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Saxler FM, Dorrough AR, Froehlich L, Block K, Croft A, Meeussen L, Olsson MIT, Schmader T, Schuster C, van Grootel S, Van Laar C, Atkinson C, Benson-Greenwald T, Birneanu A, Cavojova V, Cheryan S, Lee Kai Chung A, Danyliuk I, Dar-Nimrod I, de Lemus S, Diekman A, Eisner L, Estevan-Reina L, Fedáková D, Gavreliuc A, Gavreliuc D, Germano AL, Hässler T, Henningsen L, Ishii K, Kundtová Klocová E, Kozytska I, Kulich C, Lapytskaia Aidy C, López López W, Morandini J, Ramis T, Scheifele C, Steele J, Steffens MC, Velásquez Díaz LM, Venegas M, Martiny SE. Did Descriptive and Prescriptive Norms About Gender Equality at Home Change During the COVID-19 Pandemic? A Cross-National Investigation. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2024:1461672231219719. [PMID: 38284645 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231219719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Using data from 15 countries, this article investigates whether descriptive and prescriptive gender norms concerning housework and child care (domestic work) changed after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results of a total of 8,343 participants (M = 19.95, SD = 1.68) from two comparable student samples suggest that descriptive norms about unpaid domestic work have been affected by the pandemic, with individuals seeing mothers' relative to fathers' share of housework and child care as even larger. Moderation analyses revealed that the effect of the pandemic on descriptive norms about child care decreased with countries' increasing levels of gender equality; countries with stronger gender inequality showed a larger difference between pre- and post-pandemic. This study documents a shift in descriptive norms and discusses implications for gender equality-emphasizing the importance of addressing the additional challenges that mothers face during health-related crises.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Toni Schmader
- The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ivan Danyliuk
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | | | - Amanda Diekman
- Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | | | | | - Denisa Fedáková
- Centre of Social and Psychological Sciences SAS, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Inna Kozytska
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Carolin Scheifele
- University of Leuven, Belgium
- Research Foundation Flanders, Brussels, Belgium
- University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Landau, Germany
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2
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Lane AS, Lynch KE, Arnold M, Dar-Nimrod I, Morandini J, Gawronski SA, Griffiths PE. The undue influence of genetic information on senior medical students' treatment decisions. BMC Med Educ 2023; 23:938. [PMID: 38066555 PMCID: PMC10709879 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-023-04895-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge of the genetic basis of health conditions can influence how the public perceives their own and others' health. When there are known genetic associations for such conditions, genetic essentialist biases facilitate deterministic thinking and an over-emphasis of genetic causality. This study investigates the role that genetic essentialist biases play in medical decision-making. METHODS Senior postgraduate medical students (N = 102) read a scenario in which a patient presents with gastroenterological symptoms. Half of the students were told that the patient tested positive for HLADQ2 - a gene implicated in, but not deterministic of, coeliac disease. The other half received no genetic information. Students were assessed on their recommendations for investigation and management using a multiple-choice questionnaire. Twenty-two of these students participated in a qualitative follow-up which used focus groups and semi-structured interviews to explore the reasoning behind students' responses. RESULTS Management recommendations differed between the two groups, with those receiving genetic information more likely to recommend a gluten free diet. Recommendations for further investigation did not differ significantly between groups. Interviews suggested that these findings arose despite the students' good understanding of the common non-deterministic nature of genes, such as HLADQ2. CONCLUSION Differences in management recommendations suggest that the inclusion of genetic information unduly biased students towards a premature diagnosis of a serious health condition, coeliac disease. Follow-up interviews introduced the possibility that observed manipulation-based differences may have been based on anticipated expectations of examiners, rather than perceived future clinical practice. Based on the present results it is unclear whether intentional exam-taking strategies fully account for medical students' decisions, or if they contribute in addition to the activation of genetic essentialist biases. Further research in clinical settings may ascertain whether genetic essentialist biases would truly influence medical student and doctors within their clinical practice environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Stuart Lane
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
| | - Kate E Lynch
- Department of Philosophy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Department of History and Philosophy of Science, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Mark Arnold
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Western New South Wales Health District, Dubbo, NSW, 2830, Australia
| | - Ilan Dar-Nimrod
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - James Morandini
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Stefan A Gawronski
- Department of Philosophy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- School of History of Philosophy of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Paul E Griffiths
- Department of Philosophy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
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3
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Morandini JS, Beckman-Scott D, Madill C, Dar-Nimrod I. BIDAR: Can Listeners Detect if a Man Is Bisexual from His Voice Alone? J Sex Res 2023; 60:611-623. [PMID: 36897003 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2023.2182267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has identified a range of perceptual voice and speech features that differ between gay and straight men, enabling listeners to determine if a man is gay or straight at a rate better than chance from his voice alone. To date, no published studies have examined if bisexual men's voices differ from gay and straight men's voices with regard to perceived masculinity-femininity - nor whether listeners can identify a bisexual man based only on his voice. In the present study, we examined if listeners could identify bisexual men's sexual identities from voice recordings. Seventy participants (N= 70) rated 60 voice recordings of a sample of 20 gay, 20 bisexual, and 20 straight Australian men on perceived sexual orientation and degree of masculinity-femininity. Participants could correctly categorize the sexual orientations of the gay and straight speakers at rates greater than chance, but bisexual men were only identified at chance. Bisexual voices were consistently misperceived as being the most exclusively female attracted, and, contrary to expectations, were perceived as the most masculine sounding of all the speakers. Together, these findings suggest that while the voices of bisexual men in our sample were perceived as more masculine and female attracted, listeners do not associate this impression with bisexuality, and thus cannot identify bisexual men from their voices. Consequently, while bisexual men appear to be at lower risk of facing voice-based identification and discrimination than gay men, they may be often misperceived as being straight.
