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Sathler MF, Doolittle MJ, Cockrell JA, Nadalin IR, Hofmann F, VandeWoude S, Kim S. HIV and FIV glycoproteins increase cellular tau pathology via cGMP-dependent kinase II activation. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:jcs259764. [PMID: 35638570 PMCID: PMC9270957 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As the development of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drastically improves the lifespan of individuals with HIV, many are now entering the prime age when Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like symptoms begin to manifest. It has been shown that hyperphosphorylated tau, a known AD pathological characteristic, is prematurely increased in the brains of HIV-infected individuals as early as in their 30s and that its levels increase with age. This suggests that HIV infection might lead to accelerated AD phenotypes. However, whether HIV infection causes AD to develop more quickly in the brain is not yet fully determined. Interestingly, we have previously revealed that the viral glycoproteins HIV gp120 and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) gp95 induce neuronal hyperexcitation via cGMP-dependent kinase II (cGKII; also known as PRKG2) activation in cultured hippocampal neurons. Here, we use cultured mouse cortical neurons to demonstrate that the presence of HIV gp120 and FIV gp95 are sufficient to increase cellular tau pathology, including intracellular tau hyperphosphorylation and tau release to the extracellular space. We further reveal that viral glycoprotein-induced cellular tau pathology requires cGKII activation. Taken together, HIV infection likely accelerates AD-related tau pathology via cGKII activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus F. Sathler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, 1617 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Michael J. Doolittle
- Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - James A. Cockrell
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - India R. Nadalin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, 1617 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Franz Hofmann
- Technical University of Munich, Arcisstraße 21, D-80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Sue VandeWoude
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Seonil Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, 1617 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Troyer RM, Malmberg JL, Zheng X, Miller C, MacMillan M, Sprague WS, Wood BA, VandeWoude S. Expression of APOBEC3 Lentiviral Restriction Factors in Cats. Viruses 2019; 11:v11090831. [PMID: 31500260 PMCID: PMC6783916 DOI: 10.3390/v11090831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a naturally occurring T-cell tropic lentiviral disease of felids with many similarities to HIV/AIDS in humans. Similar to primate lentiviral-host interactions, feline APOBEC3 (A3) has been shown to inhibit FIV infection in a host-specific manner and feline A3 degradation is mediated by FIV Vif. Further, infection of felids with non-native FIV strains results in restricted viral replication in both experimental and naturally occurring infections. However, the link between molecular A3-Vif interactions and A3 biological activity during FIV infection has not been well characterized. We thus examined expression of the feline A3 genes A3Z2, A3Z3 and A3Z2-Z3 during experimental infection of domestic cats with host-adapted domestic cat FIV (referred to as FIV) and non-adapted Puma concolor FIV (referred to as puma lentivirus, PLV). We determined A3 expression in different tissues and blood cells from uninfected, FIV-infected, PLV-infected and FIV/PLV co-infected cats; and in purified blood cell subpopulations from FIV-infected and uninfected cats. Additionally, we evaluated regulation of A3 expression by cytokines, mitogens, and FIV infection in cultured cells. In all feline cells and tissues studied, there was a striking difference in expression between the A3 genes which encode FIV inhibitors, with A3Z3 mRNA abundance exceeding that of A3Z2-Z3 by 300-fold or more. Interferon-alpha treatment of cat T cells resulted in upregulation of A3 expression, while treatment with interferon-gamma enhanced expression in cat cell lines. In cats, secondary lymphoid organs and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) had the highest basal A3 expression levels and A3 genes were differentially expressed among blood T cells, B cells, and monocytes. Acute FIV and PLV infection of cats, and FIV infection of primary PBMC resulted in no detectable change in A3 expression with the exception of significantly elevated A3 expression in the thymus, the site of highest FIV replication. We conclude that cat A3 expression is regulated by cytokine treatment but, by and large, lentiviral infection did not appear to alter expression. Differences in A3 expression in different blood cell subsets did not appear to impact FIV viral replication kinetics within these cells. Furthermore, the relative abundance of A3Z3 mRNA compared to A3Z2-Z3 suggests that A3Z3 may be the major active anti-lentiviral APOBEC3 gene product in domestic cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Troyer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.
| | - Jennifer L Malmberg
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
- Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, University of Wyoming, 1174 Snowy Range Rd., Laramie, WY 82072, USA.
| | - Xin Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Craig Miller
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| | - Martha MacMillan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Wendy S Sprague
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
- Sprague Medical and Scientific Communications, LLC, Fort Collins, CO 80528, USA.
| | - Britta A Wood
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - Sue VandeWoude
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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3
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Miller C, Powers J, Musselman E, Mackie R, Elder J, VandeWoude S. Immunopathologic Effects of Prednisolone and Cyclosporine A on Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Replication and Persistence. Viruses 2019; 11:v11090805. [PMID: 31480322 PMCID: PMC6783960 DOI: 10.3390/v11090805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) induces opportunistic disease in chronically infected cats, and both prednisolone and cyclosporine A (CsA) are clinically used to treat complications such as lymphoma and stomatitis. However, the impact of these compounds on FIV infection are still unknown and understanding immunomodulatory effects on FIV replication and persistence is critical to guide safe and effective therapies. To determine the immunologic and virologic effects of prednisolone and CsA during FIV infection, FIV-positive cats were administered immunosuppressive doses of prednisolone (2 mg/kg) or CsA (5 mg/kg). Both prednisolone and CsA induced acute and transient increases in FIV DNA and RNA loads as detected by quantitative PCR. Changes in the proportion of lymphocyte immunophenotypes were also observed between FIV-infected and naïve cats treated with CsA and prednisolone, and both treatments caused acute increases in CD4+ lymphocytes that correlated with increased FIV RNA. CsA and prednisolone also produced alterations in cytokine expression that favored a shift toward a Th2 response. Pre-treatment with CsA slightly enhanced the efficacy of antiretroviral therapy but did not enhance clearance of FIV. Results highlight the potential for drug-induced perturbation of FIV infection and underscore the need for more information regarding immunopathologic consequences of therapeutic agents on concurrent viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Miller
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| | - Jordan Powers
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Esther Musselman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Ryan Mackie
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - John Elder
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sue VandeWoude
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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de Miranda LHM, Meli M, Conceição-Silva F, Novacco M, Menezes RC, Pereira SA, Sugiarto S, dos Reis ÉG, Gremião IDF, Hofmann-Lehmann R. Co-infection with feline retrovirus is related to changes in immunological parameters of cats with sporotrichosis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207644. [PMID: 30500849 PMCID: PMC6267967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline sporotrichosis due to Sporothrix brasiliensis is frequently severe and often correlated to zoonotic transmission. Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) and Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) cause immunodeficiency in cats; no association has been identified with critical cases of sporotrichosis. Moreover, the cytokine profile in Sporothrix-infected cats and a potential impact of retrovirus co-infections on their immunity is unknown. This study assessed immunological parameters in cats with sporotrichosis with and without FIV or FeLV co-infection. FeLV infection was detected by antigen ELISA and by provirus PCR. FIV infection was investigated through ELISA and Western blot. Cytokine transcription (IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α) was quantified using RT-qPCR and lymphocyte subpopulations (CD4, CD8, CD5 and CD21) were assessed by flow cytometry. Thirty cats with sporotrichosis were recruited to the study, including three FIV-positive and five FeLV-positive (progressive infection) cats. One cat with regressive FeLV infection was excluded from statistics. In comparison to retrovirus-negative cats, FIV-positive cats and FeLV-positive cats had higher IL-10 levels, FeLV-positive cats had lower IL-4 levels and FIV-positive cats had lower IL-12 levels and a lower CD4+/CD8+ ratio. Remarkably, all cats with poor general condition were FeLV (progressive infection) or FIV-positive, but the retrovirus status was not associated with the sporotrichosis treatment length or outcome. The immunological changes and the more severe clinical presentation observed in cats with retrovirus co-infections encourage future prospective studies that address the impact of these changes on prognostic determinants of feline sporotrichosis and the development of new therapy strategies that control disease spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Helena Monteiro de Miranda
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Clinical Laboratory and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Marina Meli
- Clinical Laboratory and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fátima Conceição-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marilisa Novacco
- Clinical Laboratory and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rodrigo Caldas Menezes
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sandro Antonio Pereira
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sarah Sugiarto
- Clinical Laboratory and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Érica Guerino dos Reis
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Isabella Dib Ferreira Gremião
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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5
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Sztukowski K, Nip K, Ostwald PN, Sathler MF, Sun JL, Shou J, Jorgensen ET, Brown TE, Elder JH, Miller C, Hofmann F, VandeWoude S, Kim S. HIV induces synaptic hyperexcitation via cGMP-dependent protein kinase II activation in the FIV infection model. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2005315. [PMID: 30052626 PMCID: PMC6082575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Over half of individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) suffer from HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HANDs), yet the molecular mechanisms leading to neuronal dysfunction are poorly understood. Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) naturally infects cats and shares its structure, cell tropism, and pathology with HIV, including wide-ranging neurological deficits. We employ FIV as a model to elucidate the molecular pathways underlying HIV-induced neuronal dysfunction, in particular, synaptic alteration. Among HIV-induced neuron-damaging products, HIV envelope glycoprotein gp120 triggers elevation of intracellular Ca2+ activity in neurons, stimulating various pathways to damage synaptic functions. We quantify neuronal Ca2+ activity using intracellular Ca2+ imaging in cultured hippocampal neurons and confirm that FIV envelope glycoprotein gp95 also elevates neuronal Ca2+ activity. In addition, we reveal that gp95 interacts with the chemokine receptor, CXCR4, and facilitates the release of intracellular Ca2+ by the activation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated Ca2+ channels, inositol triphosphate receptors (IP3Rs), and synaptic NMDA receptors (NMDARs), similar to HIV gp120. This suggests that HIV gp120 and FIV gp95 share a core pathological process in neurons. Significantly, gp95's stimulation of NMDARs activates cGMP-dependent protein kinase II (cGKII) through the activation of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-cGMP pathway, which increases Ca2+ release from the ER and promotes surface expression of AMPA receptors, leading to an increase in synaptic activity. Moreover, we culture feline hippocampal neurons and confirm that gp95-induced neuronal Ca2+ overactivation is mediated by CXCR4 and cGKII. Finally, cGKII activation is also required for HIV gp120-induced Ca2+ hyperactivation. These results thus provide a novel neurobiological mechanism of cGKII-mediated synaptic hyperexcitation in HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keira Sztukowski
