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Li M, Zhou J, Zhang K, Yuan Y, Zhao J, Cui M, Yin D, Wen Z, Chen Z, Li L, Zou H, Deng K, Sun C. Characteristics of genotype, drug resistance, and molecular transmission network among newly diagnosed HIV-1 infections in Shenzhen, China. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28973. [PMID: 37477806 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The HIV-1 pandemic has persisted for four decades, and poses a major challenge to global public health. Shenzhen, a city with large number of migrant populations in China, is suffering HIV-1 epidemic. It is necessary to continuously conduct the molecular surveillance among newly diagnosed HIV-1 patients in these migrant population. In this study, plasma samples of newly diagnosed and ART-naive HIV-1 infections were collected from Shenzhen city in China. The partial genes of HIV-1 gag and pol were amplified and sequenced for the analysis of genotype, drug resistance, and molecular transmission network. Ninety-one sequences of pol gene were obtained from newly diagnosed HIV-1 infections in Shenzhen, and seven HIV-1 subtypes were revealed in this investigation. Among them, the circulating recombinant form (CRF) 07_BC was the mostly frequent subtype (53.8%, 49/91), followed by CRF01_AE (20.9%, 19/91), CRF55_01B (9.9%, 9/91), unique recombinant forms (URFs) (8.8%, 8/91), B (3.3%, 3/91), CRF59_01B (2.2%, 2/91), and CRF08_BC (1.1%, 1/91). The overall prevalence of pretreatment drug resistance (PDR) was 23.1% (21/91), and 52.38% (11/21) of the PDR was specific for the nonnucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). Furthermore, a total of 3091 pol gene sequences were used to generate 19 molecular transmission clusters, and then one growing cluster, a new cluster, and a cluster with growth reactivation were identified. The result revealed that more sexual partner, CRF_07BC subtype, and seven amino acid deletions in gag p6 region might be the influencing factors associated with the high risk of transmission behavior. Compared with CRF01_AE subtype, CRF07_BC subtype strains were more likely to form clusters in molecular transmission network. This suggests that long-term surveillance of the HIV-1 molecular transmission should be a critical measure to achieve a precise intervention for controlling the spread of HIV-1 in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minchao Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiasheng Zhou
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kechun Zhang
- Longhua District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yue Yuan
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiacong Zhao
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingting Cui
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Di Yin
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ziyu Wen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhonghe Chen
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linghua Li
- Infectious Disease Center, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huachun Zou
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kai Deng
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Caijun Sun
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
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Shi P, Wang X, Su M, Meng J, Wang H, Fan W. Treatment with Antiviral Drugs Will Significantly Inhibit the HIV-1 RNA POL Gene Expression and Viral Load in AIDS Patients. Dis Markers 2023; 2023:9910542. [PMID: 37091892 PMCID: PMC10121356 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9910542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Objective This study is to investigate the difference in HIV-1 RNA pol gene expression in AIDS patients before and after antiviral treatment and its effect on the expression level of CD4+/CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood. Methods The participants included 200 AIDS patients who had undergone antiviral medication, and the quantity of HIV-1 RNA pol gene was determined using nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR). The levels of CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T lymphocytes in peripheral blood were measured by flow cytometry before and after therapy. The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve was used to assess the impact of HIV-1 RNA pol gene expression and the CD4+/CD8+ ratio on the prognosis of AIDS patients. Results After three months of therapy, the levels of HIV-1 RNA and viral load in the patients showed a drastic decline, while the levels of CD4+/CD8+ were markedly elevated (P < 0.05). Logistic analysis revealed that patients' viral loads were positively correlated with HIV-1 RNA and negatively correlated with CD4+/CD8+ (P < 0.05). The alanine aminotransferase (ALT), white blood cell (WBC) count, Serum creatinine (Cr), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and platelet (PLT) levels significantly increased following a 24-month therapy, while no significant changes were observed in the level of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), red blood cell (RBC), and neutrophil (NEU) (%). (P > 0.05). Conclusion Antiviral drugs significantly inhibit the HIV-1 RNA POL gene expression and viral load in AIDS patients but upregulate the expression level of CD4+/CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Shi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Baoding People's Hospital, Baoding City, Hebei Province 071000, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Baoding People's Hospital, Baoding City, Hebei Province 071000, China
| | - Miaomiao Su
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Baoding People's Hospital, Baoding City, Hebei Province 071000, China
| | - Juan Meng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Baoding People's Hospital, Baoding City, Hebei Province 071000, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Baoding People's Hospital, Baoding City, Hebei Province 071000, China
| | - Weiguang Fan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Baoding People's Hospital, Baoding City, Hebei Province 071000, China
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Zhao B, Qiu Y, Song W, Kang M, Dong X, Li X, Wang L, Liu J, Ding H, Chu Z, Wang L, Tian W, Shang H, Han X. Undiagnosed HIV Infections May Drive HIV Transmission in the Era of "Treat All": A Deep-Sampling Molecular Network Study in Northeast China during 2016 to 2019. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091895. [PMID: 36146701 PMCID: PMC9502473 DOI: 10.3390/v14091895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Universal antiretroviral therapy (ART, “treat all”) was recommended by the World Health Organization in 2015; however, HIV-1 transmission is still ongoing. This study characterizes the drivers of HIV transmission in the “treat all” era. Demographic and clinical information and HIV pol gene were collected from all newly diagnosed cases in Shenyang, the largest city in Northeast China, during 2016 to 2019. Molecular networks were constructed based on genetic distance and logistic regression analysis was used to assess potential transmission source characteristics. The cumulative ART coverage in Shenyang increased significantly from 77.0% (485/630) in 2016 to 93.0% (2598/2794) in 2019 (p < 0.001). Molecular networks showed that recent HIV infections linked to untreated individuals decreased from 61.6% in 2017 to 28.9% in 2019, while linking to individuals with viral suppression (VS) increased from 9.0% to 49.0% during the same time frame (p < 0.001). Undiagnosed people living with HIV (PLWH) hidden behind the links between index cases and individuals with VS were likely to be male, younger than 25 years of age, with Manchu nationality (p < 0.05). HIV transmission has declined significantly in the era of “treat all”. Undiagnosed PLWH may drive HIV transmission and should be the target for early detection and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
- Laboratory Medicine Innovation Unit, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang 110001, China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110001, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Street, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yu Qiu
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
- Laboratory Medicine Innovation Unit, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang 110001, China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110001, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Street, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Food Safety and Nutrition, Shenyang Center for Health Service and Administrative Law Enforcement (Shenyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Shenyang 110031, China
| | - Mingming Kang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
- Laboratory Medicine Innovation Unit, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang 110001, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Street, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xue Dong
- Department of Food Safety and Nutrition, Shenyang Center for Health Service and Administrative Law Enforcement (Shenyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Shenyang 110031, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Food Safety and Nutrition, Shenyang Center for Health Service and Administrative Law Enforcement (Shenyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Shenyang 110031, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Food Safety and Nutrition, Shenyang Center for Health Service and Administrative Law Enforcement (Shenyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Shenyang 110031, China
| | - Jianmin Liu
- Department of Food Safety and Nutrition, Shenyang Center for Health Service and Administrative Law Enforcement (Shenyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Shenyang 110031, China
| | - Haibo Ding
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
- Laboratory Medicine Innovation Unit, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang 110001, China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110001, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Street, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Zhenxing Chu
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
- Laboratory Medicine Innovation Unit, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang 110001, China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110001, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Street, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Lin Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
- Laboratory Medicine Innovation Unit, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang 110001, China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110001, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Street, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Wen Tian
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
- Laboratory Medicine Innovation Unit, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang 110001, China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110001, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Street, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Hong Shang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
- Laboratory Medicine Innovation Unit, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang 110001, China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110001, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Street, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (X.H.); Tel./Fax: +86-(24)-8328-2634 (H.S. & X.H.)
| | - Xiaoxu Han
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
- Laboratory Medicine Innovation Unit, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang 110001, China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110001, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Street, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (X.H.); Tel./Fax: +86-(24)-8328-2634 (H.S. & X.H.)
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Xu LL, Shen WW, Chen XX, Li GX, Xu YY, Gao MY, Zhou SJ, Lin HJ, He N. [HIV-1 drug resistance and subtypes in newly reported HIV/AIDS patients before antiretroviral therapy in Taizhou city, 2016-2018]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2021; 42:711-715. [PMID: 34814456 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20200706-00926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To explore the HIV-1 drug resistance and subtypes in newly reported HIV/AIDS patients before antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Taizhou city. Methods: A cross-sectional study of HIV-1 drug resistance was conducted among newly reported HIV/AIDS patients before ART in Taizhou from January 2016 to December 2018. HIV-1 pol gene sequences were obtained by RT-PCR. The sequences were submitted to the Stanford University drug resistance database. The drug resistance mutation and the sensitivity of HIV-1 strains to antiretroviral drugs were determined according to WHO Guidelines on HIV drug resistance surveillance of 2014. Results: A total of 806 HIV-1 pol gene sequences were obtained successfully. The overall HIV-1 drug resistance rate was 2.9% (23/806), 1.9% for non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), 0.6% for nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), and 0.0% for protease inhibitors (PIs), respectively. From 2016 to 2018, the HIV-1 drug resistance rate was 1.6%, 1.8%, and 4.8%, respectively. The resistance mutations of NNRTIs and NRTIs were mainly K103 N (0.7%) and M184I/V (0.5%). HIV-1 subtypes were mostly CRF01_AE (42.7%,344/806),CRF07_BC (28.9%,233/806) and CRF08_BC (11.2%,90/806).HIV-1 subtypes among homosexually transmitted infections were mostly CRF01_AE (53.3%, 136/255) and CRF07_BC (32.2%, 82/255), and HIV-1 subtypes among heterosexually transmitted infections were mainly CRF01_AE (37.7%, 203/539), CRF07_BC (27.5%, 148/539) and CRF08_BC (16.1%, 87/539). Conclusion: HIV-1 drug resistance rate among newly reported HIV/AIDS patients before ART remained low in Taizhou during 2016 to 2018, an increasing trend seemed to be notifiable and warrants continuous surveillance of HIV-1 drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - W W Shen
- Taizhou City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - X X Chen
- Taizhou City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - G X Li
- Taizhou City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Y Y Xu
- Taizhou City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - M Y Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - S J Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - H J Lin
- Taizhou City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - N He
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Ojwach DBA, Madlala P, Gordon M, Ndung'u T, Mann JK. Vulnerable targets in HIV-1 Pol for attenuation-based vaccine design. Virology 2021; 554:1-8. [PMID: 33316731 PMCID: PMC7931244 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Identification of viral immune escape mutations that compromise HIV's ability to replicate may aid rational attenuation-based vaccine design. Previously we reported amino acids associated with altered viral replication capacity (RC) from a sequence-function analysis of 487 patient-derived RT-integrase sequences. In this study, site-directed mutagenesis experiments were performed to validate the effect of these mutations on RC. Viral reverse transcripts were measured by quantitative PCR and structural modelling was performed to gain further insight into the effect of reverse transcriptase (RT) mutations on reverse transcription. RT-integrase variants in or flanking cytotoxic T cell epitopes in the RT palm (158S), RT thumb (241I and 257V) and integrase catalytic core domain (124N) were confirmed to significantly reduce RC. RT mutants showed a delayed initiation of viral DNA synthesis. Structural models provide insight into how these attenuating RT mutations may affect amino acid interactions in the helix clamp, primer grip and catalytic site regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doty B A Ojwach
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Paradise Madlala
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Michelle Gordon
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Department of Laboratory Medicine & Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thumbi Ndung'u
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa; Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany; Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jaclyn K Mann
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