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Menzies RE, Ruby MB, Dar-Nimrod I. The vegan dilemma: Do peaceful protests worsen attitudes to veganism? Appetite 2023; 186:106555. [PMID: 37059398 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
A body of research has shown that violent protests reduce support for social movements. However, few studies have examined whether the same is true for protests which are peaceful, yet disruptive (e.g., blocking traffic). Across two pre-registered experimental studies, we explored whether pro-vegan protests that are depicted as causing social disruption lead to more negative attitudes towards veganism, compared to non-disruptive protests or a control condition. Study 1 utilised a combined sample of Australian and United Kingdom residents (N = 449; Mage = 24.7 years). Study 2 employed a larger sample of undergraduate Australian students (N = 934; Mage = 19.8 years). In Study 1, disruptive protests were associated with more negative attitudes towards vegans, but only among women. In Study 2, no such effect was found. Instead, a significant main effect was found for the protest's cause (vegan vs. fast fashion), but not protest type (disruptive vs. non-disruptive). That is, reading about a vegan protest, irrespective of how disruptive it was, led to worse attitudes towards vegans, and greater defense of meat consumption (i.e., endorsement of meat eating as natural, necessary, and normal), than reading about a control protest. This effect was mediated by the perceived immorality of the protestors, and, in turn, reduced identification with them. Taking together both studies, the purported location of the protest (i.e., domestic vs. overseas) did not significantly impact attitudes toward the protestors. The current findings suggest that depictions of vegan protests elicit worse attitudes toward this movement, regardless of how peaceful that protest may be. Future research is needed to examine whether other forms of advocacy can ameliorate negative reactions to vegan activism.
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Morandini JS, Menzies RE, Moreton SG, Dar-Nimrod I. Do Beliefs About Sexual Orientation Predict Sexual Identity Labeling Among Sexual Minorities? Arch Sex Behav 2023; 52:1239-1254. [PMID: 36385682 PMCID: PMC10102111 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-022-02465-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Research has found that sexual orientation beliefs predict heterosexuals' attitudes toward sexual minorities, and important sexual identity outcomes in sexual minority populations. To this point, no studies have systematically examined how sexual orientation beliefs may be associated with sexual identity self-labeling among sexual minority individuals. The present study examined this question in a sample of 1840 same-gender attracted individuals recruited for a cross-sectional online survey. Beliefs in the naturalness and discreteness of sexual orientation categories were highest in gay/lesbian individuals, intermediate in bisexual people, and lower in queer and pansexual individuals. Beliefs in the importance of sexual orientation were highest in gay/lesbian and queer identified individuals and lower in bisexual people. Within-group analysis demonstrated that gay/lesbian individuals who reported more exclusive same-gender attraction reported higher naturalness, discreteness, and importance beliefs than those with less-exclusive same-gender attraction. However, naturalness, discreteness, and importance beliefs were not associated with sexual attraction patterns in bisexual individuals. Finally, among predominately same-gender attracted populations, the adoption of a queer identity (over a gay/lesbian identity) was predicted by lower naturalness and discreteness beliefs, and increased perceived importance in females. Among non-monosexual populations, adoption of a pansexual identity over a bisexual identity was predicted by lower naturalness beliefs in females, but not predicted by sexual orientation beliefs in males. Collectively, these findings suggest that sexual orientation beliefs differ between sexual identity groups and may partly explain the adoption of particular sexual identity labels among contemporary sexual minority populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Morandini
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Rachel E Menzies
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Sam G Moreton
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Ilan Dar-Nimrod
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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Morandini JS, Kelly A, de Graaf NM, Malouf P, Guerin E, Dar-Nimrod I, Carmichael P. Is Social Gender Transition Associated with Mental Health Status in Children and Adolescents with Gender Dysphoria? Arch Sex Behav 2023; 52:1045-1060. [PMID: 37014582 PMCID: PMC10101898 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-023-02588-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Social gender transition is an increasingly accepted intervention for gender variant children and adolescents. To date, there is scant literature comparing the mental health of children and adolescents diagnosed with gender dysphoria who have socially transitioned versus those who are still living in their birth-assigned gender. We examined the mental health of children and adolescents referred to the Gender Identity Development Service (GIDS), a specialist clinic in London, UK, who had socially transitioned (i.e., were living in their affirmed gender and/or had changed their name) versus those who had not socially transitioned. Referrals to the GIDS were aged 4-17 years. We assessed mental health correlates of living in one's affirmed gender among 288 children and adolescents (208 birth-assigned female; 210 socially transitioned) and of name change in 357 children and adolescents (253 birth-assigned female; 214 name change). The presence or absence of mood and anxiety difficulties and past suicide attempts were clinician rated. Living in role and name change were more prevalent in birth-assigned females versus birth-assigned males. Overall, there were no significant effects of social transition or name change on mental health status. These findings identify the need for more research to understand how social transition influences mental health, including longitudinal studies that allow for more confident inferences to be made regarding the relationship between social transition and mental health in young people with gender dysphoria.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Morandini
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Aidan Kelly
- Gender Service Organization, Kelly Psychology, London, UK
| | - Nastasja M de Graaf
- Center of Expertise on Gender Dyphoria, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pia Malouf
- King Street Psychology Clinic, Newtown, Australia
| | - Evan Guerin
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ilan Dar-Nimrod
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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Menzies RE, Julien A, Sharpe L, Menzies RG, Helgadóttir FD, Dar-Nimrod I. Overcoming death anxiety: a phase I trial of an online CBT program in a clinical sample. Behav Cogn Psychother 2023:1-6. [PMID: 36961120 DOI: 10.1017/s135246582300005x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing research indicates that death anxiety is implicated in many mental health conditions. This increasing evidence highlights a need for scalable, accessible and cost-effective psychological interventions to reduce death anxiety. AIMS The present study outlines the results of a phase I trial for one such treatment: Overcome Death Anxiety (ODA). ODA is the first CBT-based online intervention for fears of death, and is an individualised program requiring no therapist guidance. METHOD A sample of 20 individuals with various mental health diagnoses commenced the ODA program. Death anxiety was assessed at baseline and at post-intervention. Depression, anxiety and stress were also measured. RESULTS In total, 50% (10/20) reached the end of the program and completed post-treatment questionnaires. Of these, 60% (6/10) showed a clinically reliable reduction in their overall death anxiety, and 90% (9/10) showed a reduction on at least one facet of death anxiety. There were no adverse events noted. CONCLUSIONS ODA appears to be a safe and potentially effective treatment for death anxiety. The findings have provided initial evidence to support a randomised controlled trial using a larger sample, to further examine the efficacy of ODA.