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kaila Nip
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Paige N. Ostwald
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Matheus F. Sathler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Julianna L. Sun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jiayi Shou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Emily T. Jorgensen
- Pharmaceutical Science and Neuroscience, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
| | - Travis E. Brown
- Pharmaceutical Science and Neuroscience, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
| | - John H. Elder
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Craig Miller
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | | | - Sue VandeWoude
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Seonil Kim
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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6
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Power C. Neurologic disease in feline immunodeficiency virus infection: disease mechanisms and therapeutic interventions for NeuroAIDS. J Neurovirol 2017; 24:220-228. [PMID: 29247305 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-017-0593-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a lentivirus that causes immunosuppression through virus-mediated CD4+ T cell depletion in feline species. FIV infection is complicated by virus-induced disease in the nervous system. FIV enters the brain soon after primary infection and is detected as FIV-encoded RNA, DNA, and proteins in microglia, macrophages, and astrocytes. FIV infection activates neuroinflammatory pathways including cytokines, chemokines, proteases, and ROS with accompanying neuronal injury and loss. Neurobehavioral deficits during FIV infection are manifested as impaired motor and cognitive functions. Several treatment strategies have emerged from studies of FIV neuropathogenesis including the therapeutic benefits of antiretroviral therapies, other protease inhibitors, anti-inflammatory, and neurotrophic compounds. Recently, insulin's antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects were investigated in models of lentivirus brain infection. Insulin suppressed HIV-1 replication in human microglia as well as FIV replication of lymphocytes. Insulin treatment diminished cytokine and chemokine activation in HIV-infected microglia while also protecting neurons from HIV-1 Vpr protein-mediated neurotoxicity. Intranasal (IN) insulin delivery for 6 weeks suppressed FIV expression in the brains of treated cats. IN insulin also reduced neuroinflammation and protected neurons in the hippocampus, striatum, and neocortex of FIV-infected animals. These morphological and molecular effects of IN insulin were confirmed by neurobehavioral studies that showed IN insulin-treated FIV-infected animals displayed improved motor and cognitive performance compared to sham-treated FIV-infected animals. Thus, FIV infection of the nervous system provides a valuable comparative in vivo model for discovering and evaluating disease mechanisms as well as developing therapeutic strategies for NeuroAIDS in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Power
- Department of Medicine (Neurology) and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, HMRC 6-11, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is the feline analogue of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and features many hallmarks of HIV infection and pathogenesis, including the development of concurrent oral lesions. While HIV is typically transmitted via parenteral transmucosal contact, recent studies prove that oral transmission can occur, and that saliva from infected individuals contains significant amounts of HIV RNA and DNA. While it is accepted that FIV is primarily transmitted by biting, few studies have evaluated FIV oral infection kinetics and transmission mechanisms over the last 20 years. Modern quantitative analyses applied to natural FIV oral infection could significantly further our understanding of lentiviral oral disease and transmission. We therefore characterized FIV salivary viral kinetics and antibody secretions to more fully document oral viral pathogenesis. Our results demonstrate that: (i) saliva of FIV-infected cats contains infectious virus particles, FIV viral RNA at levels equivalent to circulation, and lower but significant amounts of FIV proviral DNA; (ii) the ratio of FIV RNA to DNA is significantly higher in saliva than in circulation; (iii) FIV viral load in oral lymphoid tissues (tonsil, lymph nodes) is significantly higher than mucosal tissues (buccal mucosa, salivary gland, tongue); (iv) salivary IgG antibodies increase significantly over time in FIV-infected cats, while salivary IgA levels remain static; and, (v) saliva from naïve Specific Pathogen Free cats inhibits FIV growth in vitro. Collectively, these results suggest that oral lymphoid tissues serve as a site for enhanced FIV replication, resulting in accumulation of FIV particles and FIV-infected cells in saliva. Failure to induce a virus-specific oral mucosal antibody response, and/or viral capability to overcome inhibitory components in saliva may perpetuate chronic oral cavity infection. Based upon these findings, we propose a model of oral FIV pathogenesis and suggest alternative diagnostic modalities and translational approaches to study oral HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Miller
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Karen Boegler
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Scott Carver
- School of Zoology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Martha MacMillan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sue VandeWoude
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
- * E-mail:
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Lee J, Malmberg JL, Wood BA, Hladky S, Troyer R, Roelke M, Cunningham M, McBride R, Vickers W, Boyce W, Boydston E, Serieys L, Riley S, Crooks K, VandeWoude S. Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Cross-Species Transmission: Implications for Emergence of New Lentiviral Infections. J Virol 2017; 91:e02134-16. [PMID: 28003486 PMCID: PMC5309969 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02134-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to a complex history of host-parasite coevolution, lentiviruses exhibit a high degree of species specificity. Given the well-documented viral archeology of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) emergence following human exposures to simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), an understanding of processes that promote successful cross-species lentiviral transmissions is highly relevant. We previously reported natural cross-species transmission of a subtype of feline immunodeficiency virus, puma lentivirus A (PLVA), between bobcats (Lynx rufus) and mountain lions (Puma concolor) for a small number of animals in California and Florida. In this study, we investigate host-specific selection pressures, within-host viral fitness, and inter- versus intraspecies transmission patterns among a larger collection of PLV isolates from free-ranging bobcats and mountain lions. Analyses of proviral and viral RNA levels demonstrate that PLVA fitness is severely restricted in mountain lions compared to that in bobcats. We document evidence of diversifying selection in three of six PLVA genomes from mountain lions, but we did not detect selection among 20 PLVA isolates from bobcats. These findings support the hypothesis that PLVA is a bobcat-adapted virus which is less fit in mountain lions and under intense selection pressure in the novel host. Ancestral reconstruction of transmission events reveals that intraspecific PLVA transmission has occurred among panthers (Puma concolor coryi) in Florida following the initial cross-species infection from bobcats. In contrast, interspecific transmission from bobcats to mountain lions predominates in California. These findings document outcomes of cross-species lentiviral transmission events among felids that compare to the emergence of HIV from nonhuman primates.IMPORTANCE Cross-species transmission episodes can be singular, dead-end events or can result in viral replication and spread in the new species. The factors that determine which outcome will occur are complex, and the risk of new virus emergence is therefore difficult to predict. We used molecular techniques to evaluate the transmission, fitness, and adaptation of puma lentivirus A (PLVA) between bobcats and mountain lions in two geographic regions. Our findings illustrate that mountain lion exposure to PLVA is relatively common but does not routinely result in communicable infections in the new host. This is attributed to efficient species barriers that largely prevent lentiviral adaptation. However, the evolutionary capacity for lentiviruses to adapt to novel environments may ultimately overcome host restriction mechanisms over time and under certain ecological circumstances. This phenomenon provides a unique opportunity to examine cross-species transmission events leading to new lentiviral emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Jennifer L Malmberg
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Britta A Wood
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Sahaja Hladky
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Ryan Troyer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Melody Roelke
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark Cunningham
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Winston Vickers
- Wildlife Health Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Walter Boyce
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Erin Boydston
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Laurel Serieys
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Environmental Studies Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Seth Riley
- Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area, National Park Service, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Kevin Crooks
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Sue VandeWoude
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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9
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Affranchino JL, González SA. Understanding the process of envelope glycoprotein incorporation into virions in simian and feline immunodeficiency viruses. Viruses 2014; 6:264-83. [PMID: 24441862 PMCID: PMC3917442 DOI: 10.3390/v6010264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The lentiviral envelope glycoproteins (Env) mediate virus entry by interacting with specific receptors present at the cell surface, thereby determining viral tropism and pathogenesis. Therefore, Env incorporation into the virions formed by assembly of the viral Gag polyprotein at the plasma membrane of the infected cells is a key step in the replication cycle of lentiviruses. Besides being useful models of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections in humans and valuable tools for developing AIDS therapies and vaccines, simian and feline immunodeficiency viruses (SIV and FIV, respectively) are relevant animal retroviruses; the study of which provides important information on how lentiviral replication strategies have evolved. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying the incorporation of the SIV and FIV Env glycoproteins into viral particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Affranchino
- Laboratorio de Virología, CONICET-Universidad de Belgrano (UB), Buenos Aires C1426BMJ, Argentina.
| | - Silvia A González
- Laboratorio de Virología, CONICET-Universidad de Belgrano (UB), Buenos Aires C1426BMJ, Argentina.
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10
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Roche S, El Garch H, Brunet S, Poulet H, Iwaz J, Ecochard R, Vanhems P. Diversity of trends of viremia and T-cell markers in experimental acute feline immunodeficiency virus infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56135. [PMID: 23409138 PMCID: PMC3567045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The early events of human immunodeficiency virus infection seem critical for progression toward disease and antiretroviral therapy initiation. We wanted to clarify some still unknown prognostic relationships between inoculum size and changes in various immunological and virological markers. Feline immunodeficiency virus infection could be a helpful model. METHODS Viremia and T-cell markers (number of CD4, CD8, CD8β(low)CD62L(neg) T-cells, CD4/CD8 ratio, and percentage of CD8β(low)CD62L(neg) cells among CD8 T-cells) were measured over 12 weeks in 102 cats infected with different feline immunodeficiency virus strains and doses. Viremia and T-cell markers trajectory groups were determined and the dose-response relationships between inoculum titres and trajectory groups investigated. RESULTS Cats given the same inoculum showed different patterns of changes in viremia and T-cell markers. A statistically significant positive dose-response relationship was observed between inoculum titre and i) viremia trajectory-groups (r = 0.80, p<0.01), ii) CD8β(low)CD62L(neg) cell-fraction trajectory-groups (r = 0.56, p<0.01). Significant correlations were also found between viremia and the CD4/CD8 ratio and between seven out of ten T-cell markers. CONCLUSIONS In cats, the infectious dose determines early kinetics of viremia and initial CD8+ T-cell activation. An expansion of the CD8β(low)CD62L(neg) T-cells might be an early predictor of progression toward disease. The same might be expected in humans but needs confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Roche
- Service de Biostatistique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.
