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Wales-McGrath B, Mercer H, Piontkivska H. Changes in ADAR RNA editing patterns in CMV and ZIKV congenital infections. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:685. [PMID: 37968596 PMCID: PMC10652522 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09778-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RNA editing is a process that increases transcriptome diversity, often through Adenosine Deaminases Acting on RNA (ADARs) that catalyze the deamination of adenosine to inosine. ADAR editing plays an important role in regulating brain function and immune activation, and is dynamically regulated during brain development. Additionally, the ADAR1 p150 isoform is induced by interferons in viral infection and plays a role in antiviral immune response. However, the question of how virus-induced ADAR expression affects host transcriptome editing remains largely unanswered. This question is particularly relevant in the context of congenital infections, given the dynamic regulation of ADAR editing during brain development, the importance of this editing for brain function, and subsequent neurological symptoms of such infections, including microcephaly, sensory issues, and other neurodevelopmental abnormalities. Here, we begin to address this question, examining ADAR expression in publicly available datasets of congenital infections of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) microarray expression data, as well as mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) and mouse/ human induced pluripotent neuroprogenitor stem cell (hiNPC) Zika virus (ZIKV) RNA-seq data. RESULTS We found that in all three datasets, ADAR1 was overexpressed in infected samples compared to uninfected samples. In the RNA-seq datasets, editing rates were also analyzed. In all mouse infections cases, the number of editing sites was significantly increased in infected samples, albeit this was not the case for hiNPC ZIKV samples. Mouse ZIKV samples showed altered editing of well-established protein-recoding sites such as Gria3, Grik5, and Nova1, as well as editing sites that may impact miRNA binding. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide evidence for changes in ADAR expression and subsequent dysregulation of ADAR editing of host transcriptomes in congenital infections. These changes in editing patterns of key neural genes have potential significance in the development of neurological symptoms, thus contributing to neurodevelopmental abnormalities. Further experiments should be performed to explore the full range of editing changes that occur in different congenital infections, and to confirm the specific functional consequences of these editing changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Wales-McGrath
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Heather Mercer
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Mount Union, Alliance, OH, USA
| | - Helen Piontkivska
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA.
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA.
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA.
- Healthy Communities Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA.
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Plonski NM, Johnson E, Frederick M, Mercer H, Fraizer G, Meindl R, Casadesus G, Piontkivska H. Automated Isoform Diversity Detector (AIDD): a pipeline for investigating transcriptome diversity of RNA-seq data. BMC Bioinformatics 2020; 21:578. [PMID: 33375933 PMCID: PMC7772930 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-020-03888-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As the number of RNA-seq datasets that become available to explore transcriptome diversity increases, so does the need for easy-to-use comprehensive computational workflows. Many available tools facilitate analyses of one of the two major mechanisms of transcriptome diversity, namely, differential expression of isoforms due to alternative splicing, while the second major mechanism—RNA editing due to post-transcriptional changes of individual nucleotides—remains under-appreciated. Both these mechanisms play an essential role in physiological and diseases processes, including cancer and neurological disorders. However, elucidation of RNA editing events at transcriptome-wide level requires increasingly complex computational tools, in turn resulting in a steep entrance barrier for labs who are interested in high-throughput variant calling applications on a large scale but lack the manpower and/or computational expertise. Results Here we present an easy-to-use, fully automated, computational pipeline (Automated Isoform Diversity Detector, AIDD) that contains open source tools for various tasks needed to map transcriptome diversity, including RNA editing events. To facilitate reproducibility and avoid system dependencies, the pipeline is contained within a pre-configured VirtualBox environment. The analytical tasks and format conversions are accomplished via a set of automated scripts that enable the user to go from a set of raw data, such as fastq files, to publication-ready results and figures in one step. A publicly available dataset of Zika virus-infected neural progenitor cells is used to illustrate AIDD’s capabilities. Conclusions AIDD pipeline offers a user-friendly interface for comprehensive and reproducible RNA-seq analyses. Among unique features of AIDD are its ability to infer RNA editing patterns, including ADAR editing, and inclusion of Guttman scale patterns for time series analysis of such editing landscapes. AIDD-based results show importance of diversity of ADAR isoforms, key RNA editing enzymes linked with the innate immune system and viral infections. These findings offer insights into the potential role of ADAR editing dysregulation in the disease mechanisms, including those of congenital Zika syndrome. Because of its automated all-inclusive features, AIDD pipeline enables even a novice user to easily explore common mechanisms of transcriptome diversity, including RNA editing landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel-Marie Plonski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, 256 Cunningham Hall, Kent, OH, 44242, USA.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, PO Box 5190, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Emily Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, 256 Cunningham Hall, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Madeline Frederick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, 256 Cunningham Hall, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Heather Mercer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, 256 Cunningham Hall, Kent, OH, 44242, USA.,University of Mount Union, 1972 Clark Ave, Alliance, OH, 44601, USA
| | - Gail Fraizer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, 256 Cunningham Hall, Kent, OH, 44242, USA.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, PO Box 5190, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Richard Meindl
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, PO Box 5190, Kent, OH, 44242, USA.,Department of Anthropology, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Gemma Casadesus
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, 256 Cunningham Hall, Kent, OH, 44242, USA.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, PO Box 5190, Kent, OH, 44242, USA.,Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA.,Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Helen Piontkivska
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, 256 Cunningham Hall, Kent, OH, 44242, USA. .,School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, PO Box 5190, Kent, OH, 44242, USA. .,Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA.
