDM), designed with 80% power to detect an improvement from 90% with Salvage-RT (control) to 95% at 10 years with Adjuvant-RT. Secondary outcome measures were biochemical progression-free survival, freedom from non-protocol hormone therapy, safety and patient-reported outcomes. Standard survival analysis methods were used; hazard ratio (HR)<1 favours Adjuvant-RT. RESULTS Between October 2007 and December 2016, 1396 participants from UK, Denmark, Canada and Ireland were randomised: 699 Salvage-RT, 697 Adjuvant-RT. Allocated groups were balanced with a median age of 65 years. Ninety-three percent (649/697) Adjuvant-RT reported RT within 6 months after randomisation; 39% (270/699) Salvage-RT reported RT during follow-up. Median follow-up was 7.8 years. With 80 distant metastasis events, 10-year FFDM was 93% for Adjuvant-RT and 90% for Salvage-RT: HR=0.68 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.43-1.07, P=0.095]. Of 109 deaths, 17 were due to prostate cancer. Overall survival was not improved (HR=0.980, 95% CI 0.667-1.440, P=0.917). Adjuvant-RT reported worse urinary and faecal incontinence 1 year after randomisation (P=0.001); faecal incontinence remained significant after 10 years (P=0.017). CONCLUSION Long-term results from RADICALS-RT confirm adjuvant RT after radical prostatectomy increases the risk of urinary and bowel morbidity, but does not meaningfully improve disease control. An observation policy with salvage RT for PSA failure should be the current standard after radical prostatectomy. TRIAL IDENTIFICATION RADICALS, RADICALS-RT, ISRCTN40814031, NCT00541047.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Parker
- Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK.
| | - P M Petersen
- Department of Oncology, Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A D Cook
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, UCL, London
| | - N W Clarke
- Department of Urology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester; Manchester Cancer Research Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester; Department of Urology, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK, Department of Urology, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - C Catton
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - W R Cross
- Department of Urology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds
| | - H Kynaston
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - W R Parulekar
- Canadian Cancer Trials Group, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - R A Persad
- Department of Urology, Bristol Urological Institute, Bristol, UK
| | - F Saad
- Department of Urology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - L Bower
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London; Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - G C Durkan
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - J Logue
- Department of Oncology, The Christie Hospital NHS FT, Wilmslow Road, Manchester
| | - C Maniatis
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, UCL, London
| | - D Noor
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, UCL, London
| | | | | | - A K Bahl
- Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol & Weston NHS Trust, Bristol
| | - F Bashir
- Queen's Centre for Oncology, Castle Hill Hospital, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Cottingham, UK
| | | | - K Brasso
- Department of Urology, Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - L Capaldi
- Worcester Oncology Centre, Worcestershire Acute NHS Hospitals Trust, Worcester
| | - C Chung
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, UCL, London
| | - P W Cooke
- Department of Urology, The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton
| | - J F Donohue
- Department of Urology, Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust, Maidstone
| | - B Eddy
- East Kent University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Kent
| | - C M Heath
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton
| | - A Henderson
- Department of Urology, Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust, Maidstone
| | - A Henry
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds
| | - R Jaganathan
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - H Jakobsen
- Department of Urology, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - N D James
- Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - J Joseph
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals; York and Scarborough Teaching Hospitals, York
| | - K Lees
- Kent Oncology Centre, Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust, Maidstone
| | - J Lester
- South West Wales Cancer Centre, Singleton Hospital, Swansea, UK
| | - H Lindberg
- Department of Oncology, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - A Makar
- Department of Urology, Worcestershire Acute Hospitals Trust, Worcester
| | - S L Morris
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London
| | - N Oommen
- Wrexham Maelor Hospital, Wrexham
| | - P Ostler
- Department of Urology, Hillingdon Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hillingdon, London
| | - L Owen
- Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford; Leeds Cancer Centre, Leeds
| | - P Patel
- Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals, London
| | - A Pope
- Department of Urology, Hillingdon Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hillingdon, London
| | - R Popert
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London
| | - R Raman
- Kent Oncology Centre, Kent & Canterbury Hospital, Canterbury
| | - V Ramani
- Department of Urology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester
| | - A Røder
- Department of Urology, Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen
| | - I Sayers
- Deanesly Centre, New Cross Hospital, Wolverhampton
| | - M Simms
- Department of Urology, Hull University Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull
| | - V Srinivasan
- Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl
| | - S Sundaram
- Department of Urology, Mid Yorkshire Teaching Hospital, Wakefield
| | - K L Tarver
- Department of Oncology, Queen's Hospital, Romford
| | - A Tran
- Department of Oncology, The Christie Hospital NHS FT, Wilmslow Road, Manchester
| | - P Wells
- Barts Cancer Centre, St Bartholomews Hospital, London
| | | | - A M Zarkar
- Department of Oncology, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - M K B Parmar
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, UCL, London
| | - M R Sydes
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, UCL, London.