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Kelentse N, Moyo S, Mogwele M, Lechiile K, Moraka NO, Maruapula D, Seatla KK, Esele L, Molebatsi K, Leeme TB, Lawrence DS, Musonda R, Kasvosve I, Harrison TS, Jarvis JN, Gaseitsiwe S. Differences in human immunodeficiency virus-1C viral load and drug resistance mutation between plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in patients with human immunodeficiency virus-associated cryptococcal meningitis in Botswana. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e22606. [PMID: 33031315 PMCID: PMC7544309 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000022606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine effects of cryptococcal meningitis (CM) on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1C cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) viral escape, CSF/plasma viral discordance, and drug resistance mutation (DRM) discordance between CSF and plasma compartments, we compared CSF and plasma viral load (VL) and DRMs in individuals with HIV-associated CM in Botswana.This cross-sectional study utilized 45 paired CSF/plasma samples from participants in a CM treatment trial (2014-2016). HIV-1 VL was determined and HIV-1 protease and reverse transcriptase genotyping performed. DRMs were determined using the Stanford HIV database. CSF viral escape was defined as HIV-1 ribonucleic acid ≥0.5 log10 higher in CSF than plasma and VL discordance as CSF VL > plasma VL.HIV-1 VL was successfully measured in 39/45 pairs, with insufficient sample volume in 6; 34/39 (87.2%) participants had detectable HIV-1 in plasma and CSF, median 5.1 (interquartile range: 4.7-5.7) and 4.6 (interquartile range:3.7-4.9) log10 copies/mL, respectively (P≤.001). CSF viral escape was present in 1/34 (2.9%) and VL discordance in 6/34 (17.6%). Discordance was not associated with CD4 count, antiretroviral status, fungal burden, CSF lymphocyte percentage nor mental status. Twenty-six of 45 (57.8%) CSF/plasma pairs were successfully sequenced. HIV-1 DRM discordance was found in 3/26 (11.5%); 1 had I84IT and another had M46MI in CSF only. The third had K101E in plasma and V106 M in CSF.Our findings suggest that HIV-1 escape and DRM discordance may occur at lower rates in participants with advanced HIV-disease and CM compared to those with HIV associated neurocognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nametso Kelentse
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership
- University of Botswana, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Sikhulile Moyo
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Boston, United States
| | - Mompati Mogwele
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership
- University of Botswana, Department of Biological Sciences, Gaborone, Botswana
| | | | - Natasha O. Moraka
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership
- Stellenbosch University, Department of Pathology, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Dorcas Maruapula
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership
- University of Botswana, Department of Biological Sciences, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Kaelo K. Seatla
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership
- University of Botswana, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Gaborone, Botswana
| | | | - Kesaobaka Molebatsi
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership
- University of Botswana, Department of Statistics, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Tshepo B. Leeme
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership
- Botswana-University of Pennsylvania Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - David S. Lawrence
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemary Musonda
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Boston, United States
| | - Ishmael Kasvosve
- University of Botswana, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Thomas S. Harrison
- Centre for Global Health, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph N. Jarvis
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership
- Botswana-University of Pennsylvania Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Simani Gaseitsiwe
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Boston, United States
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7
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Yuan D, Liu M, Jia P, Li Y, Huang Y, Ye L, Api L, Chen M, Yao L, Wang Z, Liu H, Liang S, Yang S. Prevalence and determinants of virological failure, genetic diversity and drug resistance among people living with HIV in a minority area in China: a population-based study. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:443. [PMID: 32576136 PMCID: PMC7310496 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05124-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture is one of the areas that most severely affected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in China, and virological failure on antiretroviral therapy (ART) is serious in this area. Analyses of prevalence and determinants of ART failure, the genetic diversity and drug resistance among people living with HIV (PLWH) helps improve HIV treatment efficiency and prevent HIV transmission. METHODS A total of 5157 PLWH were recruited from 2016 to 2017. The venous blood samples were subjected to RT-PCR, followed by sequencing of the HIV-1 pol gene, targeting the protease and reverse transcriptase fragments. HIV-1 diversity was analyzed using the DNAStar software and drug resistance mutations were analyzed using the Stanford University HIV Drug Resistance Database. RESULTS A total of 2156 (41.81%) PLWH showed virological failure on ART. Males (ORm = 1.25), heterosexual behaviors and drug injection (ORm = 1.44) and mother to child transmission routes (ORm = 1.58), the clinical stage of AIDS (ORm = 1.35), having used illicit drugs and shared the needles (1-4 times: ORm = 1.34; more than 5 times: ORm = 1.52), having ever replaced ART regimen (ORm = 1.48) increased the risk of virological failure among PLWH, while higher education lever (ORm = 0.77) and ≥ 12 months on ART (12 ~ 36 months: ORm = 0.72; ≥36 months: ORm = 0.66) was associated with lower likelihood of virological failure. The data revealed that CRF07_BC (1508, 95.62%) were the most common strains, and the drug-resistant rate was 32.10% among PLWH with virological failure in this area. The high frequencies of drug resistance were found in EFV and NVP of NNRTIs, ABC, FTC and 3TC of NRTIs, and TPV/r in PIs. The most common mutations in NNRTIs, NRTIs and PIs were K103N/KN (64.69%), M184V/MV/I (36.29%) and Q58E/QE (4.93%), respectively. CONCLUSION We concluded that surveillance of virological failure, HIV-1 subtypes, and drug resistance to understand HIV-1 epidemiology and guide modification of ART guidelines, and target prevention and control strategies should be formatted to reduce the virological failure and drug resistance to promote viral suppression and prevent HIV-1 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yuan
- Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Meijing Liu
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Peng Jia
- Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- International Initiative on Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology (ISLE), Hong Kong, China
| | - Yiping Li
- Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuling Huang
- Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Ye
- Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Laze Api
- Butuo Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Butuo, China
| | - Maogang Chen
- Liangshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xichang, China
| | - Liang Yao
- Butuo County People's Hospital, Butuo, China
| | - Zixin Wang
- Centre for Health Behaviours Research, The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Honglu Liu
- Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Shu Liang
- Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China.
| | - Shujuan Yang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
- International Initiative on Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology (ISLE), Hong Kong, China.
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8
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Machado LY, Blanco M, López LS, Díaz HM, Dubed M, Valdés N, Noa E, Martínez L, Pérez MT, Romay DM, Rivero CB, Joanes J, Cancio I, Lantero MI, Rodríguez M. National survey of pre-treatment HIV drug resistance in Cuban patients. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221879. [PMID: 31479466 PMCID: PMC6719847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a method to estimate nationally representative pretreatment HIV drug resistance (PDR) in order to evaluate the effectiveness of first -line treatments. The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence of PDR in Cuban adults infected with HIV-1. Materials and methods A cross-sectional study in Cuban adults infected with HIV-1 over 18 years was conducted. The probability proportional to size method for the selection of municipalities and patients without a prior history of antiretroviral treatment during the period from January 2017 to June 2017 was used. The plasma from 141 patients from 15 municipalities for the determination of viral subtype and HIV drug resistance was collected. Some clinical and epidemiological variables were evaluated. Results 80. 9% of the patients corresponded to the male sex and 76.3% were men who have sex with other men (MSM). The median CD4 count was 371 cells / mm3 and the median viral load was 68000 copies / mL. The predominant genetic variants were subtype B (26.9%), CRF19_cpx (24.1%), CRF 20, 23, 24_BG (23.4%) and CRF18_cpx (12%). Overall, the prevalence of PDR was 29.8% (95%, CI 22.3–38.1). The prevalence was 12.8% (95%, CI 6.07–16.9) for any nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), 23.4% (95%, CI 16.7–31.3) for any non-reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) and 1.4% (95%, CI 0.17–5.03) for any protease inhibitor (PI). The most frequent mutations detected were K103N (12.9%), G190A (6.4%) and Y181C (4.8%). Conclusions The NNRTI prevalence above 10% in our study indicates that the first-line antiretroviral therapy in Cuba may be less effective and supports the need to look for new treatment options that contribute to therapeutic success and help the country achieve the global goals 90-90-90 set forth by UNAIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - José Joanes
- Department of STI/HIV/AIDS, Ministry of Public Health, Havana, Cuba
| | - Isis Cancio
- Department of STI/HIV/AIDS, Ministry of Public Health, Havana, Cuba
| | - María I. Lantero
- Department of STI/HIV/AIDS, Ministry of Public Health, Havana, Cuba
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9
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Stecher M, Hoenigl M, Eis-Hübinger AM, Lehmann C, Fätkenheuer G, Wasmuth JC, Knops E, Vehreschild JJ, Mehta S, Chaillon A. Hotspots of Transmission Driving the Local Human Immunodeficiency Virus Epidemic in the Cologne-Bonn Region, Germany. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 68:1539-1546. [PMID: 30169606 PMCID: PMC6481988 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Geographical allocation of interventions focusing on hotspots of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission has the potential to improve efficiency. We used phylogeographic analyses to identify hotspots of the HIV transmission in Cologne-Bonn, Germany. METHODS We included 714 HIV-1 infected individuals, followed up at the University Hospitals Cologne and Bonn. Distance-based molecular network analyses were performed to infer putative relationships. Characteristics of genetically linked individuals and assortativity (shared characteristics) were analyzed. Geospatial diffusion (ie, viral gene flow) was evaluated using a Slatkin-Maddison approach. Geospatial dispersal was determined by calculating the average distance between the residences of linked individuals (centroids of 3-digit zip code). RESULTS In sum, 217/714 (30.4%) sequences had a putative genetic linkage, forming 77 clusters (size range: 2-8). Linked individuals were more likely to live in areas surrounding the city center (P = .043), <30 years of age (P = .009). and infected with HIV-1 subtype B (P = .002). Clustering individuals were nonassortative by area of residency (-.0026, P = .046). Geospatial analyses revealed a median distance between genetically linked individuals of 23.4 kilometers (km), lower than expected (P < .001). Slatkin-Maddison analyses revealed increased gene flow from central Cologne toward the surrounding areas (P < .001). CONCLUSION Phylogeographic analysis suggests that central Cologne may be a significant driver of the regional epidemic. Although clustering individuals lived closer than unlinked individuals, they were less likely to be linked to others from their same zip code. These results could help public health entities better understand transmission dynamics, facilitating allocation of resources to areas of greatest need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Stecher
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Hoenigl
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego
- Division of Pulmonology and Section of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Anna Maria Eis-Hübinger
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Germany
| | - Clara Lehmann
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Gerd Fätkenheuer
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan-Christian Wasmuth
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Germany
- Department for Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Bonn, Germany
| | - Elena Knops
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Cologne, Germany
| | - Jörg Janne Vehreschild
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Sanjay Mehta
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego
- Department of Medicine, San Diego VA Medical Center, California
| | - Antoine Chaillon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego
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10
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Roychoudhury P, De Silva Feelixge H, Reeves D, Mayer BT, Stone D, Schiffer JT, Jerome KR. Viral diversity is an obligate consideration in CRISPR/Cas9 designs for targeting the HIV reservoir. BMC Biol 2018; 16:75. [PMID: 29996827 PMCID: PMC6040082 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-018-0544-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RNA-guided CRISPR/Cas9 systems can be designed to mutate or excise the integrated HIV genome from latently infected cells and have therefore been proposed as a curative approach for HIV. However, most studies to date have focused on molecular clones with ideal target site recognition and do not account for target site variability observed within and between patients. For clinical success and broad applicability, guide RNA (gRNA) selection must account for circulating strain diversity and incorporate the within-host diversity of HIV. RESULTS We identified a set of gRNAs targeting HIV LTR, gag, and pol using publicly available sequences for these genes and ranked gRNAs according to global conservation across HIV-1 group M and within subtypes A-C. By considering paired and triplet combinations of gRNAs, we found triplet sets of target sites such that at least one of the gRNAs in the set was present in over 98% of all globally available sequences. We then selected 59 gRNAs from our list of highly conserved LTR target sites and evaluated in vitro activity using a loss-of-function LTR-GFP fusion reporter. We achieved efficient GFP knockdown with multiple gRNAs and found clustering of highly active gRNA target sites near the middle of the LTR. Using published deep-sequence data from HIV-infected patients, we found that globally conserved sites also had greater within-host target conservation. Lastly, we developed a mathematical model based on varying distributions of within-host HIV sequence diversity and enzyme efficacy. We used the model to estimate the number of doses required to deplete the latent reservoir and achieve functional cure thresholds. Our modeling results highlight the importance of within-host target site conservation. While increased doses may overcome low target cleavage efficiency, inadequate targeting of rare strains is predicted to lead to rebound upon cART cessation even with many doses. CONCLUSIONS Target site selection must account for global and within host viral genetic diversity. Globally conserved target sites are good starting points for design, but multiplexing is essential for depleting quasispecies and preventing viral load rebound upon therapy cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel Reeves
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA
| | - Bryan T Mayer
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA
| | - Daniel Stone
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA
| | - Joshua T Schiffer
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Keith R Jerome
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA.
