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Chou MH, Chu IH, Lau D, Huang JP. Integrative species delimitation reveals fine-scale allopatric speciation in a good-flying insect: a case study on. INVERTEBR SYST 2022. [DOI: 10.1071/is22011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Alpha taxonomy is fundamental for many biological fields. Delineation of the species boundary, however, can be challenging in a species complex, where different species share a similar morphology and diagnostic characters may not be available. In this context, integrative approaches that incorporate molecular and morphological data sets, and account for speciation history can be helpful to alpha taxonomy. Different approaches to species delimitation based on different assumptions are complementary and by integrating the results from multiple approaches we can generate a more reliable and objective taxonomic decision. In this study, we applied three molecular approaches to species delimitation and inferred the demographic history based on an isolation with migration model to test a morphologically based taxonomic hypothesis for the Cylindera pseudocylindriformis complex. We discuss the association between genetic divergence and microhabitat specialisation, and further corroborate that C. subtilis sp. nov. is a valid new species by integrating the results from model-based species delimitation and the genealogical divergence index. We argue that genetic endemism can occur at a small geographic scale, even in a winged insect like tiger beetles. Our results also indicated that there may still be undocumented species diversity of Taiwanese Cylindera remaining to be discovered. ZooBank LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9DEC1432-365C-4872-8D06-73B95F30624F
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Tsai CL, Chu IH, Chou MH, Chareonviriyaphap T, Chiang MY, Lin PA, Lu KH, Yeh WB. Rapid identification of the invasive fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) using species-specific primers in multiplex PCR. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16508. [PMID: 33020593 PMCID: PMC7536291 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73786-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith), is a major pest native to the Americas. A recent invasion of FAWs from Africa eastward to South Asia, the Indochina Peninsula, and mainland China has received much attention due to the considerable economic losses in agriculture. FAWs can rapidly colonise a new area, likely due to the wide range of host plants, good flying capability, and high egg production. Therefore, a convenient, quick, and accurate tool for FAW identification is urgently required to establish a FAW invasion management strategy. In this study, FAW-specific primers were designed to recognise FAWs on the basis of internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1). The results revealed the accurate FAW recognition of the three congeneric species and eight common corn lepidopteran pests, especially at their larval stage. Furthermore, species-specific primers have confirmed their efficacy by using 69 FAW specimens from Taiwan, Thailand, and the United States, with a 96% success rate, excluding 3 decayed specimens. By using the simple, reliable, and convenient FAW-specific primers, a pest management programme can be developed not only to reduce sequencing costs and experimental time from 2 days to 4 h, but eradicate the FAW as soon as it enters a new area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Lung Tsai
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., South District, Taichung City, 40227, Taiwan
| | - I-Hsuan Chu
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., South District, Taichung City, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsun Chou
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., South District, Taichung City, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Rd., Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Ming-Yao Chiang
- Applied Zoology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, 189 Zhongzheng Rd., Wufeng District, Taichung, 41326, Taiwan
| | - Po-An Lin
- Department of Entomology, Penn State University, 201 Old Main, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Kuang-Hui Lu
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., South District, Taichung City, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Bin Yeh
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., South District, Taichung City, 40227, Taiwan.