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11
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Abstract
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) are retroviruses with global impact on the health of domestic cats. The two viruses differ in their potential to cause disease. FeLV is more pathogenic, and was long considered to be responsible for more clinical syndromes than any other agent in cats. FeLV can cause tumors (mainly lymphoma), bone marrow suppression syndromes (mainly anemia), and lead to secondary infectious diseases caused by suppressive effects of the virus on bone marrow and the immune system. Today, FeLV is less commonly diagnosed than in the previous 20 years; prevalence has been decreasing in most countries. However, FeLV importance may be underestimated as it has been shown that regressively infected cats (that are negative in routinely used FeLV tests) also can develop clinical signs. FIV can cause an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome that increases the risk of opportunistic infections, neurological diseases, and tumors. In most naturally infected cats, however, FIV itself does not cause severe clinical signs, and FIV-infected cats may live many years without any health problems. This article provides a review of clinical syndromes in progressively and regressively FeLV-infected cats as well as in FIV-infected cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Hartmann
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, LMU University of Munich, Germany, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany.
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12
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McDonnel SJ, Sparger EE, Luciw PA, Murphy BG. Pharmacologic reactivation of latent feline immunodeficiency virus ex vivo in peripheral CD4+ T-lymphocytes. Virus Res 2012; 170:174-9. [PMID: 23073179 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
FIV establishes a latent infection in peripheral CD4+ T-cells, and the latent FIV promoter is associated with deacetylated, methylated histones, consistent with a restrictive chromatin structure. Here we explored the use of 5 histone-modifying agents - 4 histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) and 1 histone methyltransferase inhibitor (HMTi) - to reactivate latent FIV ex vivo. All compounds tested were able to alter histone lysine residue modifications in feline cells, both globally and at the FIV promoter locally. When latently FIV-infected peripheral CD4+ T-cells were cultured ex vivo in the presence of these inhibitors, viral transcription was significantly activated relative to no treatment controls. Transcriptional reactivation of virus mediated by the HDACi suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) was dose-dependent, detected after as little as 1h of exposure, and resulted in virion formation as evidenced by supernatant reverse transcriptase activity. A synergistic effect was not found when SAHA was combined with HMTi under the conditions tested. At low therapeutically relevant concentrations in primary feline PBMC, SAHA was found to be minimally cytotoxic and non-immune activating. HDACi and HMTi can reactivate latent FIV ex vivo, and SAHA, also known as the anticancer drug Vorinostat, in particular is a promising candidate for in vivo use because of its efficacy, potency, and relative safety. Use of the FIV/cat model of lentiviral latency to explore in vivo treatment with SAHA and other anti-latency therapeutics will allow investigations that are either ethically or logistically not addressable in patients persistently infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J McDonnel
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 4206 Vet Med 3A, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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13
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Abstract
Lentiviral genomic RNAs are encapsidated by the viral Gag protein during virion assembly. The intracellular location of the initial Gag-RNA interaction is unknown. We previously observed feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) Gag accumulating at the nuclear envelope during live-cell imaging, which suggested that trafficking of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and FIV Gag may differ. Here we analyzed the nucleocytoplasmic transport properties of both Gag proteins. We discovered that inhibition of the CRM1 nuclear export pathway with leptomycin B causes FIV Gag but not HIV-1 Gag to accumulate in the nucleus. Virtually all FIV Gag rapidly became intranuclear when the CRM1 export pathway was blocked, implying that most if not all FIV Gag normally undergoes nuclear cycling. In FIV-infected feline cells, some intranuclear Gag was detected in the steady state without leptomycin B treatment. When expressed individually, the FIV matrix (MA), capsid (CA), and nucleocapsid-p2 (NC-p2) domains were not capable of mediating leptomycin B-sensitive nuclear export of a fluorescent protein. In contrast, CA-NC-p2 did mediate nuclear export, with MA being dispensable. We conclude that HIV-1 and FIV Gag differ strikingly in a key intracellular trafficking property. FIV Gag is a nuclear shuttling protein that utilizes the CRM1 nuclear export pathway, while HIV-1 Gag is excluded from the nucleus. These findings expand the spectrum of lentiviral Gag behaviors and raise the possibility that FIV genome encapsidation may initiate in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eric Poeschla
- Department of Molecular Medicine
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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14
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Korman RM, Cerón JJ, Knowles TG, Barker EN, Eckersall PD, Tasker S. Acute phase response to Mycoplasma haemofelis and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum' infection in FIV-infected and non-FIV-infected cats. Vet J 2012; 193:433-8. [PMID: 22763129 PMCID: PMC3778745 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2011] [Revised: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenicity of Haemoplasma spp. in cats varies with 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum' (CMhm) causing subclinical infection while Mycoplasma haemofelis (Mhf) often induces haemolytic anaemia. The aims of this study were to characterise the acute phase response (APR) of the cat to experimental infection with Mhf or CMhm, and to determine whether chronic feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection influences this response. The acute phase proteins serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin (Hp) and α-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) concentrations were measured pre-infection and every 7-14 days up to day 100 post-infection (pi) in cats infected with either Mhf or CMhm. Half of each group of cats (6/12) were chronically and subclinically infected with FIV. Marbofloxacin treatment was given on days 16-44 pi to half of the Mhf-infected cats, and on days 49-77 pi to half of the CMhm-infected cats. FIV-infected animals had significantly lower AGP concentrations, and significantly greater Hp concentrations than non-FIV-infected cats when infected with CMhm and Mhf, respectively. Both CMhm and Mhf infection were associated with significant increases in SAA concentrations, while AGP concentrations were only significantly increased by Mhf infection. Mhf-infected cats had significantly greater SAA concentrations than CMhm-infected animals. Both Mhf and CMhm infections were associated with an APR, with Mhf infection inducing a greater response. Chronic FIV infection appeared to modify the APR, which varied with the infecting Haemoplasma species.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Korman
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK.
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15
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16
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Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a member of the retroviridae family of viruses and causes an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in domestic and non-domestic cats worldwide. Genome organization of FIV and clinical characteristics of the disease caused by the virus are similar to those of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Both viruses infect T lymphocytes, monocytes and macrophages, and their replication cycle in infected cells is analogous. Due to marked similarity in genomic organization, virus structure, virus replication and disease pathogenesis of FIV and HIV, infection of cats with FIV is a useful tool to study and develop novel drugs and vaccines for HIV. Anti-retroviral drugs studied extensively in HIV infection have targeted different steps of the virus replication cycle: (1) inhibition of virus entry into susceptible cells at the level of attachment to host cell surface receptors and co-receptors; (2) inhibition of fusion of the virus membrane with the cell membrane; (3) blockade of reverse transcription of viral genomic RNA; (4) interruption of nuclear translocation and viral DNA integration into host genomes; (5) prevention of viral transcript processing and nuclear export; and (6) inhibition of virion assembly and maturation. Despite much success of anti-retroviral therapy slowing disease progression in people, similar therapy has not been thoroughly investigated in cats. In this article we review current pharmacological approaches and novel targets for anti-lentiviral therapy, and critically assess potentially suitable applications against FIV infection in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakimeh Mohammadi
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
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17
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Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is widespread in feline populations and causes an AIDS-like illness in domestic cats. It is highly prevalent in several endangered feline species. In domestic cats FIV infection is a valuable small animal model for HIV infection. In recent years there has been sa significant increase in interest in FIV, in part to exploit this, but also because of the potential it has as a human gene therapy vector. Though much less studied than HIV there are many parallels in the replication of the two viruses, but also important differences and, despite their likely common origin, the viruses have in some cases used alternative strategies to overcome similar problems. Recent advances in understanding the structure and function of FIV RNA and proteins and their interactions has enhanced our knowledge of FIV replication significantly, however, there are still many gaps. This review summarizes our current knowledge of FIV molecular biology and its similarities with, and differences from, other lentiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C Kenyon
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
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18
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Abstract
Lentiviruses are known for their narrow cell- and species-tropisms, which are determined by cellular proteins whose absence or presence either support viral replication (dependency factors, cofactors) or inhibit viral replication (restriction factors). Similar to Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the cat lentivirus Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is sensitive to recently discovered cellular restriction factors from non-host species that are able to stop viruses from replicating. Of particular importance are the cellular proteins APOBEC3, TRIM5α and tetherin/BST-2. In general, lentiviruses counteract or escape their species’ own variant of the restriction factor, but are targeted by the orthologous proteins of distantly related species. Most of the knowledge regarding lentiviral restriction factors has been obtained in the HIV-1 system; however, much less is known about their effects on other lentiviruses. We describe here the molecular mechanisms that explain how FIV maintains its replication in feline cells, but is largely prevented from cross-species infections by cellular restriction factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Zielonka
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany; E-Mail:
- Roche Glycart AG, Schlieren 8952, Switzerland
| | - Carsten Münk
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +49-221-8110887; Fax: +49-221-8115431
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19
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Bucy DS, Brown MS, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Thompson J, Bachand AM, Morges M, Elder JH, Vandewoude S, Kraft SL. Early detection of neuropathophysiology using diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in asymptomatic cats with feline immunodeficiency viral infection. J Neurovirol 2011; 17:341-52. [PMID: 21786078 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-011-0040-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
