Recent progress on polySarcosine as an alternative to PEGylation: Synthesis and biomedical applications

Biotherapeutic PEGylation to prolong action of medications has gained popularity over the last decades. Various hydrophilic natural polymers have been developed to tackle the drawbacks of PEGylation, such as its accelerated blood clearance and non-biodegradability. Polypeptoides, such as polysarcosine (pSar), have been explored as hydrophilic substitutes for PEG. pSar has PEG-like physicochemical characteristics such as water solubility and no reported cytotoxicity and immunogenicity. This review discusses pSar derivatives, synthesis, characterization approaches, biomedical applications, in addition to the challenges and future perspectives of pSar based biomaterials as an alternative to PEG.

Antimicrobial Activities of Pistacia lentiscus Essential Oils Nanoencapsulated into Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrins

The rising risks of food microbial contamination and foodborne pathogens resistance have prompted an increasing interest in natural antimicrobials as promising alternatives to synthetic antimicrobials. Essential oils (EOs) obtained from natural sources have shown promising anticancer, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities. EOs extracted from the resins of Pistacia lentiscus var. Chia are widely utilized for the treatment of skin inflammations, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory infections, wound healing, and cancers. The therapeutic benefits of P. lentiscusessential oils (PO) are limited by their low solubility, poor bioavailability, and high volatility. Nanoencapsulation of PO can improve their physicochemical properties and consequently their therapeutic efficacy while overcoming their undesirable side effects. Hence, PO was extracted from the resins of P. lentiscusvia hydrodistillation. Then, PO was encapsulated into (2-hydroxypropyl)-beta-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) via freeze-drying. The obtained inclusion complexes (PO-ICs) appeared as round vesicles (22.62 to 63.19 nm) forming several agglomerations (180 to 350 nm), as detected by UHR-TEM, with remarkable entrapment efficiency (89.59 ± 1.47%) and a PDI of 0.1475 ± 0.0005. Furthermore, the encapsulation and stability of PO-ICs were confirmed via FE-SEM, 1H NMR, 2D HNMR (NOESY), FT-IR, UHR-TEM, and DSC. DSC revealed a higher thermal stability of the PO-ICs, reaching 351.0 °C. PO-ICs exerted substantial antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli as compared to free PO. PO-ICs showed significant enhancement in the antibacterial activity of the encapsulated PO against S. aureus with an MIC90 of 2.84 mg/mL and against P. aeruginosa with MIC90 of 3.62 mg/mL and MIC50 of 0.56 mg/mL. In addition, PO-ICs showed greater antimicrobial activity against E. coli by 6-fold with an MIC90 of 0.89 mg/mL, compared to free PO, which showed an MIC90 of 5.38 mg/mL. In conclusion, the encapsulation of PO into HPβCD enhanced its aqueous solubility, stability, and penetration ability, resulting in a significantly higher antibacterial activity.

Synergistic anticancer effect of Pistacia lentiscus essential oils and 5-Fluorouracil co-loaded onto biodegradable nanofibers against melanoma and breast cancer

Chemoresistance and severe toxicities represent major drawbacks of chemotherapy. Natural extracts, including the essential oils of Pistacia lentiscus (PLEO), exhibit substantial anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities where different cancers are reported to dramatically recess following targeting with PLEO. PLEO has promising antimicrobial, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the therapeutic properties of PLEO are restricted by limited stability, bioavailability, and targeting ability. PLEO nanoformulation can maximize their physicochemical and therapeutic properties, overcoming their shortcomings. Hence, PLEO was extracted and its chemical composition was determined by GC-MS. PLEO and 5-Fluorouracil (5FU) were electrospun into poly-ε-caprolactone nanofibers (PCL-NFs), of 290.71 nm to 680.95 nm diameter, to investigate their anticancer and potential synergistic activities against triple-negative breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231), human adenocarcinoma breast cancer cells (MCF-7), and human skin melanoma cell line (A375). The prepared nanofibers (NFs) showed enhanced thermal stability and remarkable physical integrity and tensile strength. Biodegradability studies showed prolonged stability over 42 days, supporting the NFs use as a localized therapy of breast tissues (postmastectomy) or melanoma. Release studies revealed sustainable release behaviors over 168 h, with higher released amounts of 5FU and PLEO at pH 5.4, indicating higher targeting abilities towards cancer tissues. NFs loaded with PLEO showed strong antioxidant properties. Finally, NFs loaded with either PLEO or 5FU depicted greater anticancer activities compared to free compounds. The highest anticancer activities were observed with NFs co-loaded with PLEO and 5FU. The developed 5FU-PLEO-PCL-NFs hold potential as a local treatment of breast cancer tissues (post-mastectomy) and melanoma to minimize their  possible recurrence.

Improved antimicrobial activities of Boswellia sacra essential oils nanoencapsulated into hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrins

Natural antimicrobials have recently gained increasing interest over synthetic antimicrobials to overcome foodborne pathogens and food microbial contamination. Essential oils (EOs) obtained from Boswellia sacra resins (BO) were utilized for respiratory disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, malignant tumors, and viral infections. Like other EOs, the therapeutic potential of BO is hindered by its low solubility and bioavailability, poor stability, and high volatility. Several studies have shown excellent physicochemical properties and outstanding therapeutic capabilities of EOs encapsulated into various nanocarriers. This study extracted BO from B. sacra resins via hydrodistillation and encapsulated it into hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrins (HPβCD) using the freeze-drying method. The developed inclusion complexes of BO (BO-ICs) had high encapsulation efficiency (96.79 ± 1.17%) and a polydispersity index of 0.1045 ± 0.0006. BO-ICs showed presumably spherical vesicles (38.5 to 59.9 nm) forming multiple agglomerations (136.9 to 336.8 nm), as determined by UHR-TEM. Also, the formation and stability of BO-ICs were investigated using DSC, FTIR, FE-SEM, UHR-TEM, 1H NMR, and 2D HNMR (NOESY). BO-ICs showed greater thermal stability (362.7 °C). Moreover, compared to free BO, a remarkable enhancement in the antimicrobial activities of BO-ICs was shown against three different bacteria: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. BO-ICs displayed significant antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with an MIC90 of 3.93 mg mL-1 and an MIC50 of 0.57 mg mL-1. Also, BO-ICs showed an increase in BO activity against Escherichia coli with an MIC95 of 3.97 mg mL-1, compared to free BO, which failed to show an MIC95. Additionally, BO-ICs showed a more significant activity against Staphylococcus aureus with an MIC95 of 3.92 mg mL-1. BO encapsulation showed significantly improved antimicrobial activities owing to the better stability, bioavailability, and penetration ability imparted by encapsulation into HPβCD.