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Minto T, Abdelrahman T, Jones L, Wheat J, Key T, Shivakumar N, Ansell J, Seddon O, Cronin A, Tomkinson A, Theron A, Trickett RW, Sagua N, Sultana S, Clark A, McKay E, Johnson A, Behera K, Towler J, Kynaston H. Safety of maintaining elective and emergency surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic with the introduction of a Protected Elective Surgical Unit (PESU): A cross-specialty evaluation of 30-day outcomes in 9,925 patients undergoing surgery in a University Health Board. Surg Open Sci 2022; 10:168-173. [PMID: 36211629 PMCID: PMC9531361 DOI: 10.1016/j.sopen.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented health care challenges mandating surgical service reconfiguration. Within our hospital, emergency and elective streams were separated and self-contained Protected Elective Surgical Units were developed to mitigate against infection-related morbidity. Aims of this study were to determine the risk of COVID-19 transmission and mortality and whether the development of Protected Elective Surgical Units can result in significant reduction in risk. Methods A retrospective observational study of consecutive patients from 18 specialties undergoing elective or emergency surgery under general, spinal, or epidural anaesthetic over a 12-month study period was undertaken. Primary outcome measures were 30-day postoperative COVID-19 transmission rate and mortality. Secondary adjusted analyses were performed to ascertain hospital and Protected Elective Surgical Unit transmission rates. Results Between 15 March 2020 and 14 March 2021, 9,925 patients underwent surgery: 6,464 (65.1%) elective, 5,116 (51.5%) female, and median age 57 (39–70). A total of 69.5% of all procedures were performed in Protected Elective Surgical Units. Overall, 30-day postoperative COVID-19 transmission was 2.8% (3.4% emergency vs 1.2% elective P < .001). Protected Elective Surgical Unit postoperative transmission was significantly lower than non–Protected Elective Surgical Unit (0.42% vs 3.2% P < .001), with an adjusted likely in-hospital Protected Elective Surgical Unit transmission of 0.04%. The 30-day all-cause mortality was 1.7% and was 14.6% in COVID-19–positive patients. COVID-19 infection, age > 70, male sex, American Society of Anesthesiologists grade > 2, and emergency surgery were all independently associated with mortality. Conclusion This study has demonstrated that Protected Elective Surgical Units can facilitate high-volume elective surgical services throughout peaks of the COVID-19 pandemic while minimising viral transmission and mortality. However, mortality risk associated with perioperative COVID-19 infection remains high.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Minto
- University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom CF14 4XW
| | - T Abdelrahman
- University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom CF14 4XW
| | - L Jones
- University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom CF14 4XW
| | - J Wheat
- University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom CF14 4XW
| | - T Key
- University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom CF14 4XW
| | - N Shivakumar
- University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom CF14 4XW
| | - J Ansell
- University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom CF14 4XW
| | - O Seddon
- University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom CF14 4XW
| | - A Cronin
- University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom CF14 4XW
| | - A Tomkinson
- University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom CF14 4XW
| | - A Theron
- University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom CF14 4XW
| | - RW Trickett
- University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom CF14 4XW
| | - N Sagua
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, University Hospital of Wales Main Bldg, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom CF14 4XN
| | - S Sultana
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, University Hospital of Wales Main Bldg, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom CF14 4XN
| | - A Clark
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, University Hospital of Wales Main Bldg, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom CF14 4XN
| | - E McKay
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, University Hospital of Wales Main Bldg, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom CF14 4XN
| | - A Johnson
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, University Hospital of Wales Main Bldg, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom CF14 4XN
| | - Karishma Behera
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, University Hospital of Wales Main Bldg, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom CF14 4XN
| | - J Towler
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, University Hospital of Wales Main Bldg, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom CF14 4XN
| | - H Kynaston
- University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom CF14 4XW,School of Medicine, Cardiff University, University Hospital of Wales Main Bldg, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom CF14 4XN,Corresponding author at: School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom CF14 4XN.
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Parker C, Clarke N, Cook A, Catton C, Cross W, Kynaston H, Logue J, Petersen P, Neville P, Persad R, Payne H, Saad F, Stirling A, Parulekar W, Parmar M, Sydes M. LBA9 Duration of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) with post-operative radiotherapy (RT) for prostate cancer: First results of the RADICALS-HD trial (ISRCTN40814031). Ann Oncol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2022.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Parker CC, Clarke NW, Catton C, Kynaston H, Cook A, Cross W, Davidson C, Goldstein C, Logue J, Maniatis C, Petersen PM, Neville P, Payne H, Persad R, Pugh C, Stirling A, Saad F, Parulekar WR, Parmar MKB, Sydes MR. RADICALS-HD: Reflections before the Results are Known. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2022; 34:593-597. [PMID: 35810050 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C C Parker
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK.
| | - N W Clarke
- Genito-Urinary Cancer Research Group, Department of Surgery, The Christie Hospital, Manchester, UK; Department of Urology, Salford Royal Hospitals, Manchester, UK
| | - C Catton
- Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - H Kynaston
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - A Cook
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, UCL, London, UK
| | - W Cross
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - C Davidson
- Canadian Cancer Trials Group, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - C Goldstein
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, UCL, London, UK
| | - J Logue
- Oncology, The Christie Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - C Maniatis
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, UCL, London, UK
| | - P M Petersen
- Department of Oncology, University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P Neville
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, UCL, London, UK
| | - H Payne
- Oncology, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
| | - R Persad
- Bristol Urological Institute, North Bristol Hospitals, Bristol, UK
| | - C Pugh
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, UCL, London, UK
| | - A Stirling
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, UCL, London, UK
| | - F Saad
- University of Montreal Hospital Center (CHUM), Montréal, Canada
| | - W R Parulekar
- Canadian Cancer Trials Group, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - M K B Parmar
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, UCL, London, UK
| | - M R Sydes
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, UCL, London, UK
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Minto T, Abdelrahman T, Jones L, Shivakumar N, Wheat J, Ansell J, Seddon O, Cronin A, Tomkinson A, Theron A, Trickett R, Kynaston H, Sagua N, Sultana S, Clark A, McKay E, Johnson A, Behera K, Towler J. 276 Safety of Maintaining Elective and Emergency Surgery During the COVID-19 Pandemic with the Introduction of an Innovative Protected Elective Surgical Unit (PESU): A Cross-Specialty Evaluation of 30-Day Outcomes in 9925 Patients Undergoing Surgery in a University Health Board. Br J Surg 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znac040.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Aim
High quality mobile health applications (mhealth apps) have the potential to enhance the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of burns. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate whether the quality of mhealth apps for burns care is being adequately assessed. The secondary aim was to determine whether these apps meet UK regulatory standards.
Method
We searched AMED, BNI, CINAHL, Cochrane library, Embase, Emcare, Medline and PsychInfo to identify studies assessing mhealth app quality for burns. The PRISMA reporting guideline was adhered to. Two independent reviewers screened s to identify relevant studies. We analysed whether seven established domains of mhealth app quality were assessed: design, information/content, usability, functionality, ethical issues, security/privacy, and user-perceived value.
Results
Of the 28 included studies, none assessed all seven domains of quality. Design was assessed in 4/28 studies; information/content in 26/28 studies; usability in 12/28 studies; functionality in 10/28 studies; ethical issues were never assessed in any studies; security/privacy was not assessed; subjective assessment was made in 9/28 studies. 17/28 studies included apps that met the definition of ‘medical device’ according to MHRA guidance, yet only one app was appropriately certified with the UK Conformity Assessed (UKCA) mark.