HIV infection results in a highly prevalent syndrome of cognitive and motor disorders designated as HIV-associated dementia (HAD). Neurologic dysfunction resembling HAD has been documented in cats infected with strain PPR of the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), whereas another highly pathogenic strain (C36) has not been known to cause neurologic signs. Animals experimentally infected with equivalent doses of FIV-C36 or FIV-PPR, and uninfected controls were evaluated by magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted imaging (DW-MRI) and spectroscopy (MRS) at 17.5-18 weeks post-infection, as part of a study of viral clade pathogenesis in FIV-infected cats. The goals of the MR imaging portion of the project were to determine whether this methodology was capable of detecting early neuropathophysiology in the absence of outward manifestation of neurological signs and to compare the MR imaging results for the two viral strains expected to have differing degrees of neurologic effects. We hypothesized that there would be increased diffusion, evidenced by the apparent diffusion coefficient as measured by DW-MRI, and altered metabolite ratios measured by MRS, in the brains of FIV-PPR-infected cats relative to C36-infected cats and uninfected controls. Increased apparent diffusion coefficients were seen in the white matter, gray matter, and basal ganglia of both the PPR and C36-infected (asymptomatic) cats. Thalamic MRS metabolite ratios did not differ between groups. The equivalently increased diffusion by DW-MRI suggests similar indirect neurotoxicity mechanisms for the two viral genotypes. DW-MRI is a sensitive tool to detect neuropathophysiological changes in vivo that could be useful during longitudinal studies of FIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Bucy
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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20
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Miller C, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, MacMillan M, Huitron-Resendiz S, Henriksen S, Elder J, VandeWoude S. Strain-specific viral distribution and neuropathology of feline immunodeficiency virus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 143:282-91. [PMID: 21715019 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a naturally occurring lentivirus of domestic cats, and is the causative agent of feline AIDS. Similar to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the pathogenesis of FIV involves infection of lymphocytes and macrophages, and results in chronic progressive immune system collapse and death. Neuropathologic correlates of FIV infection have not yet been elucidated, and may be relevant to understanding HIV-associated neurologic disease (neuroAIDS). As in HIV, FIV strains have been shown to express differential tendencies towards development of clinical neuroAIDS. To interrogate viral genetic determinants that might contribute to neuropathogenicity, cats were exposed to two well-characterized FIV strains with divergent clinical phenotypes and a chimeric strain as follows: FIV(PPR) (PPR, relatively apathogenic but associated with neurologic manifestations), FIV(C36) (C36, immunopathogenic but without associated neurologic disease), and Pcenv (a chimeric virus consisting of a PPR backbone with substituted C36 env region). A sham inoculum control group was also included. Peripheral nerve conduction velocity, CNS imaging studies, viral loads and hematologic analysis were performed over a 12 month period. At termination of the study (350 days post-inoculation), brain sections were obtained from four anatomic locations known to be involved in human and primate lentiviral neuroAIDS. Histological and immunohistochemical evaluation with seven markers of inflammation revealed that Pcenv infection resulted in mild inflammation of the CNS, microglial activation, neuronal degeneration and apoptosis, while C36 and PPR strains induced minimal neuropathologic changes. Conduction velocity aberrations were noted peripherally in all three groups at 63 weeks post-infection. Pcenv viral load in this study was intermediate to the parental strains (C36 demonstrating the highest viral load and PPR the lowest). These results collectively suggest that (i) 3' C36 genomic elements contribute to viral replication characteristics, and (ii) 5' PPR genomic elements contribute to CNS manifestations. This study illustrates the potential for FIV to provide valuable information about neuroAIDS pathogenesis related to genotype and viral kinetics, as well as to identify strains useful to evaluation of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Miller
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1619, USA.
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21
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Tochikura TS, Naito Y, Kozutsumi Y, Hohdatsu T. Induction of feline immunodeficiency virus from a chronically infected feline T-lymphocyte cell line. Res Vet Sci 2011; 92:327-32. [PMID: 21477828 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The infection of the feline T-lymphocyte cell line FeT-J with the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) Petaluma strain led to the establishment of nonvirus-producing cells. One clone (C15) obtained by limiting dilution was found to express FIV in response to chemical inducers of retroviruses. The chemical treatment of C15 cells led to not only FIV protein synthesis but also an augmentation of viral production. Examination of the C15 cell derivatives obtained by recloning revealed that 10-40% of treated cells constitutively expressed FIV antigens, whereas 100% with expressed FIV antigen in response to the inducer. Chemical induction resulted in more than a 100-fold increase in infectious viral production. The results suggest that a majority of FeT-J cells that are infected with FIV exist in a non-productive state. Establishing a cell line that can be non-productively infected by FIV may help determine the mechanisms of FIV latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadafumi S Tochikura
- Center for Integrative Education of Pharmacy Frontier, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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22
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Mikkelsen SR, Long JM, Zhang L, Galemore ER, VandeWoude S, Dean GA. Partial regulatory T cell depletion prior to acute feline immunodeficiency virus infection does not alter disease pathogenesis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17183. [PMID: 21364928 PMCID: PMC3045403 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection in cats follows a disease course similar to HIV-1, including a short acute phase characterized by high viremia, and a prolonged asymptomatic phase characterized by low viremia and generalized immune dysfunction. CD4(+)CD25(hi)FoxP3(+) immunosuppressive regulatory T (Treg) cells have been implicated as a possible cause of immune dysfunction during FIV and HIV-1 infection, as they are capable of modulating virus-specific and inflammatory immune responses. Additionally, the immunosuppressive capacity of feline Treg cells has been shown to be increased during FIV infection. We have previously shown that transient in vivo Treg cell depletion during asymptomatic FIV infection reveals FIV-specific immune responses suppressed by Treg cells. In this study, we sought to determine the immunological influence of Treg cells during acute FIV infection. We asked whether Treg cell depletion prior to infection with the highly pathogenic molecular clone FIV-C36 in cats could alter FIV pathogenesis. We report here that partial Treg cell depletion prior to FIV infection does not significantly change provirus, viremia, or CD4(+) T cell levels in blood and lymphoid tissues during the acute phase of disease. The effects of anti-CD25 mAb treatment are truncated in cats acutely infected with FIV-C36 as compared to chronically infected cats or FIV-naïve cats, as Treg cell levels were heightened in all treatment groups included in the study within two weeks post-FIV infection. Our findings suggest that the influence of Treg cell suppression during FIV pathogenesis is most prominent after Treg cells are activated in the environment of established FIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Rochelle Mikkelsen
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Julie M. Long
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lin Zhang
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Erin R. Galemore
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sue VandeWoude
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Gregg A. Dean
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Da Silva LFS, Walder RY, Davidson BL, Wilson SP, Sluka KA. Changes in expression of NMDA-NR1 receptor subunits in the rostral ventromedial medulla modulate pain behaviors. Pain 2010; 151:155-161. [PMID: 20688433 PMCID: PMC2943935 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Revised: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
NMDA receptors have an important role in pain facilitation in rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) and the NR1 subunit is essential for its function. Studies suggest that the NMDA receptors in RVM are critical to modulate both cutaneous and muscle hypersensitivity induced by repeated intramuscular acid injections. We propose that increased expression of the NR1 subunit in the RVM is critical for the full development of hypersensitivity. To test this we used recombinant lentiviruses to over-express the NR1 subunit in the RVM and measured nociceptive sensitivity to cutaneous and muscle stimuli. We also downregulated the expression of NR1 in the RVM and measured the hyperalgesia produced by repeated-acid injections. Increasing the expression of NR1 in the RVM reduces cutaneous and muscle withdrawal threshold, and decreasing the expression of NR1 in the RVM increases the muscle withdrawal threshold and prevents the development of hyperalgesia in an animal model of muscle pain. These results suggest that the NR1 subunits in the RVM are critical for modulating NMDA receptor function, which in turn sets the 'tone' of the nervous system's response to noxious stimuli and tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Felipe S. Da Silva
- Veterinary Science Department, Center for Agrarian Sciences, University of Paraiba, Areia, PB 58397-000, Brazil
| | - Roxanne Y. Walder
- Graduate Program in Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Pain Research Program, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | | | - Steven P. Wilson
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Kathleen A. Sluka
- Graduate Program in Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Pain Research Program, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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24
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Rizvi TA, Kenyon JC, Ali J, Aktar SJ, Phillip PS, Ghazawi A, Mustafa F, Lever AML. Optimal packaging of FIV genomic RNA depends upon a conserved long-range interaction and a palindromic sequence within gag. J Mol Biol 2010; 403:103-119. [PMID: 20732330 PMCID: PMC2987497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a lentivirus that is related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), causing a similar pathology in cats. It is a potential small animal model for AIDS and the FIV-based vectors are also being pursued for human gene therapy. Previous studies have mapped the FIV packaging signal (ψ) to two or more discontinuous regions within the 5' 511 nt of the genomic RNA and structural analyses have determined its secondary structure. The 5' and 3' sequences within ψ region interact through extensive long-range interactions (LRIs), including a conserved heptanucleotide interaction between R/U5 and gag. Other secondary structural elements identified include a conserved 150 nt stem-loop (SL2) and a small palindromic stem-loop within gag open reading frame that might act as a viral dimerization initiation site. We have performed extensive mutational analysis of these sequences and structures and ascertained their importance in FIV packaging using a trans-complementation assay. Disrupting the conserved heptanucleotide LRI to prevent base pairing between R/U5 and gag reduced packaging by 2.8-5.5 fold. Restoration of pairing using an alternative, non-wild type (wt) LRI sequence restored RNA packaging and propagation to wt levels, suggesting that it is the structure of the LRI, rather than its sequence, that is important for FIV packaging. Disrupting the palindrome within gag reduced packaging by 1.5-3-fold, but substitution with a different palindromic sequence did not restore packaging completely, suggesting that the sequence of this region as well as its palindromic nature is important. Mutation of individual regions of SL2 did not have a pronounced effect on FIV packaging, suggesting that either it is the structure of SL2 as a whole that is necessary for optimal packaging, or that there is redundancy within this structure. The mutational analysis presented here has further validated the previously predicted RNA secondary structure of FIV ψ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir A Rizvi
- Departments of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (FMHS), United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, UAE.