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8
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Ratcliffe SE, Smylie CS, Pinkus RT, Dar-Nimrod I, Juraskova I, Dhillon HM. What is the optimal tool for measuring abortion stigma? A systematic review. EUR J CONTRACEP REPR 2023; 28:97-112. [PMID: 36803281 DOI: 10.1080/13625187.2023.2177506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Abortion stigma is a barrier to accessing and delivering comprehensive, sustainable healthcare. This study aimed to systematically identify measures of abortion stigma, and assess their psychometric properties and uses. MATERIALS AND METHODS The systematic review was preregistered with PROSPERO (ID#127339) and adhered to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Eight databases were screened for articles measuring abortion stigma. Data were extracted by four researchers and checked for accuracy by two reviewers. Psychometric properties were assessed with COSMIN guidelines. RESULTS Of 102 articles reviewed, 21 reported original measures of abortion stigma. Instruments assessed individual and community level stigma for people who have had an abortion (n = 8), healthcare professionals (n = 4), and the public (n = 9), and predominantly originated from the United States (U.S.). Measures varied in structure, use, and comprehensiveness of psychometric properties. On psychometric properties, the Individual Level Abortion Stigma scale and Abortion Provider Stigma Scale - Revised performed best for individual-level stigma and the Stigmatising Attitudes, Beliefs and Actions Scale for community-level stigma. CONCLUSION Gaps in abortion stigma measurement include geography, conceptualisation, and structural-level stigma. Continued development and testing of tools and methods for measuring abortion stigma is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Ratcliffe
- School of Psychology, Centre for Medical Psychology & Evidence-based Decision-Making, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Clare S Smylie
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Rebecca T Pinkus
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Ilan Dar-Nimrod
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.,The Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, John Hopkins Dr, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Ilona Juraskova
- School of Psychology, Centre for Medical Psychology & Evidence-based Decision-Making, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Haryana M Dhillon
- School of Psychology, Centre for Medical Psychology & Evidence-based Decision-Making, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
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Menzies RE, Sharpe L, Dar-Nimrod I. The development and validation of the Death Anxiety Beliefs and Behaviours Scale. Br J Clin Psychol 2022; 61:1169-1187. [PMID: 35938594 DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Research spanning the fields of clinical, social and health psychology suggests that death anxiety is an important construct. However, no comprehensive, psychometrically adequate measure of the construct exists. The current studies outline the development of a new measure of death anxiety, the Death Anxiety Beliefs and Behaviours Scale (DABBS), which is the first measure to specifically assess unhelpful beliefs and behaviours that may underlie fears of death. METHODS In Study 1, items were piloted in a large community sample (N = 505). In Studies 2A and 2B, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed using a treatment-seeking (N = 200) and non-treatment-seeking sample (N = 200). These analyses resulted in the final 18-item scale. RESULTS The DABBS demonstrated good construct validity, criterion validity, internal consistency and test-retest reliability. In Study 3, the DABBS effectively distinguished participants with clinically significant death anxiety and distress from those without, demonstrating excellent discriminant validity. CONCLUSIONS The present data indicate that the DABBS is a valid and reliable measure of affect, beliefs and behaviours relating to death anxiety, in a community sample of adults and among those seeking mental health treatment. Given the increasing recognition of the importance of death anxiety, the DABBS offers a useful research and clinical tool.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Louise Sharpe
- The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ilan Dar-Nimrod
- The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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10
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Morandini J, Strudwick J, Menzies R, Dar-Nimrod I. Differences between Australian Bisexual and Pansexual Women: An assessment of minority stressors and psychological outcomes. Psychology & Sexuality 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/19419899.2022.2100717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James Morandini
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Rachel Menzies
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ilan Dar-Nimrod
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- The Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Morandini JS, Kelly A, de Graaf NM, Carmichael P, Dar-Nimrod I. Shifts in demographics and mental health co-morbidities among gender dysphoric youth referred to a specialist gender dysphoria service. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2022; 27:480-491. [PMID: 34689580 DOI: 10.1177/13591045211046813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Past research has identified shifts in the demographics and co-occurring mental health issues of youth referred to certain gender dysphoria services. The present study examined shifts in demographics (age, sex and social transition status), social adversity (bullying experiences and abuse) and psychological functioning (mood, anxiety, suicidality and autism spectrum disorder) at time of referral (of both children and adolescents) to the Gender Identity Development Service, London between the years of 2012 and 2015. Patients were 782 children and adolescents (M = 13.94, SD = 2.94, range 4-17; 63.8% assigned female at birth). Little change in sex ratio or age was observed between these two time points. However, we observed greater rates of depression and anxiety of birth-assigned females (but not birth-assigned males) in the more recent cohort, at the same time that reported social adversity (bullying and abuse) was falling. Also, of interest, the proportion of young people who had partially or fully socially transitioned prior to contact with the service had increased overtime. We discuss potential factors driving these shifts and their implications for supporting recent cohorts of gender diverse young people.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aidan Kelly
- 9705The Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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12