Conclusions
The quality of mHealth apps for burns are not being adequately assessed. The majority of apps should be considered medical devices according to UK standards, but only one was appropriately certified. Regulatory bodies should support mhealth app developers, so as to improve quality control whilst simultaneously fostering innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Minto
- University Hospital Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | - L. Jones
- University Hospital Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | - J. Wheat
- University Hospital Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - J. Ansell
- University Hospital Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - O. Seddon
- University Hospital Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - A. Cronin
- University Hospital Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - A. Tomkinson
- University Hospital Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - A. Theron
- University Hospital Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - R. Trickett
- University Hospital Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - H. Kynaston
- University Hospital Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - N. Sagua
- Cardiff Medical School, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - S. Sultana
- Cardiff Medical School, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - A. Clark
- Cardiff Medical School, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - E. McKay
- Cardiff Medical School, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - A. Johnson
- Cardiff Medical School, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - K. Behera
- Cardiff Medical School, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - J. Towler
- Cardiff Medical School, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Oluseyi Olalekan Olaniyi P, Whiteland H, Shah U, Bodger O, Verma J, Coker C, Kynaston H, Doak S. Prostate Cancer Progression: Aspirin Causes Cell Cycle Quiescence in Prostate Cancer Cells. Int J Surg 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2018.05.725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Oluseyi Olalekan Olaniyi P, Whiteland H, Shah U, Bodger O, Haboubi H, Kynaston H, Doak S. Prostate cancer progression: Sodium salicylate, the active metabolite of aspirin inhibits nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB) pathway. Int J Surg 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2018.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Olaniyi P, Whiteland H, Shah U, Bodger O, Verma J, Haboubi H, Rees B, Kynaston H, Doak S. Prostate Cancer Progression: Aspirin Induces Toxicity in Prostate Cancer Cell. Int J Surg 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2017.08.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Donovan JL, Hamdy FC, Lane JA, Mason M, Metcalfe C, Walsh E, Blazeby JM, Peters TJ, Holding P, Bonnington S, Lennon T, Bradshaw L, Cooper D, Herbert P, Howson J, Jones A, Lyons N, Salter E, Thompson P, Tidball S, Blaikie J, Gray C, Bollina P, Catto J, Doble A, Doherty A, Gillatt D, Kockelbergh R, Kynaston H, Paul A, Powell P, Prescott S, Rosario DJ, Rowe E, Davis M, Turner EL, Martin RM, Neal DE. Patient-Reported Outcomes after Monitoring, Surgery, or Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer. N Engl J Med 2016; 375:1425-1437. [PMID: 27626365 PMCID: PMC5134995 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1606221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 827] [Impact Index Per Article: 103.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Robust data on patient-reported outcome measures comparing treatments for clinically localized prostate cancer are lacking. We investigated the effects of active monitoring, radical prostatectomy, and radical radiotherapy with hormones on patient-reported outcomes. METHODS We compared patient-reported outcomes among 1643 men in the Prostate Testing for Cancer and Treatment (ProtecT) trial who completed questionnaires before diagnosis, at 6 and 12 months after randomization, and annually thereafter. Patients completed validated measures that assessed urinary, bowel, and sexual function and specific effects on quality of life, anxiety and depression, and general health. Cancer-related quality of life was assessed at 5 years. Complete 6-year data were analyzed according to the intention-to-treat principle. RESULTS The rate of questionnaire completion during follow-up was higher than 85% for most measures. Of the three treatments, prostatectomy had the greatest negative effect on sexual function and urinary continence, and although there was some recovery, these outcomes remained worse in the prostatectomy group than in the other groups throughout the trial. The negative effect of radiotherapy on sexual function was greatest at 6 months, but sexual function then recovered somewhat and was stable thereafter; radiotherapy had little effect on urinary continence. Sexual and urinary function declined gradually in the active-monitoring group. Bowel function was worse in the radiotherapy group at 6 months than in the other groups but then recovered somewhat, except for the increasing frequency of bloody stools; bowel function was unchanged in the other groups. Urinary voiding and nocturia were worse in the radiotherapy group at 6 months but then mostly recovered and were similar to the other groups after 12 months. Effects on quality of life mirrored the reported changes in function. No significant differences were observed among the groups in measures of anxiety, depression, or general health-related or cancer-related quality of life. CONCLUSIONS In this analysis of patient-reported outcomes after treatment for localized prostate cancer, patterns of severity, recovery, and decline in urinary, bowel, and sexual function and associated quality of life differed among the three groups. (Funded by the U.K. National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment Program; ProtecT Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN20141297 ; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02044172 .).