| | - Julia C Kenyon
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Jahabar Ali
- Departments of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (FMHS), United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, UAE
| | - Suriya J Aktar
- Departments of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (FMHS), United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, UAE
| | - Pretty S Phillip
- Departments of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (FMHS), United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, UAE
| | - Akela Ghazawi
- Departments of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (FMHS), United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, UAE
| | - Farah Mustafa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (FMHS), United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, UAE
| | - Andrew M L Lever
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
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25
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Abstract
Infection of domestic cats with virulent strains of the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) leads to an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), similar to the pathogenesis induced in humans by infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Thus, FIV is a highly relevant model for anti-HIV therapy and vaccine development. FIV is not infectious in humans, so it is also a potentially effective non-toxic gene therapy vector. To make better use of this model, it is important to define the cellular machinery utilized by each virus to produce virus particles so that relevant similarities can be identified. It is well understood that all replication-competent retroviruses encode gag, pol, and env genes, which provide core elements for virus replication. As a result, most antiretroviral therapy targets pol-derived enzymes (protease, reverse transcriptase, and integrase) orenv-derived glycoproteins that mediate virus attachment and entry. However, resistance to drugs against these targets is a persistent problem, and novel targets must be identified to produce more effective drugs that can either substitute or be combined with current therapy. Elements of the gag gene (matrix, capsid, nucleocapsid, and "late" domains) have yet to be exploited as antiviral targets, even though the Gag precursor polyprotein is self-sufficient for the assembly and release of virus particles from cells. This process is far better understood in primate lentiviruses, especially HIV-1. However, there has been significant progress in recent years in defining how FIV Gag is targeted to the cellular plasma membrane, assembles into virions, incorporates FIV Env glycoproteins, and utilizes host cell machinery to complete virus release. Recent discoveries of intracellular restriction factors that target HIV-1 and FIV capsids after virus entry have also opened exciting new areas of research. This review summarizes currently known interactions involving HIV-1 and FIV Gag that affect virus release, infectivity, and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G Luttge
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
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D'Errico G, Vitiello G, D'Ursi AM, Marsh D. Interaction of short modified peptides deriving from glycoprotein gp36 of feline immunodeficiency virus with phospholipid membranes. Eur Biophys J 2009; 38:873-82. [PMID: 19415263 PMCID: PMC2728064 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-009-0454-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Revised: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A tryptophan-rich octapeptide, C8 (Ac-Trp-Glu-Asp-Trp-Val-Gly-Trp-Ile-NH(2)), modelled on the membrane-proximal external region of the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) gp36 glycoprotein ectodomain, exhibits potent antiviral activity against FIV. A mechanism has been proposed by which the peptide, being positioned on the surface of the cell membrane, inhibits its fusion with the virus. In the present work, peptide-lipid interactions of C8 with dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine liposomes are investigated using electron spin resonance spectroscopy of spin-labelled lipids. Three other peptides, obtained from modifications of C8, have also been investigated, in an attempt to clarify the essential molecular features of the interactions involving the tryptophan residues. The results show that C8 adsorbs strongly on the bilayer surface. Membrane binding requires not only the presence of the Trp residues in the sequence, but also their common orientation on one side of the peptide that is engendered by the WX(2) WX(2) W motif. Membrane interaction correlates closely with peptide antiviral activity, indicating that the membrane is essential in stabilizing the peptide conformation that will be able to inhibit viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardino D'Errico
- Dipartimento di Chimica Paolo Corradini, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia, 80126, Naples, Italy.
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Shen X, Leutenegger CM, Stefano Cole K, Pedersen NC, Sparger EE. A feline immunodeficiency virus vif-deletion mutant remains attenuated upon infection of newborn kittens. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:2793-2799. [PMID: 17872533 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83268-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This report characterizes lentivirus attenuation associated with a vif mutation by inoculation of newborn kittens with a vif-deleted feline immunodeficiency virus provirus plasmid (FIV-pPPRDeltavif). Virus in peripheral blood, antiviral antibody or CD4 T-cell count alterations were not detected in kittens inoculated with FIV-pPPRDeltavif plasmid, with the exception of one kitten that demonstrated FIV Gag antibody production at 42 weeks after inoculation. In contrast, wild-type FIV-pPPR-infected kittens were viraemic, seropositive and exhibited a decrease in the CD4 T-cell subset in peripheral blood. Interestingly, FIV-specific T-cell proliferative responses detected at 32 and 36 weeks after infection were comparable for both FIV-pPPRDeltavif- and wild-type FIV-pPPR-inoculated kittens and suggested the possibility of a discreet tissue reservoir supporting sustained FIV-pPPRDeltavif expression or replication. Overall, these findings confirmed that the severe virus attenuation for both replication and pathogenicity exhibited by a vif-deleted FIV mutant is similar for both neonatal and adult hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Shen
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Christian M Leutenegger
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kelly Stefano Cole
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Niels C Pedersen
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ellen E Sparger
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Diaz-Griffero F, Kar A, Lee M, Stremlau M, Poeschla E, Sodroski J. Comparative requirements for the restriction of retrovirus infection by TRIM5alpha and TRIMCyp. Virology 2007; 369:400-10. [PMID: 17920096 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Revised: 06/27/2007] [Accepted: 08/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The restriction factors, TRIM5alpha in most primates and TRIMCyp in owl monkeys, block infection of various retroviruses soon after virus entry into the host cell. Rhesus monkey TRIM5alpha (TRIM5alpha rh) inhibits human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) more potently than human TRIM5alpha (TRIM5alpha hu). TRIMCyp restricts infection of HIV-1, simian immunodeficiency virus of African green monkeys (SIV agm) and FIV. Early after infection, TRIMCyp, like TRIM5alpha rh and TRIM5alpha hu, decreased the amount of particulate viral capsid in the cytosol of infected cells. The requirements for the TRIMCyp and TRIM5alpha domains in restricting different retroviruses were investigated. Potent restriction of FIV by TRIMCyp occurred in the complete absence of RING and B-box 2 domains; by contrast, efficient FIV restriction by TRIM5alpha rh required these domains. Variable region 1 of the TRIM5alpha rh B30.2 domain contributed to the potency of HIV-1, FIV and equine infectious anemia virus restriction. Thus, although differences exist in the requirements of TRIMCyp and TRIM5alpha for RING/B-box 2 domains, both restriction factors exhibit mechanistic similarities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Diaz-Griffero
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Pathology, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Celma CCP, Paladino MG, González SA, Affranchino JL. Importance of the short cytoplasmic domain of the feline immunodeficiency virus transmembrane glycoprotein for fusion activity and envelope glycoprotein incorporation into virions. Virology 2007; 366:405-14. [PMID: 17559903 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2007] [Revised: 04/25/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mature form of the envelope (Env) glycoprotein of lentiviruses is a heterodimer composed of the surface (SU) and transmembrane (TM) subunits. Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) possesses a TM glycoprotein with a cytoplasmic tail of approximately 53 amino acids which is unusually short compared with that of the other lentiviral glycoproteins (more than 100 residues). To investigate the relevance of the FIV TM cytoplasmic domain to Env-mediated viral functions, we characterized the biological properties of a series of Env glycoproteins progressively shortened from the carboxyl terminus. All the mutant Env proteins were efficiently expressed in feline cells and processed into the SU and TM subunits. Deletion of 5 or 11 amino acids from the TM C-terminus did not significantly affect Env surface expression, fusogenic activity or Env incorporation into virions, whereas removal of 17 or 23 residues impaired Env-mediated cell-to-cell fusion. Further truncation of the FIV TM by 29 residues resulted in an Env glycoprotein that was poorly expressed at the cell surface, exhibited only 20% of the wild-type Env fusogenic capacity and was inefficiently incorporated into virions. Remarkably, deletion of the TM C-terminal 35 or 41 amino acids restored or even enhanced Env biological functions. Indeed, these mutant Env glycoproteins bearing cytoplasmic domains of 18 or 12 amino acids were found to be significantly more fusogenic than the wild-type Env and were efficiently incorporated into virions. Interestingly, truncation of the TM cytoplasmic domain to only 6 amino acids did not affect Env incorporation into virions but abrogated Env fusogenicity. Finally, removal of the entire TM cytoplasmic tail or deletion of as many as 6 amino acids into the membrane-spanning domain led to a complete loss of Env functions. Our results demonstrate that despite its relatively short length, the FIV TM cytoplasmic domain plays an important role in modulating Env-mediated viral functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina C P Celma
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Belgrano (UB), Villanueva 1324 (C1426BMJ), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Paul TA, Casey JW, Avery RJ, Sutton CA. Expression of feline immunodeficiency virus Vif is associated with reduced viral mutation rates without restoration of replication of vif mutant viruses. Virology 2007; 361:112-22. [PMID: 17169394 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2006] [Revised: 09/08/2006] [Accepted: 11/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The vif gene of lentiviruses has been demonstrated to be essential for efficient viral replication in many cell types. Although the Vif protein of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) displays limited homology to HIV-1 Vif, the role of vif in FIV replication is not known. We have examined the requirements of vif for replication of a FIV strain isolated from a non-domestic felid, Otocolobus manul (FIV-Oma). In agreement with others, we find that replication of FIV vif mutant molecular clones in CrFK cells is highly attenuated. Initial attempts to rescue vif mutant viruses in trans were limited by lack of detectable wild-type Vif expression from DNA constructs. We demonstrate that FIV-Oma Vif expression can be increased by re-synthesis of the gene to remove splice donor and acceptor sites as well as improving codon usage to a mammalian codon optimized model. Cellular localization of resynthesized Vif (Vif-RS) is cytoplasmic. Clonal stable transfectants expressing HA-tagged Vif-RS do not restore replication levels of vif mutant virus. However, in such cell lines, G-to-A mutation rates in replicating wild-type viruses are reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Paul
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, C4-137 Veterinary Medical Center, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Assogba BD, Leavell S, Porter K, Burkhard MJ. Mucosal administration of low-dose cell-associated feline immunodeficiency virus promotes viral latency. J Infect Dis 2007; 195:1184-8. [PMID: 17357056 DOI: 10.1086/512861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 11/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 can occasionally be detected as a cryptic or latent infection in seronegative, asymptomatic patients. To develop an animal model of host latency, cats were mucosally challenged with 10(2)-10(6) feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)-infected T cells. Although high-dose exposure (10(4)-10(6) T cells) resulted in progressive infection, no evidence of infection was seen in 5 of 6 cats exposed to 10(2) or 10(3) T cells. However, after ex vivo CD8(+) T cell depletion and phorbol myristate acetate treatment, FIV could be reactivated in tissues from 4 cats. Thus, latent tissue viral reservoirs can be induced by low-dose cell-associated mucosal challenge, providing a model to dissect the mechanisms that control reservoir establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnabe Dossou Assogba
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Baba K, Mizukoshi F, Goto-Koshino Y, Setoguchi-Mukai A, Fujino Y, Ohno K, Tsujimoto H. Application of RNA interference for inhibiting the replication of feline immunodeficiency virus in chronically infected cell lines. Vet Microbiol 2006; 120:207-16. [PMID: 17125939 PMCID: PMC7117143 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2006] [Revised: 10/23/2006] [Accepted: 10/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which double-stranded RNA induces the post-transcriptional sequence-specific degradation of homologous messenger RNA. The present study was carried out to apply the RNAi technology to inhibit the replication of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). Four small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) homologous to the FIV gag gene were synthesized and transfected into a feline fibroblastic cell line chronically infected with FIV (CRFK/FIV). These synthetic siRNAs efficiently inhibited the replication of FIV. Next, we examined the effect of retroviral vector-mediated transfer of FIV-specific short hairpin RNA (shRNA) on the replication of FIV in a feline T-cell line chronically infected with FIV (FL4). The retroviral vector-mediated transfer of FIV-specific shRNA was shown to markedly inhibit the replication of FIV in the FL4 cells. These results provide useful information for the development of RNAi-based gene therapy strategy to control FIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Baba
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Tokyo, Japan.
