Micronutrient status and its effect on glycaemic indices in type 2 diabetics with foot ulcer in Ibadan, Nigeria

BACKGROUND

Micronutrients are required by organisms in trace concentrations sufficient to maintain homeostasis. Deficiency of these elements could result in different medical and metabolic abnormalities. There are limited data on micronutrient status in type 2 diabetics with foot ulcer (DM+FU). Premised on this, this study investigated micronutrient levels of DM+FU and examined their effects on glycaemic indices.

METHODS

One hundred and twenty participants, comprising seventy DM+FU and fifty non-diabetic participants (controls) aged 40-60 years, were recruited for the study. Ten millilitres of fasting blood samples were collected from each participant after obtaining their consent and levels of vitamin C, vitamin E, copper, selenium, zinc, FPG and HbAlc were measured. The data were analyzed using 't'- test and Pearson's correlation coefficients. Statistical significant was considered at p<0.05.

RESULTS

FPG and HbAlc were significantly higher in DM+FU (12.98±0.43 mmol/l; 8.63±0.24 %) than in controls (5.09±0.08 mmol/l; 4.08±0.11 %). Vitamin C (3.7610.43 vs. 5.57±0.43 ptmol/l; p=0.003), vitamin E (19.57±1.01 vs. 25.57±0.27 pLimol/l; p=0.000) and selenium (0.48±0.01 vs. 0.81±0.04 srmol/l; p=0.000) were substantially lower in DM+FU compared with controls. However, no significant changes were observed when levels of copper and zinc were compared in all participants. Data revealed inverse associations between micronutrients and glycaemic indices (vitamin C/ FPG: (r= 0.250, p=0.037); Cu/HbA Ic: (r= 0.131, p=0.365)).

CONCLUSIONS

Diabetics with foot ulcer were observed to be deficient in selenium, vitamin C and vitamin E. Therefore, type 2 diabetics with foot ulcer should be advised and encouraged to take more of leafy green vegetables and unsweetened fruits.

Particles internalization, oxidative stress, apoptosis and pro-inflammatory cytokines in alveolar macrophages exposed to cement dust

Exposure to cement dust is one of the most common occupational dust exposures worldwide, but the mechanism of toxicity has not been fully elucidated. Cement dust (N) and clinker (C) samples collected from Nigeria and another sample of cement dust (U) collected from USA were evaluated using alveolar macrophage (NR8383) cell culture to determine the contribution of different sources of cement dust in the severity of cement dust toxicity. Cement dust particles internalization and morphologic alterations using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), cytotoxicity, apoptotic cells induction, intracellular reactive oxygen species generation, glutathione reduction, TNF-α, IL-1β, and CINC-3 secretion in alveolar macrophages (NR8383) exposed to cement dust and clinker samples were determined. Particles were internalized into the cytoplasmic vacuoles, with cells exposed to U showing increased cell membrane blebbing. Also, NR8383 exposed to U show more significant ROS generation, apoptotic cells induction and decreased glutathione. Interleukin-1β and TNF-α secretion were significantly more in cells exposed to both cement dust samples compared with clinker, while CINC-3 secretion was significantly more in cells exposed to clinker (p < 0.05). Endocytosis, oxidative stress induced-apoptosis and induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines may be key mechanisms of cement dust immunotoxicity in the lung and toxicity may be factory dependent.

Impact of alcohol consumption and cigarette smoke on renal function and select serum elements in female subjects using combined oral contraceptive

Drugs and life style choices such as alcohol consumption and smoking are capable of independently altering levels of essential trace elements as well as tissue or organ function. The purpose of the study is to determine how differences in degree of exposure to cigarette smoke and alcohol consumption will alter serum magnesium (Mg), Cobalt (Co) and Manganese (Mn) levels in female subjects using combined oral contraceptives. Thirty female subjects who have used combined oral contraceptive for at least 5 years as well as 30 age-matched control women who are using rhythm method as birth control method were recruited from drinking joints/bars by random sampling technique. Serum trace element concentrations were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry and K+, Na+, albumin, globulin, total protein, urea and creatinine were also determined. Data obtained were analyzed using Student't' test, Pearson's correlation coefficient and Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA). Na+ was significantly higher in combined oral contraceptive users compared with controls (p&lt;0.05), whereas Mg was decreased (p&lt;0.05). Co, Mn, urea, creatinine, total protein, albumin, globulin, K+ were not significantly different in combined oral contraceptive users compared with the controls (p&gt;0.05). MANOVA results revealed that binge drinkers/smokers group recorded a significant lower (p&lt;0.05) magnesium level than the passive smokers/social drinkers group and controls. The results of this study suggest that subjects using combined oral contraceptive, consuming alcohol and exposed to cigarette smoke may be at greater risks of diseases linked with magnesium depletion.