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Sweeney L, Cox A, Kynaston H, Hughes O, Rees J, Staffurth J. Findings of Restaging Imaging Prior to Salvage Radiotherapy for Biochemical Relapse Following Radical Prostatectomy. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Gnanapragasam VJ, Payne H, Syndikus I, Kynaston H, Johnstone T. Primary radical therapy selection in high-risk non-metastatic prostate cancer. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2014; 27:136-44. [PMID: 25441052 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
As the incidence of prostate cancer rises, the detection and management of men with high-risk non-metastatic prostate cancer is becoming increasingly important. The benefits of radical treatment have been clearly shown in this group from a number of publications. The current mainstays of treatment are radical prostatectomy (with selective use of adjuvant radiation) and radical radiotherapy with concurrent androgen deprivation. The outcomes from these two approaches seem to be remarkably similar and are considered equally valid options for primary treatment. The choice of therapy is critically dependent on a number of factors, but ultimately left to the decision of the patients with advice from clinicians. Clinicians themselves, however, are known to be biased towards their particular skill set and experiences. Attempts at randomised comparisons between these two modalities have so far failed and are confounded by patient-clinician bias, the continual advances in therapy as well as the long natural history of the disease. In the lack of level 1 comparable evidence, this article explores the existing literature as to the key factors that should be considered in radical treatment selection for high-risk prostate cancer. These factors include disease aggressiveness, comorbidity and life expectancy, functional outcomes and the consequences of therapy failure with regards to salvage treatment. We propose that these factors may be useful in developing a decision guide for rationale radical therapy selection in the light of two apparently equally effective treatments. Ultimately, however, there is an urgent need for added clinical and biological markers that can provide a more precise approach to therapy selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J Gnanapragasam
- Academic Urology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Translational Prostate Cancer Group, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - H Payne
- Department of Oncology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - H Kynaston
- Department of Urology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - T Johnstone
- Academic Urology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Moazzam M, Yee L, Kynaston H, Jiang W. 504 WAVE-3 knock-down results in reduced invasion and motility in prostate cancer cells via reduced phosphorylation of paxillin. EJC Suppl 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6349(10)71305-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Abstract
Abstract
Background: Increased motility is an important characteristics of neoplastic cells, a cell function mediated through actin polymerization. During this process, aside from creation of new branches and lengthening of pre-existing actin molecule, Actin-Related Proteins (ARP)- 2 and ARP-3 work as a complex promotes polymerization through production of new nuclei for actin polymerization. This regulation is orchestrated by other intracellular regulators including and WAVE and WASP proteins, which have been shown to be aberrant in breast cancer (1,2). In this study we determined the differential expression of ARP-2 and ARP-3 and correlated the expression with various prognostic factors.Methods: Expression of ARP-2 and ARP-3 was examined in a cohort of mammary tissues (n=33 normal breast tissue and n=127 primary breast tumor tissue samples). Transcript levels of ARP2 and ARP3 were then determined using quantitative real time PCR (Q-PCR) and protein levels were assessed using immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. Results were analyzed by Mann-Whitney U test.Results: Cytoplasmic staining for both ARP-2 and ARP-3 was noted along with strong epithelial staining as compared to stromal cells. Quantitative real time PCR (Q-PCR) data analysis showed lower expression of both ARP -2 & -3 in tumour tissue as compared to normal but without statistical significance. ARP-2 expression was significantly reduced in tumour samples from patients with poor prognosis (p=0.037) and patients who died of breast cancer (p=0.0265). Primary breast tumor tissue samples from patients classified as TNM stage 3 and 4 showed statistically significant lower expression of ARP-3 as compared to normal tissue (p= 0.019 and 0.020, respectively). ARP-3 expression was also significantly lower in patients who developed local recurrence of breast cancer (p=0.027). Using a Spearman correlation analysis, ARP-3 transcripts were find to be significantly correlated with the WAVE-2 transcript (r=0.42, p<0.01).Conclusions: Breast cancer shows aberrant expression of ARP-2 and ARP-3, a pattern linked to the prognosis of the patients. ARP-3 and WAVE-2 may have an intimate interplay in this association which warrants further investigation.References1. Fernando HS et al. Expression of the WASP verprolin-homologues (WAVE members) in human breast cancer. Oncology. 2007;73:376-3832. Martin TA, et al. N-WASP is a putative tumour suppressor in breast cancer cells, in vitro and in vivo, and is associated with clinical outcome in patients with breast cancer. Clin Exp Metastasis. 2008;25:97-108
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 6169.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Moazzam
- 1Cardiff University School of Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - L. Ye
- 1Cardiff University School of Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - H. Kynaston
- 1Cardiff University School of Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - R. Mansel
- 1Cardiff University School of Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - W. Jiang
- 1Cardiff University School of Medicine, United Kingdom
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Metcalfe C, Tilling K, Davis M, Lane JA, Martin RM, Kynaston H, Powell P, Neal DE, Hamdy F, Donovan JL. Current strategies for monitoring men with localised prostate cancer lack a strong evidence base: observational longitudinal study. Br J Cancer 2009; 101:390-4. [PMID: 19603015 PMCID: PMC2720224 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The UK National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidance recommends conservative management of men with ‘low-risk’ localised prostate cancer, monitoring the disease using prostate-specific antigen (PSA) kinetics and re-biopsy. However, there is little evidence of the changes in PSA level that should alert to the need for clinical re-assessment. Methods: This study compares the alerts resulting from PSA kinetics and a novel longitudinal reference range approach, which incorporates age-related changes, during the monitoring of 408 men with localised prostate cancer. Men were monitored by regular PSA tests over a mean of 2.9 years, recording when a man's PSA doubling time fell below 2 years, PSA velocity exceeded 2 ng ml–1 per year, or when his upper 10% reference range was exceeded. Results: Prostate-specific antigen doubling time and PSA velocity alerted a high proportion of men initially but became unresponsive to changes with successive tests. Calculating doubling time using recent PSA measurements reduced the decline in response. The reference range method maintained responsiveness to changes in PSA level throughout the monitoring. Conclusion: The increasing unresponsiveness of PSA kinetics is a consequence of the underlying regression model. Novel methods are needed for evaluation in cohorts currently being managed by monitoring. Meanwhile, the NICE guidance should be cautious.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Metcalfe
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK.
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15
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Fernando HS, Davies SR, Chhabra A, Watkins G, Douglas-Jones A, Kynaston H, Mansel RE, Jiang WG. Expression of the WASP verprolin-homologues (WAVE members) in human breast cancer. Oncology 2008; 73:376-83. [PMID: 18509249 DOI: 10.1159/000136157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2007] [Accepted: 04/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The WASP family proteins have been indicated to play a vital role in the formation of membrane protrusions required for cell locomotion. WAVE proteins are an important subfamily that also plays a crucial role in actin polymerisation, which is vital to cell migration. However, not much is known about the clinical significance of this subfamily in cancers. We report, for the first time, the expression of the WAVE molecules, at protein and mRNA levels, in human breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS The expression of the 3 WAVE molecules at the mRNA and protein levels in a cohort of 122 human breast cancers and 32 normal breast tissues were analysed and correlated with the patients' pathological and clinical information as well as outcome (120 months follow-up). RESULTS All 3 WAVE molecules were detected in mammary tissues. WAVE2 transcripts were expressed in high levels in all breast tumours. Over-expression of WAVE2 was seen in node-positive cases as well as in moderately and poorly differentiated tumours. Also, high levels of WAVE2 expression were associated with death due to disease (p = 0.02) at follow-up. No distinct associations were found between the WAVE1 and WAVE3 transcripts and the breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Fernando
- Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK.