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11
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Kearney MF, Spindler J, Wiegand A, Shao W, Haubrich R, Riddler S, Lalama CM, Hughes MD, Coffin JM, Mellors JW. Lower pre-ART intra-participant HIV-1 pol diversity may not be associated with virologic failure in adults. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190438. [PMID: 29370196 PMCID: PMC5784902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Identifying pre-ART factors associated with the emergence of HIV-1 drug resistance is critical for optimizing strategies to prevent virologic failure. A previous study reported that lower pre-ART HIV-1 pol diversity was associated with higher risk of virologic failure in HIV-1-infected children. To investigate this association in adults, we measured HIV-1 diversity with deep sequencing in pre-ART samples from adults with well-characterized virologic outcomes in a study (A5142) of initial ART conducted by the AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG). Methods We identified 22 cases in ACTG A5142 who experienced virologic failure with drug resistance mutations in RT and 44 matched controls who did not experience virologic failure. cDNA was synthesized from plasma HIV-1 RNA. Each cDNA molecule was tagged with a unique primer ID and RT codons 41–103 were amplified and deep sequenced. Sequences with the same tag were aligned and a consensus was generated to reduce PCR and sequencing errors. Diversity was calculated by measuring average pairwise distance (APD) of the consensus sequences. An exact conditional logistic regression model with percent APD as the risk factor estimated the odds ratio for VF and the corresponding 95% confidence interval. Results Consensus single-genome sequences and diversity estimates of pol were obtained for pre-ART samples from 21 cases and 42 controls. The median (IQR) pre-ART percent APD was 0.71 (0.31–1.13) in cases and 0.58 (0.32–0.94) in controls. A possible trend was found for higher diversity being associated with greater risk of virologic failure in adults (OR = 2.2 per one percent APD increase, 95% CI = [0.8, 7.2]; p = 0.15). Conclusions This study in adults suggests there is a positive association between higher pre-ART pol diversity and the risk of virologic failure in adults rather than an inverse relationship reported in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary F. Kearney
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jonathan Spindler
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Ann Wiegand
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Wei Shao
- Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Richard Haubrich
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, CA (Currently Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA), United States of America
| | - Sharon Riddler
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Christina M. Lalama
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Michael D. Hughes
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - John M. Coffin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - John W. Mellors
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
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12
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Dahal BK, Kadyrova LY, Delfino KR, Rogozin IB, Gujar V, Lobachev KS, Kadyrov FA. Involvement of DNA mismatch repair in the maintenance of heterochromatic DNA stability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1007074. [PMID: 29069084 PMCID: PMC5673234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterochromatin contains a significant part of nuclear DNA. Little is known about the mechanisms that govern heterochromatic DNA stability. We show here that in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (i) DNA mismatch repair (MMR) is required for the maintenance of heterochromatic DNA stability, (ii) MutLα (Mlh1-Pms1 heterodimer), MutSα (Msh2-Msh6 heterodimer), MutSβ (Msh2-Msh3 heterodimer), and Exo1 are involved in MMR at heterochromatin, (iii) Exo1-independent MMR at heterochromatin frequently leads to the formation of Pol ζ-dependent mutations, (iv) MMR cooperates with the proofreading activity of Pol ε and the histone acetyltransferase Rtt109 in the maintenance of heterochromatic DNA stability, (v) repair of base-base mismatches at heterochromatin is less efficient than repair of base-base mismatches at euchromatin, and (vi) the efficiency of repair of 1-nt insertion/deletion loops at heterochromatin is similar to the efficiency of repair of 1-nt insertion/deletion loops at euchromatin. Eukaryotic mismatch repair is an important intracellular process that defends DNA against mutations. Inactivation of mismatch repair in human cells strongly increases the risk of cancer initiation and development. Although significant progress has been made in understanding mismatch repair at euchromatin, mismatch repair at heterochromatin is not well understood. Baker’s yeast is a key model organism to study mismatch repair. We determined that in baker’s yeast (1) mismatch repair protects heterochromatic DNA from mutations, (2) the MutLα, MutSα, MutSβ, and Exo1 proteins play important roles in mismatch repair at heterochromatin, (3) Exo1-independent mismatch repair at heterochromatin is an error-prone process; (4) mismatch repair cooperates with two other intracellular processes to protect the stability of heterochromatic DNA; and (5) the efficiency of repair of base-base mismatches at heterochromatin is lower than the efficiency of repair of base-base mismatches at euchromatin, but the efficiency of 1-nt insertion/deletion loop repair at heterochromatin is similar to the efficiency of 1-nt insertion/deletion loop repair at euchromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basanta K. Dahal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, United States of America
| | - Lyudmila Y. Kadyrova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, United States of America
| | - Kristin R. Delfino
- Center for Clinical Research, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States of America
| | - Igor B. Rogozin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Vaibhavi Gujar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, United States of America
| | - Kirill S. Lobachev
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Farid A. Kadyrov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Mossoro-Kpinde CD, Gody JC, Mboumba Bouassa RS, Mbitikon O, Jenabian MA, Robin L, Matta M, Zeitouni K, Longo JDD, Costiniuk C, Grésenguet G, Touré Kane NC, Bélec L. High levels of virological failure with major genotypic resistance mutations in HIV-1-infected children after 5 years of care according to WHO-recommended 1st-line and 2nd-line antiretroviral regimens in the Central African Republic: A cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e6282. [PMID: 28272247 PMCID: PMC5348195 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000006282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A large cohort of 220 HIV-1-infected children (median [range] age: 12 [4-17] years) was cared and followed up in the Central African Republic, including 198 in 1st-line and 22 in 2nd-line antiretroviral regimens. Patients were monitored clinically and biologically for HIV-1 RNA load and drug resistance mutations (DRMs) genotyping. A total of 87 (40%) study children were virological responders and 133 (60%) nonresponders. In children with detectable viral load, the majority (129; 97%) represented a virological failure. In children receiving 1st-line regimens in virological failure for whom genotypic resistance test was available, 45% displayed viruses harboring at least 1 DRM to NNRTI or NRTI, and 26% showed at least 1 major DRM to NNRTI or NRTI; more than half of children in 1st-line regimens were resistant to 1st-generation NNRTI and 24% of the children in 1st-line regimens had a major DRMs to PI. Virological failure and selection of DRMs were both associated with poor adherence. These observations demonstrate high rate of virological failure after 3 to 5 years of 1st-line or 2nd-line antiretroviral treatment, which is generally associated with DRMs and therapeutic failure. Overall, more than half (55%) of children receiving 1st-line antiretroviral treatment for a median of 3.4 years showed virological failure and antiretroviral-resistance and thus eligible to 2nd-line treatment. Furthermore, two-third (64%) of children under 2nd-line therapy were eligible to 3rd-line regimen. Taken together, these observations point the necessity to monitor antiretroviral-treated children by plasma HIV-1 RNA load to diagnose as early as possible the therapeutic failure and operate switch to a new therapeutic line.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-Chrysostome Gody
- Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Bangui
- Complexe Pédiatrique, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Ralph-Sydney Mboumba Bouassa
- Laboratoire de virologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou and Université Paris Descartes, Paris Sorbonne Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Mohammad-Ali Jenabian
- Département des Sciences Biologiques et Centre de Recherche BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Leman Robin
- Laboratoire de virologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou and Université Paris Descartes, Paris Sorbonne Cité, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Matta
- Laboratoire de virologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou and Université Paris Descartes, Paris Sorbonne Cité, Paris, France
| | - Kamal Zeitouni
- Saint Georges Hospital University Medical Center, Université de Balamand, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jean De Dieu Longo
- Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Bangui
- Unité de Recherches et d’Intervention sur les Maladies Sexuellement Transmissibles et le SIDA, Département de Santé Publique, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé de Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Cecilia Costiniuk
- Chronic Viral Illnesses Service, Division of Infectious Diseases and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal
| | - Gérard Grésenguet
- Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Bangui
- Unité de Recherches et d’Intervention sur les Maladies Sexuellement Transmissibles et le SIDA, Département de Santé Publique, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé de Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Ndèye Coumba Touré Kane
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie Virologie, Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Dakar and Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Laurent Bélec
- Laboratoire de virologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou and Université Paris Descartes, Paris Sorbonne Cité, Paris, France
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Sotgiu S, Arru G, Mameli G, Serra C, Pugliatti M, Rosati G, Dolei A. Multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus in early multiple sclerosis: a six-year follow-up of a Sardinian cohort. Mult Scler 2016; 12:698-703. [PMID: 17262996 DOI: 10.1177/1352458506070773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The human endogenous retroviruses (HERV)-W family contains an extracellular particle detected in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and designated as MS-associated retrovirus (MSRV). Through nested RT-PCR assays specific for pol MSRV gene, we preliminary reported that its presence in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of early MS patients could be indicative of a poor prognosis upon a three-year follow-up. In the present clinical study, we enlarged our blind observation up to six years. At study entry, 10 MS patients were MSRV- and eight were MSRV+ in the CSF, both groups having a similar mean age and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score. After six year follow-up, the mean EDSS significantly differed between the MSRV- and MSRV+ cohorts (4.3 versus 2.2; P = 0.004), as did the annual relapse rate (0.5 in the MSRV- versus 0.3 in the MSRV+; P = 0.01). Finally, two MSRV- patients entered the progressive phase, whilst none of the MSRV+ group entered this phase, and 9/10 MSRV- versus 2/8 MSRV+ patients were treated with immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive drugs (P = 0.009). In conclusion, we found that the presence of MSRV virions in the CSF at the onset of MS is associated, not only with disability accumulation, but also with a higher rate of clinical re-exacerbations. With the known potential pathogenic effects of MSRV given in the literature, further investigations on MSRV are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sotgiu
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 10, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
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15
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Zeh C, Inzaule SC, Ondoa P, Nafisa LG, Kasembeli A, Otieno F, Vandenhoudt H, Amornkul PN, Mills LA, Nkengasong JN. Molecular Epidemiology and Transmission Dynamics of Recent and Long-Term HIV-1 Infections in Rural Western Kenya. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147436. [PMID: 26871567 PMCID: PMC4752262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To identify unique characteristics of recent versus established HIV infections and describe sexual transmission networks, we characterized circulating HIV-1 strains from two randomly selected populations of ART-naïve participants in rural western Kenya. Methods Recent HIV infections were identified by the HIV-1 subtype B, E and D, immunoglobulin G capture immunoassay (IgG BED-CEIA) and BioRad avidity assays. Genotypic and phylogenetic analyses were performed on the pol gene to identify transmitted drug resistance (TDR) mutations, characterize HIV subtypes and potential transmission clusters. Factors associated with recent infection and clustering were assessed by logistic regression. Results Of the 320 specimens, 40 (12.5%) were concordantly identified by the two assays as recent infections. Factors independently associated with being recently infected were age ≤19 years (P = 0.001) and history of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the past six months (P = 0.004). HIV subtype distribution differed in recently versus chronically infected participants, with subtype A observed among 53% recent vs. 68% chronic infections (p = 0.04) and subtype D among 26% recent vs. 12% chronic infections (p = 0.012). Overall, the prevalence of primary drug resistance was 1.16%. Of the 258 sequences, 11.2% were in monophyletic clusters of between 2–4 individuals. In multivariate analysis factors associated with clustering included having recent HIV infection P = 0.043 and being from Gem region P = 0.002. Conclusions Recent HIV-1 infection was more frequent among 13–19 year olds compared with older age groups, underscoring the ongoing risk and susceptibility of younger persons for acquiring HIV infection. Our findings also provide evidence of sexual networks. The association of recent infections with clustering suggests that early infections may be contributing significant proportions of onward transmission highlighting the need for early diagnosis and treatment as prevention for ongoing prevention. Larger studies are needed to better understand the structure of these networks and subsequently implement and evaluate targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Zeh
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention (CDC), Kisumu, Kenya
- * E-mail:
| | - Seth C. Inzaule