PEGylated Chitosan Nanoparticles Loaded with Betaine and Nedaplatin Hamper Breast Cancer: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

The current study investigates the anticancer effects of PEGylated chitosan nanoparticles (CS NPs) coloaded with betaine (BT) and nedaplatin (ND) on breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cells and breast cancer-bearing rats. Hereof, the ionotropic gelation approach was implemented for the synthesis of PEG-uncoated and PEG-coated CS NPs encompassing either BT, ND, or both (BT-ND). The sizes of the developed BT/CS NPs, ND/CS NPs, and BT-ND/CS NPs were 176.84 ± 7.45, 204.1 ± 13.6, and 201.1 ± 23.35 nm, respectively. Meanwhile, the sizes of the synthesized BT/PEG-CS NPs, ND/PEG-CS NPs, and BT-ND/PEG-CS NPs were 165.1 ± 32.40, 148.2 ± 20.98, and 143.7 ± 7.72 nm, respectively. The surface charges of the fabricated nanoparticles were considerably high. All of the synthesized nanoparticles displayed a spherical form and significant entrapment efficiency. Release experiments demonstrated that the PEGylated and non-PEGylated CS NPs could discharge their contents into the tumor cells' microenvironments (pH 5.5). In addition, the NPs demonstrated an outstanding ability to reduce the viability of the MCF-7 cell line. In addition, BT-ND/PEG-CS NPs were found to be the strongest among all NP preparations, where they caused around 90% decrease in the size of mammary gland tumors in rats compared to vehicle-treated animals.

Cytotoxic and Antioxidative Effects of Geranium Oil and Ascorbic Acid Coloaded in Niosomes against MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells

Geranium oil (GO) has antiproliferative, antiangiogenic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Ascorbic acid (AA) is reported to inhibit the formation of reactive oxygen species, sensitize cancer cells, and induce apoptosis. In this context, AA, GO, and AA-GO were loaded into niosomal nanovesicles to ameliorate the physicochemical properties of GO and improve its cytotoxic effects using the thin-film hydration technique. The prepared nanovesicles had a spherical shape with average diameters ranging from 200 to 300 nm and exhibited outstanding surface negative charges, high entrapment efficiencies, and a controlled sustained release over 72 h. Entrapping AA and GO in niosomes resulted in a lower IC₅₀ value than free AA and GO when tested on MCF-7 breast cancer cells. In addition, flow cytometry analysis showed higher apoptotic cells in the late apoptotic stage upon treating the MCF-7 breast cancer cells with AA-GO niosomal vesicles compared to treatments with free AA, free GO, and AA or GO loaded into niosomal nanovesicles. Assessing the antioxidant effect of the free drugs and loaded niosomal nanovesicles showed enhanced antioxidant activity of AA-GO niosomal vesicles. These findings suggest the AA-GO niosomal vesicles as a potential treatment strategy against breast cancer, possibly through scavenging free radicals.

A novel long-acting antimicrobial nanomicelle spray

Contaminated surfaces play a major role in disease transmission to humans. The vast majority of commercial disinfectants provide short-term protection of surfaces against microbial contamination. The Covid-19 pandemic has attracted attention to the importance of long-term disinfectants as they would reduce the need for staff and save time. In this study, nanoemulsions and nanomicelles containing a combination of benzalkonium chloride (BKC; a potent disinfectant and a surfactant) and benzoyl peroxide (BPO; a stable form of peroxide that is activated upon contact with lipid/membranous material) were formulated. The prepared nanoemulsion and nanomicelle formulas were of small sizes <80 nm and high positive charge >45 mV. They showed enhanced stability and prolonged antimicrobial efficacy. The antibacterial potency was evaluated in terms of long-term disinfection on surfaces as verified by repeated bacterial inoculums. Additionally, the efficacy of killing bacteria upon contact was also investigated. A nanomicelle formula (NM-3) consisting of 0.8% BPO in acetone and 2% BKC plus 1% TX-100 in distilled water (1 : 5 volume ratio) demonstrated overall surface protection over a period of 7 weeks upon a single spray application. Furthermore, its antiviral activity was tested by the embryo chick development assay. The prepared NM-3 nanoformula spray showed strong antibacterial activities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus as well as antiviral activities against infectious bronchitis virus due to the dual effects of BKC and BPO. The prepared NM-3 spray shows great potential as an effective solution for prolonged surface protection against multiple pathogens.

Effect of mold shape on the microstructure of gelatin sponges for tissue engineering applications

Gelatin sponges have been used in several medical applications including tissue replacement, scaffolds, and hemostasis. Each application requires specific parameters that are tuned by the porosity of the sponges. Therefore, changes in the porosity profile of the sponges would change the sponge behavior. In this study, a gelatin solution was prepared and crosslinked with glutaraldehyde. Afterward, the solution was poured into three different mold structures with different volumes and frozen at a constant freezing rate. Each mold was investigated for its physical characteristics including swelling, degradation, porosity, crystallinity, and mechanical compression. Cube-molded gelatin sponges demonstrated high swelling capacity, degradation rate, and porosity while exhibiting low crystallinity, yield strength, and elasticity. These characteristics are suitable for hemostatic application and tissue regeneration. Therefore, it is recommended to freeze dry gelatin sponge in cuboid-shaped dimensions, for research or industry, to control the porosity and crystallinity of the sponge for the best result in biomedical applications.