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Morandini JS, Dacosta L, Dar-Nimrod I. Exposure to continuous or fluid theories of sexual orientation leads some heterosexuals to embrace less-exclusive heterosexual orientations. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16546. [PMID: 34400657 PMCID: PMC8368213 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94479-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined whether heterosexual individuals' self-reported sexual orientation could be influenced experimentally by manipulating their knowledge of the nature of sexual orientation. In Study 1 (180 university students, 66% female) participants read summaries describing evidence for sexual orientation existing on a continuum versus discrete categories or a control manipulation, and in Study 2 (460 participants in a nationally representative Qualtrics panel, 50% female) additionally read summaries describing sexual orientation as fluid versus stable across the life-course. After reading summaries, participants answered various questions about their sexual orientation. In Study 1, political moderates and progressives (but not conservatives) who read the continuous manipulation subsequently reported being less exclusively heterosexual, and regardless of political alignment, participants reported less certainty about their sexual orientation, relative to controls. In Study 2, after exposure to fluid or continuous manipulations heterosexual participants were up to five times more likely than controls to rate themselves as non-exclusively heterosexual. Additionally, those in the continuous condition reported less certainty about their sexual orientation and were more willing to engage in future same-sex sexual experiences, than those in the control condition. These results suggest that non-traditional theories of sexual orientation can lead heterosexuals to embrace less exclusive heterosexual orientations.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Morandini
- The School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Liam Dacosta
- The School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Ilan Dar-Nimrod
- The School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- The Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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Menzies RE, Zuccala M, Sharpe L, Dar-Nimrod I. Are anxiety disorders a pathway to obsessive-compulsive disorder? Different trajectories of OCD and the role of death anxiety. Nord J Psychiatry 2021; 75:170-175. [PMID: 32921190 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2020.1817554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A body of research has demonstrated high rates of comorbidity among individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Further, recent empirical evidence has demonstrated the relevance of death anxiety in OCD. Given that the trajectory towards OCD remains unclear, the current study aimed to examine which disorders individuals typically experience prior to the onset of this disorder. Further, the study aimed to explore the role of death anxiety in the developmental pathways to the disorder. METHODS The present study involved administering a measure of death anxiety and conducting structured diagnostic interviews among a treatment-seeking sample of 98 individuals with OCD. RESULTS First, the findings revealed a number of anxiety-related disorders commonly experienced prior to the development of OCD, the most frequent of which were separation anxiety disorder, specific phobias, and generalised anxiety disorder. Second, consistent with hypotheses, individuals with higher death anxiety experienced more disorders prior to the onset of OCD. Conversely, those with lower fears of death were significantly more likely to develop OCD as their first disorder. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the argument that death anxiety may influence the trajectory towards OCD, and the comorbidity among anxiety-related disorders. However, further research is needed to clarify whether death anxiety plays a causal role in this trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Menzies
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matteo Zuccala
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Louise Sharpe
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ilan Dar-Nimrod
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Ganesan A, Dar-Nimrod I. Experimental Examination of Social Transmission of Health Information using an Online Platform. Health Commun 2021; 36:392-400. [PMID: 31750737 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2019.1693126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The "viral" nature of information transmission has the potential to transmit both accurate and inaccurate information. The present experiment examines the social transmission of health information, focusing on disorder etiology. Participants were placed in one of three generations of social transmission chains. The first generation read information concerning one of four fictitious disorders, pairing one disorder (Physiological or Psychological) with one etiology (Genetic or Environmental). Then, to ensure minimal loss of information (which is common in open-ended recollections), participants recalled key aspects of the disorders through multiple-choice questions. Their selections were used to modify the vignettes for the second generation and the third generation read the second's recollections. All participants also evaluated diagnosed patients on social distance and disgust. Findings suggest that genetic etiology was better recalled when paired with a psychological disorder than a physiological one. Participants desired more social distance from psychological disorders' patients (regardless of etiology) and showed higher disgust for environmental etiological patients (regardless of disorder). Implications focus on the role of content biases in the transmission of health information and misinformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Ganesan
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney
| | - Ilan Dar-Nimrod
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney
- The Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney
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Menzies RE, Sharpe L, Dar-Nimrod I. The effect of mortality salience on bodily scanning behaviors in anxiety-related disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2021; 130:141-151. [DOI: 10.1037/abn0000577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Dar-Nimrod I, Kuntzman R, MacNevin G, Lynch K, Woods M, Morandini J. Genetic essentialism: The mediating role of essentialist biases on the relationship between genetic knowledge and the interpretations of genetic information. Eur J Med Genet 2020; 64:104119. [PMID: 33285312 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2020.104119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Genetic research, via the mainstream media, presents the public with novel, profound findings almost on a daily basis. However, it is not clear how much laypeople understand these presentations and how they integrate such new findings into their knowledge base. Genetic knowledge (GK), existing causal beliefs, and genetic essentialist tendencies (GET) have been implicated in such processes; the current study assesses the relationships between these elements and how brief presentations of media releases of scientific findings about genetics are consumed and affect the readers. METHODS An Australian national survey of GK, GET, and existing causal beliefs about health phenomena (heart disease and obesity) was conducted. Participants were also exposed to news headlines that offered genetic and non-genetic partial explanations of the same health phenomena and reported their evaluations of these headlines, as well as the effects of the headlines on their personal understanding of the health phenomena. RESULTS GK was negatively-associated with GET. Whereas GK did not directly predict the evaluation and effects of the genetic headlines, GET did. GK predicted the effects of the headlines indirectly via GET and via GET and existing causal beliefs. CONCLUSION GET seem to predict unwarranted effects of exposure to news headlines about genetic science, whereas GK seems to indirectly mitigate the same unwarranted effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilan Dar-Nimrod
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Australia; The Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia.