An investigation of the prevalence of iron overload in Nigerian women

BACKGROUND

Iron overload has been recognized to be a risk factor for numerous acute and chronic illnesses. It is generally assumed to be rare and acknowledgment of iron toxicity is difficult for some nutritional scientists, clinicians and laypersons. There is also a heightened interest to raise body iron through universal iron "fortified" foods.

OBJECTIVE

This study investigated the need to examine the policy of unselective iron supplementation in a sub-Saharan African community.

METHODS

This is a descriptive study carried out on 98 apparently healthy women attending a Papanicolaou (PAP) smear clinic for routine cervical cancer screening. Information on demographic data and diet were obtained with structured questionnaires and serum samples were analyzed for serum iron (SI) and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) which were used to derive the values for tranferrin saturation (TS%). Iron overload was defined by tranferrin saturation greater than 50%.

RESULTS

The prevalence of iron overload was 8.2% in women aged 26-71 years. Skilled workers constituted 44.9% of the population while semi-skilled and housewives were 50% and 5.1% respectively. Eighty four percent of the women had been on iron vitamin supplement at one time or the other. Mild anaemia was present in 25% of the women with iron overload. The prevalence of iron overload between women who were actively reproducing and those who were not was not statistically different.

CONCLUSIONS

Iron overload is common, therefore, iron studies may be included in routine investigation and selective iron supplementation should be encouraged. Moreso, iron loading anaemia should be ruled out in patients with anaemia before prescribing iron therapy.

Lead, mercury, cadmium, chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, calcium, iron, manganese and chromium (VI) levels in Nigeria and United States of America cement dust

This study was aimed at investigating the relative abundance of heavy metals in cement dust from different cement dust factories in order to predict their possible roles in the severity of cement dust toxicity. The concentrations of total mercury (Hg), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), iron (Fe) and chromium (VI) (Cr (VI)) levels in cement dust and clinker samples from Nigeria and cement dust sample from the United States of America (USA) were determined using graphite furnace atomic absorption (GFAAS), while Zn and Ca were measured by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS), and Cr (VI) by colorimetric method. Total Cu, Ni and Mn were significantly higher in cement dust sample from USA (p<0.05), also, both total Cr and Cr (VI) were 5.4-26 folds higher in USA cement dust compared with Nigeria cement dust or clinker (p<0.001). Total Cd was higher in both Nigeria cement dust and clinker (p<0.05 and p<0.001), respectively. Mercury was more in both Nigeria cement dust and clinker (p<0.05), while Pb was only significantly higher in clinker from Nigeria (p<0.001). These results show that cement dust contain mixture of metals that are known human carcinogens and also have been implicated in other debilitating health conditions. Additionally, it revealed that metal content concentrations are factory dependent. This study appears to indicate the need for additional human studies relating the toxicity of these metals and their health impacts on cement factory workers.

Industrialization and the increasing risk of genome instability in developing countries: nutrigenomics as a promising antidote