Multi-responsive paper chemosensors based on mesoporous silica nanospheres for quantitative sensing of heavy metals in water

Exposure to low concentrations of heavy metal cations seriously harms living organisms, hence they are considered environmental toxins. Portable simple detection systems are required for field monitoring of multiple metal ions. In this report, paper-based chemosensors (PBCs) were prepared by adsorbing 1-(pyridin-2-yl diazenyl) naphthalen-2-ol (chromophore), which recognizes heavy metals, onto filter papers coated with mesoporous silica nano spheres (MSNs). The high density of the chromophore probe on the surface of PBCs resulted in ultra-sensitive optical detection of heavy metal ions and short response time. The concentration of metal ions was determined using digital image-based colorimetric analysis (DICA) and compared to spectrophotometry under optimal sensing conditions. The PBCs exhibited stability and short recovery times. The detection limits determined using DICA of Cd²⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺ and Fe³⁺ were 0.22, 0.28, 0.44, and 0.54 μM; respectively. Additionally, the linear ranges for monitoring Cd²⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺ and Fe³⁺ were 0.44-4.4, 0.16-4.2, 0.8-8.5, and 0.002-5.2 μM; respectively. The developed chemosensors showed high stability, selectivity, and sensitivity for sensing of Cd²⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺ and Fe³⁺ in water under optimum conditions and hold potential for low cost, onsite sensing of toxic metals in water.

Enzyme Immobilization Technologies and Industrial Applications

Enzymes play vital roles in diverse industrial sectors and are essential components of many industrial products. Immobilized enzymes possess higher resistance to environmental changes and can be recovered/recycled easily when compared to the free forms. The primary benefit of immobilization is protecting the enzymes from the harsh environmental conditions (e.g., elevated temperatures, extreme pH values, etc.). The immobilized enzymes can be utilized in various large-scale industries, e.g., medical, food, detergent, textile, and pharmaceutical industries, besides being used in water treatment plants. According to the required application, a suitable enzyme immobilization technique and suitable carrier materials are chosen. Enzyme immobilization techniques involve covalent binding, encapsulation, entrapment, adsorption, etc. This review mainly covers enzyme immobilization by various techniques and their usage in different industrial applications starting from 1992 until 2022. It also focuses on the multiscale operation of immobilized enzymes to maximize yields of certain products. Lastly, the severe consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic on global enzyme production is briefly discussed.

Essential Oils Extracted from Boswellia sacra Oleo Gum Resin Loaded into PLGA-PCL Nanoparticles: Enhanced Cytotoxic and Apoptotic Effects against Breast Cancer Cells

This work aims to develop and optimize blended polylactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) and poly(ε-caprolactone, PCL) loaded with Boswellia sacra oil (BO) to improve BO's physicochemical properties and anti-breast cancer effects via enhancing apoptosis. In this context, BO was extracted from B. sacra oleo gum resins (BO) via hydrodistillation and chemically characterized by evaluating its essential oil's composition using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Then, BO/PLGA-PCL NPs were formulated using the emulsion (O/W) solvent evaporation technique using a PLGA-PCL mixture at five different ratios (1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 1:2, and 1:3, respectively). The optimized NPs had a spherical morphology with no agglomerations and the lowest hydrodynamic size (230.3 ± 3.7 nm) and polydispersity index (0.13 ± 0.03) and the highest ζ potential (-20.36 ± 4.89 mV), as compared to the rest of the formulas. PLGA-PCL NPs could entrap 80.59 ± 3.37% of the BO and exhibited a controlled, sustained release of BO (83.74 ± 3.34%) over 72 h. Encapsulating BO in the form of BO/PLGA-PCL NPs resulted in a lower IC₅₀ value as assessed by the MTT assay. Furthermore and upon assessing the apoptotic effect of both BO and BO/PLGA-PCL NPs, there was an increase in the percentage of apoptotic and necrotic cell percentages compared to the control and free BO. Encapsulation of BO in PLGA-PCL NPs doubled the percentage of apoptotic and necrotic cells exerted by free BO. These findings support the potential use of BO/PLGA-PCL NPs in treating breast cancer.

Polymeric nanoparticles for dopamine and levodopa replacement in Parkinson's disease

As the world's population ages, the incidence of Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurological ailment, keeps increasing. It is estimated that 1% of the global population over the age of 60 has the disease. The continuous loss of dopaminergic neurons and the concomitant brain depletion of dopamine levels represent the hallmarks of PD. As a result, current PD therapies primarily target dopamine or its precursor (levodopa). Therapeutic approaches that aim to provide an exogenous source of levodopa or dopamine are hindered by their poor bioavailability and the blood-brain barrier. Nevertheless, the fabrication of many polymeric nanoparticles has been exploited to deliver several drugs inside the brain. In addition to a brief introduction of PD and its current therapeutic approaches, this review covers novel polymeric nanoparticulate drug delivery systems exploited lately for dopamine and levodopa replacement in PD.

Thermosensitive Liposomes Encapsulating Nedaplatin and Picoplatin Demonstrate Enhanced Cytotoxicity against Breast Cancer Cells

Thermosensitive liposomes (TSL) have been used for localized temperature-responsive release of chemotherapeutics into solid cancers, with a minimum of one invention currently in clinical trials (phase III). In this study, TSL was designed using a lipid blend comprising 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC), 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC), cholesterol, and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[maleimide(polyethylene glycol)-2000] (DSPE-PEG-2000) (molar ratio of 88:9:2.8:0.2). Either nedaplatin (ND) or p-sulfonatocalix[4]arene-nedaplatin was encapsulated in the aqueous inner layer of TSL to form (ND-TSL) or p-SC4-ND-TSL, respectively. The hydrophobic platinum-based drug picoplatin (P) was loaded into the external lipid bilayer of the TSL to develop P-TSL. The three nanosystems were studied in terms of size, PDI, surface charge, and on-shelf stability. Moreover, the entrapment efficiency (EE%) and release % at 37 and 40 °C were evaluated. In a 30 min in vitro release study, the maximum release of ND, p-SC4-ND, and picoplatin at 40 °C reached 74, 79, and 75%, respectively, compared to approximately 10% at 37 °C. This demonstrated temperature-triggered drug release from the TSL in all three developed systems. The designed TSL exhibited significant in vitro anticancer activity at 40 °C when tested on human mammary gland/breast adenocarcinoma cells (MDA-MB-231). The cytotoxicity of ND-TSL, p-SC4-ND-TSL, and P-TSL at 40 °C was approximately twice those observed at 37 °C. This study suggests that TSL is a promising nanoplatform for the temperature-triggered release of platinum-based drugs into cancer cells.