| | - Ruth Kuntzman
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Kate Lynch
- The Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Philosophy, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Marlon Woods
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Australia
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Hunt CJ, Morandini J, Dar-Nimrod I, Barlow FK. Why Do Some Gay Men Identify as "Straight-Acting" and How Is It Related to Well-Being? Arch Sex Behav 2020; 49:1713-1723. [PMID: 32319034 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-020-01702-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent literature has described the phenomenon of "straight-acting" gay men: gay men who identify with traditional heteronormative masculinity. The current study examined predictors of "straight-acting" identification in gay men and how identifying as straight-acting relates to well-being. A sample of Australian gay men (N = 966) provided self-report data on two potential predictors of straight-acting identity: self-perceived masculinity and internalized homophobia. A path analysis assessed how these variables related to straight-acting identification. While masculine self-presentation positively predicted well-being and internalized homophobia negatively predicted well-being, straight-acting identification, which positively correlated with both, did not independently predict either psychological distress or physical well-being. Analyses further suggested that internalized homophobia had particularly deleterious effects among gay men who were more feminine. Implications for clinical and public health interventions among gay men are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Morandini
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, Australia
| | - Ilan Dar-Nimrod
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, Australia
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Morandini JS, Spence B, Dar-Nimrod I, Lykins AD. Do Bisexuals Have a Bisexual Viewing Pattern? Arch Sex Behav 2020; 49:489-502. [PMID: 31686253 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-019-01514-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Past visual attention research appears to show that bisexual men and women view erotic images differently compared to heterosexual and gay/lesbian men and women. However, none of these studies have employed analytic approaches required to determine whether these apparent bisexual viewing patterns are due to averaging together heterosexual and gay/lesbian type viewing patterns, or rather are because bisexual-identified individuals possess unique viewing patterns which are distinct from heterosexual and gay/lesbian individuals. In the current eye-tracking study, we aimed to address this question. Visual attention of 60 men (24 heterosexual, 19 gay, 17 bisexual) and 54 women (21 heterosexual, 10 lesbian, 23 bisexual) was tracked, while they viewed erotic images of nude men and women. Applying analytic approaches capable of detecting bisexual responding revealed that bisexual men, but not bisexual women, had a unique bisexual controlled attention pattern, and that neither bisexual men nor women demonstrated a unique bisexual pattern of initial attention. Our findings provide mixed evidence for a unique bisexual attentional profile in men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Morandini
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Ben Spence
- School of Psychology, The University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | - Ilan Dar-Nimrod
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Amy D Lykins
- School of Psychology, The University of New England, Armidale, Australia
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Wong IY, Hawes DJ, Dar-Nimrod I. Illness representations among adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: associations with quality of life, coping, and treatment adherence. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02705. [PMID: 31687524 PMCID: PMC6820282 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Research into the causes and outcomes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been extensive, yet little is known about the perception of ADHD as a disorder and its related outcomes among diagnosed youth. The present study applied the Common-Sense Model of Illness Representations (CSM) to examine the perception of ADHD and its association with quality of life (QoL), coping strategies, and treatment adherence among 63 diagnosed adolescents (10-18 years). Adolescents recruited from clinics, parent support groups, and an educational service completed self-report measures of the key constructs. Results indicated that adolescents generally perceive their ADHD as mildly threatening; four illness beliefs (perceived impact, personal control, timeline, and coherence) are significant predictors of coping and four (perceived impact, causes, personal control, and treatment control) are that of QoL. Adolescents who perceived minimal impact, expected longer duration, had strong sense of coherence, and believed in personal control of ADHD coped with the disorder more actively. Those who made weaker attribution to psychological and environmental causes, believed in personal control and the effectiveness of behavioral treatment enjoyed better QoL. In addition, female adolescents seem to experience more difficulties in the management of ADHD than male counterparts. These findings have potentially important clinical implications, suggesting that perceptions of ADHD related to the disorder's impact, duration, coherence, and personal control, may be important for clinicians to address when caring for adolescents with the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iana Y.T. Wong
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Australia
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20
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Morandini JS, Veldre A, Holcombe AO, Hsu K, Lykins A, Bailey JM, Dar-Nimrod I. Visual Attention to Sexual Stimuli in Mostly Heterosexuals. Arch Sex Behav 2019; 48:1371-1385. [PMID: 31144215 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-019-1419-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Individuals who report mostly heterosexual orientations (i.e., mostly sexually attracted to the opposite sex, but occasionally attracted to the same sex) outnumber all other non-heterosexual individuals combined. The present study examined whether mostly heterosexual men and women view same- and other-sex sexual stimuli differently than exclusively heterosexual men and women. A novel eye-tracking paradigm was used with 162 mostly and exclusively heterosexual men and women. Compared to exclusively heterosexual men, mostly heterosexual men demonstrated greater attention to sexually explicit features (i.e., genital regions and genital contact regions) of solo male and male-male erotic stimuli, while demonstrating equivalent attention to sexually explicit features of solo female and female-female erotic stimuli. Mediation analyses suggested that differences between mostly and exclusively heterosexual profiles in men could be explained by mostly heterosexual men's increased sexual attraction to solo male erotica, and their increased sexual attraction and reduced disgust to the male-male erotica. No comparable differences in attention were observed between mostly and exclusively heterosexual women-although mostly heterosexual women did demonstrate greater fixation on visual erotica overall-a pattern of response that was found to be mediated by reduced disgust.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Morandini
- School of Psychology, Brennan MacCallum Building (A18), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Aaron Veldre
- School of Psychology, Brennan MacCallum Building (A18), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alex O Holcombe