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Greiner B, Mercer H, Raymond C, Sonstein L, Hartwell M. A recommendation for earlier screening of type 2 diabetes mellitus within the US population: A cross-sectional analysis of NHIS data. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2020; 168:108376. [PMID: 32853688 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the US. Current USPSTF guidelines recommend screening asymptomatic, overweight patients greater than 40 years. Our study showed that ¼ of patients with type 2 diabetes were diagnosed prior to 40 years. Therefore, we recommend lowering the screening age for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Greiner
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Internal Medicine, Galveston, TX, United States.
| | - Heather Mercer
- Oklahoma State University Medical Center, Department of Family Medicine, Tulsa, OK, United States
| | - Charissa Raymond
- Pierre Rural Family Medicine Residency, Center for Family Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
| | - Lindsay Sonstein
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Internal Medicine, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Micah Hartwell
- Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Tulsa, OK, United States
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Nesterovitch A, Piontkivska H, Hoffman M, Mercer H, Glant T, Tharp M. 1042 Whole-exome sequencing of the patient with pyoderma gangrenosum. J Invest Dermatol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.03.1054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Richards WG, Van Oss SB, Glickman JN, Chirieac LR, Yeap B, Dong L, Gordon GJ, Mercer H, Gill KK, Imrich A, Bueno R, Sugarbaker DJ. A microaliquoting technique for precise histological annotation and optimization of cell content in frozen tissue specimens. Biotech Histochem 2015; 82:189-97. [PMID: 17917854 DOI: 10.1080/10520290701488121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the exact cell content of frozen tissue samples is of growing importance in genomic research. We developed a microaliquoting technique to measure and optimize the cell composition of frozen tumor specimens for molecular studies. Frozen samples of 31 mesothelioma cases were cut in alternating thin and thick sections. Thin sections were stained and evaluated visually. Thick sections, i.e., microaliquots, were annotated using bordering stained sections. A range of cellular heterogeneity was observed among and within samples. Precise annotation of samples was obtained by integration and compared to conventional single face and "front and back"’ section estimates of cell content. Front and back estimates were more highly correlated with block annotation by microaliquoting than were single face estimates. Both methods yielded discrepant estimates, however, and for some studies may not adequately account for the heterogeneity of mesothelioma or other malignancies with variable cellular composition. High yield and quality RNA was extracted from precision annotated, tumor-enriched subsamples prepared by combining individual microaliquots with the highest tumor cellularity estimates. Microaliquoting provides accurate cell content annotation and permits genomic analysis of enriched subpopulations of cells without fixation or amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Richards
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, 2Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Coman D, Klingberg S, Morris D, McGill J, Mercer H. Congenital disorder of glycosylation type Ia in a 6-year-old girl with a mild intellectual phenotype: two novel PMM2 mutations. J Inherit Metab Dis 2005; 28:1189-90. [PMID: 16435227 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-005-0166-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We report two novel mutations in the PMM2 gene in a girl with congenital disorder of gylcosylation type Ia (CDG Ia) and a mild intellectual phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Coman
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, The Royal Children's Hospital Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether the folate receptor gene is overexpressed in malignant pleural mesothelioma. METHODS Differential display analysis was performed with fresh frozen RNA obtained from normal lung, pleura, and mesothelioma. Sixty differentially expressed genes were identified and characterized. One gene that was over-expressed in mesothelioma versus normal tissue was the human alpha folate receptor. In situ hybridization with antisense probes designed on the basis of the sequence of the folate receptor was performed with frozen sections from 61 patients (33 epithelial and 28 mixed or sarcomatoid tumors) with malignant pleural mesothelioma. The controls included normal pleura, normal lung, other cancers, and sense controls for all of the tumors. Northern analysis with a folate receptor probe and immunohistochemical analysis with anti-alpha folate receptor antibodies were also performed. RESULTS Forty-four (72%) of the 61 mesothelioma tumors were found to have between 2-fold and 4-fold higher mRNA expression of the folate receptor when compared with the control tissues. The histologic type of the tumor did not affect the rate of folate receptor activation. Northern analysis and immunohistochemical experiments confirmed these findings. CONCLUSIONS A majority of mesothelioma tumors examined overexpress the alpha folate receptor protein when compared with normal adjacent tissues. This finding may help explain the observations that antifolate drugs have activity in the treatment of mesothelioma. It also encourages further study of folate receptor-related treatment strategies in this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bueno