Toward Scaling up the Production of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles for Application on Washable Antimicrobial Cotton Fabrics

To examine the utilization of metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) in different commercial products, this work focuses on the determination of cost-effective and scalable synthesis protocols. The solvothermal protocol is well-known as a scalable method but has recently been shown to lack economic feasibility. The mechanochemical method has recently been recognized to be a more economic and environmentally friendly substitute for the solvothermal method. In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were synthesized using two (aqueous and organic) solvothermal (wet) methods and two (manual and automated) mechanochemical (dry) methods. The four methods were evaluated and compared. The automated mechanochemical method generated a significantly higher yield of ZnO NPs (82%) and CuO NPs (84%) using the least energy and time. However, the prepared ZnO NPs displayed higher cytotoxicity against Vero E6 cells when compared to that of CuO NPs. Because of their low cytotoxicity, CuO NPs synthesized via the automated mechanochemical method were selected for application onto cotton fabrics. Lower cytotoxicity was observed for CuO NPs treated fabrics with an IC₅₀ of 562 mg/mL and ZnO treated fabrics with an IC₅₀ at 23.93 mg/mL when the treated fabrics were tested against L929 fibroblast cells. Additionally, the cotton fabrics retained bactericidal and virucidal effects after four washes. Thus, the current study recommends the automated mechanochemical method as a cost-effective scalable approach for the synthesis of CuO NPs. The application of CuO NPs onto cotton fabrics generated washable antimicrobial face masks.

Fast detection of bacterial contamination in fresh produce using FTIR and spectral classification

Screening for microbial contaminants in fresh produce is a lengthy process relative to their short shelf-life. The aim of this study is to develop a comprehensive assay which employs FTIR and spectral classification algorithm for detection of bacterial contamination of fresh produce. The procedure starts by soaking a sample of the fresh produce in broth for 5 h. Then, magnetic nanoparticles are added to capture bacteria which are then collected and prepared for FTIR scanning. The generated FTIR spectra are compared against an in-house database of different bacterial species (n = 6). The ability of the database to discriminate contaminated and uncontaminated samples and to identify the bacterial species was assessed. The compatibility of the FTIR procedures with subsequent DNA extraction and PCR was tested. The developed procedure was applied for assessment of bacterial contamination in fresh produce samples from the market (n = 78). Results were compared to the conventional culture methods. The generated FTIR database coupled to spectral classification was able to detect bacterial contamination with overall accuracy exceeding 90%. The sample processing did not alter the integrity of the bacterial DNA which was suitable for PCR. On application to fresh produce samples collected from the market, the developed method was able to detect bacterial contamination with 94% concordance with the culture method. In conclusion, the developed procedure can be applied for fast detection of microbial contamination in fresh produce with comparable accuracy to conventional microbiological assays and is compatible with subsequent molecular assays.

Ozonated Olive Oil: Enhanced Cutaneous Delivery via Niosomal Nanovesicles for Melanoma Treatment

Ozonated olive oil (OL) combines the therapeutic effects of both ozone and olive oil. However, it suffers from limited water solubility and poor transdermal permeation, which hinder its application in melanoma treatment. Nanocarrier host molecules, such as niosomes, were used to improve the water solubility, transdermal permeation, and anticancer effect of hydrophobic compounds. This study aims to design and optimize a niosomal vesicular nanoplatform loaded with OL (OL/NSs) to improve OL’s skin permeation and anti-melanoma effect. In this regard, OL was prepared and characterized by evaluating its chemical properties (acid, peroxide, and iodine values) and fatty acid composition using gas chromatography. Then, OL/NSs were developed using the thin film hydration method employing cholesterol, Span 60, and Tween 60 at five different molar ratios. The optimized niosomes had an average diameter of 125.34 ± 13.29 nm, a surface charge of −11.34 ± 4.71 mV, and a spherical shape. They could entrap 87.30 ± 4.95% of the OL. OL/NSs showed a 75% sustained oil release over 24 h. The skin permeation percentage of OL/NSs was 36.78 ± 3.31 and 53.44 ± 6.41% at 12 and 24 h, respectively, three times higher than that of the free OL (11.50 ± 1.3 and 17.24 ± 2.06%, at 12 and 24 h, respectively). Additionally, the anticancer activity of the developed niosmal formulation, when tested on human melanoma cells (A375), was double that of the free OL; the IC50 of the OL/NSs was 8.63 ± 2.8 μg/mL, and that of the free OL was 17.4 ± 3.7 μg/mL. In conclusion, the encapsulation of ozonated olive oil in niosomes enhanced its water solubility, skin permeation, and anticancer activity and thus may represent potent natural chemotherapy in treating melanoma.

Enhanced Antioxidant, Antiviral, and Anticancer Activities of the Extract of Fermented Egyptian Rice Bran Complexed with Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin

Egyptian rice bran was fermented with baker's yeast, and released phenolics were extracted with aqueous methanol to give fermented rice bran extract (FRBE). The analysis of the FRBE with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry revealed 21 compounds, mainly phenolic acids and flavonoids. The FRBE was then complexed with (2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) via noncovalent host-guest inclusion complexation using the thin-film hydration technique to improve the hydrophilicity and bioactivity of the FRBE. The formation of the inclusion complex was confirmed using HPLC, ¹H NMR, FT-IR, and a phase solubility study. In addition, the biological activities of the complex were investigated. The FRBE/HPβCD inclusion complex had more pronounced antioxidant, antiviral, and anticancer activities compared to free FRBE. These findings warrant the future investigation of potential medical applications of FRBE.

Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Effect of Pre-Synthesized Novel Antibiotic Electrospun Nanofibers as an Intracanal Delivery Strategy for Regenerative Endodontics: A Randomized Clinical Trial

AIM: The aim of this study is to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of pre-synthesized novel antibiotic loaded electrospun nanofibers and compare it with conventional triple antibiotic paste when used in patients with immature necrotic teeth. METHODS: Antibiotic loaded nanofibers were fabricated by electrospinning. Thirty-four patients with immature necrotic teeth were included in the study. In the first visit, access cavity preparation was performed to obtain the first bacteriological sample (S1). The canals were thoroughly irrigated using sodium hypochlorite 1.5% and a second sampling was performed (S2). Patients were randomly divided into two groups according to the intracanal medicament used: Modified triple antibiotic paste (MTAP) loaded electrospun nanofibers or MTAP paste. At the second appointment, the third samples (S3) were taken. The intracanal bacterial count was determined using the spread plate culture technique. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the morphology of the fabricated MTAP loaded electrospun nanofibers. RESULTS: Both MTAP nanofibers and MTAP paste resulted in significant reduction of bacterial count after the irrigation step. MTAP nanofibers resulted in significantly higher percent reduction of bacterial count (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that electrospinning technology can be used to fabricate antibiotic containing nanofibers which can results in enhanced disinfection in regenerative endodontic procedures.