Increased reliance on chemicals in the industrializing developing countries places new demands on them, as they have limited resources to adequately regulate exposure to these chemicals. Majority of the chemicals cause mutation in DNA among others. The consequences of increased exposure to chemicals on the genome and their mitigation by Nutrigenomics, a science concerned with the prevention of genome damage by nutritional factors is poorly recognized in these countries. Growing evidence indicates that genome instability in the absence of overt exposure to genotoxicants is a sensitive marker of nutritional deficiency. Therefore, the increasing prevalence of chemicals in these countries which contribute to genome disturbances and the widespread nutritional deficiency, at least double the risk of genome instability.Environmental pollutants such polychlorobiphenyls, metal fumes, and fly ash, common in these countries are known to increase urinary level of 8-hydroxy deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), a marker of oxidative DNA damage, precursor of genome instability.Increasing evidence emphasizes the importance of zinc in both genetic stability and function. Zinc deficiency has been linked with oxidative stress, DNA damage and impairment of repair mechanisms as well as risk of cancer. Zinc plays an important role in vitamin A metabolism from which the retinoids are derived. Zinc is also an important component of the p53 protein, a DNA damage sensor which prevents genetic lesions contributing to genome instability.Zinc deficiency ranks among the top 10 leading causes of death in developing countries. A large proportion of the population in these countries ingests less than 50% of the RDA for Zn.This makes this genome protective nutrient among others grossly inadequate. Folate now also recognized for its role in genome stability, is among the nutrients frequently cited as critical to genome stability. Folate deficiency of sub- clinical degree is common. Reduced folate intake causes as much genome damage as that induced by exposure to a high dose of ionizing radiation. Even moderate folate deficiency causes very severe damage to the genome in the general population. All these accentuate the susceptibility of populations in these nations to environmental toxic assault requiring preventive measures employing the science of Nutrigenomics, probably augmented with adaptive response pathways such as the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Human populations in developing countries are increasingly exposed to a diverse array of industrial chemicals, which adversely modify the genome, the precursor of many diseases especially cancer. Nutrigenomics encompasses nutritional factors that protect the genome from damage and is a promising new field that can be exploited, perhaps augmented with the Nrf2 signaling pathway with international collaboration in these nations as an antidote to chemical-induced genome instability.

Effects of methionine containing paracetamol formulation on serum vitamins and trace elements in male rats

Methionine is an effective antidote in the treatment of paracetamol-induced toxicity but at large doses it has been reported to induce or aggravate a number of pathological conditions. It also alters plasma levels of many vital elements and molecules. This study was designed to identify if the alteration observed for antioxidant vitamins and minerals especially at sub-toxic and toxic levels of exposure in our earlier study of 24-hour exposure period may warrant trace elements supplementation. This was investigated by carrying out a 48-hour study to test the ability of a living organism to restore homeostasis of these vital molecules and elements. The levels of antioxidant minerals and vitamins were estimated in the serum samples obtained from adult male Wistar rats exposed to paracetamol tablets. At 100 mg\kg BW (body weight) vitamin A, niacin, riboflavin, selenium and manganese were not significantly different from the control group. Moreover at 350 mg\kg, all these indices except zinc were not significantly different in the exposed group compared with controls whereas at 1000 mg\kg level of exposure manganese, selenium and vitamin E were not significantly decreased at the end of 48 hours of exposure but copper, niacin and vitamin A were significantly increased in the exposed group compared with the controls. These results suggest that with time the body may be capable of bringing about restoration of the levels of some of these elements\vitamins. This was more evident at 350 mg\kg level of exposure than a higher dose of 1000 mg\kg level.

Depressed antioxidant status in pregnant women on iron supplements: pathologic and clinical correlates