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration, Kisumu Field Research Station, Kisumu, Kenya
- Amsterdam Institute of Global Health and Development (AIGHD), Department of Global Health of the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pascale Ondoa
- Amsterdam Institute of Global Health and Development (AIGHD), Department of Global Health of the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lillian G. Nafisa
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration, Kisumu Field Research Station, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Alex Kasembeli
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration, Kisumu Field Research Station, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Fredrick Otieno
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration, Kisumu Field Research Station, Kisumu, Kenya
| | | | - Pauli N. Amornkul
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention (CDC), Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Lisa A. Mills
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention (CDC), Kisumu, Kenya
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration, Kisumu Field Research Station, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - John N. Nkengasong
- Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis, Center for Global Health, CDC Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Yuan D, Su L, Liu H, Yu H, Yang H, Ye L, Wei D, Pei X, Liang S. [Drug-resistance characteristics of CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC subtypes of HIV-1 strains in Sichuan province]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2015; 49:901-906. [PMID: 26813724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the drug resistance of HIV patients to the HIV-1 CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC strains in Sichuan province during 2010 to 2013. METHODS 1.5 ml of plasma were collected from AIDS patients who had been receiving anti-retroviral treatment for over 6 months but still had a HIV-1 virus load of over 1 000 copies/ml from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2013 in Sichuan province. Genetic analysis of the HIV-1 pol gene was performed using self-established method, and patients with a positive drug-resistant HIV-1 pol gene mutation were included. HIV-1 poly gene was successfully sequenced for a total of 1 213 patients. Drug resistance of different HIV-1 strains was compared with χ2 test or Fisher exact test. RESULTS 558 cases (46.0%) of the 1 213 successfully sequenced patients were infected by HIV-1-strains with drug-resistant mutations, including 327 cases (58.6%) infected by CRF01_AE strain, 126 (22.6%) by CRF07_BC strain, 46 (8.2%) by CRF08_BC strain, 33 (5.9%) by B strain, 4 (0.7%) by C strain, 1 (0.2%) by CRF02_AG strain, and 21 (3.8%) by unidentified strains. Drug-resistant mutation analysis revealed that L33, F116, L74, Q151, and T69 resistance mutations occurred only in the CRF01_AE strain, while A71, K43, and Q58 resistance mutations occurred only in the CRF07_BC strain; in nuclear nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and non nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), CRF01_AE subtype strains showed highly resistant rate were higher than CRF07_BC, CRF08_BC and B subtype strains, with the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). CONCLUSION The drug-resistant HIV-1 strains in Sichuan mainly included the CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC strains, which had different resistance mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yuan
- Institute of STD/AIDS Control and Prevention, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu 610041, China; West China School of Public Heath, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Boender TS, Hoenderboom BM, Sigaloff KCE, Hamers RL, Wellington M, Shamu T, Siwale M, Labib Maksimos EEF, Nankya I, Kityo CM, Adeyemo TA, Akanmu AS, Mandaliya K, Botes ME, Ondoa P, Rinke de Wit TF. Pretreatment HIV drug resistance increases regimen switches in sub-Saharan Africa. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 61:1749-58. [PMID: 26240203 DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After the scale-up of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in Africa, increasing numbers of patients have pretreatment drug resistance. METHODS In a large multicountry cohort of patients starting standard first-line ART in six African countries, pol genotyping was retrospectively performed if viral load (VL) ≥1000 cps/mL. Pretreatment drug resistance was defined as a decreased susceptibility to ≥1 prescribed drug. We assessed the effect of pretreatment drug resistance on all-cause mortality, new AIDS events and switch to second-line ART due to presumed treatment failure, using Cox models. RESULTS Among 2579 participants for whom a pretreatment genotype was available, 5.5% had pretreatment drug resistance. Pretreatment drug resistance was associated with an increased risk of regimen switch (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 3.80; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.49-9.68; P = .005) but was not associated with mortality (aHR 0.75, 95% CI, .24-2.35; P = .617) or new AIDS events (aHR 1.06, 95% CI, .68-1.64; P = .807). During three years of follow up, 106 (4.1%) participants switched to second-line, of whom 18 (17.0%) switched with VL < 1000 cps/mL, 7 (6.6%) with VL ≥ 1000 cps/mL and no drug resistance mutations (DRMs), 46 (43.4%) with VL ≥ 1000 cps/mL and ≥1 DRMs; no HIV RNA data was available for 32 (30.2%) participants. CONCLUSIONS Given rising pretreatment HIV drug resistance levels in sub-Saharan Africa, these findings underscore the need for expanded access to second-line ART. VL monitoring can improve the accuracy of failure detection and efficiency of switching practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sonia Boender
- Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development and Department of Global Health
| | - Bernice M Hoenderboom
- Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development and Department of Global Health
| | - Kim C E Sigaloff
- Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development and Department of Global Health Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Raph L Hamers
- Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development and Department of Global Health Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Titilope A Adeyemo
- Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, University of Lagos, Nigeria University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria
| | - Alani Sulaimon Akanmu
- Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, University of Lagos, Nigeria University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Pascale Ondoa
- Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development and Department of Global Health
| | - Tobias F Rinke de Wit
- Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development and Department of Global Health
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Ma Y, Wang J, Xing H, Chen M, Yao S, Chen H, Yang J, Li Y, Duan S, Jia M. [Analysis on HIV-1 genetics and threshold of drug resistance in Dehong prefecture of Yunnan province in 2013]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2015; 36:584-588. [PMID: 26564629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the HIV-1 genotypes and transmitted drug resistance (TDR) in Dehong prefecture of Yunnan province in 2013. METHODS Referring to the guidelines for HIV drug resistance threshold survey (HIVDR-TS), 54 plasma samples of recently reported HIV-infected individuals, aged between 16 and 25 years, were collected in Dehong prefecture from January to August 2013. Genotyping of partial pol gene was performed by using reverse transcriptional PCR. HIV-1 genotype. Prevalent levels of HIV-1 drug resistance transmission were analyzed. RESULTS Forty-eight plasma samples were successfully sequenced and analyzed. Among them, 45.8% were Chinese and the rest 54.2% were all Burmese. Based on pol sequences, identified HIV genotypes included subtype C (41.7%), URF (31.3%), CRF01_AE (12.5%), CRF07_BC (10.4%), CRF08_BC (2.1%) and subtype B (2.1%), C subtype appeared dominated in Chinese while URF was dominated in Burmese. One drug resistant mutation to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) was detected in one sequence from Burmese. Based on the statistical method of HIVDR-TS, the prevalence of transmitted HIV-1 drug resistance was adjusted as < 5%. CONCLUSION Diverse HIV-1 genotypes were found in this study, and the current HIV-1 drug resistant strains transmission was catalogued as at low prevalence level, in Dehong. To prevent the increase of the prevalence of transmitted HIV-1 drug resistance, standard treatment and scientific management for people living with HIV/AIDS should be strictly followed. Meanwhile, relevant surveillance, including drug resistance surveillance should also be performed among cross-border migrant population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Ma
- Yunnan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming 650022, China
| | - Jibao Wang
- Dehong Center for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Hui Xing
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Min Chen
- Yunnan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming 650022, China
| | - Shitang Yao
- Dehong Center for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Huichao Chen
- Yunnan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming 650022, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Dehong Center for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Yanling Li
- Dehong Center for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Song Duan
- Dehong Center for Disease Control and Prevention;
| | - Manhong Jia
- Yunnan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming 650022, China;
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Msimanga PW, Vardas E, Engelbrecht S. HIV-1 diversity in an antiretroviral treatment naïve cohort from Bushbuckridge, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. Virol J 2015; 12:24. [PMID: 25889106 PMCID: PMC4340098 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0244-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND South Africa has a generalized and explosive HIV/AIDS epidemic with the largest number of people infected with HIV-1 in the world. Molecular investigations of HIV-1 diversity can help enhance interventions to contain and combat the HIV/AIDS epidemic. However, many studies of HIV-1 diversity in South Africa tend to be limited to the major metropolitan centers and their surrounding provinces. Hardly any studies of HIV diversity have been undertaken in Mpumalanga Province, and this study sought to investigate the HIV-1 diversity in this province, as well as establish the occurrence and extent of transmitted antiretroviral drug resistance mutations. METHODS HIV-1 gag p24, pol p10 and p66/p51, pol p31 and env gp41 gene fragments from 43 participants were amplified and sequenced. Quality control on the sequences was carried out using the LANL QC online tool. HIV-1 subtype was preliminary assigned using the REGA 3.0 and jpHMM online tools. Subtype for the pol gene fragment was further designated using the SCUEAL online tool. Phylogenetic analysis was inferred using the Maximum Likelihood methods in MEGA version 6. HIV-1 antiretroviral drug resistance mutations were determined using the Stanford database. RESULTS Phylogenetic analysis using Maximum Likelihood methods indicated that all sequences in the study clustered with HIV-1 subtype C. The exception was one putative subtype BC unique recombinant form. Antiretroviral drug resistance mutations K103N and E138A were also detected, indicating possible transmission of anti-retroviral drug resistance mutations. CONCLUSIONS The phylogenetic analysis of the HIV sequences revealed that, by 2009, patients in the Bushbuckridge, Mpumalanga were predominantly infected with HIV-1 subtype C. However, the generalized, explosive nature of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in South Africa, in the context of extensive mobility by South Africans who inhabit rural areas, renders the continued molecular monitoring and surveillance of the epidemic imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Wela Msimanga
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Hospital, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa.
- Current Address: National Department of Health, Civitas Building, Corner Thabo Sehume and Struben Streets, P.O. Box X828, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
| | - Efthyia Vardas
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Hospital, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa.
- Lancet Laboratories, P.O. Box 8475, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa.
| | - Susan Engelbrecht
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Hospital, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa.
- National Health Laboratory Services (NHLS), Western Cape Region, Tygerberg Hospital (Coastal), Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa.
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20
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Zhang J, Yang J, Pan X, Guo Z, Ding X, Xu Y, Huang J, Xia Y. [HIV-1 subtype diversity and transmission clusters among men having sex with men who recently got HIV-l infection, in Zhejiang province]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2015; 36:61-66. [PMID: 25876868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand the HIV-1 subtype diversity and transmission characteristics in men having sex with men (MSM) in Zhejiang province. METHODS A total of 233 newly diagnosed as HIV-1 positive patients in 2011 were screened out by BED capture enzyme immunoassay (BED-CEIA). Among them, 107 eligible subjects were enrolled for further molecular epidemiological study. Viral RNA was extracted from plasma samples and followed by reverse transcription PCR and nested PCR for amplification of pol gene fragments, sequencing, and bioinformatics analysis. RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences regarding the social demographic distribution between the subjects under study and those recently infected MSM population. The rate of success for sequence acquisition was 94.4% (101/107). The highest proportion of subtype was CRF01_AE (62.4%), followed by CRF07_BC (31.7%) and with three cases of subtype B, one case of CRF55_01B and two cases of unique recombinant form (CRF01_AE/B and CRF01_AE/CRF07_BC). The phylogenetic trees were mainly divided into CRF01_AE cluster 1, cluster 2 and CRF07_BC cluster 3. The strains located in Hangzhou were diffused in the branches of phylogenetic tree. 10 transmission clusters were found, in which 80% involved two or more regions and 90% was associated with patients residing in Hangzhou. Three surveillance drug resistance mutations (M46I, T215S and G190A) were found in three samples (each sample harbored only one resistance mutation). The overall rate of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) was 2.97%. CONCLUSION The increasing complexity of HIV was noticed in MSM in Zhejiang province. However, the prevalence of TDR was low. Cross-regional HIV transmission in MSM was common, which inferred from the study. Hangzhou might play a central regional role in the intra-provincial spread of HIV, to form an interwoven complex network in the MSM population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafeng Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Jiezhe Yang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Xiaohong Pan
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China.