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Abstract
Over 40 nonhuman primate (NHP) species harbor species-specific simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs). Similarly, more than 20 species of nondomestic felids and African hyenids demonstrate seroreactivity against feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) antigens. While it has been challenging to study the biological implications of nonfatal infections in natural populations, epidemiologic and clinical studies performed thus far have only rarely detected increased morbidity or impaired fecundity/survival of naturally infected SIV- or FIV-seropositive versus -seronegative animals. Cross-species transmissions of these agents are rare in nature but have been used to develop experimental systems to evaluate mechanisms of pathogenicity and to develop animal models of HIV/AIDS. Given that felids and primates are substantially evolutionarily removed yet demonstrate the same pattern of apparently nonpathogenic lentiviral infections, comparison of the biological behaviors of these viruses can yield important implications for host-lentiviral adaptation which are relevant to human HIV/AIDS infection. This review therefore evaluates similarities in epidemiology, lentiviral genotyping, pathogenicity, host immune responses, and cross-species transmission of FIVs and factors associated with the establishment of lentiviral infections in new species. This comparison of consistent patterns in lentivirus biology will expose new directions for scientific inquiry for understanding the basis for virulence versus avirulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue VandeWoude
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80538-1619, USA
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Brennan G, Podell MD, Wack R, Kraft S, Troyer JL, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, VandeWoude S. Neurologic disease in captive lions (Panthera leo) with low-titer lion lentivirus infection. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:4345-52. [PMID: 17005739 PMCID: PMC1698403 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00577-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Lion lentivirus (LLV; also known as feline immunodeficiency virus of lion, Panthera leo [FIVPle]) is present in free-ranging and captive lion populations at a seroprevalence of up to 100%; however, clinical signs are rarely reported. LLV displays up to 25% interclade sequence diversity, suggesting that it has been in the lion population for some time and may be significantly host adapted. Three captive lions diagnosed with LLV infection displayed lymphocyte subset alterations and progressive behavioral, locomotor, and neuroanatomic abnormalities. No evidence of infection with other potential neuropathogens was found. Antemortem electrodiagnostics and radiologic imaging indicated a diagnosis consistent with lentiviral neuropathy. PCR was used to determine a partial lentiviral genomic sequence and to quantify the proviral burden in eight postmortem tissue specimens. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the virus was consistent with the LLV detected in other captive and free-ranging lions. Despite progressive neurologic signs, the proviral load in tissues, including several regions of the brain, was low; furthermore, gross and histopathologic changes in the brain were minimal. These findings suggest that the symptoms in these animals resulted from nonspecific encephalopathy, similar to human immunodeficiency virus, FIV, and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) neuropathies, rather than a direct effect of active viral replication. The association of neuropathy and lymphocyte subset alterations with chronic LLV infection suggests that long-term LLV infection can have detrimental effects for the host, including death. This is similar to reports of aged sootey mangabeys dying from diseases typically associated with end-stage SIV infection and indicates areas for further research of lentiviral infections of seemingly adapted natural hosts, including mechanisms of host control and viral adaptation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Brain/diagnostic imaging
- Brain/pathology
- Brain/virology
- Central Nervous System Viral Diseases/pathology
- Central Nervous System Viral Diseases/physiopathology
- Central Nervous System Viral Diseases/veterinary
- Central Nervous System Viral Diseases/virology
- DNA, Viral/analysis
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Electroencephalography
- Evoked Potentials, Auditory
- Genes, pol
- Genome, Viral
- Histocytochemistry
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/classification
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/genetics
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/isolation & purification
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/physiology
- Lentivirus Infections/pathology
- Lentivirus Infections/physiopathology
- Lentivirus Infections/veterinary
- Lentivirus Infections/virology
- Lions
- Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Proviruses/genetics
- Radiography
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Viral Load
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Brennan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1619 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1619, USA
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Blake DJ, Graham J, Poss M. Quantification of Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIVpco) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, lymph nodes and plasma of naturally infected cougars. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:967-975. [PMID: 16528047 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81450-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of domestic cats with Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) results in a fatal immunodeficiency disease, similar to Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) in humans. Elevated plasma viral loads in domestic cats are correlated to decreased survival time and disease progression. However, FIV is also maintained as an apathogenic infection in other members of the family Felidae including cougars, Puma concolour (FIVpco). It is not known whether the lack of disease in cougars is a result of diminished virus replication. A real-time PCR assay was developed to quantify both FIVpco proviral and plasma viral loads in naturally infected cougars. Proviral loads quantified from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) ranged from 2.90 x 10(1) to 6.72 x 10(4) copies per 10(6) cells. Plasma viral loads ranged from 2.30 x 10(3) to 2.81 x 10(6) RNA copies ml(-1). These data indicate that FIVpco viral loads are comparable to viral loads observed in endemic and epidemic lentivirus infections. Thus, the lack of disease in cougars is not due to low levels of virus replication. Moreover, significant differences observed among cougar PBMC proviral loads correlated to viral lineage and cougar age (P=0.014), which suggests that separate life strategies exist within FIVpco lineages. This is the first study to demonstrate that an interaction of lentivirus lineage and host age significantly effect proviral loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Blake
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, HS104, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Jon Graham
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Montana, HS104, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Mary Poss
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, HS104, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
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Noorbakhsh F, Tang Q, Liu S, Silva C, van Marle G, Power C. Lentivirus envelope protein exerts differential neuropathogenic effects depending on the site of expression and target cell. Virology 2006; 348:260-76. [PMID: 16492386 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2005] [Revised: 07/30/2005] [Accepted: 10/26/2005] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the neuropathogenic effects of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) envelope proteins in the context of both extracellular exposure and intracellular expression in feline neural cells. The envelope from the neurovirulent CSF-derived FIV V1 strain (V1-CSF) conferred infectivity to pseudotyped viruses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (P < 0.01) in contrast to other cell types. Intracellular V1-CSF envelope expression in macrophages and microglia but not astrocytes resulted in the induction of host inflammatory genes contributing to neurotoxicity including IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and indolamine 2',3'-dioxygenase (IDO) (P < 0.05) with concurrent neuronal death (P < 0.05). Upregulation of the endoplasmic reticulum stress genes was evident in brains from FIV-infected animals (P < 0.05) and in FIV-infected macrophages (P < 0.05) relative to controls. Intrastriatal implantation of an FIV envelope pseudotyped virus led to marked neuroinflammation and neuronal injury associated with neurobehavioral deficits (P < 0.01). Thus, lentivirus envelope proteins exert differential neuropathogenic effects through mechanisms that depend on the infected or exposed cell type.