Monitoring of Cobalt and Cadmium in Daily Cosmetics Using Powder and Paper Optical Chemosensors

Daily used cosmetics may contain high levels of heavy metals which are added to improve the quality and shine of cosmetics but represent a threat to human health. In this report, powder- and paper-based optical nanosensors using mesoporous silica nanospheres as carriers were designed for determination of Co²⁺ and Cd²⁺ in commonly used cosmetics. Powder optical chemosensors (POCs) were prepared via direct decoration of optical probes into a porous carrier. Paper-based chemosensors (PBCs) were designed via adsorbing the organic chromophore onto filter papers treated with mesoporous silica. POCs and PBCs were constructed with thick decoration of optical probes, leading to the formation of active surface centers for monitoring of Co²⁺ and Cd²⁺ in cosmetic products. The uniform structures of POCs and PBCs have resulted in selective sensing and low detection limits up to parts per billion, wide detection range determination, and fast response (on the order of seconds). Digital image colorimetric analysis (DICA) was used to quantify the color of PBCs and deduce the corresponding concentrations of Co²⁺ and Cd²⁺ using calibration curves. DICA data correlated well with that obtained from UV-vis spectrophotometry. The developed POCs and PBCs showed wide detection ranges of metal ions and a considerably low detection limit under optimal analysis conditions. The low limit of detection of Co²⁺ and Cd²⁺ ions using POCs was 6.7 × 10^-9 and 3.5 × 10^-9 M, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time simple PBCs have been designed for monitoring Co²⁺ and Cd²⁺ with detection limits of 2.2 × 10^-7 and 1.3 × 10^-7 M. A limited amount of manufactured POCs (about 20 mg) were used for all measurements, and commercial filter paper treated with mesoporous nanosphere silica was used for sensing Co²⁺ and Cd²⁺ ions. The developed optical chemosensors had short regeneration times and exhibited high stability and surface functionality and are capable of monitoring Co²⁺ and Cd²⁺ in various cosmetic products.

Enhanced Anticancer Activity of Nedaplatin Loaded onto Copper Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Red Algae

Marine algae are a rich source of biologically active compounds that can be utilized in various food and pharmaceutical applications. In this study, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was optimized to maximize yield and total carbohydrate content extracted from the red algae, Pterocladia capillacea. The extract was shown to possess potent antioxidant activity of up to ~70%, and was successfully used as a reducing and capping agent in the green synthesis of copper nanoparticles, which were characterized by UV-spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Primarily, CuO nanoparticles with an average size of 62 nm were produced. FTIR spectra for the extract and algal-mediated CuO nanoparticles showed characteristic polysaccharide peaks. The synthesized CuO nanoparticles were subsequently loaded with nedaplatin where UV data suggested a complex formation. Nedaplatin release profiles showed a sustained release that reached a maximum at 120 h. The formulation was shown to have greater cytotoxicity relative to nedaplatin on hepatocellular carcinoma, breast cancer and ovarian cancer cell lines with IC₅₀ values of 0.40 ± 0.08, 1.50 ± 0.12, and 0.70 ± 0.09 µg/mL, respectively. Loading nedaplatin onto CuO nanoparticles synthesized using red algae extract, greatly enhances its anticancer effect.

PEGylated Chitosan Nanoparticles Encapsulating Ascorbic Acid and Oxaliplatin Exhibit Dramatic Apoptotic Effects against Breast Cancer Cells

This study aims to design a pH-responsive dual-loaded nanosystem based on PEGylated chitosan nanoparticles loaded with ascorbic acid (AA) and oxaliplatin (OX) for the effective treatment of breast cancer. In this regard, non-PEGylated and PEGylated chitosan nanoparticles (CS NPs) loaded with either ascorbic acid (AA), oxaliplatin (OX), or dual-loaded with AA-OX were fabricated using the ionotropic gelation method. The hydrodynamic diameters of the fabricated AA/CS NPs, OX/CS NPs, and AA-OX/CS NPs were 157.20 ± 2.40, 188.10 ± 9.70, and 261.10 ± 9.19 nm, respectively. While the hydrodynamic diameters of the designed AA/PEG-CS NPs, OX/PEG-CS NPs, and AA-OX/PEG-CS NPs were 152.20 ± 2.40, 156.60 ± 4.82, and 176.00 ± 4.21 nm, respectively. The ζ-potential of the prepared nanoparticles demonstrated high positive surface charges of +22.02 ± 1.50, +22.58 ± 1.85 and +40.4 ± 2.71 mV for AA/CS NPs, OX/CS NPs, and AA-OX/CS NPs, respectively. The ζ-potential of the PEGylated CS NPs was reduced owing to the shielding of the positive charges by the PEG chains. Additionally, all the prepared nanoparticles exhibited high entrapment efficiencies (EE%) and spherical-shaped morphology. The chemical features of the prepared nanoparticles were investigated using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Release studies showed the capability of the prepared non-PEGylated and PEGylated chitosan NPs to release their cargo in the acidic environment of cancer tissue (pH 5.5). Furthermore, the AA/CS NPs, AA/PEG-CS NPs, OX/CS NPs, OX/PEG-CS NPs, AA-OX/CS NPs and AA-OX/PEG-CS NPs exhibited remarkable cytotoxic activities against breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cells with IC₅₀ values of 44.87 ± 11.49, 23.3 ± 3.73, 23.88 ± 6.29, 17.98 ± 3.99, 18.69 ± 2.22, and 7.5 ± 0.69 µg/mL, respectively; as compared to free AA and OX (IC₅₀ of 150.80 ± 26.50 and 147.70 ± 63.91 µg/mL, respectively). Additionally, treatment of MCF-7 cells with IC₅₀ concentrations of AA, AA/CS NPs, AA/PEG-CS NPs, OX, OX/CS NPs, OX/PEG-CS NPs, AA-OX/CS NPs or AA-OX/PEG-CS NPs increased the percentages of early apoptotic cells to 5.28%, 9.53%, 11.20%, 5.27%, 13.80%, 8.43%, 2.32%, and 10.10%, respectively, and increased the percentages of late apoptotic cells to 0.98%, 0.37%, 2.41%, 2.06%, 0.97%, 9.66%, 56%, and 81.50%, respectively. These results clearly indicate that PEGylation enhances the apoptotic effect of AA and OX alone, in addition to potentiating the apoptotic effect of AA and OX when combined on MCF-7 cells. In conclusion, PEGylated chitosan nanoparticles encapsulating AA, OX, or AA and OX represent an effective formula for induction of apoptosis in MCF-7 cells.