| | - Zhihong Guo
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Xiaobei Ding
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Yan Xia
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
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21
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Liang B, Yang X, Jiang J, Zhou B, Chen H, Chen R, Zhao F, Pan P, Huang J, Ye L, Liang H. [The efficacy of antiviral therapy and drug resistance analysis among HIV/AIDS patients with heroin addiction in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2014; 48:851-856. [PMID: 25573121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the impact of heroin for antiviral treatment, drug resistance, mutation types and frequency in HIV/AIDS patients in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. METHODS HIV/AIDS patients were recruited in Methadone Maintenance Treatment Clinics, HIV/AIDS Clinic and HIV Voluntary Counseling and Testing Center Liuzhou and Baise city from April 2008 to October 2009. The patients were grouped by the situation of antiviral treatment and use of heroin. A total of 435 HIV/AIDS patients were recruited, among which 108 cases in antiviral treatment and heroin group, 93 cases in antiviral treatment and never using drug group, 105 cases in no antiviral treatment and using heroin group, 129 cases in no antiviral treatment and never using drug group. The effect of antiviral treatment was evaluated by questionnaire survey, viral load measurement and CD4(+) T lymphocyte count. HIV-1 RNA from plasma was extracted, and then the pol genes were amplified and sequenced. The sequences were analyzed for HIV-1 genotype drug-resistance. RESULTS For the patients who received antiviral treatment, the viral load in heroin group was higher than that in never using drug group (lg (2.61 ± 1.24) vs lg (2.08 ± 0.80), t = 3.54, P < 0.05) , and the percentage of viral load lower than 1 000 copies/ml in heroin group was significantly less than that in never using drug group (63.9% vs 86.0%,χ(2) = 12.76, P < 0.05). For the patients who received antiviral treatment, the difference has no significance in CD4(+) T lymphocyte count between heroin group and never using drug group ((337.92 ± 181.66) vs (326.14 ± 254.98), t = 0.38, P = 0.703). For the patients who didn't receive antiviral treatment, the difference also has no significance in CD4(+) T lymphocyte count between heroin group and never using drug group ((373.73 ± 155.97) vs (337.53 ± 209.26), t = 1.47, P = 0.143). For the patients who received antiviral treatment, there was no difference in the percentage of the CD4(+) T lymphocyte count more than 350/ml between heroin group and never using drug group (48.1% vs 43.0%, χ(2) = 0.53, P = 0.466). 319 HIV-1 pol gene sequences were obtained. Among the patients who received antiviral treatment, the mutation frequency of M184V/I, T215Y/F, L210W and T69N/S in heroin abuser group were significantly higher than that in never using drug group (14.9% (11/74) vs 4.4% (3/68), 12.2% (9/74) vs 1.5% (1/68), 12.2% (9/74) vs 1.5% (1/68) and 10.8% (8/74) vs 1.5% (1/68) respectively) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Using heroin may promote HIV replication, reducing the virological response to antiviral treatment and increasing the frequencies of drug resistance loci among HIV/AIDS patients.Heroin rehabilitation may benefit from the antiviral treatment and obtain better antiviral effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyu Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment; School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
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Baesi K, Moallemi S, Farrokhi M, Alinaghi SAS, Truong HM. Subtype classification of Iranian HIV-1 sequences registered in the HIV databases, 2006-2013. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105098. [PMID: 25188443 PMCID: PMC4154867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The rate of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in Iran has increased dramatically in the past few years. While the earliest cases were among hemophiliacs, injection drug users (IDUs) fuel the current epidemic. Previous molecular epidemiological analysis found that subtype A was most common among IDUs but more recent studies suggest CRF_35AD may be more prevalent now. To gain a better understanding of the molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 infection in Iran, we analyzed all Iranian HIV sequence data from the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Methods All Iranian HIV sequences from subtyping studies with pol, gag, env and full-length HIV-1 genome sequences registered in the HIV databases (www.hiv.lanl.gov) between 2006 and 2013 were downloaded. Phylogenetic trees of each region were constructed using Neighbor-Joining (NJ) and Maximum Parsimony methods. Results A total of 475 HIV sequences were analyzed. Overall, 78% of sequences were CRF_35AD. By gene region, CRF_35AD comprised 83% of HIV-1 pol, 62% of env, 78% of gag, and 90% of full-length genome sequences analyzed. There were 240 sequences re-categorized as CRF_AD. The proportion of CRF_35AD sequences categorized by the present study is nearly double the proportion of what had been reported. Conclusions Phylogenetic analysis indicates HIV-1 subtype CRF_35AD is the predominant circulating strain in Iran. This result differed from previous studies that reported subtype A as most prevalent in HIV- infected patients but confirmed other studies which reported CRF_35AD as predominant among IDUs. The observed epidemiological connection between HIV strains circulating in Iran and Afghanistan may be due to drug trafficking and/or immigration between the two countries. This finding suggests the possible origins and transmission dynamics of HIV/AIDS within Iran and provides useful information for designing control and intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazem Baesi
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Moallemi
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Molood Farrokhi
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Ahmad Seyed Alinaghi
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hong–Ha M. Truong
- University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chen M, Ma Y, Su Y, Yang L, Zhang R, Yang C, Chen H, Yan W, Shi Y, Dong L, Chen L, Jia M, Lu L. HIV-1 genetic characteristics and transmitted drug resistance among men who have sex with men in Kunming, China. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87033. [PMID: 24489829 PMCID: PMC3906090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yunnan has been severely affected by HIV/AIDS in China. Recently, the reported prevalence of HIV-1 among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Yunnan was high in China. To monitor dynamic HIV-1 epidemic among Yunnan MSM, HIV-1 genetic characteristics and transmitted drug resistance (TDR) were investigated. METHODS Blood samples from 131 newly HIV-1 diagnosed MSM were continuously collected at fixed sites from January 2010 to December 2012 in Kunming City, Yunnan Province. Partial gag, pol and env genes were sequenced. Phylogenetic, evolutionary and genotypic drug resistance analyses were performed. RESULTS Multiple genotypes were identified among MSM in Kunming, including CRF01_AE (64.9%), CRF07_BC (25.2%), unique recombinant forms (URFs, 5.3%), subtype B (3.1%) and CRF08_BC (1.5%). CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC were the predominant strains. The mean of genetic distance within CRF01_AE were larger than that within CRF07_BC. The estimated introducing time of CRF01_AE in Yunnan MSM (1996.9) is earlier than that of CRF07_BC (2002.8). In this study, subtype B was first identified in Yunnan MSM. CRF08_BC seems to be the distinctive strain in Yunnan MSM, which was seldom found among MSM outside Yunnan. The proportion of URFs increased, which further contributed to genetic diversity among MSM. Strikingly, genetic relatedness was found among these strains with MSM isolates from multiple provinces, which suggested that a nationwide transmission network may exist. TDR-associated mutations were identified in 4.6% individuals. The multivariate analysis revealed that non-native MSM and divorced/widowed MSM were independently associated with a higher TDR rate. CONCLUSION This work revealed diverse HIV-1 genetics, national transmission networks and a baseline level of TDR in MSM. These findings enhance our understanding of the distribution and evolution of HIV-1 in MSM, and are valuable for developing HIV prevention strategies for MSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yanling Ma
- Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yingzhen Su
- Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Li Yang
- Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Renzhong Zhang
- Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chaojun Yang
- Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Huichao Chen
- Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Wenyun Yan
- Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuhua Shi
- Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lijuan Dong
- Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Manhong Jia
- Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- * E-mail: (MJ); (LL)
| | - Lin Lu
- Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- College of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- * E-mail: (MJ); (LL)
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Könnyű B, Sadiq SK, Turányi T, Hírmondó R, Müller B, Kräusslich HG, Coveney PV, Müller V. Gag-Pol processing during HIV-1 virion maturation: a systems biology approach. PLoS Comput Biol 2013; 9:e1003103. [PMID: 23754941 PMCID: PMC3675044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic processing of Gag and Gag-Pol polyproteins by the viral protease (PR) is crucial for the production of infectious HIV-1, and inhibitors of the viral PR are an integral part of current antiretroviral therapy. The process has several layers of complexity (multiple cleavage sites and substrates; multiple enzyme forms; PR auto-processing), which calls for a systems level approach to identify key vulnerabilities and optimal treatment strategies. Here we present the first full reaction kinetics model of proteolytic processing by HIV-1 PR, taking into account all canonical cleavage sites within Gag and Gag-Pol, intermediate products and enzyme forms, enzyme dimerization, the initial auto-cleavage of full-length Gag-Pol as well as self-cleavage of PR. The model allows us to identify the rate limiting step of virion maturation and the parameters with the strongest effect on maturation kinetics. Using the modelling framework, we predict interactions and compensatory potential between individual cleavage rates and drugs, characterize the time course of the process, explain the steep dose response curves associated with PR inhibitors and gain new insights into drug action. While the results of the model are subject to limitations arising from the simplifying assumptions used and from the uncertainties in the parameter estimates, the developed framework provides an extendable open-access platform to incorporate new data and hypotheses in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Könnyű
- Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - S. Kashif Sadiq
- Computational Biophysics Laboratory (GRIB-IMIM), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tamás Turányi
- Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rita Hírmondó
- Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Enzymology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Barbara Müller
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Kräusslich
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter V. Coveney
- Centre for Computational Science, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Viktor Müller
- Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Research Group of Theoretical Biology and Evolutionary Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- * E-mail:
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Noguchi K, Ishibashi K, Miyokawa K, Hokari M, Kanno T, Hirano T, Yamamoto N, Takaku H. HIV-1 suppressive sequences are modulated by Rev transport of unspliced RNA and are required for efficient HIV-1 production. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51393. [PMID: 23251516 PMCID: PMC3519575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The unspliced human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNAs are translated as Gag and Gag-Pol polyproteins or packaged as genomes into viral particles. Efficient translation is necessary before the transition to produce infective virions. The viral protein Rev exports all intron-containing viral RNAs; however, it also appears to enhance translation. Cellular microRNAs target cellular and viral mRNAs to silence their translation and enrich them at discrete cytoplasmic loci that overlap with the putative interim site of Gag and the genome. Here, we analyzed how Rev-mediated transport and the splicing status of the mRNA influenced the silencing status imposed by microRNA. Through identification and mutational analysis of the silencing sites in the HIV-1 genome, we elucidated the effect of silencing on virus production. Renilla luciferase mRNA, which contains a let-7 targeting site in its 3' untranslated region, was mediated when it was transported by Rev and not spliced, but it was either not mediated when it was spliced even in a partial way or it was Rev-independent. The silencing sites in the pol and env-nef regions of the HIV-1 genome, which were repressed in T cells and other cell lines, were Drosha-dependent and could also be modulated by Rev in an unspliced state. Mutant viruses that contained genomic mutations that reflect alterations to show more derepressive effects in the 3' untranslated region of the Renilla luciferase gene replicated more slowly than wild-type virus. These findings yield insights into the HIV-1 silencing sites that might allow the genome to avoid translational machinery and that might be utilized in coordinating virus production during initial virus replication. However, the function of Rev to modulate the silencing sites of unspliced RNAs would be advantageous for the efficient translation that is required to support protein production prior to viral packaging and particle production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousei Noguchi
- High Technology Research Center, Chiba Institute of Technology, Tsudanuma, Narashino-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ishibashi
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, Chiba Institute of Technology, Tsudanuma, Narashino-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kaori Miyokawa
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, Chiba Institute of Technology, Tsudanuma, Narashino-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Manami Hokari
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, Chiba Institute of Technology, Tsudanuma, Narashino-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kanno
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, Chiba Institute of Technology, Tsudanuma, Narashino-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomoya Hirano
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, Chiba Institute of Technology, Tsudanuma, Narashino-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Norio Yamamoto
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takaku
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, Chiba Institute of Technology, Tsudanuma, Narashino-shi, Chiba, Japan
- High Technology Research Center, Chiba Institute of Technology, Tsudanuma, Narashino-shi, Chiba, Japan
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Lee KH, You RN, Greenhalgh DG, Cho K. Identification of a group of Mus dunni endogenous virus-like endogenous retroviruses from the C57BL/6J mouse genome: proviral genomes, strain distribution, expression characteristics, and genomic integration profile. Chromosome Res 2012. [PMID: 23197326 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-012-9322-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
About 10 % of the mouse genome is occupied by sequences associated with endogenous retroviruses (ERVs). However, a comprehensive profile of the mouse ERVs and related elements has not been established yet. In this study, we identified a group of ERVs from the mouse genome and characterized their biological properties. Using a custom ERV mining protocol, 191 ERVs (159 loci reported previously and 32 new loci), tentatively named Mus dunni endogenous virus (MDEV)-like ERVs (MDL-ERVs), were mapped on the C57BL/6J mouse genome. Seven of them retained putative full coding potentials for three retroviral polypeptides (gag, pol, and env). Among the 57 mouse strains examined, all but the Mus pahari/Ei strain had PCR amplicons corresponding to a conserved MDL-ERV region. Interestingly, the Mus caroli/EiJ's amplicon was somewhat larger than the others, coinciding with a substantial phylogenetic distance between the MDL-ERV populations of M. caroli/EiJ and C57BL/6J strains. MDL-ERVs were highly expressed in the lung, spleen, and thymus of C57BL/6J mice compared to the brain, heart, kidney, and liver. Seven MDL-ERVs were mapped in the introns of six annotated genes. Of interest, some MDL-ERVs were mapped periodically on three clusters in chromosome X. The finding that these MDL-ERVs were one of several types of retroelements, which form mosaic-repeat units of tandem arrays, suggests that the formation of the mosaic-repeat unit preceded the tandem arrangement event. Further studies are warranted to understand the biological roles of MDL-ERVs in both normal and pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Hoon Lee
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis and Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, 2425 Stockton Blvd., Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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Nikonorova IV, Unagaeva NV, Bogachev VV, Baryshev PB, Meshcheriakova IV, Chernousova NI, Gashnikova NM. [Study of biological properties of HIV-1 variants resistant to antiretroviral preparations]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 2012:52-56. [PMID: 23297632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM Separation of HIV-1 isolates from HIV infected patients who had received antiretroviral therapy courses. Analysis of genetic and replicative properties of the separated isolates, study of pol gene mutation stability sustentation that is responsible for the emergence of drug resistance. MATERIALS AND METHODS HIV isolate separation was carried out by co-cultivation ofperipheral blood mononuclears of HIV infected patients with previously stimulated phytohemagglutinin cells of healthy donors. Virus replication was evaluated by the level of p24 virus specific protein accumulation determined in enzyme immunoassay. HIV-1 subtype identification, detection of HIV-1 genome mutations were carried out by pol gene nucleotide sequence determination and subsequent analysis of the data obtained - by using specialized program resources. RESULTS 14 infectious HIV-1 subtype A, B and CRF02_AG isolates were separated containing various sets of mutations determining resistance to widely used in clinical practice nucleoside and non-nucleoside reversetranscriptase inhibitors. Comparative analysis of mutation specter detected in HIV-1 variant genomes before isolation and after their cultivation showed that during HIV-1 cultivation in mononuclear blood cells without the addition of antiretroviral preparations not only partial loss of mutations is observed but also emergence of new drug resistance mutations; and most of the mutation causing virus resistance to antiretroviral preparations remain. CONCLUSION High reproductive properties of the HIV-1 isolates separated allow to use them to evaluate effectiveness of the drugs being developed against HIV-1 resistant to antiretroviral preparations.