- School of Psychology, Brennan MacCallum Building (A18), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kevin Hsu
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanstan, IL, USA
| | - Amy Lykins
- School of Psychology, The University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - J Michael Bailey
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanstan, IL, USA
| | - Ilan Dar-Nimrod
- School of Psychology, Brennan MacCallum Building (A18), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Ganesan A, Kashima Y, Kiat JE, Dar-Nimrod I. Transmission of disorder and etiological information: Effects on health knowledge recollection and health-related cognition. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218703. [PMID: 31226156 PMCID: PMC6588244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Biased transmission of health knowledge has far-reaching effects on information reproduction and health-related cognitions. We examined whether transmissions of different types of disorder and etiological information influence recollections of health knowledge and evaluations of patients, by simulating the digital transmission of information. Transmission chains of four non-interacting persons (i.e., four generations) were formed. The first generation read three vignettes describing fictitious patients with one of three disorders (physiological, psychological, culture-bound) uniquely paired with one of three etiologies (genetic, environmental, unknown etiology). Next, they evaluated patients’ well-being, rated desired social distance, and recalled the vignettes. These written recollections replaced the original vignettes for a second-generation of participants, whose recollections were used for the third generation and so on. The framing of disorders affected recollections of etiology, in which culture-bound framings resulted in the poorest recall of etiologies. Participants also perceived the culture-bound disorder as the least serious but desired the most social distance from patients diagnosed with it, when compared to other disorders. The study showed that health information is selectively attended to and reproduced, possibly affected by perceived self-relevance. Faulty recollections and framing of disorders affect health cognitions, potentially instigating biased transmission of disorder- and patient-related narratives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Ganesan
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yoshihisa Kashima
- School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John Emmanuel Kiat
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Ilan Dar-Nimrod
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,The Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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22
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Dar-Nimrod I, MacNevin G, Godwin A, Lynch K, Magory Cohen T, Ganesan A, Morandini J. Genetic Knowledge within a National Australian Sample: Comparisons with Other Diverse Populations. Public Health Genomics 2019; 21:133-143. [DOI: 10.1159/000496381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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23
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Menzies RE, Zuccala M, Sharpe L, Dar-Nimrod I. The effects of psychosocial interventions on death anxiety: A meta-analysis and systematic review of randomised controlled trials. J Anxiety Disord 2018; 59:64-73. [PMID: 30308474 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Death anxiety has been proposed as a transdiagnostic construct, underlying numerous mental disorders. Although it has been argued that treatments, which reduce death anxiety, are needed, research investigating the impact of interventions on death fears has produced mixed results. As such, the current meta-analysis aimed to examine the effect of psychosocial interventions on death anxiety. Overall, results from 15 randomised controlled trials suggested that psychosocial treatments produced significant reductions in death anxiety, with a small to medium effect size (g = .45). Intervention type (death education vs. therapy) did not significantly moderate the effect of intervention on death anxiety (g = -.47). However, therapy type was a significant moderator of treatment efficacy (g = -1.39). Cognitive Behaviour Therapy was found to be particularly efficacious, producing significant reductions in death anxiety relative to control (g = 1.7), whereas other therapies did not (g = .20). The number of treatment sessions and baseline death anxiety significantly moderated intervention efficacy, whereas the duration of the intervention, training of the interventionist, and clinical nature of the sample did not. Given the small number and generally low quality of the included studies, future research using more rigorous methodology, as well as clinical samples, is needed.
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Lynch KE, Morandini JS, Dar-Nimrod I, Griffiths PE. Causal Reasoning About Human Behavior Genetics: Synthesis and Future Directions. Behav Genet 2018; 49:221-234. [DOI: 10.1007/s10519-018-9909-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Gervais WM, Xygalatas D, McKay RT, van Elk M, Buchtel EE, Aveyard M, Schiavone SR, Dar-Nimrod I, Svedholm-Häkkinen AM, Riekki T, Klocová EK, Ramsay JE, Bulbulia J. Author Correction: Global evidence of extreme intuitive moral prejudice against atheists. Nat Hum Behav 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41562-018-0322-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Kim LE, Dar-Nimrod I, MacCann C. Teacher personality and teacher effectiveness in secondary school: Personality predicts teacher support and student self-efficacy but not academic achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology 2018. [DOI: 10.1037/edu0000217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ilan Dar-Nimrod
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Dar-Nimrod I, Ganesan A, MacCann C. Coolness as a trait and its relations to the Big Five, self-esteem, social desirability, and action orientation. Personality and Individual Differences 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Morandini JS, Blaszczynski A, Costa DSJ, Godwin A, Dar-Nimrod I. Born this way: Sexual orientation beliefs and their correlates in lesbian and bisexual women. J Couns Psychol 2017; 64:560-573. [DOI: 10.1037/cou0000209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Some nonheterosexual individuals are eschewing lesbian/gay and bisexual identities for queer and pansexual identities. The present study aimed to examine the sexual and demographic characteristics of nonheterosexual individuals who adopt these labels. A convenience sample of 2,220 nonheterosexual (1,459 lesbian/gay, 413 bisexual, 168 queer, 146 pansexual, and 34 other "write-in") individuals were recruited for a cross-sectional online survey. In support of our hypotheses, those adopting pansexual identities were younger than those adopting lesbian, gay, and bisexual identities, and those adopting queer and pansexual identities were more likely to be noncisgender than cisgender, and more likely to be cisgender women than men. The majority of pansexual individuals demonstrated sexual orientation indices within the bisexual range, and showed equivalent patterns of sexual attraction, romantic attraction, sexual behavior, and partner gender as bisexual-identified men and women. In contrast, three-quarters of queer men, and more than half of queer women, reported sexual attraction in the homosexual range. This study found that rather than a general movement toward nontraditional sexual identities, queer and pansexual identities appear most appealing to nonheterosexual women and noncisgender individuals. These findings contribute important information regarding who adopts queer and pansexual identities in contemporary sexual minority populations.
