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Gholaminejad A, Mehdizadeh G, Dolatimehr A, Arfaeinia H, Farjadfard S, Dobaradaran S, Bonyadi Z, Ramavandi B. Phthalate esters pollution in the leachate, soil, and water around a landfill near the sea, Iran. Environ Res 2024; 248:118234. [PMID: 38272296 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
This investigation aimed to scrutinize the level of phthalate esters (PEs) in the landfill leachate of a coastal city in the north of the Persian Gulf and the sensitive ecosystem (soil and water) around it. Soil (two depths) and water samples were prepared from 5 stations in wet and dry seasons. The studied landfill leachate contained 114-303 μg/L of phthalates. The highest concentration of phthalates was related to bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (3257 ng/g) in the wet season at surface soil (0-5 cm) in the landfill site, while the lowest one (6 ng/g) belonged to dimethyl phthalate at sub-surface soil at 700 m from the landfill in the dry season. A significant change in the level of Σ6PEs in the dry (303 μg/L) and wet (114 μg/L) seasons (P ≤ 0.05) was observed for water samples. The PE concentrations in wet times were higher in all soil depths than in dry times. With increasing depth, the content of phthalates decreased in all studied environments. A direct relationship was observed between the phthalates concentration and the pH value of leachate/water and soil. The PEs concentration was linked to electrical conductivity (leachate: R2 = 0.65, P < 0.01 and surface soil: R2 = 0.77, P < 0.05) and the soil organic content. The ecological risk of di-n-butyl phthalate, benzyl butyl phthalate, bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and di-n-octyl phthalate in the wet season was greater than one. The results showed that significant levels of phthalate esters are released from landfills to the surrounding environment, which requires adequate measures to maintain the health of the ecosystem and nearby residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Gholaminejad
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Ghazal Mehdizadeh
- Division of Atmospheric Science, University of Nevada, Reno, United States
| | - Armin Dolatimehr
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hosein Arfaeinia
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Sima Farjadfard
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Ziaeddin Bonyadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bahman Ramavandi
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
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Mirzaie F, Teymori F, Shahcheragh S, Dobaradaran S, Arfaeinia H, Kafaei R, Sahebi S, Farjadfard S, Ramavandi B. Occurrence and distribution of azithromycin in wastewater treatment plants, seawater, and sediments of the northern part of the Persian Gulf around Bushehr port: A comparison with Pre-COVID 19 pandemic. Chemosphere 2022; 307:135996. [PMID: 35970214 PMCID: PMC9372055 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
One of the environmental effects of COVID 19 is the contamination of ecosystems with antibiotics due to their high consumption to treat this disease. Many years ago, the distribution of antibiotics including azithromycin (Azi) in wastewater treatment plants in Bushehr city, seawater, and sediment of the Persian Gulf has been investigated. As Azi has been prescribed to COVID 19 patients, contamination of the environment with this drug can also be assumed. Thus, we decided to examine this hypothesis by repeating our previous study during COVID 19 period. We collected wastewater samples from influent, effluent, and different units of three wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) including one municipal WWTP (Plant A) and two hospital-WWTPs (Plant B and C). Seawater and adjusted sediments were gathered from 8 stations located in the Persian Gulf in two seasons to evaluate the special and temporal variation. The results showed a huge growth of Azi pollution in all studied matrixes. The mean Azi values in the influent of Plant A, B, and C were 145 ng/L, 110 ng/L, and 896 ng/L, which represented an 9, 6, and 48-time increase compared with those obtained in 2017 (before COVID 19). The Azi removal efficiency had a different behavior compared to before COVID 19. The mean concentration of Azi in seawater and sediment samples was 9 ng/L and 6 ng/g, which was 3 and 4-fold higher than the previous study. Opposed to our former study, the Azi amount in the aqueous phase was less subjected to temporal seasonal variations. Our observations indicated the wide distribution of Azi in the environment and a future threat of intense growth of antibiotic resistance in ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Mirzaie
- Environmental Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Teymori
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | | | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Environmental Health Engineering Department, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Hosein Arfaeinia
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Environmental Health Engineering Department, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Raheleh Kafaei
- School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Soleyman Sahebi
- Center of Excellence for Membrane Research and Technology, School of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Narmak, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sima Farjadfard
- Environmental Health Engineering Department, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Bahman Ramavandi
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Environmental Health Engineering Department, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
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