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Bogachev VV, Totmenin AV, Baryshev PB, Meshcheriakova IV, Chernousova NI, Gashnikova NM. [Molecular-genetic characteristic of HIV-1 A and B subtypes variants isolated in Novosibirsk region]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 2012:45-52. [PMID: 23297631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM Study phylogenetic interconnections of HIV-1 subtype A and B variants circulating in Novosibirsk region (NSR). MATERIALS AND METHODS 268 HIV-1 variants isolated in 2007 - 2010 from blood samples of HIV infected patients in NSR, Samara, Congo and Moscow. HIV-1 variant genotyping was performed by analysis of 1.3 kb long pol gene nucleotide sequences. Phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequences was carried out by program Mega version 4.1 by constructing phylogenetic trees by nearest neighbor method. Nucleotide distances were calculated by Kimura method. RESULTS The studied HIV-1 subtype B variants form separate phylogenetic groups with a low HIV-1 nucleotide sequence homology level combined based on territorial principle and/or time of HIV infection in a territory but not possessing interconnection with a specific population risk group. Subtype A HIV-1 is a fairly homogenous monophyletic group. Phylogenetic differences during studies of HIV-1 isolated from risk group patients - injection drugs users and individuals infected through sexual contacts were not detected. HIV variants isolated from patients infected in Moscow and Samara generally grouped with HIV variants circulating in the European part of Russia. CONCLUSION An independent circulation of genetically separate HIV-1 subtype B groups is observed on the territory of siberian region which is a result of multiple independent introductions of distant variants of the virus. The confirmed limited spread of this HIV-1 genetic variant with a subsequent territorial separateness creates a possibility of formation of genetically different virus populations. The studies of subtype A viruses performed confirm the high level of homogeneity detected earlier in other Russia territories of HIV-1 belonging to this genetic variant. Monophyly of subtype A HIV variants is explained by imposition of 2 factors - territorial mobility of the population inside the country and lack of specific transmission routes for HIV-1 subtype A.
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Gashnikova NM, Bogachev VV, Baryshev PB, Meshcheriakova IV, Savochkina EN, Chernousova NI. [Prevalence of mutations responsible for resistance to antiretroviral preparations among HIV-1 variants circulating in Novosibirsk region]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 2012:56-60. [PMID: 23297633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM Analyze the diversity and prevalence of mutations in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genome emerging in response to antiretroviral therapy isolated from HIV-infected individuals of Novosibirsk region in 2010, 2011. MATERIALS AND METHODS Detection of mutations in HIV-1 genome responsible for the resistance to. antiretroviral preparations (ARVP) was carried out by determination of pol gene nucleotide sequence and subsequent analysis ofthe data obtained by program HIVdb: Genotypic Resistance Interpretation Algorithm. RESULTS HIV-1 resistance mutations to antiretroviral preparations were detected in 23.6% of the total number of the studied samples. The most prevalent mutations are those conditioning resistance to nucleoside and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (M184V, Y181C and K103N). In studies of HIV-1 isolated from 4 patients who had not received antiretroviral therapy (ARVT) transmission of HIV-1 resistant to various groups of preparations was detected. CONCLUSION The detected facts of ARVP resistant HIV-1 circulation among patients who had not received ARVT and the data obtained on the mutations emerging in response to therapy underline the relevance of administration of HIV-1 resistance profile study during both decrease of ARVT effectiveness and primary administration of therapy to HIV infected patients.
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30
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Volz EM, Koopman JS, Ward MJ, Brown AL, Frost SDW. Simple epidemiological dynamics explain phylogenetic clustering of HIV from patients with recent infection. PLoS Comput Biol 2012; 8:e1002552. [PMID: 22761556 PMCID: PMC3386305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylogenies of highly genetically variable viruses such as HIV-1 are potentially informative of epidemiological dynamics. Several studies have demonstrated the presence of clusters of highly related HIV-1 sequences, particularly among recently HIV-infected individuals, which have been used to argue for a high transmission rate during acute infection. Using a large set of HIV-1 subtype B pol sequences collected from men who have sex with men, we demonstrate that virus from recent infections tend to be phylogenetically clustered at a greater rate than virus from patients with chronic infection ('excess clustering') and also tend to cluster with other recent HIV infections rather than chronic, established infections ('excess co-clustering'), consistent with previous reports. To determine the role that a higher infectivity during acute infection may play in excess clustering and co-clustering, we developed a simple model of HIV infection that incorporates an early period of intensified transmission, and explicitly considers the dynamics of phylogenetic clusters alongside the dynamics of acute and chronic infected cases. We explored the potential for clustering statistics to be used for inference of acute stage transmission rates and found that no single statistic explains very much variance in parameters controlling acute stage transmission rates. We demonstrate that high transmission rates during the acute stage is not the main cause of excess clustering of virus from patients with early/acute infection compared to chronic infection, which may simply reflect the shorter time since transmission in acute infection. Higher transmission during acute infection can result in excess co-clustering of sequences, while the extent of clustering observed is most sensitive to the fraction of infections sampled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik M Volz
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America.
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31
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Yuen KY, Lau SKP, Woo PCY. Wild animal surveillance for coronavirus HKU1 and potential variants of other coronaviruses. Hong Kong Med J 2012; 18 Suppl 2:25-26. [PMID: 22311357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Although CoV-HKU1 was not identified in any of the studied animals, a coronavirus closely related to SARS-CoV (bat-SARS-CoV) was identified in 23 (19%) of 118 wild Chinese horseshoe bats by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). 2. Complete genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis showed that bat-SARS-CoV formed a distinct cluster with SARS-CoV as group 2b coronaviruses, distantly related to known group 2 coronaviruses. 3. Most differences between the bat-SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV genomes were observed in the spike gene. The presence of a29-bp insertion in ORF 8 of bat-SARS-CoV genome, not in most human SARS-CoV genomes, suggests that it has a common ancestor with civet SARS-CoV. 4. Antibody against recombinant bat-SARS-CoV nucleocapsid protein was detected in 84% of Chinese horseshoe bats using an enzyme immunoassay.Neutralising antibody to human SARS-CoV was also detected in those with lower viral loads.5. This study also revealed a previously unknown diversity of coronaviruses in bats, which are important natural reservoir for coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-like viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Y Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong. Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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32
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Leung TF, Chan PKS, Wong WKG, Ip M, Cheng WTF, Ng PC. Human coronavirus NL63 in children: epidemiology, disease spectrum, and genetic diversity. Hong Kong Med J 2012; 18 Suppl 2:27-30. [PMID: 22311358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Human coronaviruses (HCoVs)were detected in 2.5% of 2982 local children hospitalised for acute respiratory infections in 2005 to 2007. 2. Using the 'pancoronavirus' reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay, detection rates were 0.6% for HCoVNL63,1.2% for HCoV-OC43,0.5% for HCoV-HKU1, and 0.2% for HCoV-229E. Notably, HCoV-NL63 infections were significantly more common among children hospitalised in 2006/2007 (1.2%) than in 2005/2006 (0.3%).3. The peak season for HCoVNL63 infection was autumn(September to October). 4. HCoV-NL63 infection was associated with younger age,croup, febrile convulsion, and acute gastroenteritis. Such disease associations were not found with the other three HCoVs. 5. Most local HCoV-NL63 isolates were closely related to the prototype strain in Netherlands(NL496), but a few were phylogenetically distinct from the major cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Leung
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital
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33
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Guo FF, Chen GM, Zeng Y. [Genotyping and variability of HIV-1 in 26 cases of paid blood donors]. Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du Xue Za Zhi 2012; 26:37-39. [PMID: 22919750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the genome mutations of HIV-1 gag, pol and env genes from HIV-infected paid blood donors in rural central China. METHODS DNA was extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, gag (p17-p24), pol (PR-RT), env (C2-V5) genes were amplified by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR), purified products were sequenced, and sequence data was analyzed by MEGA5.0 soft wares. RESULTS Twenty-three samples were subtype B, two samples were recombinant of subtype B and subtype C, one sample was recombinant of subtype CRF01_AE and subtype B. PI major resistance mutations were not found in the PR region. M184V, K101E and G190A were detected in the RT region, respectively. CONCLUSION Subtype B was the major HIV circulating genetic forms in this area. Most strains were sensitive to high active anti-retroviral therapy (HARRT). 91.7% V3 loop tip motifs of X4-tropic strains was GPGR. It showed that GPGR might be associated with accelerate disease progression to AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Fei Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
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34
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Woo PCY, Yuen KY, Lau SKP. Epidemiology of coronavirus-associated respiratory tract infections and the role of rapid diagnostic tests: a prospective study. Hong Kong Med J 2012; 18 Suppl 2:22-24. [PMID: 22311356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Coronaviruses accounted for 1.6% (98/6272) of respiratory tract infections based on nasopharyngeal aspirate samples. 2. HCoV-OC43 was the most common coronavirus detected,followed by HCoV-NL63, CoVHKU1,and HCoV-229E. 3. Although CoV-HKU1 infections were most often associated with the upper respiratory tract, more severe illness (pneumonia,acute bronchiolitis, and asthmatic exacerbation) may occur, especially in those with underlying disease. In young children, CoV-HKU1 infection is associated with a high rate of febrile seizures (50%). 4. CoV-HKU1 and HCoV-OC43 infections peaked in winter, in contrast to HCoV-NL63, which mainly occurred in early summer and autumn, but was absent in winter. 5. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction is useful for the rapid diagnosis of coronavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Y Woo
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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35
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Cousins MM, Laeyendecker O, Beauchamp G, Brookmeyer R, Towler WI, Hudelson SE, Khaki L, Koblin B, Chesney M, Moore RD, Kelen GD, Coates T, Celum C, Buchbinder SP, Seage GR, Quinn TC, Donnell D, Eshleman SH. Use of a high resolution melting (HRM) assay to compare gag, pol, and env diversity in adults with different stages of HIV infection. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27211. [PMID: 22073290 PMCID: PMC3206918 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cross-sectional assessment of HIV incidence relies on laboratory methods to discriminate between recent and non-recent HIV infection. Because HIV diversifies over time in infected individuals, HIV diversity may serve as a biomarker for assessing HIV incidence. We used a high resolution melting (HRM) diversity assay to compare HIV diversity in adults with different stages of HIV infection. This assay provides a single numeric HRM score that reflects the level of genetic diversity of HIV in a sample from an infected individual. METHODS HIV diversity was measured in 203 adults: 20 with acute HIV infection (RNA positive, antibody negative), 116 with recent HIV infection (tested a median of 189 days after a previous negative HIV test, range 14-540 days), and 67 with non-recent HIV infection (HIV infected >2 years). HRM scores were generated for two regions in gag, one region in pol, and three regions in env. RESULTS Median HRM scores were higher in non-recent infection than in recent infection for all six regions tested. In multivariate models, higher HRM scores in three of the six regions were independently associated with non-recent HIV infection. CONCLUSIONS The HRM diversity assay provides a simple, scalable method for measuring HIV diversity. HRM scores, which reflect the genetic diversity in a viral population, may be useful biomarkers for evaluation of HIV incidence, particularly if multiple regions of the HIV genome are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M. Cousins
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Geetha Beauchamp
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ronald Brookmeyer
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - William I. Towler
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sarah E. Hudelson
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Leila Khaki
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Beryl Koblin
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Margaret Chesney
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Richard D. Moore
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gabor D. Kelen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas Coates
- Program in Global Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Connie Celum
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Susan P. Buchbinder
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - George R. Seage
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thomas C. Quinn
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Deborah Donnell
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Susan H. Eshleman
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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36