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Mustafa F, Ghazawi A, Jayanth P, Phillip PS, Ali J, Rizvi TA. Sequences intervening between the core packaging determinants are dispensable for maintaining the packaging potential and propagation of feline immunodeficiency virus transfer vector RNAs. J Virol 2005; 79:13817-21. [PMID: 16227303 PMCID: PMC1262595 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.21.13817-13821.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The packaging determinants of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) consist of two discontinuous core regions, extending from R to approximately 150 bp of the 5' untranslated region and the first approximately 100 bp of gag. However, the role of sequences intervening between the core regions in packaging has not been clear. A mutational analysis was conducted to determine whether the intervening sequences played a role in FIV RNA packaging, using an in vivo packaging assay complemented with semiquantitative reverse transcriptase PCR. Our analyses reveal that the intervening sequences are dispensable not only for vector RNA packaging but also for propagation, confirming the discontinuous nature of the FIV packaging signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Mustafa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Smirnova N, Troyer JL, Schissler J, Terwee J, Poss M, VandeWoude S. Feline lentiviruses demonstrate differences in receptor repertoire and envelope structural elements. Virology 2005; 342:60-76. [PMID: 16120451 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2005] [Revised: 06/09/2005] [Accepted: 07/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) causes fatal disease in domestic cats via T cell depletion-mediated immunodeficiency. Pumas and lions are hosts for apparently apathogenic lentiviruses (PLV, LLV) distinct from FIV. We compared receptor use among these viruses by: (1) evaluating target cell susceptibility; (2) measuring viral replication following exposure to specific and non-specific receptor antagonists; and (3) comparing Env sequence and structural motifs. Most isolates of LLV and PLV productively infected domestic feline T cells, but differed from domestic cat FIV by infecting cells independent of CXCR4, demonstrating equivalent or enhanced replication following heparin exposure, and demonstrating substantial divergence in amino acid sequence and secondary structure in Env receptor binding domains. PLV infection was, however, inhibited by CD134/OX40 antibody. Thus, although PLV and LLV infection interfere with FIV superinfection, we conclude that LLV and PLV utilize novel, more promiscuous mechanisms for cell entry than FIV, underlying divergent tropism and biological properties of these viruses.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cats
- Cell Line
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Glycosylation
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/genetics
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/immunology
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/pathogenicity
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/physiology
- Lentiviruses, Feline/genetics
- Lentiviruses, Feline/immunology
- Lentiviruses, Feline/pathogenicity
- Lentiviruses, Feline/physiology
- Lions
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Puma
- Receptors, CXCR4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, CXCR4/physiology
- Receptors, OX40
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Virus/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Virus/physiology
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/physiology
- Virulence
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Smirnova
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1619 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1619, USA
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Joshi A, Garg H, Tompkins MB, Tompkins WA. Different thresholds of T cell activation regulate FIV infection of CD4+CD25+ and CD4+CD25- cells. Virology 2005; 335:212-21. [PMID: 15840520 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2004] [Revised: 01/28/2005] [Accepted: 02/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cellular activation plays an important role in retroviral replication. Previously, we have shown that CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells by the virtue of their partially activated phenotype represent ideal candidates for a productive feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection. In the present study, we extended our previous observations with regard to FIV replication in CD4(+)CD25(+) and CD4(+)CD25(-) cells under different stimulation conditions. Both CD4(+)CD25(+) and CD4(+)CD25(-) cells remain latently infected in the absence of IL-2 or concanvalinA (ConA), respectively; harboring a replication competent provirus capable of reactivation several days post-infection. While CD4(+)CD25(+) cells require low levels of exogenous IL-2 and virus inputs for an efficient FIV replication, CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells can only be productively infected in the presence of either high concentrations of IL-2 or high virus titers, even in the absence of mitogenic stimulation. Interestingly, while high virus input activates CD4(+)CD25(-) cells to replicate FIV, it induces apoptosis in a high percentage of CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells. High IL-2 concentrations but not high virus inputs lead to surface upregulation of CD25 and significant cellular proliferation in CD4(+)CD25(-) cells. These results suggest that CD4(+)CD25(+) and CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells have different activation requirements which can be modulated by both viral and cytokine stimuli to reach threshold activation levels in order to harbor a productive FIV infection. This holds implications in vivo for CD4(+)CD25(+) and CD4(+)CD25(-) cells to serve as potential reservoirs of a productive and latent FIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Joshi
- Immunology Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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40
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Joshi A, Garg H, Tompkins MB, Tompkins WA. Preferential feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection of CD4+ CD25+ T-regulatory cells correlates both with surface expression of CXCR4 and activation of FIV long terminal repeat binding cellular transcriptional factors. J Virol 2005; 79:4965-76. [PMID: 15795282 PMCID: PMC1069539 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.8.4965-4976.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we have characterized feline CD4+ CD25+ T-regulatory (Treg) cells with regard to their immune regulatory properties and ability to support feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) replication in vitro and in vivo. Our studies showed that while CD4+ CD25+ cells were capable of replicating FIV in the presence of interleukin-2 (IL-2) alone, CD4+ CD25- cells harbored a latent infection that required a strong mitogenic stimulus to activate virus replication. In the present study, we investigated the mechanisms governing the preferential replication of FIV in highly purified CD4+ CD25+ Treg cells compared to their CD4+ CD25+ counterparts. Studies aimed at elucidating mechanisms regulating infection of these cells revealed that CD4+ CD25- cells were less susceptible to FIV binding and entry than CD4+ CD25+ cells, which correlated with increased surface expression of FIV coreceptor CXCR4. In addition, the number of CD4+ CD25+ cells that expressed the primary receptor CD134 was greater than for CD4+ CD25- cells. Although increased permissiveness to FIV infection of CD4+ CD25- cells following mitogenic stimulation correlated strongly with upregulation of surface CXCR4, it did not correlate with CD134 expression. Further, study of intracellular factors regulating FIV replication revealed that CD4+ CD25+ but not CD4+ CD25- T cells showed constitutive and IL-2-responsive transactivation of activating transcription factor, CAAT enhancer binding protein, and activating protein 1 transcription factors that are important for FIV replication. These factors were upregulated in CD4+ CD25- T cells following ConA stimulation, which correlated with FIV replication. This is the first report elucidating the mechanisms that allow for productive lentiviral infection of CD4+ CD25+ Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Joshi
- Immunology Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA
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41
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Uncini Manganelli RE, Zaccaro L, Tomei PE. Antiviral activity in vitro of Urtica dioica L., Parietaria diffusa M. et K. and Sambucus nigra L. J Ethnopharmacol 2005; 98:323-7. [PMID: 15814267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2004] [Revised: 01/18/2005] [Accepted: 01/18/2005] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Parietaria diffusa M. et K., Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae) and Sambucus nigra L. (Caprifoliaceae) are plants usually used in popular medicine of central Italy for treating numerous diseases, first of all Herpes zoster. Several plant products have been described as potential antiviral agents, with special attention being devoted to those having retroviruses as etiological agents, including acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), in which a retrovirus, the designated human immunodeficiency virus HIV, has been clearly identified as the primary cause of this disease. The present study proposes a preliminary screening of the antiviral activity of Parietaria diffusa, Sambucus nigra and Urtica dioica preparation against the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection. The feline immunodeficiency virus is a widespread lentivirus of domestic cats sharing numerous biological and pathogenic features with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). FIV infection in cats has therefore been proposed as an animal model for AIDS studies with respect to pathogenesis, chemotherapy, and vaccine development [Pedersen, N.C., 1993. Feline immunodeficiency virus infection. In: Levy, J.A. (Ed.), The Retroviridae. Plenum Press, New York; Bendinelli, M., Pistello, M., Lombardi, S., Poli, A., Garzelli, C., Matteucci, D., Ceccherini-Nelli, L., Malvaldi, G., Tozzini, F., 1995. Feline immunodeficiency virus: an interesting model for AIDS studies and an important cat pathogen. Clinical Microbiology Revue 8, 87-112; North, T.W., LaCasse, R.A., 1995. Testing anti-HIV drugs in the FIV model. Nature Medicine 1, 410-411; Matteucci, D., Pistello, M., Mazzetti, P., Giannechini, S., Isola, P., Merico, A., Zaccaro, L., Rizzati, A., Bendinelli, M., 2000. AIDS vaccination studies using feline immunodeficiency virus as a model: immunisation with inactivated whole virus suppresses viraemia levels following intravaginal challenge with infected cells but non-following intravenous challenge with cell-free virus. Vaccine 18, 119-130]. Early studies showed that some of them presented antiviral activity against infection of FIV as assayed by syncytia formation using feline kidney Crandell cells (CrFK).
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Uncini Manganelli
- Department of Agronomia e Gestione dell'Agroecosistema, University of Pisa, Via S. Michele degli Scalzi 2, Pisa 56100, Italy.
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Sutton CA, Gordnier PM, Avery RJ, Casey JW. Comparative replication kinetics of two cytopathic feline lentiviruses ex vivo. Virology 2005; 332:519-28. [PMID: 15680417 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2004] [Revised: 09/23/2004] [Accepted: 11/30/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus infection of cats provides a model to elucidate mechanisms of lentiviral pathogenesis. We isolated a non-domestic FIV from a Pallas' cat, FIV-Oma, which replicates in feline PBMCs and CRFK cells. To gain insights into FIV pathogenesis, we compared rates of viral replication and apoptosis of FIV-Oma with FIV-PPR in the MYA-1 T-cell line. To minimize heterogeneity of virus, infections were initiated with virus derived from molecular clones. Viral DNA and RNA levels, assessed by qPCR and qRT-PCR, apoptosis, and supernatant reverse transcriptase were slower in FIV-Oma infections. Immunostaining for cellular Gag showed that few cells were productively infected. The majority of cells infected with either virus instead became apoptotic. Apoptosis was detectable within 6 h PI, suggesting activation of a signaling pathway. We propose that apoptosis is due to interaction of virus with cells, and is the usual outcome of infection by cytopathic FIVs in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A Sutton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, C5-153 Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Kyrkanides S, Miller JH, Brouxhon SM, Olschowka JA, Federoff HJ. β-hexosaminidase lentiviral vectors: transfer into the CNS via systemic administration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 133:286-98. [PMID: 15710246 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbrainres.2004.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2004] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Brain inflammation in GM2 gangliosidosis has been recently realized as a key factor in disease development. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a FIV beta-hexosaminidase vector in the brain of HexB-deficient (Sandhoff disease) mice following intraperitoneal administration to pups of neonatal age. Since brain inflammation, lysosomal storage and neuromuscular dysfunction are characteristics of HexB deficiency, these parameters were employed as experimental outcomes in our study. The ability of the lentiviral vector FIV(HEX) to infect murine cells was initially demonstrated with success in normal mouse fibroblasts and human Tay-Sachs cells in vitro. Furthermore, systemic transfer of FIV(HEX) to P2 HexB-/- knockout pups lead to transduction of peripheral and central nervous system tissues. Specifically, beta-hexosaminidase expressing cells were immunolocalized in periventricular areas of the cerebrum as well as in the cerebellar cortex. FIV(HEX) neonatal treatment resulted in reduction of GM2 storage along with attenuation of the brain inflammation and amelioration of the attendant neuromuscular deterioration. In conclusion, these results demonstrate the effective transfer of a beta-hexosaminidase lentiviral vector to the brain of Sandhoff mice and resolution of the GM2 gangliosidosis after neonatal intraperitoneal administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanos Kyrkanides
- Department of Dentistry, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester NY 14642, United States.