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16
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Harland SJ, Kynaston H, Grigor K, Wallace DM, Beacock C, Kockelbergh R, Clawson S, Barlow T, Parmar MKB, Griffiths GO. A Randomized Trial of Radical Radiotherapy for the Management of pT1G3 NXM0 Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder. J Urol 2007; 178:807-13; discussion 813. [PMID: 17631326 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2007.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We conducted a multicenter randomized trial in the United Kingdom to determine the efficacy of radical radiotherapy in reducing the incidence of progression of pT1G3 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder to muscle invasive disease and subsequent disease fatality. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with a new diagnosis of pT1G3 NXM0 transitional cell carcinoma with unifocal disease and no carcinoma in situ (group 1), or with multifocal disease and/or carcinoma in situ (group 2) were eligible for the trial. Patients in group 1 were randomized between observation and radiotherapy to the bladder, and in group 2 between intravesical therapy and radiotherapy. RESULTS From September 1991 to February 2003 a total of 210 patients from 37 centers in the United Kingdom were entered into the study. There were 77 patients in group 1 and 133 patients in group 2, and 6 patients were excluded from analysis because they were found to have pT2 disease by the reference pathologist. No evidence of an advantage with radiotherapy was found in terms of progression-free interval (hazard ratio 1.07; 95% CI 0.65, 1.74; p = 0.785), progression-free survival (hazard ratio 1.35; 95% CI 0.92, 1.98; p = 0.133) or overall survival (hazard ratio 1.32; 95% CI 0.86, 2.04; p = 0.193). CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge this is the largest randomized trial performed in patients with pT1G3 disease for which 210 patients were recruited during 11 years. There is no evidence that radiotherapy is better than more conservative treatment. The prognosis of this group of patients appears to be poor irrespective of treatment and new treatment strategies need to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Harland
- Institute of Urology and Department of Oncology, University College London, London, UK.
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17
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Fernando H, Chhabra A, Davies S, Watkins G, Kynaston H, Mansel RE, Jiang WG. Expression of the WAVE (WASP Verprolin-homologous) molecules in human breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2007. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.21061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
21061 Background: WAVEs (WASP Verprolin-homologous) belongs to the CCN family which comprises of nine members, the cysteine-rich 61 (Cyr61/CCN1), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) and nephroblastoma over-expressed (Nov/CCN3), Wnt-induced secreted proteins(WISPs)1, 2 and 3 (CCN4–6) as well as the WAVE-1,2 and 3 (also known as CCN7–9 respectively). Some members of the CCN family, such as Cyr61 and CTGF are known to stimulate mitosis, adhesion, apoptosis, extracellular matrix production, cell migration and growth arrest in cancer cells including breast cancer cells. However, there is no knowledge of the expression pattern and the function of WAVEs in human breast cancer. Here, we report the expression of WAVE-1,-2 and -3 transcripts and proteins in relation to clinical and pathological characteristics in human breast cancer. Methods: The expression of the three WAVE molecules at the mRNA and protein levels in a cohort of 122 human breast cancers and 32 normal breast tissues were analysed and correlated with the patients’ clinical outcome. The respective transcripts were quantitative determined using real time RT-PCR and distribution of the proteins were investigated by immunohistochemical methods. Results: All three WAVE proteins were detected in mammary epithelial cells and are of cytoplasmic nature. Breast cancer cells from the tissues also displayed positive staining of the WAVE proteins, with WAVE-2 staining appears weaker compared with normal epithelial cells. WAVE-1 transcripts were expressed in significantly high levels (p=0.03) in high grade breast cancers. Low levels of WAVE-2 were associated with higher TNM staging (p=0.038 in TNM3 and p=0.017 in TNM4) and were also found in patients with poor prognosis. Interesting, a marginal reduction of WAVE-3 transcripts was seen in patients who developed systemic metastasis. No other significant associations were found between the WAVE1 and WAVE3 transcripts and the breast cancer cells. Conclusions: WAVEs are widely expressed in human mammary tissues and have a differential expression in human breast cancer with WAVE2 appearing to be associated with the aggressiveness of breast tumors. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Fernando
- University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - A. Chhabra
- University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - S. Davies
- University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - G. Watkins
- University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - H. Kynaston
- University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - R. E. Mansel
- University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - W. G. Jiang
- University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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18
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Parker C, Clarke N, Logue J, Payne H, Catton C, Kynaston H, Murphy C, Morgan R, Morash C, Parulekar W, Parmar M, Savage C, Stansfeld J, Sydes M. RADICALS (Radiotherapy and Androgen Deprivation in Combination after Local Surgery). Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2007; 19:167-71. [PMID: 17359901 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2007.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2006] [Revised: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Shelley MD, Wilt TJ, Court J, Coles B, Kynaston H, Mason MD. Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin is superior to mitomycin C in reducing tumour recurrence in high-risk superficial bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. BJU Int 2004; 93:485-90. [PMID: 15008714 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2003.04655.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess, in a systematic review and meta-analysis, the relative effectiveness of intravesical mitomycin C and bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) for tumour recurrence, disease progression and overall survival in patients with medium- to high-risk Ta and T1 bladder cancer. METHODS The major medical databases were searched comprehensively up to June 2003, and relevant journals hand-searched for randomized controlled trials, in any language, that compared intravesical mitomycin C with BCG in medium- to high-risk patients with Ta or T1 bladder cancer. RESULTS Twenty-five articles were identified but only seven were considered eligible for the analysis. This represented 1901 evaluable patients in all, 820 randomized to mitomycin C and 1081 to BCG. Six trials had sufficient data for meta-analysis and included 1527 patients, 693 in the mitomycin and 834 in the BCG arm. There was no significant difference between mitomycin C and BCG for tumour recurrence in the six trials, with a weighted mean log hazard ratio, LHR, (variance) of -0.022 (0.005). However, there was significant heterogeneity between trials (P = 0.001). A subgroup analysis of three trials that included only high-risk Ta and T1 patients indicated no heterogeneity (P = 0.25) and a LHR for recurrence of -0.371 (0.012). With mitomycin C used as the control in the meta-analysis, a negative ratio is in favour of BCG and, in this case, was highly significant (P < 0.001). The seventh trial (in abstract form only) used BCG in low doses for two arms of the trial (27 mg and 13.5 mg) compared with a standard dose of mitomycin C (30 mg), and reported a significantly lower recurrence rate with BCG (27 mg) than for mitomycin C (P = 0.001). Only two trials included sufficient data to analyse disease progression and survival, representing 681 patients (338 randomized to BCG and 343 to mitomycin C). There was no significant difference between mitomycin C and BCG for disease progression, with a LHR of 0.044 (0.04) (P = 0.16), or survival, at -0.112 (0.03) (P = 0.50). Adverse events were slightly more frequent with BCG. Local toxicity (dysuria, cystitis, frequency and haematuria) were associated with both mitomycin C (30%) and BCG (44%). Systemic toxicity, e.g. chills, fever and malaise, occurred with both agents (12% and 19%, respectively) although skin rash was more common with mitomycin C. CONCLUSION Tumour recurrence was significantly lower with intravesical BCG than with mitomycin C only in those patients at high risk of tumour recurrence. However, there was no difference in disease progression or survival, and the decision to use either agent might be based on adverse events and cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Shelley
- Cochrane Prostatic Diseases and Urologic Cancers Group, Velindre NHS Trust, Cardiff, UK.