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Kouyos RD, von Wyl V, Hinkley T, Petropoulos CJ, Haddad M, Whitcomb JM, Böni J, Yerly S, Cellerai C, Klimkait T, Günthard HF, Bonhoeffer S. Assessing predicted HIV-1 replicative capacity in a clinical setting. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002321. [PMID: 22072960 PMCID: PMC3207887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 replicative capacity (RC) provides a measure of within-host fitness and is determined in the context of phenotypic drug resistance testing. However it is unclear how these in-vitro measurements relate to in-vivo processes. Here we assess RCs in a clinical setting by combining a previously published machine-learning tool, which predicts RC values from partial pol sequences with genotypic and clinical data from the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. The machine-learning tool is based on a training set consisting of 65000 RC measurements paired with their corresponding partial pol sequences. We find that predicted RC values (pRCs) correlate significantly with the virus load measured in 2073 infected but drug naïve individuals. Furthermore, we find that, for 53 pairs of sequences, each pair sampled in the same infected individual, the pRC was significantly higher for the sequence sampled later in the infection and that the increase in pRC was also significantly correlated with the increase in plasma viral load and with the length of the time-interval between the sampling points. These findings indicate that selection within a patient favors the evolution of higher replicative capacities and that these in-vitro fitness measures are indicative of in-vivo HIV virus load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger D. Kouyos
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Integrative Biology, Zürich, Switzerland
- Princeton University, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Viktor von Wyl
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Trevor Hinkley
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Integrative Biology, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Mojgan Haddad
- Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | - Jürg Böni
- Swiss National Center for Retroviruses, Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich
| | - Sabine Yerly
- Laboratory of Virology and AIDS Center, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Cellerai
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Klimkait
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Department Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Huldrych F. Günthard
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Yin J, Dai A, LeCureux J, Arango T, Kutzler MA, Yan J, Lewis MG, Khan A, Sardesai NY, Montefiore D, Ruprecht R, Weiner DB, Boyer JD. High antibody and cellular responses induced to HIV-1 clade C envelope following DNA vaccines delivered by electroporation. Vaccine 2011; 29:6763-70. [PMID: 21195801 PMCID: PMC10839813 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clade C is the predominant HIV-1 strain infecting people in sub-Saharan Africa, India, and China and there is a critical need for a vaccine targeted to these areas. In this study we tested a DNA based vaccine that encodes the SIVgag, SIVpol and HIV-1 envelope clade C. METHODS Rhesus macaques were immunized by electroporation with the DNA plasmid encoding optimized SIVgag, SIVpol and an HIV-1 env clade C with or without the adjuvant RANTES. Animals were monitored for immune responses and challenged following the final immunization with 25 animal infectious doses (AID) of SHIV-1157ipd3N4. RESULTS We found that the vaccine induced high levels of antigen specific IFN-γ producing effector cells and the capacity for CD4+ and CD8+ to proliferate upon antigen stimulation. Importantly, we found that the vaccine induced antibody titers as high as 1/4000. These antibodies were capable of neutralizing tier 1 HIV-1 viruses. Finally, when macaques were challenged with SHIV, viral loads were controlled in vaccinated groups. CONCLUSION We conclude that immunization with a simian/human immunodeficiency virus DNA-based vaccine delivered by electroporation can induce cellular and humoral immune responses that are able to control viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangmei Yin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia PA, 19104
| | - Anlan Dai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia PA, 19104
| | - Jonathan LeCureux
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia PA, 19104
| | - Tatiana Arango
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia PA, 19104
| | - Michele A. Kutzler
- Drexel University, College of Medicine, 245N 15 Street, Philadelphia PA, 19102
| | - Jian Yan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia PA, 19104
| | | | - Amir Khan
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, 1787 Sentry Parkway West, Blue Bell, PA 19422
| | | | | | - Ruth Ruprecht
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, 02115
| | - David B. Weiner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia PA, 19104
| | - Jean D. Boyer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia PA, 19104
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Li HP, Han Y, Zhu XP, Lu XL, Guo W, Liu YJ, Bao ZY, Li L, Zhuang DM, Liu SY, Li JY. [Studying on the prevalence and mutation pattern of N348I which related to the resistance of HIV-1]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2011; 32:908-912. [PMID: 22340881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate the prevalence and the mutation pattern of N348I that related to the resistance seen in the AIDS patients, in China. METHODS Partial pol gene of HIV-1 comprising of full protease (PR) and reverse transcriptase (RT) was obtained from plasma samples of therapy-failure individuals (n = 614) and therapy-naive individuals (n = 619) by using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). 1233 sequences were then submitted to the HIV-1 drug resistance database of the Stanford University to analyze the prevalence and the emergence pattern of N348I. RESULTS The prevalence of N348I was 6.5% in the therapy-failure patients and 0.8% in the naive individuals, respectively. The prevalence of N348I was more popular among those patients whose ART regimens containing zidovudine (AZT or ZDV) than those without AZT in regimens (14.1% vs. 4.7%, χ² = 10.21, P < 0.01). N348I always emerged, and combined with others mutations among patients of ART, whose frequencies were: 85.0% in combination with thymidine analog mutations (TAMs) and 52.5% with M184V/I, respectively. CONCLUSION N348I was somehow prevalent in the therapy-failure patients when using the first-line antiretroviral drugs, and it emerged as unique patterns. This study laid the ground in improving the technology of drug resistance genotypes detection and providing theoretical basis to study the mechanism of resistance and the law of molecular evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-ping Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing 100071, China
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Praparattanapan J, Kotarathitithum W, Chaiwarith R, Nuntachit N, Sirisanthana T, Supparatpinyo K, Tragoolpua Y. Impact of HIV-1 viral load on genotypic characteristics among patients failing non-nucleoside reverse trancriptase inhibitor-based first-line regimens in Northern Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2011; 42:859-866. [PMID: 22299468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Widespread use of antiretroviral drugs has significantly increased drug resistance. In the resource limited countries, delayed detection of drug resistance may lead to accumulation of drug resistance mutations. We investigated the genotypic drug resistance mutation patterns in HIV-infected patients with various levels of plasma HIV RNA levels. Fifty-nine HIV-infected patients with antiviral therapy failure were recruited. Genotypic assays of HIV-1 protease and reverse transcriptase genes were analyzed. There was a significant difference in CD4 cell counts and percentage of CD4 (p < 0.05) between groups of patients with high and low viral load, who failed first-line non nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based regimens. In addition, patients with HIV-1 viral load > or = 4 log10 have a significantly higher likelihood of being infected with HIV-1 containing 3 to 5 resistance-associated mutations than those with HIV-1 viral load < 4 log10. Thus, delayed detection of increased HIV-1 viral load and antiretroviral drug-resistance may lead to accumulation of drug-resistant mutations and decreased CD4 cell count and percentage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutarat Praparattanapan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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van der Kuyl AC. Characterization of a full-length endogenous beta-retrovirus, EqERV-beta1, in the genome of the horse (Equus caballus). Viruses 2011; 3:620-8. [PMID: 21994749 PMCID: PMC3185775 DOI: 10.3390/v3060620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Information on endogenous retroviruses fixed in the horse (Equus caballus) genome is scarce. The recent availability of a draft sequence of the horse genome enables the detection of such integrated viruses by similarity search. Using translated nucleotide fragments from gamma-, beta-, and delta-retroviral genera for initial searches, a full-length beta-retrovirus genome was retrieved from a horse chromosome 5 contig. The provirus, tentatively named EqERV-beta1 (for the first equine endogenous beta-retrovirus), was 10434 nucleotide (nt) in length with the usual retroviral genome structure of 5'LTR-gag-pro-pol-env-3'LTR. The LTRs were 1361 nt long, and differed approximately 1% from each other, suggestive of a relatively recent integration. Coding sequences for gag, pro and pol were present in three different reading-frames, as common for beta-retroviruses, and the reading frames were completely open, except that the env gene was interrupted by a single stopcodon. No reading frame was apparent downstream of the env gene, suggesting that EqERV-beta1 does not encode a superantigen like mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV). A second proviral genome of EqERV-beta1, with no stopcodon in env, is additionally integrated on chromosome 5 downstream of the first virus. Single EqERV-beta1 LTRs were abundantly present on all chromosomes except chromosome 24. Phylogenetically, EqERV-beta1 most closely resembles an unclassified retroviral sequence from cattle (Bos taurus), and the murine beta-retrovirus MMTV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoinette C van der Kuyl
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Centre for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Centre of the University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Li HP, Guo W, Liu YJ, Bao ZY, Li L, Zhuang DM, Liu SY, Wang Z, Wang XL, Li JY. [Screening program on novel drug resistance mutations of subtype B' in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in China]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2011; 32:499-503. [PMID: 21569736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To screen the level of novel drug resistance mutations in subtype B' in China. METHODS 451 pol sequences collected from the previous study, which including 354 AIDS patients who had received antiretroviral treatment (ART) and 97 the untreated patients. Entire protease gene (codons 1 - 99) and full-length reverse transcriptase gene (codons 1 - 560) were included. Variation of mutations between the treated and the untreated patients with consensus/ancestral sequences were compared and the mutations with higher frequencies in the treated patients than in the untreated patients were screened before submitting the mutations to the Stanford HIV Drug Resistance Database (SHDB) (http: //hivdb.stanford.edu/). Relation between the mutations and resistance preliminarily was then analyzed, according to the information including SHDB. RESULTS Frequencies of 7 mutations at 6 positions, D123E, V292I, K366R, T369A, T369V, A371V and I375V, 2 at DNA polymerase domain and 5 at connection domain of reverse transcriptase (RT) were higher in the treated patients than in the untreated patients. The information of 7 mutations including the SHDB showed that 7 mutations were major variants at corresponding positions, and theirs frequencies were higher in the treated patients using some drugs, than in the untreated patients. CONCLUSION 7 mutations being screened from the China subtype B were possibly associated with the resistance, which called for the construction of mutated viruses by site-directed mutagenesis to identify their effects on the susceptivity of different drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing 100071, China
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Hogg M, Seki M, Wood RD, Doublié S, Wallace SS. Lesion bypass activity of DNA polymerase θ (POLQ) is an intrinsic property of the pol domain and depends on unique sequence inserts. J Mol Biol 2011; 405:642-52. [PMID: 21050863 PMCID: PMC3025778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
DNA polymerase θ (POLQ, polθ) is a large, multidomain DNA polymerase encoded in higher eukaryotic genomes. It is important for maintaining genetic stability in cells and helping protect cells from DNA damage caused by ionizing radiation. POLQ contains an N-terminal helicase-like domain, a large central domain of indeterminate function, and a C-terminal polymerase domain with sequence similarity to the A-family of DNA polymerases. The enzyme has several unique properties, including low fidelity and the ability to insert and extend past abasic sites and thymine glycol lesions. It is not known whether the abasic site bypass activity is an intrinsic property of the polymerase domain or whether helicase activity is also required. Three "insertion" sequence elements present in POLQ are not found in any other A-family DNA polymerase, and it has been proposed that they may lend some unique properties to POLQ. Here, we analyzed the activity of the DNA polymerase in the absence of each sequence insertion. We found that the pol domain is capable of highly efficient bypass of abasic sites in the absence of the helicase-like or central domains. Insertion 1 increases the processivity of the polymerase but has little, if any, bearing on the translesion synthesis properties of the enzyme. However, removal of insertions 2 and 3 reduces activity on undamaged DNA and completely abrogates the ability of the enzyme to bypass abasic sites or thymine glycol lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Hogg
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, 95 Carrigan Drive, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Mineaki Seki
- Department of Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park - Research Division, P.O. Box 389, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Richard D. Wood
- Department of Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park - Research Division, P.O. Box 389, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Sylvie Doublié
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, 95 Carrigan Drive, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Susan S. Wallace
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, 95 Carrigan Drive, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