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Mills L, Dar-Nimrod I, Colagiuri B. Effect of Genetic Information and Information About Caffeine Content on Caffeine Withdrawal Symptoms. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8407. [PMID: 28827535 PMCID: PMC5566379 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08678-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This study sought to test the effect of genetic information and information about the caffeine content of a beverage on caffeine withdrawal, specifically if: (1) being informed that one has tested positive for a gene related to caffeine withdrawal can produce an exaggerated caffeine withdrawal response during abstinence; (2) belief that one has consumed caffeine leads to a reduction in withdrawal symptoms when no caffeine is consumed. Regular coffee drinkers were given a bogus genetic test and were told either that they had tested positive or negative for a gene related to withdrawal. After 24-hour caffeine abstinence withdrawal symptoms were measured using a self-report caffeine withdrawal scale, and then again after a cup of decaffeinated coffee. Half the participants were told their coffee was caffeinated and half were told truthfully that it was decaffeinated. Participants told the coffee was caffeinated reported a greater reduction in withdrawal symptoms than those told it was decaffeinated. Differing genetic test result information produced no difference in reported withdrawal symptoms. These results indicate that information about the dose of caffeine administered can influence withdrawal symptoms, but that genetic information does not have a universal ability to produce nocebo effects across all sensory and cognitive domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Llewellyn Mills
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Ilan Dar-Nimrod
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ben Colagiuri
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Menzies RE, Dar-Nimrod I. Death anxiety and its relationship with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2017; 126:367-377. [DOI: 10.1037/abn0000263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Morandini JS, Blaszczynski A, Ross MW, Costa DSJ, Dar-Nimrod I. Essentialist beliefs, sexual identity uncertainty, internalized homonegativity and psychological wellbeing in gay men. J Couns Psychol 2015; 62:413-24. [DOI: 10.1037/cou0000072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Morandini JS, Blaszczynski A, Dar-Nimrod I, Ross MW. Minority stress and community connectedness among gay, lesbian and bisexual Australians: a comparison of rural and metropolitan localities. Aust N Z J Public Health 2015; 39:260-6. [PMID: 25904119 DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) Australians residing in rural-remote and other non-inner metropolitan localities experience increased levels of minority stress and reduced social support relative to their inner metropolitan counterparts. METHODS A convenience sample of (n=1306) LGB Australians completed an online survey that assessed minority stressors, level of connection with other LGB individuals and social isolation. Postcodes provided were coded into three metropolitan and two rural zones. A series of hierarchical regression analyses were undertaken to examine the effect of locality on minority stress and social support independent of sex, age, ethnicity, education and income. RESULTS Those residing in rural-remote localities reported significantly increased concealment of sexuality from friends, more concern regarding disclosure of sexuality, less LGB community involvement, fewer friendships with other LGB people and, among men, higher levels of internalised homophobia than those residing in inner metropolitan areas. Unexpectedly, those residing in outer metropolitan areas of major cities experienced comparable levels of minority stress and LGB disconnection to those in rural and remote Australia. CONCLUSIONS LGB individuals in rural-remote and outer metropolitan areas of major cities face increased exposure to a number of minority stressors and less LGB community connectedness. These are risk factors associated with psychiatric morbidity in LGB populations. IMPLICATIONS Health promotion targeted at reducing homophobia and discrimination in rural-remote and outer metropolitan communities and additional services to assist LGB Australians struggling with stigma and isolation in non-inner city areas may help mitigate the disadvantages faced by these LGB populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michael W Ross
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, The University of Minnesota Medical School, USA
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Cheung BY, Dar-Nimrod I, Gonsalkorale K. Am I My Genes? Perceived Genetic Etiology, Intrapersonal Processes, and Health. Social and Personality Psychology Compass 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Dar-Nimrod I, Zuckerman M, Duberstein P. Smoking at the workplace: Effects of genetic and environmental causal accounts on attitudes towards smoking employees and restrictive policies. New Genet Soc 2014; 33:400-412. [PMID: 25530710 PMCID: PMC4268242 DOI: 10.1080/14636778.2014.951993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
People hold diverse beliefs regarding the etiologies of individual and group differences in behaviors which, in turn, might affect their attitudes and behaviors. It is important to establish how perceived etiologies for smoking might affect the effectiveness of policy initiatives and prevention efforts. The present study assessed whether exposure to genetic vs. environmental accounts for smoking affects attitudes towards a) workplace-related smoking policies and b) smokers at the workplace. Results indicate that exposure to a genetic explanation led to stronger objections to a smoking restrictive policy compared with a non-genetic explanation. Additionally, participants in the genetic condition were more accepting of a smoker in the workplace than in the environmental condition. Evidently, beliefs about the etiology of smoking influence a range of attitudes related to smokers and smoking related policies.