PLGA/PEG Nanoparticles Loaded with Cyclodextrin-Peganum harmala Alkaloid Complex and Ascorbic Acid with Promising Antimicrobial Activities

Antimicrobial drugs face numerous challenges, including drug resistance, systemic toxic effects, and poor bioavailability. To date, treatment choices are limited, which warrants the search for novel potent antivirals, including those extracted from natural products. The seeds of Peganum harmala L. (Zygophyllaceae family) have been reported to have antimicrobial, antifungal, and anticancer activities. In the present study, a 2-hydroxy propyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD)/harmala alkaloid-rich fraction (HARF) host-guest complex was prepared using a thin-film hydration method to improve the water solubility and bioavailability of HARF. The designed complex was then co-encapsulated with ascorbic acid into PLGA nanoparticles coated with polyethylene glycol (HARF-HPßCD/AA@PLGA-PEG NPs) using the W/O/W multiple emulsion-solvent evaporation method. The average particle size, PDI, and zeta potential were 207.90 ± 2.60 nm, 0.17 ± 0.01, and 31.6 ± 0.20 mV, respectively. The entrapment efficiency for HARF was 81.60 ± 1.20% and for ascorbic acid was 88 ± 2.20%. HARF-HPßCD/AA@PLGA-PEG NPs had the highest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli (MIC of 0.025 mg/mL). They also exhibited high selective antiviral activity against the H1N1 influenza virus (IC50 2.7 μg/mL) without affecting the host (MDCK cells). In conclusion, the co-encapsulation of HPCD-HARF complex and ascorbic acid into PLGA-PEG nanoparticles significantly increased the selective H1N1 killing activity with minimum host toxic effects.

Stimuli-Responsive Amphiphilic Pillar[n]arene Nanovesicles for Targeted Delivery of Cancer Drugs

Cancer chemotherapeutics face several challenges, including uncontrollable drug release, off-target toxic effects, and poor bioavailability. Recently, supramolecular nanovesicles, such as calix[n]arenes (CXs), cyclodextrins (CDs), cucurbiturils (CBs), and pillar[n]arenes (PRs), have attracted attention as potential smart nanocarriers for chemotherapeutics because of their exceptional cavities that can achieve high encapsulation capacity and accommodate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. In addition, they can be functionalized with different stimuli-responsive groups, which facilitate controlled drug release. Supramolecular nanovesicles, loaded with drugs and decorated with stimuli-responsive targeting moieties, are designed by either host-guest complexation or self-assembly of amphiphilic cavitands. Pillar[n]arenes, in particular, are novel supramolecular host molecules that have recently been employed in cancer targeted drug delivery because of their symmetric pillar-shaped structure, simplicity of functionalization, and biocompatibility. This review summarizes state-of-the-art strategies for developing single or multiple stimuli-responsive pillar[n]arene nanovesicles for effective cancer treatment.

Chitosan-Coated PLGA Nanoparticles Loaded with Peganum harmala Alkaloids with Promising Antibacterial and Wound Healing Activities

Wound healing is a major healthcare concern, and complicated wounds may lead to severe outcomes such as septicemia and amputations. To date, management choices are limited, which warrants the search for new potent wound healing agents. Natural products loaded in poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) coated with chitosan (CS) constitute a promising antibacterial wound healing formulation. In this work, harmala alkaloid-rich fraction (HARF) loaded into PLGA nanoparticles coated with chitosan (H/CS/PLGA NPs) were designed using the emulsion-solvent evaporation method. Optimization of the formulation variables (HARF: PLGA and CS: PLGA weight ratios, sonication time) was performed using the 33 Box-Behnken design (BBD). The optimal NPs were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier-Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The prepared NPs had an average particle size of 202.27 ± 2.44 nm, a PDI of 0.23 ± 0.01, a zeta potential of 9.22 ± 0.94 mV, and an entrapment efficiency of 86.77 ± 4.18%. In vitro drug release experiments showed a biphasic pattern where an initial burst of 82.50 ± 0.20% took place in the first 2 h, which increased to 87.50 ± 0.50% over 72 h. The designed optimal H/CS/PLGA NPs exerted high antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli (MIC of 0.125 and 0.06 mg/mL, respectively) compared to unloaded HARF (MIC of 0.50 mg/mL). The prepared nanoparticles were found to be biocompatible when tested on human skin fibroblasts. Moreover, the wound closure percentage after 24 h of applying H/CS/PLGA NPs was found to be 94.4 ± 8.0%, compared to free HARF and blank NPs (68.20 ± 5.10 and 50.50 ± 9.40%, respectively). In conclusion, the three components of the developed nanoformulation (PLGA, chitosan, and HARF) have synergistic antibacterial and wound healing properties for the management of infected wounds.

Betaine host-guest complexation with a calixarene receptor: enhanced in vitro anticancer effect

p-Sulfonatocalix[n]arenes have shown excellent potential for accommodating chemotherapeutic drugs through host-guest complexation and enhancing their anticancer activity. Betaine has been reported to exert an anticancer effect at high concentrations. In order to increase its concentration in cancer cells, we have complexed it with p-SC4, which releases its content in an acidic environment typical of cancer tissue. In this work, a host-guest complex of the chemically stable, natural, and safe active methyl donor (betaine) and p-sulfonatocalix[4]arenes (p-SC4) was designed and characterized using 1H NMR, UV, Job's plot analysis, DFT calculations, and molecular modeling for use in cancer therapeutics. The peak amplitude of the prepared host-guest complexes was linearly proportional to the concentration of betaine in the range of 1.0 × 10-5 M-1 to 2.5 × 10-4 M-1. The reaction stoichiometry between p-SC4 and betaine in the formed complex was 1 : 1. The stability constant for the complex is 8.9 × 104 M-1 which corresponds to a complexation free energy of -6.74 kcal mol-1. Complexation between betaine and p-SC4 was found to involve the insertion of the trimethylammonium group of betaine into the p-SC4 cavity, as supported by the experimental data. The complex displayed enhanced cytotoxic activities against breast adenocarcinoma cells (MCF-7) and cervical cancer cells (HeLa) compared to free betaine. In conclusion, the host-guest complexation of betaine with p-SC4 increases its concentration in cancer cells, which warrants further investigation for cancer therapy.