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Zabihollahi R, Sadat SM, Vahabpour R, Aghasadeghi MR, Memarnejadian A, Ghazanfari T, Salehi M, Rezaei A, Azadmanesh K. Development of single-cycle replicable human immunodeficiency virus 1 mutants. Acta Virol 2011; 55:15-22. [PMID: 21434701 DOI: 10.4149/av_2011_01_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Non-infectious but antigenic human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) particles are essential tool for the research on many topics associated with this virus. Here we report the construction of plasmid containing the HIV-1 genome mutated in the pol gene, which was co-transfected with plasmids expressing the pol gene products reverse transcriptase (RT) and integrase (IN), and the glycoprotein G of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-G). The virions produced in HEK 293 T cells were antigenic, but able to replicate only for one cycle, e.g. first generation single-cycle replicable (SCR) virions. The presence of VSV-G in the envelope of these virions had to ensure a wider spectrum of susceptible cell types for the replication of SCR. Replication of the first generation SCR virions in HEK 293T, MT-2, and mouse spleen cells was examined by p24-capture ELISA, syncytium formation assay, and electron microscopy (EM). HEK 293T and MT-2 cell lines showed a similar replication capacity, while primary cultures of mouse spleen cells were much less effective. The infection of MT-2 cells with the first generation of SCR virions yielded the second generation SCR virions, which were non-infectious. Summing up, the HIV-1 SCR virions represent the useful tool for HIV-1 research facilitating a better biological safety. Moreover, considering their antigenic composition and limited replication, SCR virions may be a promising candidate for the vaccine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Zabihollahi
- Hepatitis and AIDS Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehern, Iran
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44
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Zhang C, Ding N, Chen K, Yang R. Complex positive selection pressures drive the evolution of HIV-1 with different co-receptor tropisms. Sci China Life Sci 2010; 53:1204-14. [PMID: 20953943 PMCID: PMC7089306 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-010-4066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 co-receptor tropism is central for understanding the transmission and pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection. We performed a genome-wide comparison between the adaptive evolution of R5 and X4 variants from HIV-1 subtypes B and C. The results showed that R5 and X4 variants experienced differential evolutionary patterns and different HIV-1 genes encountered various positive selection pressures, suggesting that complex selection pressures are driving HIV-1 evolution. Compared with other hypervariable regions of Gp120, significantly more positively selected sites were detected in the V3 region of subtype B X4 variants, V2 region of subtype B R5 variants, and V1 and V4 regions of subtype C X4 variants, indicating an association of positive selection with co-receptor recognition/binding. Intriguingly, a significantly higher proportion (33.3% and 55.6%, P<0.05) of positively selected sites were identified in the C3 region than other conserved regions of Gp120 in all the analyzed HIV-1 variants, indicating that the C3 region might be more important to HIV-1 adaptation than previously thought. Approximately half of the positively selected sites identified in the env gene were identical between R5 and X4 variants. There were three common positively selected sites (96, 113 and 281) identified in Gp41 of all X4 and R5 variants from subtypes B and C. These sites might not only suggest a functional importance in viral survival and adaptation, but also imply a potential cross-immunogenicity between HIV-1 R5 and X4 variants, which has important implications for AIDS vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChiYu Zhang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013 China
| | - Na Ding
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013 China
| | - KePing Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013 China
| | - RongGe Yang
- HIV Molecular Epidemiology and Virology Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071 China
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Gafarova IE, Shideeva ZA, Sandzhieva DB, Garaev MM. [Analysis of HIV-1 integrase gene polymorphism in an HIV-infected population from the nosocomial outbreak of HIV infection in the south of Russia in 1989]. Vopr Virusol 2010; 55:16-22. [PMID: 20364666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The paper presents the data of an investigation of the polymorphism of the pol gene encoding HIV-1 integrase in a HIV subtype G infected population formed during the 1989 HIV-infection outbreak. The investigators analyzed 41 samples of the viruses obtained in 2005-2007. Polymorphism at codons associated with integrase resistance to chemicals was observed in 11 virus variants. The circulation of mutation viruses that potentially promote the formation of resistance to the integrase inhibitors raltegravir and elvitegravir has been established in untreated patients.
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46
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Liu W, Backes P, Löchelt M. Importance of the major splice donor and redefinition of cis-acting sequences of gutless feline foamy virus vectors. Virology 2009; 394:208-17. [PMID: 19775717 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Revised: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Foamy virus vectors are potent alternatives to lenti- and gamma-retroviral vectors for gene therapy. To construct and optimize gutless feline foamy virus (FFV) replication-deficient (RD) vectors, viral elements essential for optimal efficient marker gene transduction were characterized and fine-mapped and packaging clones constructed. For these purposes, new Gag and Pol expression clones which allow efficient expression of packaging proteins and vectors carrying deletions in coding and non-coding regions of the genome were constructed and functionally evaluated. These studies demonstrate that the 5' major splice donor (5' SD) is indispensable for RD vectors while defined mutations introduced to inactivate the gag start codon improve transgene delivery efficiency. Based on these findings, new gutless FFV vectors were generated yielding un-concentrated vector titers above 10(5) transducing units (TU)/ml. By minimizing the second cis-acting sequence in the pol gene, only 3.8 kb viral sequences are maintained in the novel gutless FFV RD vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibin Liu
- Division of Genome Modifications and Carcinogenesis, Focus Infection and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, (F020), Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Ahumada-Ruiz S, Flores-Figueroa D, Toala-González I, Thomson MM. Analysis of HIV-1 pol sequences from Panama: identification of phylogenetic clusters within subtype B and detection of antiretroviral drug resistance mutations. Infect Genet Evol 2009; 9:933-40. [PMID: 19559103 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2009.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2009] [Revised: 06/13/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We report the first study to examine phylogenetic relationships and drug resistance mutations in HIV-1 pol sequences from Panama. For this study, we used plasma RNA samples from 135 HIV-1-infected subjects from Panama, of which 82 (61%) had AIDS and 53 (39%) were asymptomatic drug-naïve individuals. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that 133 (98%) subjects were infected with subtype B viruses and 2 AIDS patients harboured recombinant viruses, CRF02_AG/A3 and CRF12_BF/B, respectively. Using a Bayesian phylogeny inference method, 5 strongly supported clusters of > or =5 sequences, designated B-PA1 to B-PA5, were identified within subtype B, together comprising 87 (65.4%) subtype B viruses. Cluster B-PA1 (n=42) was significantly associated with East Panama and clusters B-PA2 (n=15) and B-PA4 (n=10) were associated with West Panama. A Bayesian coalescent analysis indicated that the most recent common ancestors of the four largest clusters were dated in the 1980s and that of the fifth in the early 1990s. The analysis of antiretroviral drug resistance-associated mutations revealed that 8 (9.7%) AIDS patients, all of them antiretroviral drug-experienced, harboured mutations conferring high or intermediate resistance levels to antiretroviral drugs. No drug resistance mutations were detected among the asymptomatic drug-naïve individuals. In conclusion, the phylogenetic analysis of HIV-1 pol sequences from Panama reveals that a majority of subtype B viruses, which are predominant in Panama, branch within well supported intrasubtype phylogenetic clusters, most of them originating in the 1980s, and some with geographical associations, which may reflect either multiple HIV-1 subtype B introductions or the existence of local transmission networks originating in the early epidemic in Panama.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ahumada-Ruiz
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km. 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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Kandathil AJ, Kannangai R, Abraham OC, Pulimood SA, Jensen MA, Sridharan G. HIV-1 with predicted CXCR4 genotype identified in clade C from India. Mol Diagn Ther 2009; 13:19-24. [PMID: 19351212 DOI: 10.1007/bf03256311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE HIV-1 uses co-receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 in addition to CD4 for viral entry into cells. CCR5 is used in the early stages of HIV-1 infection, but viruses that utilize CXCR4 for viral entry emerge in the later stages. This is not common among clade C strains, with previous data from India showing the absence of the emergence of CXCR4-using strains. Sequence analysis has demonstrated that the V3 loop plays a very important role in determining the syncytium-inducing (SI) phenotype. The V3 region of the SI variants were observed to have positively charged amino acids at positions 11 and/or 25 and also a overall higher charge. This study looked at co-receptor usage among HIV-1 strains in India from individuals who were antiretroviral therapy (ART) naïve and those not responding to ART. METHODS Amplification and sequencing of the HIV-1 env gp120 V3 region was done on 40 ART-naïve individuals, who were selected for the study based on their CD4 counts, and eight patients who had not responded to ART. The sequences were submitted to Geno2Pheno and Web PSSM. The pol gene sequences of these strains were submitted to the REGA HIV-1 subtyping tool. RESULTS Forty-seven strains were identified as clade C and one strain as clade A1. Geno2Pheno identified three CXCR4-using strains, and the Web PSSM clade C matrix identified two. CONCLUSION We report, for the first time, CXCR4-using strains among HIV-1 clade C strains circulating in India.
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Duda A, Lee-Turner L, Fox J, Robinson N, Dustan S, Kaye S, Fryer H, Carrington M, McClure M, McLean AR, Fidler S, Weber J, Phillips RE, Frater AJ. HLA-associated clinical progression correlates with epitope reversion rates in early human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Virol 2009; 83:1228-39. [PMID: 19019964 PMCID: PMC2620910 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01545-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) can evade immunity shortly after transmission to a new host but the clinical significance of this early viral adaptation in HIV infection is not clear. We present an analysis of sequence variation from a longitudinal cohort study of HIV adaptation in 189 acute seroconverters followed for up to 3 years. We measured the rates of variation within well-defined epitopes to determine associations with the HLA-linked hazard of disease progression. We found early reversion across both the gag and pol genes, with a 10-fold faster rate of escape in gag (2.2 versus 0.27 forward mutations/1,000 amino acid sites). For most epitopes (23/34), variation in the HLA-matched and HLA-unmatched controls was similar. For a minority of epitopes (8/34, and generally associated with HLA class I alleles that confer clinical benefit), new variants appeared early and consistently over the first 3 years of infection. Reversion occurred early at a rate which was HLA-dependent and correlated with the HLA class 1-associated relative hazard of disease progression and death (P = 0.0008), reinforcing the association between strong cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses, viral fitness, and disease status. These data provide a comprehensive overview of viral adaptation in the first 3 years of infection. Our findings of HLA-dependent reversion suggest that costs are borne by some escape variants which may benefit the host, a finding contrary to a simple immune evasion paradigm. These epitopes, which are both strongly and frequently recognized, and for which escape involves a high cost to the virus, have the potential to optimize vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Duda
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom
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Wang Q, Barr I, Guo F, Lee C. Evidence of a novel RNA secondary structure in the coding region of HIV-1 pol gene. RNA 2008; 14:2478-88. [PMID: 18974280 PMCID: PMC2590956 DOI: 10.1261/rna.1252608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
RNA secondary structures play several important roles in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) life cycle. To assess whether RNA secondary structure might affect the function of the HIV protease and reverse transcriptase genes, which are the main targets of anti-HIV drugs, we applied a series of different computational approaches to detect RNA secondary structures, including thermodynamic RNA folding predictions, synonymous variability analysis, and covariance analysis. Each method independently revealed strong evidence of a novel RNA secondary structure at the junction of the protease and reverse transcriptase genes, consisting of a 107-nucleotide region containing three stems, A, B, and C. First, RNA folding calculations by mfold and RNAfold both predicted the secondary structure with high confidence. Moreover, the same structure was predicted in a diverse set of reference sequences in HIV-1 group M, indicating that it is conserved across this group. Second, the predicted base-pairing regions displayed markedly reduced synonymous variation (approximately threefold lower than average) in a data set of 20,000 HIV-1 subtype B sequences from clinical samples. Third, independent analysis of covariation between synonymous mutations in this data set identified 10 covariant mutation pairs forming two diagonals that corresponded exactly to the sites predicted to base-pair in stems A and B. Finally, this structure was validated experimentally using selective 2'-hydroxyl acylation and primer extension (SHAPE). Discovery of this novel secondary structure suggests many directions for further functional investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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