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21
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumour recurrence following transurethral resection (TUR) for Ta and T1 bladder cancer is a major clinical problem. Intravesical administration of mitomycin C (MMC) or bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) has proven prophylactic activity but both are associated with local and systemic side-effects. A systematic review was carried out to compare the efficacy of these two agents. OBJECTIVES To undertake a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing intravesical mitomycin C and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin in terms of tumour recurrence, disease progression and overall survival in Ta and T1 bladder cancer. Treatment-related toxicities would also be evaluated. SEARCH STRATEGY A comprehensive search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Healthstar, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, Cancerlit, and DARE was performed, and hand searching of relevant journals undertaken. SELECTION CRITERIA Trials in any language were included in the meta-analysis if they were properly randomised, included medium to high risk patients with Ta or T1 bladder cancer and compared intravesical MMC versus BCG. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Trial eligibility, methodological quality and data extraction were assessed independently by two reviewers. Time to event analysis was evaluated using log hazard ratios, with a sensitivity analysis for subgroups according to patient's risk of recurrence. MAIN RESULTS Twenty-five articles were identified but only seven were considered eligible. This represented 1901 evaluable patients in total, 820 randomised to MMC and 1081 to BCG. Six trials had sufficient data for meta-analysis and included 1527 patients, 693 in the mitomycin arm and 834 in the BCG arm. The weighted mean log hazard ratio (variance) for tumour recurrence for the six trials was - 0.022 (0.005). This indicated no significant difference between MMC and BCG (p = 0.76). However, the meta-analysis indicated evidence of significant heterogeneity between trials (p = 0.001). A subgroup analysis of three trials that included only high risk Ta and T1 patients indicated no heterogeneity (p = 0.25) and a log hazard ratio (variance) for recurrence of -0.371 ( 0.012). With MMC used as the control in the meta-analysis, a negative ratio is in favour of BCG and, in this case, is highly significant (p = 0.0008). The seventh trial, in abstract form only, used BCG in low doses for two arms of the trial (27 mg and 13.5mg) compared to a standard dose of mitomycin C (30mg), and reported a significantly reduced recurrent rate with BCG (27mg) compared to mitomycin C (p = 0.001). Only two trials included sufficient data to analyse disease progression and survival, representing a total of 681 patients; 338 randomised to BCG and 343 to MMC. There was no significant difference between MMC and BCG for disease progression (log hazard ratio + variance: 0.044 + 0.04, p = 0.16) or survival (-0.112 + 0.03, p = 0.50). Local toxicities (dysuria, cystitis, frequency, and haematuria) were associated with both MMC (30%) and BCG (44%). Systemic toxicities, such as chills, fever and malaise, were observed with both MMC and BCG (12% and 19%, respectively) although skin rash was more common with MMC. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS The data from the present meta-analysis indicate that tumour recurrence was significantly reduced with intravesical BCG compared to MMC only in the subgroup of patients at high risk of tumour recurrence. However, there was no difference in terms of disease progression or survival, and the decision to use either agent might be based on adverse events and cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Shelley
- Research Laboratories, Velindre NHS Trust, Velindre Road, Whitchurch, Cardiff, Wales, UK, CF14 2TL
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22
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Thijs I, Bhal PS, Shaw R, Kynaston H. Isolated vesical endometriosis in the absence of previous surgery. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2002; 22:448-9. [PMID: 12521483 DOI: 10.1080/014436102320261212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I Thijs
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
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Bisson JI, Chubb HL, Bennett S, Mason M, Jones D, Kynaston H. The prevalence and predictors of psychological distress in patients with early localized prostate cancer. BJU Int 2002; 90:56-61. [PMID: 12081771 DOI: 10.1046/j.1464-410x.2002.02806.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the level of psychopathology, traumatic distress and quality of life in men with newly diagnosed clinically localized prostate cancer, the effect on these of a consultation in a combined-specialist early-prostate clinic, and predictors of psychopathology. PATIENTS AND METHODS Eighty-eight patients were recruited from the combined clinic; they completed a battery of questionnaires including the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the revised Impact of Event Scale (IES) and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire, before their first appointment. Two weeks later they completed the HADS, IES and a patient-satisfaction survey. RESULTS The overall level of psychopathology varied among the questionnaires used, from 0% on the HADS depression scale, 8% on the HADS anxiety scale and 14% on the IES. Anxiety and traumatic stress symptoms were commoner than depressive symptoms. The quality-of-life scores showed a relatively good level of functioning. Pre-morbid factors and disease status did not predict psychological distress. Younger age was mildly predictive of poorer psychological functioning. Anxiety symptoms reduced slightly after a joint clinic appointment, whereas depressive symptoms showed a slight increase. CONCLUSION This study suggests that men with early localized prostate cancer have low levels of psychopathology overall. However, some men experience distressing psychological symptoms and it is important that future research is conducted to help develop clear guidelines on the optimal methods of detecting and managing men with prostate cancer who have mental health difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Bisson
- Department of Liason Psychiatry, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK.