- Division of Thoracic Surgery and the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St., Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- J Abbott
- Undergraduate Programmes, School of Nursing, University of Manchester
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10
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor cell motility is an important characteristic that facilitates the multistep process of tumor metastasis. Rac, ABP-280, and gelsolin are proteins that interact with actin and are important in cell motility. METHODS The authors studied a cohort of 229 Stage I nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) patients who had a minimum of 3 years follow-up and had been previously analyzed for 22 clinical, pathologic, and molecular features, of which 9 had been found to provide significant prognostic information in a Cox proportional hazards model. Tumor sections were stained by the avidin-biotin complex method using monoclonal antibodies against rac, ABP-280, and gelsolin. RESULTS In a pilot analysis of over 50 patients each, rac and ABP-280 were found to be moderately-to-highly expressed in the majority of tumors and to provide no prognostic information. Gelsolin expression was more variable and appeared to be negatively correlated with survival in the pilot population. In the larger 229-patient population, high focal gelsolin expression was seen in 32 tumors (14%) and conferred the highest relative risk (4.04) of cancer recurrence among all factors tested, compared with tumors that had no or low gelsolin expression. Moderate focal gelsolin expression, seen in 46 patients (20%), also conferred a significant risk of cancer recurrence, with a relative risk of 2.26 compared with tumors that had no or low gelsolin expression. Consideration of average gelsolin expression and of overall survival yielded similar results. CONCLUSIONS Gelsolin expression appears to be a significant prognostic factor for cancer recurrence in cases of Stage I NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Shieh
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Oliver G, Evans M, Mercer H, Dicks B. Short reports. Int J Palliat Nurs 1995; 1:172-173. [PMID: 29323593 DOI: 10.12968/ijpn.1995.1.3.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
American Oncology Nursing Society congress The third international conference on children and death Annual scientific meeting of the European Association of Cancer Education Launch of nurse-led initiatives in lung cancer care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gill Oliver
- Director of Patient Services, Clatterbridge Centre for Oncology, Bebington, Wirral, UK
| | - Margaret Evans
- Macmillan Lecturer in Paediatric Oncology/Macmillan Paediatric Consultant, Department of Nursing Studies, Southampton University, UK
| | - Heather Mercer
- Director of Education, Marie Curie Cancer Care, London, and a Committee Member of EACE
| | - Barbara Dicks
- Director of Patient Services/Chief Nursing Officer, The Royal Marsden NHS Trust, London, UK
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Brito P, Novick M, Mercer H. [Health personnel and work: a glance at the institutions]. Educ Med Salud 1993; 27:4-31. [PMID: 8462439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Brito
- CEIL-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Mercer H. Nurses' guide to the European Community. Nurs Stand 1992; 7:25-9. [PMID: 1489680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Mercer H. Education: promoting the Jacuzzi model. Interview by Charlotte Alderman. Nurs Stand 1992; 6:18-9. [PMID: 1390077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Mercer H. Access to training. Nursing 1991; 4:26-8. [PMID: 1809902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Abstract
Five years ago the dental school at Belfast instituted a 'longitudinal course' in orthodontics. It has meant changes to attitudes and working practices, and staff and students have been both flexible and open minded. Here, Andrew Richardson and Hill Mercer, outline the course, the contortions, and some of the problems that have been straightened out.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Richardson
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast
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Richardson A, Mercer H, Douglas G, McIlroy G. Mobile trolley for an acrylic dispenser. Dent Tech 1986; 39:2-4. [PMID: 3464519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Mercer H, Gupta JM. Theophylline and apnoeas of prematurity. Med J Aust 1977; 2:725-6. [PMID: 611367 DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1977.tb99249.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Abstract
The development of the tymodont—the time saving typodont—is described.
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