Peganum harmala Alkaloids Self-Assembled Supramolecular Nanocapsules with Enhanced Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities

Amphiphilic macrocycles, such as p-sulfonatocalix[6]arenes (p-SC6), have demonstrated great potential in designing synthetic nanovesicles based on self-assembly approaches. These supramolecular nanovesicles are capable of improving the solubility, stability, and biological activity of various drugs. In the present study, the biologically active harmala alkaloid-rich fraction (HARF) was extracted from Peganum harmala L. seeds. Ultraperformance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/ESI-MS) analysis of HARF revealed 15 alkaloids. The reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) analysis revealed three peaks: peganine, harmol, and harmine. The HARF was then encapsulated in p-SC6 nanocapsules employing a thin-film hydration approach. The designed nanocapsules had an average particle size of 264.8 ± 10.6 nm, and a surface charge of -30.3 ± 2.2 mV. They were able to encapsulate 89.3 ± 1.4, 74.4 ± 1.3, and 76.1 ± 1.7% of the three harmala alkaloids; harmine, harmol, and peganine; respectively. The in vitro drug release experiments showed the potential of the designed nanocapsules to release their cargo at a pH of 5.5 (typical of cancerous tissue). The IC₅₀ values of HARF encapsulated in p-SC6 (H/p-SC6 nanocapsules) were 5 and 2.7 μg/mL against ovarian cancer cells (SKOV-3) and breast adenocarcinoma cells (MCF-7), respectively. The prepared nanocapsules were found to be biocompatible when tested on human skin fibroblasts. Additionally, the antioxidant activity of the designed nanocapsules was 5 times that of the free powder fraction; the IC₅₀ of the H/p-SC6 nanocapsules was 30.1 ± 1.3 μg/mL, and that of the HARF was 169.3 ± 7.2 μg/mL. In conclusion, encapsulation of P. harmala alkaloid-rich fraction into self-assembled p-SC6 significantly increases its antioxidant and cytotoxic activities.

Green Synthesis of Platinum and Palladium Nanoparticles Using Peganum harmala L. Seed Alkaloids: Biological and Computational Studies

This study reports a facile and eco-friendly method for the green synthesis of platinum and palladium nanoparticles (Pt NPs and Pd NPs) using Peganum harmala seed alkaloid fraction. The ζ-potential of the synthesized Pt NPs, Pd NPs and Pt–Pd NPs were −11.2 ± 0.5, −9.7 ±1.2, and −12.7 ± 2.1 mV; respectively. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the formation of spherical-shaped nanoparticles with smooth margins. The mean diameters of the synthesized Pt NPs, Pd NPs, and Pt–Pd NPs were determined using TEM analysis and were found to be 20.3 ± 1.9, 22.5 ± 5.7, and 33.5 ± 5.4 nm, respectively. The nanoparticles’ bioreduction was confirmed by ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and their organic contents were determined by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The Pt–Pd NPs mixture showed more pronounced antioxidant activity of 843.0 ± 60 μM Trolox equivalent (TE)/mg NPs compared to the individual Pt NPs (277.3 ± 13.5 μM TE/mg NPs) and Pd NPs (167.6 ± 4.8 μM TE/mg NPs). Furthermore, the Pt–Pd NPs exhibited significant cytotoxic activities against lung cancer (A549) and breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cells, IC₅₀ of 8.8 and 3.6 µg/mL, respectively; as compared to Pt NPs (IC₅₀ of 10.9 and 6.7 µg/mL, respectively) and Pd NPs (IC₅₀ of 31 and 10.8 µg/mL, respectively and compared to carboplatin (IC₅₀ of 23 and 9.5 µg/mL, respectively). Moreover, molecular docking studies were conducted to explore the possible anticancer and antioxidant mechanisms of the biogenic nanoparticles. Pt NPs, Pd NPs, and their mixture showed inhibitory activity against cysteine proteinase, which supports their high antitumor activity, but moderate antioxidant activity. In conclusion, Pd-Pt NPs mixture prepared using harmala seed alkaloid fraction showed potential as effective antineoplastic agents.

Host-Guest Complexation of Oxaliplatin and Para-Sulfonatocalix[n]Arenes for Potential Use in Cancer Therapy

P-sulfonatocalix[n]arenes have demonstrated a great potential for encapsulation of therapeutic drugs via host-guest complexation to improve solubility, stability, and bioavailability of encapsulated drugs. In this work, guest-host complexes of a third-generation anticancer drug (oxaliplatin) and p-4-sulfocalix[n]arenes (n = 4 and 6; p-SC4 and p-SC6, respectively) were prepared and investigated, using 1H NMR, UV, Job's plot analysis, and DFT calculations, for use as cancer therapeutics. The peak amplitude of the prepared host-guest complexes was linearly proportional to the concentration of oxaliplatin in the range of 1.0 × 10-5 M-1 to 2.1 × 10-4 M-1. The reaction stoichiometry between either p-SC4 or p-SC6 and oxaliplatin in the formed complexes was 1:1. The stability constants for the complexes were 5.07 × 104 M-1 and 6.3 × 104 M-1. These correspond to complexation free energy of -6.39 and -6.52 kcal/mol for p-SC4 and p-SC6, respectively. Complexation between oxaliplatin and p-SC4 or p-SC6 was found to involve hydrogen bonds. Both complexes exhibited enhanced biological and high cytotoxic activities against HT-29 colorectal cells and MCF-7 breast adenocarcinoma compared to free oxaliplatin, which warrants further investigation for cancer therapy.