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Shelley MD, Kynaston H, Court J, Wilt TJ, Coles B, Burgon K, Mason MD. A systematic review of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin plus transurethral resection vs transurethral resection alone in Ta and T1 bladder cancer. BJU Int 2001; 88:209-16. [PMID: 11488731 DOI: 10.1046/j.1464-410x.2001.02306.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess, in a systematic review, the effectiveness of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) in preventing tumour recurrence in patients with medium/high risk Ta and T1 bladder cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS An electronic database search of Medline, Embase, DARE, the Cochrane Library, Cancerlit, Healthstar and BIDS was undertaken, plus hand searching of the Proceedings of ASCO, for randomized controlled trials, in any language, comparing transurethral resection (TUR) alone with TUR followed by intravesical BCG in patients with Ta and T1 bladder cancer. RESULTS The search identified 26 publications comparing TUR with TUR + BCG. Six trials were considered acceptable, representing 585 eligible patients, 281 in the TUR-alone group and 304 in the TUR + BCG group. The major clinical outcome chosen was tumour recurrence. The weighted mean log hazard ratio for the first recurrence, taken across all six trials, was -0.83 (95% confidence interval -0.57 to -1.08, P < 0.001), which is equivalent to a 56% reduction in the hazard, attributable to BCG. The Peto odds ratio for patients recurring at 12 months was 0.3 (95% confidence interval of 0.21-0.43, P < 0.001), significantly favouring BCG therapy. Manageable toxicities associated with intravesical BCG were cystitis (67%), haematuria (23%), fever (25%) and urinary frequency (71%). No BCG-induced deaths were reported. CONCLUSION TUR with intravesical BCG provides a significantly better prophylaxis of tumour recurrence in Ta and T1 bladder cancer than TUR alone. Randomized trials are still needed to address the issues of BCG strain, dose and schedule, and to better quantify the effect on progression to invasive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Shelley
- Cochrane Prostatic Diseases and Urological Cancer Subgroup, Cancer Research Wales Laboratories, Velindre NHS Trust, Whitchurch, Cardiff CF14 2TL, Wales, UK.
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25
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Intravesical therapy with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) aims to reduce the incidence of tumour recurrence following transurethral resection (TUR) for patients with superficial bladder cancer. OBJECTIVES The objective of this review was to compare the incidence of tumour recurrence after the standard therapy of transurethral resection versus transurethral resection plus intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (March 2000), Medline (February, 2000), EMBASE (February, 2000), Cancerlit (February, 2000), Healthstar (February, 2000), Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness (February, 2000) and the Bath Information Data Service. The Proceedings of the American Society Clinical Oncology was hand searched (1996 - 1999). SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised or quasi-randomised trials of transurethral resection alone versus transurethral resection plus intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin. Patients with Ta and T1 bladder cancer of medium or high risk of tumour recurrence, were eligible for inclusion. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Four reviewers assessed trial quality and two abstracted the data independently. The Peto odds ratios and log hazard ratios were determined to compare the number of patients with disease recurrence at 12 months and the rate of recurrence, respectively. MAIN RESULTS Six randomised trials were included involving 585 eligible patients. There were significantly fewer patients with disease recurrence at 12 months in the BCG plus TUR group compared to those that received TUR alone (odds ratio 0.30, CI 0.21, 0.43). The overall log hazard ratio for recurrence (-0.83, variance 0.02) indicated a significant benefit of BCG treatment in reducing tumour recurrence. Toxicities associated with BCG consisted mainly of cystitis (67%), haematuria (23%), fever (25%) and urinary frequency (71%). No BCG-induced deaths were reported. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS In patients with medium/high risk Ta or T1 bladder cancer, immunotherapy with intravesical BCG following TUR appears to provide a significant advantage over TUR alone in delaying tumour recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Shelley
- Research Laboratories, Velindre NHS Trust, Velindre Road, Whitchurch, Cardiff, Wales, UK, CF4 7XL.
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Abstract
The ability of the liver to regenerate following resection is remarkable. However, there is evidence to suggest that tumour growth within the regenerating liver is significantly increased. As octreotide (a synthetic analogue of somatostatin) inhibits the growth and development of hepatic tumour in rats, we have investigated its effects on liver regeneration, liver blood flow, hepatic reticuloendothelial system activity and tumour growth in the rat following partial hepatectomy (PH). Octreotide significantly inhibited liver regeneration in the rat 1 and 2 weeks following PH when compared with controls (regeneration index: 1.0 and 1.14 cf. 1.14 and 1.4, respectively). There was no significant difference in hepatic arterial or portal venous blood flow following PH in control or octreotide-treated rats. However, portal pressure was significantly reduced in octreotide-treated rats. Hepatic reticuloendothelial system activity was significantly increased in octreotide-treated rats compared with control animals 1 and 2 weeks after hepatectomy (uptake of radiolabelled technetium-99m albumin colloid: 2.2 and 3.9 cf. 1.6 and 1.9). The growth of both HSN (fibrosarcoma) and K12-Tr (colonic adenocarcinoma) cells in the regenerating liver was significantly decreased by octreotide treatment compared with controls (median percentage hepatic replacement: HSN control 71.3%, Octreotide 8.4%, K12-Tr Control 38.3%, Octreotide 4.5%). The results of the present study demonstrate that octreotide inhibits both liver regeneration and tumour growth following PH, possibly via a similar mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Davies
- University of Liverpool Department of Surgery, United Kingdom
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Davies N, Kynaston H, Yates J, Nott DM, Taylor BA, Jenkins SA. Effect of octreotide infusion on hepatic and tumour blood flow in two experimental models of liver metastases. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1995; 7:971-4. [PMID: 8590143 DOI: 10.1097/00042737-199510000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of octreotide infusion on hepatic and tumour blood flow in rats with experimentally induced liver tumours. DESIGN Blood flow was determined in tumour-bearing rats using a dual reference microsphere technique before and after intravenous infusion of octreotide. METHODS Tumours were induced in syngeneic rats by intraportal injection of K12-Tr and WB2054-M adenocarcinoma cells. Hepatic arterial and portal venous inflow, tumour blood flow and systemic arterial pressure were determined before and after octreotide infusion (0.05 microgram/min). RESULTS In rats with K12-Tr tumours there was no change in tumour blood flow, hepatic arterial flow or portal venous inflow after octreotide infusion. In contrast, in rats with WB2054-M tumours, octreotide infusion resulted in a significant reduction in the blood flow to the hepatic tumour (from 0.37 to 0.135 ml/min/g) but had no effect on hepatic artery or portal venous inflow. CONCLUSION The reduction in blood flow to tumours derived from WB2054-M cells could, at least in part, explain the inhibitory effect of octreotide on the growth and development of these tumours. However, octreotide had no effect on blood flow to tumours derived from K12-Tr cells, suggesting that the analogue must inhibit tumour growth by other mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Davies