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Mustafa F, Jayanth P, Phillip PS, Ghazawi A, Schmidt RD, Lew KA, Rizvi TA. Relative activity of the feline immunodeficiency virus promoter in feline and primate cell lines. Microbes Infect 2005; 7:233-9. [PMID: 15725384 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2004.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2004] [Revised: 10/26/2004] [Accepted: 10/27/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) long terminal repeat (LTR), compared with some primate lentiviral LTRs, is quite a strong basal promoter. However, it seems to be highly species-specific in function and generally not very efficient in cells of non-feline origin. This study systematically explored the function of the FIV LTR in simian Cos cells compared with its activity in feline and human cells. Our studies, using biologically relevant two- and three-plasmid trans complementation assays followed by semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR, show that the FIV LTR is functional in Cos cells. The results of the Cos experiment are different from previously reported literature and suggest that the strain specificity of the FIV LTR is an important determinant of whether the LTR will be functional in a particular cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Mustafa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (FMHS), The United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates (UAE)
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Hohdatsu T, Nakanishi T, Saito I, Koyama H. Ability of CD8 + T Cell Anti-Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) Activity and FIV Proviral DNA Load in Mononuclear Cells in FIV-Infected Cats. J Vet Med Sci 2005; 67:129-31. [PMID: 15699611 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.67.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the relationship between CD8+ T cell anti-feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) activity and FIV proviral DNA load integrated in mononuclear cells. The anti-FIV activity and the proviral DNA load were correlated, and the number of proviral DNA copies was high in cats with decreased anti-FIV activity. Particularly, no anti-FIV activity was detected in the cats staged as having an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related complex or AIDS, and the number of proviral DNA copies was obviously increased compared to those in the cats in the asymptomatic stage. These results suggest that decreased anti-FIV activity destroys the control of in vivo FIV replication, which leads to an increased proviral DNA load with the progression of the clinical stage of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Hohdatsu
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori, Japan
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Li Z, Phadke A, Weaver EA, Ball JM, Collisson EW. Feline CD8+ cells induced with FIV infected, irradiated T cells produce multiple anti-FIV factors. Dev Comp Immunol 2005; 29:809-24. [PMID: 15936436 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2005.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2004] [Revised: 01/07/2005] [Accepted: 01/14/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection in cats is the only non-primate, small animal model for HIV-AIDS. Replication of FIV has been shown to be optimally suppressed by soluble factors produced by inducer cell-stimulated feline CD8+ cells from FIV-infected cats. The nature of this dose-dependent suppression of FIV was examined. Antiviral factors, produced in serum-free medium, were shown to be either heat stable or heat labile. Suppressing activity was identified in a heparin-bound fraction and the non-bound fraction and in fractions separated by reverse-phase HPLC. The FIV suppression could not be correlated with IFN type I or II. Neither alpha nor beta chemokines were likely candidates because molecular size exclusion centrifugation indicated that the major factors were larger than 50 kD. Identified qualitative differences in the properties of the soluble suppressive activity generated from feline lymphocytes indicated that multiple factors are responsible for the non-cytolytic CD8+ T cell suppression of FIV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxia Li
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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47
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Natoli E, Say L, Cafazzo S, Bonanni R, Schmid M, Pontier D. Bold attitude makes male urban feral domestic cats more vulnerable to Feline Immunodeficiency Virus. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2004; 29:151-7. [PMID: 15652262 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2004] [Accepted: 06/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Individual differences in behaviour are a phenomenon that is more and more attracting the attention of scientists. Among the other reasons, behavioural individuality occurs because selection favours the adoption of different tactics by individuals. It is now widely recognized that within many vertebrate species, individuals vary along an axis the extremes of which are represented by individuals 'bold' and 'shy', sometimes called 'proactive' and 'reactive'. Here we present the case of feral domestic cats (Felis catus L.) living in group in the urban environment where showing bold attitudes is linked to the benefit of a high annual reproductive success but, on the other hand, to a high probability to be infected by the Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV), a lethal disease caused by a retrovirus. In this species, natural selection has probably favoured proactive temperament in spite of the cost represented by getting the disease. In fact, proactive individuals, even if FIV positive, reproduce more than reactive individuals before the last stage of FIV-infection (AIDS) characterized by a loss of immunological defences and subsequent opportunistic infections. Evolutionary implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Natoli
- Azienda USL Roma D, Area Dipartimentale Sanita' Pubblica veterinaria, Ospedale Veterinario, via della Magliana 856, 00148 Roma, Italy.
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Manrique ML, Rauddi ML, González SA, Affranchino JL. Functional domains in the feline immunodeficiency virus nucleocapsid protein. Virology 2004; 327:83-92. [PMID: 15327900 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2004] [Revised: 05/18/2004] [Accepted: 06/11/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Retroviral nucleocapsid (NC) proteins are small Gag-derived products containing one or two zinc finger motifs that mediate genomic RNA packaging into virions. In this study, we addressed the role of the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) NC protein in the late stages of virus replication by analyzing the assembly phenotype of FIV NC mutant viruses and the RNA binding activity of a panel of recombinant FIV NC mutant proteins. Substitution of serine for the first cysteine residue in the NC proximal zinc finger was sufficient to impair both virion assembly and genomic RNA binding. A similar defective phenotype with respect to particle formation and RNA binding was observed when the basic residues Lys28 and Lys29 in the region connecting both zinc fingers were replaced by alanine. In contrast, mutation of the first cysteine residue in the distal zinc finger had no effect on virion production and allowed substantial RNA binding activity of the mutant NC protein. Moreover, this NC mutant virus exhibited wild-type replication kinetics in the feline MYA-1 T-cell line. Interestingly, amino acid substitutions disrupting the highly conserved PSAP and LLDL motifs present in the C-terminus of the FIV NC abrogated virion formation without affecting the NC RNA binding activity. Our results indicate that the proximal zinc finger of the FIV NC is more important for virion production and genomic RNA binding than the distal motif. In addition, this study suggests that assembly domains in the FIV NC C-terminus may be functionally equivalent to those present in the p6 domain of the Gag polyprotein of primate lentiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana L Manrique
- Centro de Virología Animal (CEVAN-CONICET), C1414DEM Buenos Aires, Argentina
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de Rozières S, Mathiason CK, Rolston MR, Chatterji U, Hoover EA, Elder JH. Characterization of a highly pathogenic molecular clone of feline immunodeficiency virus clade C. J Virol 2004; 78:8971-82. [PMID: 15308694 PMCID: PMC506922 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.17.8971-8982.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have derived and characterized a highly pathogenic molecular isolate of feline immunodeficiency virus subtype C (FIV-C) CABCpady00C. Clone FIV-C36 was obtained by lambda cloning from cats that developed severe immunodeficiency disease when infected with CABCpady00C (Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada). Clone FIV-C36 Env is 96% identical to the noninfectious FIV-C isolate sequence deposited in GenBank (FIV-Cgb; GenBank accession number AF474246) (A. Harmache et al.) but is much more divergent in Env when compared to the subgroup A clones Petaluma (34TF10) and FIV-PPR (76 and 78% divergence, respectively). Clone FIV-C36 was able to infect freshly isolated feline peripheral blood mononuclear cells and primary T-cell lines but failed to productively infect CrFK cells, as is typical of FIV field isolates. Two-week-old specific-pathogen-free cats infected with FIV-C36 tissue culture supernatant became PCR positive and developed severe acute immunodeficiency disease similar to that caused by the uncloned CABCpady00C parent. At 4 to 5 weeks postinfection (PI), 3 of 4 animals developed CD4(+)-T-cell depletion, fever, weight loss, diarrhea, and opportunistic infections, including ulcerative stomatitis and tonsillitis associated with abundant bacterial growth, pneumonia, and pyelonephritis, requiring euthanasia. Histopathology confirmed severe thymic and systemic lymphoid depletion. Interestingly, the dam also became infected with a high viral load at 5 weeks PI of the kittens and developed a similar disease syndrome, requiring euthanasia at 11 weeks PI of the kittens. This constitutes the first report of a replication-competent, infectious, and pathogenic molecular clone of FIV-C. Clone FIV-C36 will facilitate dissection of the pathogenic determinants of FIV.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- CD4-CD8 Ratio
- Cats
- Cells, Cultured
- Cloning, Molecular
- Databases, Genetic
- Feline Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology
- Feline Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/pathology
- Feline Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/virology
- Gene Order/genetics
- Gene Products, env/chemistry
- Genetic Variation/genetics
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/classification
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/genetics
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/pathogenicity
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/physiology
- Lymphoid Tissue/virology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Organ Specificity
- RNA/genetics
- RNA, Viral/analysis
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Terminal Repeat Sequences/genetics
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohela de Rozières
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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50
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Llano M, Vanegas M, Fregoso O, Saenz D, Chung S, Peretz M, Poeschla EM. LEDGF/p75 determines cellular trafficking of diverse lentiviral but not murine oncoretroviral integrase proteins and is a component of functional lentiviral preintegration complexes. J Virol 2004; 78:9524-37. [PMID: 15308744 PMCID: PMC506940 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.17.9524-9537.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), and Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMLV) integrases were stably expressed to determine their intracellular trafficking. Each lentiviral integrase localized to cell nuclei in close association with chromatin while the murine oncoretroviral integrase was cytoplasmic. Fusions of pyruvate kinase to the lentiviral integrases did not reveal transferable nuclear localization signals. The intracellular trafficking of each was determined instead by the transcriptional coactivator LEDGF/p75, which was required for nuclear localization. Stable small interfering RNA expression eliminated detectable LEDGF/p75 expression and caused dramatic, stable redistribution of each lentiviral integrase from nucleus to cytoplasm while the distribution of MoMLV integrase was unaffected. In addition, endogenous LEDGF/p75 coimmunoprecipitated specifically with each lentiviral integrase. In vitro integration assays with preintegration complexes (PICs) showed that endogenous LEDGF/p75 is a component of functional HIV-1 and FIV PICs. However, HIV-1 and FIV infection and replication in LEDGF/p75-deficient cells was equivalent to that in control cells, whether cells were dividing or growth arrested. Two-long terminal repeat circle accumulation in nondividing cell nuclei was also equivalent to that of LEDGF/p75 wild-type cells. Virions produced in LEDGF/p75-deficient cells had normal infectivity. We conclude that LEDGF/p75 fully accounts for cellular trafficking of diverse lentiviral, but not oncoretroviral, integrases and is the main lentiviral integrase-to-chromatin tethering factor. While lentiviral PIC nuclear import is unaffected by LEDGF/p75 knockdown, this protein is a component of functional lentiviral PICs. A role in HIV-1 integration site distribution merits investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Llano
- Molecular Medicine Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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