Experimental and Computational Investigations of Carboplatin Supramolecular Complexes

Supramolecular systems (macromolecules), such as calix[n]arenes (SCn), cyclodextrins (CDs), and cucurbiturils (CBs), are promising vehicles for anticancer drugs. In this work, guest-host complexes of carboplatin, a second-generation platinum-based anticancer drug, and p-4-sulfocalix[n]arenes (n = 4 and 6; PS4 and PS6, respectively) were prepared and studied using ¹H NMR, UV, Job's plot analysis, HPLC, and density-functional theory calculations. The experimental and the computational studies suggest the formation of 1:1 complexes between carboplatin and each of PS4 and PS6. The stability constants of the formed complexes were estimated to be 5.3 × 10⁴ M^-1 and 9.8 × 10⁴ M^-1, which correspond to free energy of complexation of -6.40 and -6.81 kcal mol^-1, in the case of PS4 and PS6, respectively. The interaction free energy depends on the different inclusion modes of carboplatin in the host cavities. UV-vis findings and atoms in molecules analysis showed that hydrogen bond interactions stabilize the host-guest complexes without the full inclusion in the host cavity. The in vitro anticancer study revealed that both complexes exhibited stronger anticancer activities against breast adenocarcinoma cells (MCF-7) and lung cancer cells (A-549) compared to free carboplatin, preluding to their potential use in cancer therapy.

Palladium Nanoparticles Fabricated by Green Chemistry: Promising Chemotherapeutic, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Agents

Palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) showed great potential in biomedical applications because of their unique physicochemical properties. Various conventional physical and chemical methods have been used for the synthesis of Pd NPs. However, these methods include the use of hazardous reagents and reaction conditions, which may be toxic to health and to the environment. Thus, eco-friendly, rapid, and economic approaches for the synthesis of Pd NPs have been developed. Bacteria, fungi, yeast, seaweeds, plants, and plant extracts were used to prepare Pd NPs. This review highlights the most recent studies for the biosynthesis of Pd NPs, factors controlling their synthesis, and their potential biomedical applications.

miR-29a Promotes Lipid Droplet and Triglyceride Formation in HCV Infection by Inducing Expression of SREBP-1c and CAV1

Aims: To examine the regulation of SREBP-1c and CAV1 by microRNA-29a (miR-29a) in cells infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) in an attempt to control HCV-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Methods: In order to examine the manipulation of SREBP-1c and CAV1 by miR-29a, oleic acid (OA)-treated JFH-I-infected Huh-7 cells were used. OA was added 24 h post-transfection and gene expression was investigated by qRT-PCR at 48 h post treatment. The functional impact of the observed alteration in SREBP-1c and CAV1 expression was analyzed by examining lipid droplet (LD) and triglyceride (TG) content at 72 h post-OA treatment using light microscopy and spectrophotometry, respectively. Viral load was quantified by qRT-PCR at 72 h post-transfection. Results: OA treatment induced the expression of miR-29a and SREBP-1c, as compared to untreated cells. Forced miR-29a expression led to a significant up-regulation of SREBP-1c as well as CAV1 compared to mock untransfected cells. Ectopic expression of miR-29a resulted in a marked increase in LDs and their respective TGs, while miR-29a antagomirs decreased both the LD and TG content compared to mock untransfected cells. Moreover, forcing the expression of miR-29a in JFH-1 HCV-infected Huh-7 cells resulted in 53% reduction in viral titers compared to mock untransfected Huh-7 cells. Conclusion: Inducing miR-29a expression significantly induces SREBP-1c and CAV1 expression, thereby increasing LDs as well as their respective TGs. Nonetheless, forcing the expression of miR-29a resulted in reduction of HCV RNA levels in Huh-7 cells.

Direct detection of hyaluronidase in urine using cationic gold nanoparticles: a potential diagnostic test for bladder cancer

Hyaluronidase (HAase) was reported as a urinary marker of bladder cancer. In this study, a simple colorimetric gold nanoparticle (AuNP) assay was developed for rapid and sensitive detection of urinary HAase activity. Charge interaction between polyanionic hyaluronic acid (HA) and cationic AuNPs stabilized with cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) led to formation of gold aggregates and a red to blue color shift. HAase digests HA into small fragments preventing the aggregation of cationic AuNPs. The nonspecific aggregation of AuNPs in urine samples was overcome by pre-treatment of samples with the polycationic chitosan that was able to agglomerate all negatively charged interfering moieties before performing the assay. The developed AuNP assay was compared with zymography for qualitative detection of urinary HAase activity in 40 bladder carcinoma patients, 11 benign bladder lesions patients and 15 normal individuals, the assay sensitivity was 82.5% vs. 65% for zymography, while the specificity for both assays was 96.1%. The absorption ratio, A530/A620 of the reacted AuNP solution was used to quantify the HAase activity. The best cut off value was 93.5 μU/ng protein, at which the sensitivity was 90% and the specificity was 80.8%.The developed colorimetric AuNP HAase assay is simple, inexpensive, and can aid noninvasive diagnosis of bladder cancer.

Evaluation of multiplex nested polymerase chain reaction for routine hepatitis C virus genotyping in egyptian patients

BACKGROUND

At least six HCV (hepatitis C virus) genotypes are unequally distributed worldwide. HCV genotyping guides the selection of treatment regimens and provides important epidemiological markers that enable the outbreak source to be traced and the spread of disease to be controlled. In Egypt, there is an increasing need for cost-effective, fast, and easily performable HCV genotyping assays.Recently, a multiplex PCR assay was developed to determine HCV genotypes. It employs genotype-specific primers, based on sequences of the entire core region and part of the 5'UTR of the genome.

OBJECTIVES

In this study, we compared a simple, new, modified multiplex PCR system for HCV genotyping with a commercially available line probe assay (INNO-LiPA) that is based on reverse hybridization.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Serum samples from chronic HCV Egyptian patients (n = 73) were genotyped using the modified multiplex PCR assay, and genotypes were verified using the INNO-LiPA HCV II assay.

RESULTS

The modified multiplex PCR method was able to type HCV-4 in 65 of 70 typeable samples (92.86%) and had 100% concordance with the INNO-LiPA assay.

CONCLUSIONS

Genotype 4 was the most prevalent genotype in our study. Based on our results, the modified multiplex nested PCR assay is a sensitive and inexpensive alternative for HCV genotyping and can be used in routine diagnostic laboratories. INNO-LiPA may be useful as a second-line assay for genotyping samples that are indeterminate by multiplex PCR. This approach will effect better treatment optimization and a reduction of the spread of HCV.