- Department of Surgery, University of Liverpool, UK
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Davies N, Kynaston H, Yates J, Nott DM, Nash J, Taylor BA, Jenkins SA. Octreotide inhibits the growth and development of three types of experimental liver metastases. Br J Surg 1995; 82:840-3. [PMID: 7627527 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.1800820638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A study was performed to assess the effects of octreotide on the growth and development of liver metastases in rats. Tumour was induced by intraportal injection of three tumorigenic cell lines (the fibrosarcoma HSN and colonic adenocarcinomas K12/Tr and WB2054M) in syngeneic rats. Octreotide treatment (2 micrograms subcutaneously for 3 or 4 weeks) was started 18 h and 1 week after tumour induction; a delay in treatment of 1 week allowed micrometastases to develop. Treatment with octreotide significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the median hepatic replacement of liver by tumour compared with that of control rats given saline (controls: HSN 76.4 per cent, K12/Tr 17.5 per cent, WB2054M 43.9 per cent; octreotide treatment delayed 18 h: HSN 2.7 per cent, K12/Tr 0.6 per cent, WB2054M 1.3 per cent; octreotide treatment delayed 1 week: HSN 9.3 per cent, K12/Tr 2.5 per cent, WB2054M 2.3 per cent). These results clearly indicate that octreotide significantly inhibits the growth and development of experimental liver metastases. Further studies are required both to delineate the mechanism of action and to investigate these effects in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Davies
- Department of Surgery, University of Liverpool, UK
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Abstract
The inhibitory effect of octreotide on the growth of liver tumour is probably mediated (at least in part) by stimulation of the hepatic reticuloendothelial system (RES) activity. This study therefore investigated the effect of octreotide on the hepatic and splenic RES (assessed by the uptake of technetium 99m labelled albumin colloid, 99mTc-AC) in normal and tumour bearing rats and in animals treated with gadolinium chloride. The effects of gadolinium chloride and octreotide alone or in combination on the growth of liver tumour were also studied. Octreotide significantly stimulates both hepatic and splenic uptake of 99mTc-AC in normal rats and tumour bearing rats. In controls, the uptake of 99mTc-AC was significantly reduced by gadolinium chloride and was not changed by octreotide. RES blockade with gadolinium chloride significantly increased (p < 0.001) tumour growth compared with controls (hepatic replacement 42%; 95% confidence intervals (CI), 27.6 to 56.4 v 16.7%, 95% CI, 11.1 to 21.3%) whereas octreotide significantly inhibited (p < 0.001) the percentage hepatic replacement by tumour (0.7%; 95% CI, 0 to 2.3 v 16.7%; 95% CI, 11.1 to 21.3). This study highlights the importance of the RES in the development of liver tumour. Furthermore, octreotide inhibited the growth of liver tumour in rats with RES blockade, albeit to a lesser degree than in normal animals. These findings suggest that octreotide inhibits the growth of hepatic tumour by mechanisms other than stimulation of RES activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Davies
- Department of Surgery, University of Liverpool
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German KA, Kynaston H, Weight S, Stephenson TP. A prospective randomized trial comparing a modified needle suspension procedure with the vagina/obturator shelf procedure for genuine stress incontinence. Br J Urol 1994; 74:188-90. [PMID: 7921936 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.1994.tb16584.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare two procedures for the treatment of genuine stress incontinence in patients selected randomly. PATIENTS AND METHODS Fifty patients with proven genuine stress incontinence were randomized prospectively over a 3 year period to be treated either by a modified needle suspension (MNS) (n = 26) or by a vagina/obturator shelf (VOS) (n = 24) procedure. RESULTS In patients who had not undergone previous surgery for incontinence, the VOS procedure was superior with 12 of 14 patients achieving continence compared with eight of 15 patients in the MNS group (P < 0.05). In women who had undergone previous surgery seven of 11 were continent following MNS compared with five of 10 after a VOS procedure. Both techniques had a much lower continence rate when compared with a classical colposuspension operation which was reported in a previous series. CONCLUSION As a primary procedure VOS was more successful than MNS. In patients who had undergone previous surgery for incontinence neither procedure gave acceptable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A German
- Department of Urology, Cardiff Royal Infirmary, UK
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Abstract
PURPOSE Levamisole in combination with 5-fluorouracil is an effective adjuvant for the treatment of resected Dukes stage C colon cancer. Since the mechanism of action of levamisole is not known, we have investigated its effects on hepatic and splenic reticuloendothelial system (RES) activity in the rat and compared the effect of levamisole with other known RES stimulators. METHODS The hepatic and splenic uptake of an intravenous dose of technetium-99m-sulfur colloid has been used to measure RES activity in rats treated with levamisole, glucan, zymosan, chlormethiazole, octreotide, and saline. RESULTS Levamisole significantly increased the hepatic uptake of technetium-99m-sulfur colloid and is comparable in its effect to the other RES stimulators. In contrast, levamisole has no effect on splenic RES activity. CONCLUSION RES function is considered to be a potentially important factor in the development of liver metastases, and the stimulatory effect of levamisole on the hepatic RES may partly explain its efficacy as an adjuvant treatment in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Davies
- University Department of Surgery, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Amyloid tumour involving the urethra is a well recognised but rare occurrence. Chronic inflammation secondary to gonococcal urethritis is thought to be a possible predisposing factor. We report the case of a young man who presented with non-gonococcal urethritis and haematuria and was subsequently found to have primary amyloid of the urethra.
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Affiliation(s)
- O E Williams
- University Department of Medical Microbiology and Genitourinary Medicine, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
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