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Tsai HY, Lee WJ, Chu IH, Hung WC, Su NW. Formation of Samin Diastereomers by Acid-Catalyzed Transformation of Sesamolin with Hydrogen Peroxide. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:6430-6438. [PMID: 32396352 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The conversion of sesame lignans is of interest because the derived products may have potential applications. Here, in investigating the transformation of sesamin and sesamolin, main endogenous sesame lignans in sesame seeds, in both acidic aqueous and anhydrous systems, 7R,7'S-samin was identified as one of the major products of sesamolin in both systems catalyzed with common inorganic acids, but sesaminol was not generated. In investigating the effect of different oxidizing agents on the acid-catalyzed conversion of sesame lignans, 7R,7'S-samin was still the major product of sesamolin, whereas sesamolin as well as 7R,7'S-samin stereoselectively rendered 7R,7'R-samin in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide may play a role in stabilizing the transitional oxonium ions, derived from acid hydrolysis of sesamolin or 7R,7'S-samin by forming a seven-membered ring intermediate through hydrogen bonding, to consequently produce 7R,7'R-samin as the final product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Ya Tsai
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ju Lee
- School of Food Safety, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11042, Taiwan
- Master Program in Food Safety, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11042, Taiwan
| | - I-Hsuan Chu
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ching Hung
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Wei Su
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Wu WL, Hsu HT, Chu IH, Liang JM, Chen YT, Wu JH. The study of physical requirements for windsurfing specialty. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2016; 56:968-973. [PMID: 26112815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to prepare beginners to be windsurfing players, windsurf-specific fitness training is necessary besides windsurfing skill training. The aim of this study was to clarify distinguish the difference in physical abilities between college windsurfers and age-matched college students without regular exercise, and to provide further training suggestions for a novice. METHODS Eight windsurfers and a group of eight age and gender-matched students were involved in the present study. In this study, the ability of coordination, proprioception deficit, balance ability, maximum muscle strength, and muscle endurance for upper and lower limb were measured. RESULTS The results showed windsurfers had significantly better coordination ability than the control group in both shoulders and the non-dominant knee. Besides, windsurfers had a significantly smaller sway area of the center of pressure in the balance test. The maximum knee isometric force in non-dominant limbs and upper limb muscle endurance also showed significantly better testing results for the windsurfers. CONCLUSIONS This study verified that windsurfers have better physical capability especially in the non-dominant side limbs when compared to common health people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen L Wu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan -
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Chen ST, Chang CJ, Su WC, Chang LW, Chu IH, Lin MS. 3-D titanium mesh reconstruction of defective skull after frontal craniectomy in traumatic brain injury. Injury 2015; 46:80-5. [PMID: 25452005 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2014.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Decompressive craniectomy (DC) is a treatment strategy used to reduce intracranial pressure in patients with traumatic brain injuries. However, this procedure has a number of shortcomings, such as excessive sinking of the skin flap, which can lead to cerebral compromise and negatively affect the appearance of the patient. The reconstruction of skull defects has been proposed as a means to overcome these disadvantages. Few previous studies have reported the reconstruction of frontal skull defects using titanium mesh. The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive review of aesthetic and surgical outcomes associated with this procedure and to list the complications encountered during the repair of frontal skull defects using three-dimensional (3-D) titanium mesh. METHODS A retrospective review was conducted using records from seven adult patients (32-60 years of age) who received titanium mesh implants at a university hospital in Taiwan between January 2011 and June 2012. Aesthetic outcomes, the function of cranial nerves V and VII, and complications (hardware extrusions, meningitis, osteomyelitis, brain abscess, and pneumocephalus) were evaluated. RESULTS An algorithm capable of accounting for bifrontal skull defects and median bone ridges was developed to improve computer-assisted design/manufacturing (CAD/CAM) of one-piece 3-D titanium mesh implants, thereby making it possible to repair bifrontal skull defects in a single operation. Following this procedure, aesthetic and functional outcomes were excellent and the implants in all patients appeared stable. However, extended healing times in two of the patients resulted in subclinical infections, which were resolved by administering antibiotics over a period of 2 weeks. No patients suffered trigeminal or facial dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the use of 3-D titanium mesh in frontal skull reconstruction. Few complications were encountered, the contours of the forehead were faithfully rendered, and the cosmetic appearance of patients was excellent. For patients with bifrontal skull defects, the use of one-piece implants in a single operation provides numerous advantages over conventional staged surgeries. This application helps to reduce operating time, which is particularly beneficial for elderly patients and those requiring bifrontal cranioplasties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo-Tsung Chen
- Department of Mathematics, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Jen Chang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chin Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei City Hospital, Zhong Xiao Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Wan Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei City Hospital, Zhong Xiao Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Hsuan Chu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei City Hospital, Zhong Xiao Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Muh-Shi Lin
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei City Hospital, Zhong Xiao Branch, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Ilan, Taiwan.