Iron (Fe) remains a commonly prescribed supplement in pregnancy. Its possible pathologic potential is either uncommonly considered or ignored. We determined the antioxidant status in pregnant women with and without Fe supplements. Fifty-eight apparently healthy pregnant women on Fe supplements were selected for the study from the antenatal clinic of the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. Fifty-five aged matched pregnant women who were not on Fe from various parishes of the Christ Apostolic Church, Ibadan (non-drug using Christian sect) were randomly selected as controls. Both groups were classified according to the trimesters of pregnancy. The gestational age in both pregnant women on Fe supplements and non-supplement pregnant women was similar. Fruit and vegetables consumption was higher in the supplement than in the non-supplement group (57.2% vs. 37.3%). Anthropometric indices, weight, height, and BMI, were also similar. But while the weight of the Fe supplement group decreased by nearly 3% in the third trimester, it increased by over 10% (p < 0.00) in the non-supplement group in the same period. Serum Fe level was significantly higher in the supplement than the non-supplement group (p < 0.001). In contrast, the levels of the antioxidants, ascorbic acid, copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and bilirubin were all significantly decreased (p < 0.05, p < 0.001, p < 0.05, and p < 0.05, respectively). Uric acid level though also lower in the supplement group did not reach statistical significance (p > 0.05), while vitamin E was similar in both groups. There was relative stability of all antioxidants except uric acid, which declined from the first to the last trimester in the non-supplement group. The significantly higher Fe level in the second trimester was sustained in the third trimester though to a lesser degree (p < 0.05) and associated with significant decreases in the following antioxidant levels in the supplement group, ascorbic acid, bilirubin, Cu, and Zn (p < 0.02, p < 0.02, p < 0.02, and p < 0.001, respectively). Uric acid and vitamin E though lower in the supplement group were not significantly different. Remarkably, percentage changes between the first and third trimesters revealed that serum Fe increased by over 116% in the Fe supplement group, while it only increased by over 50% in the non-supplement group. This was associated with 23.50% decrease in ascorbate level (p < 0.003) in the supplement group, while it decreased by only 3.70% in the non-supplement group (p > 0.05). Again vitamin E decreased by 17.22% in the supplement group, while it decreased by only 7.30% in the non-supplement group during the period. Uric acid and bilirubin levels decreased by similar proportions during the period, while Zn decreased by 18.55% in the supplement group and by 14.86% in the non-supplement group. In contrast Cu increased by 7.20% in the supplement group, while it increased by only 2.96 in the non-supplement group. Additionally, all the antioxidants in the supplement group except vitamin E, viz, ascorbic acid, bilirubin, Cu, uric acid, and Zn, were significantly inversely correlated with serum Fe level (r - 0.299, p < 0.05, r - 0.278, p < 0.05, r - 0.383, p < 0.05, and r - 0.0369, p < 0.05). These data imply markedly depressed antioxidant status in the Fe supplement pregnant group with attendant oxidative stress (most probably pro-oxidant Fe-induced). This is associated with molecular and cellular damage as well as a number of pathologic and clinical correlates that underlie the exacerbation of morbidity and mortality in maternal and child populations, particularly in the developing countries. This appears to call for serious caution and prior evaluation of antioxidant and Fe status and during the use of Fe supplements in pregnancy for monitoring and prognostic purposes and to avert or ameliorate oxidative stress-induced pathologies in maternal and fetal systems.

High cadmium / zinc ratio in cigarette smokers: potential implications as a biomarker of risk of prostate cancer

Tobacco smoke may be one of the most common sources of cadmium (Cd) in the general population, particularly in the rising population of smokers in developing countries. Although a relationship between both cigarette smoking and environmental Cd contamination with prostate cancer exist, the mechanisms are unclear. Most prospective cohort studies found a positive association between current smoking and a fatal cancer of the prostate. We investigated the interaction between zinc and cadmium and the potential risk of prostate cancer in smokers. Serum cadmium level was significantly (P < 0.001) higher in smokers compared with non-smokers, the level in smokers was three-fold that in non-smokers. In contrast zinc was significantly (P < 0.001) reduced in smokers compared with non-smokers. Unlike Zn, Cu was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in smokers than in non-smokers. Iron (Fe) though higher in smokers was not significantly different. Zinc: cadmium ratio was very significantly (P < 0.001) reduced, implying high cadmium: zinc ratio. This ratio was 4.5-fold the level in non-smokers. Total protein, albumin and total globulin levels were all significantly (P < 0.001) reduced in smokers compared with non-smokers respectively. Potassium (K+) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in smokers than in non-smokers. Magnesium (Mg) was significantly (p < 0.01) reduced in smokers compared to non-smokers. Altered Zn status culminating in high Cd:Zn ratio appears the central factor in smokers; leading to oxidative stress, DNA damage, mutation, impaired DNA repair, P53 expression, angiogenic effect of Cu and impaired vitamin A metabolism. These converge in the risk of the carcinogenic process, suggesting high Cd: Zn ratio as the critical determinant of the risk of prostate cancer in smokers and possibly a biomarker of susceptibility to this environmental disease.