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Dar-Nimrod I, Chapman BP, Robbins JA, Porsteinsson A, Mapstone M, Duberstein PR. Gene by neuroticism interaction and cognitive function among older adults. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2012; 27:1147-54. [PMID: 23042108 PMCID: PMC3466473 DOI: 10.1002/gps.3759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Both apolipoprotein E (ApoE) ε-4 allele(s) and elevated trait neuroticism, the tendency to experience distress, are associated with cognitive function among older adults. We predicted that neuroticism moderates the association between ApoE and cognitive function and also explored whether other personality dimensions (openness to experience, agreeableness, extraversion, and conscientiousness) affect the association between ApoE status and cognitive function. METHOD Five-hundred and ninety-seven older adults (mean age of 78 years) enrolled in the Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory study completed the NEO five-factor inventory of personality. Cognitive function was assessed via the cognitive portion of the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale, and a blood sample for ApoE genotyping was drawn. RESULTS As hypothesized, regression analysis indicated that neuroticism moderated the relationship between the presence of ApoE ε-4 and cognitive function. Individuals with high neuroticism scores had significantly lower scores on the cognitive portion of the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale compared with individuals with low neuroticism scores, but this was true only among carriers of ApoE ε-4 (interaction effect β = 0.124, p = 0.028). There was scant evidence that other personality dimensions moderate the association between ApoE ε-4 and cognitive function. CONCLUSIONS Cognitive function may be affected by ApoE and neuroticism acting in tandem. Research on the underlying physiological mechanisms by which neuroticism amplifies the effect of ApoE ε-4 is warranted. The study of genotype by phenotype interactions provides an important and useful direction for the study of cognitive function among older adults and for the development of novel prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilan Dar-Nimrod
- Department of Psychiatry and Laboratory of Personality and Development, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Benjamin P. Chapman
- Department of Psychiatry and Laboratory of Personality and Development, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - John A. Robbins
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Anton Porsteinsson
- Department of Psychiatry and Alzheimer’s Disease Care, Research and Education Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Mark Mapstone
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease Care, Research and Education Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Paul R. Duberstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Laboratory of Personality and Development, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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Abstract
References to death abound in many television programs accessible to most people. Terror Management Theory postulates that existential anxiety, which death reminders activate, may reinforce materialistic tendencies. The current article explores the effect of a death reminder in television shows on the desirability of advertised products. Consistent with Terror Management Theory's predictions, in two studies participants show greater desire for products, which were advertised immediately following clips from programs that featured a death scene, compared with programs that did not. Cognitive accessibility of death predicted the appeal difference while changes in affect or interest in the show did not. The findings are discussed in light on affective and existential theories which make opposite predictions. Implications and future directions are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilan Dar-Nimrod
- University of Rochester, Department of Psychiatry, 601 Elmwood Ave., Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Abstract
Some people are routinely described as “cool,” but it is unknown whether this descriptor conveys trait-like information beyond mere likability or popularity. This is the first systematic quantitative investigation of coolness from a trait perspective. Three studies of North Americans (N = 918) converged to identify personality markers for coolness. Study 1 participants described coolness largely by referring to socially desirable attributes (e.g., social, popular, talented). Study 2 provided further evidence of the relationship between coolness and social desirability, yet also identified systematic discrepancies between valuations of coolness and social desirability. Factor analyses (Studies 2 and 3) indicated that coolness was primarily conceptualized in terms of active, status-promoting, socially desirable characteristics (“Cachet coolness”), though a second orthogonal factor (“Contrarian coolness”) portrayed cool as rebellious, rough, and emotionally controlled. Study 3, which examined peer valuations of coolness, showed considerable overlap with abstract evaluations of the construct. We conclude that coolness is reducible to two conceptually coherent and distinct personality orientations: one outward focused and attuned to external valuations, the other more independent, rebellious, and countercultural. These results have implications for both basic and applied research and theory in personality and social psychology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilan Dar-Nimrod
- Department of Psychiatry and Laboratory of Personality and Development, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - I. G. Hansen
- Department of Psychology, York College, City University of New York, USA
| | - T. Proulx
- Department of Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - D. R. Lehman
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - B. P. Chapman
- Department of Psychiatry and Laboratory of Personality and Development, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - P. R. Duberstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Laboratory of Personality and Development, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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Abstract
This article introduces the notion of genetic essentialist biases: cognitive biases associated with essentialist thinking that are elicited when people encounter arguments that genes are relevant for a behavior, condition, or social group. Learning about genetic attributions for various human conditions leads to a particular set of thoughts regarding those conditions: they are more likely to be perceived as (a) immutable and determined, (b) having a specific etiology, (c) homogeneous and discrete, and (d) natural, which can lead to the naturalistic fallacy. There are rare cases of "strong genetic explanation" when such responses to genetic attributions may be appropriate; however, people tend to overweigh genetic attributions compared with competing attributions even in cases of "weak genetic explanation," which are far more common. The authors reviewed research on people's understanding of race, gender, sexual orientation, criminality, mental illness, and obesity through a genetic essentialism lens, highlighting attitudinal, cognitive, and behavioral changes that stem from consideration of genetic attributions as bases of these categories. Scientific and media portrayals of genetic discoveries are discussed with respect to genetic essentialism, as is the role that genetic essentialism has played (and continues to play) in various public policies, legislation, scientific endeavors, and ideological movements in recent history. Last, moderating factors and interventions to reduce the magnitude of genetic essentialism, which identify promising directions to explore in order to reduce these biases, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilan Dar-Nimrod
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Dar-Nimrod I, Heine SJ, Cheung BY, Schaller M. Do scientific theories affect men's evaluations of sex crimes? Aggress Behav 2011; 37:440-9. [PMID: 21678431 DOI: 10.1002/ab.20401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary psychology accounts of gender differences in sexual behaviors in general and men's sexual aggression, in particular, has been criticized for legitimizing males' sexual misconduct. To empirically assess such critiques, two studies examined how men's judgments of male sex crimes (solicitation of sex from a prostitute; rape) are influenced by exposure to (a) evolutionary psychological theories and (b) social-constructivist theories. Across two studies, a consistent pattern emerged compared with a control condition (a) exposure to evolutionary psychology theories had no observable impact on male judgments of men's criminal sexual behavior, whereas (b) exposure to social-constructivist theories did affect judgments, leading men to evaluate sex crimes more harshly. Additional results (from Study 2) indicate that this effect is mediated by perceptions of male control over sexual urges. These results have implications for journalists, educators, and scientists. Aggr. Behav. 37:440-449, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Dar-Nimrod I, Heine SJ. Some thoughts on essence placeholders, interactionism, and heritability: Reply to Haslam (2011) and Turkheimer (2011). Psychol Bull 2011; 137:829-33. [DOI: 10.1037/a0024678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Norenzayan A, Dar-Nimrod I, Hansen IG, Proulx T. Mortality salience and religion: divergent effects on the defense of cultural worldviews for the religious and the non-religious. Eur J Soc Psychol 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Stereotype threat occurs when stereotyped groups perform worse as their group membership is highlighted. We investigated whether stereotype threat is affected by accounts for the origins of stereotypes. In two studies, women who read of genetic causes of sex differences performed worse on math tests than those who read of experiential causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilan Dar-Nimrod
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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