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Abstract
The rabbit eye irritation test based on the Draize method is required for the hazard assessment of chemicals and products that may come into contact with the eye. Due to the potential for the suffering of animals and subjectivity of the test, many modifications of the method have been made that involved a reduction in the number of animals and a refinement of techniques. Additionally, there has been significant development of in vitro alternatives. This paper reviews recent advances in the in vivo test and in vitro alternatives, as well as regulatory requirements. While the refinement of in vivo protocols has resulted in a reduction in the number and discomfort on animals, the development of in vitro alternatives could lead to an eventual replacement of animal studies. In view of the inherent simplicity of many in vitro methods, some of which comprise cell cultures, further research into the relevance/mechanism of effects is required. Batteries of in vitro tests, when properly validated, may be considered as replacements for animal testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- I H Chu
- Bureau of Chemical Hazards, Health and Welfare Canada, Ottawa, Ontario
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Siebelink KH, Chu IH, Rimmelzwaan GF, Weijer K, Osterhaus AD, Bosch ML. Isolation and partial characterization of infectious molecular clones of feline immunodeficiency virus obtained directly from bone marrow DNA of a naturally infected cat. J Virol 1992; 66:1091-7. [PMID: 1309891 PMCID: PMC240813 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.66.2.1091-1097.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Replication-competent molecular clones of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) were isolated directly from the DNA of bone marrow cells of a naturally FIV-infected cat. After transfection in a feline kidney cell line (CrFK) and subsequent cocultivation with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), the viral progeny of the clones was infectious for PBMC but not for CrFK cells. PBMC infected with these clones showed syncytium formation, a decrease in cell viability, and gradual loss of CD4+ cells. The restriction maps of these clones differed from those obtained for previously described molecular clones of FIV derived from cats in the United States. The predicted amino acid sequence similarity of the envelope genes of the two clones was 99.3%, whereas the similarities of the sequences of the clones to those of two molecular clones from the United States, Petaluma and PPR, were 86 and 88%, respectively. Most of the differences between the amino acid sequences of the two clones and those of the clones from the United States were found in five different hypervariable (HV) regions, HV-1 through HV-5. The viral progeny of one of these clones was inoculated into two specific-pathogen-free cats. The animals seroconverted, and the virus could be reisolated from their PBMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Siebelink
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Siebelink KH, Chu IH, Rimmelzwaan GF, Weijer K, van Herwijnen R, Knell P, Egberink HF, Bosch ML, Osterhaus AD. Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection in the cat as a model for HIV infection in man: FIV-induced impairment of immune function. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1990; 6:1373-8. [PMID: 1964059 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1990.6.1373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the value of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection as a model for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in man, we studied the impairment of certain immunological functions following natural or experimental FIV infection. Proliferative responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from symptomatic and asymptomatic cats after naturally or experimentally acquired FIV infection, induced by activation with the mitogens concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen, or lipopolysaccharide or by stimulation with human interleukin-2 (IL-2), were significantly lower than the proliferative responses found with PBMC from noninfected control cats. Also IL-2 production levels of mitogen-activated PBMC from naturally infected symptomatic cats were significantly reduced. These data confirm that the pathogenesis of FIV infection in the cat, like HIV infection in man, is characterized by a serious malfunction of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Siebelink
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Ndyabahinduka DG, Chu IH. Brucellosis in Uganda. Int J Zoonoses 1984; 11:59-64. [PMID: 6500863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The paper reviews the present situation of brucellosis in Uganda and indicates that the infection is much more widespread than was hitherto considered. Positive agglutinin reactors among the unselected hospital patients in the zone of endemicity occupy 18-24%. The serology against bovine brucellosis in the newly established dairy farms and ranches shows 18.1% positive.
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Ndyabahinduka DG, Chu IH, Abdou AH, Gaifuba JK. An outbreak of human gastrointestinal anthrax. Ann Ist Super Sanita 1984; 20:205-8. [PMID: 6545639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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