Decreased thiamine and magnesium levels in the potentiation of the neurotoxicity of lead in occupational lead exposure

The relationship between blood lead (Pb) and serum levels of calcium and of neural nutrients such as thiamine and magnesium (Mg) has been determined in a Nigerian population that is occupationally exposed to Pb. Forty-seven male Pb workers were recruited as test subjects and 25 males unexposed to Pb served as controls. The test subjects were classified into three groups, based on severity of exposure to Pb. Blood lead (BPb) and the serum levels of Mg, thiamine, and calcium were determined in both test subjects and controls. The mean blood Pb level was not significantly higher in Pb workers. In contrast, Mg and thiamine levels were significantly decreased (p<0.05; p<0.01, respectively). However, the calcium level was not significantly lower in test subjects than in controls. Also, there was a significant negative correlation between serum thiamine and blood Pb levels (r=-0.50; p<0.01). Furthermore, there was a significant negative correlation between serum calcium and BPb levels (r=-0.41; p<0.01). This study has shown that relatively low BPb levels can enhance Pb absorption and also potentiate Pb neurotoxicity in the presence of decreased serum thiamine and Mg levels.

Increased plasma manganese, partially reduced ascorbate, 1 and absence of mitochondrial oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes mellitus: implications for the superoxide uncoupling protein 2 (UCP-2) pathway

Oxidative stress is an important component of diabetes and its complications. Manganese (Mn), the key component of the Mitochondrial antioxidant (MnSOD), plays a key role in the superoxide uncoupling protein 2 (UCP-2) pathway in inhibiting of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). The interactions of Mn with ascorbate and other components of this pathway have not been defined in type-2 diabetes. Fifty established type 2 diabetics (30 males, 20 females) and 30 non-diabetics (controls; 18 males, 12 females) matched for age and sex were investigated. Dietary intake, particularly of micronutrients as assessed by 24-h dietary recall was similar between diabetics and controls. Weight and height of all subjects were determined and body mass index (BMI) computed after clinical assessment. Fasting plasma glucose, manganese, ascorbic acid, creatinine and K+ levels were determined; K+ was to assess the K+ channels, whereas creatinine was to assess probability of oxidative stress nephropathy. Body mass index was greater in DM than in controls (p < 0.001). Fasting plasma glucose and Mn levels (p < 0.00 and p < 0.01, respectively) were higher in diabetes than in the controls. Manganese level was greater than twice the levels in controls. Ascorbic acid was not significantly different (p > 0.05), but was 50% lower than the level in non-diabetics. Potassium like Mn and glucose was significantly higher in diabetes mellitus (DM) than in controls (p < 0.001). Creatinine was not significantly different between diabetics and controls (p > 0.05). Correlations among all parameters were not significantly different. These findings suggest absence of significant oxidative stress in the mitochondria, probably excluding a role for UCP-2-superoxide pathway in the inhibition of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), calling for caution in the precocious conclusion that interruption of UCP-2 activity may provide a viable strategy to improve beta-cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Dose-dependent changes in some haematological parameters during short-term administration of Hibiscus sabdariffa Calyx aqueous extract (Zobo) in Wistar albino rats

The extract of Hibiscus Sabdariffa L. (MALVACEAE) is popularly consumed and assumed to have haematological benefits, but no scientific investigations are known in the literature to have been conducted to corroborate this claim. The present study was therefore conducted to evaluate the effects of Hibiscus Sabdariffa L. Calyx extract on some haematological parameters (Haemoglobin, haematocrit, total white blood cells and differentials) in rats, with a view to determining its medicinal usefulness in the treatment of anaemia. Proximate analysis on dry matter basis, and mineral clement analysis were carried out on dried calyx of Hibiscus Sabdariffa L. Different doses of aqueous extract of Hibiscus Sabdariffa L calyx extract (200 - 1000 mg/ kg body wt.) were administered orally by intra Ocsophageal cannulation to four groups of six animals (rats) per group for 14 days. Venous blood samples were collected from each animal in all the groups including the control group on days 0 and 14 of the experiment for haematological investigations. Paired stat analysis of day 0 and day 14 results was done for each group using student's T-test. Proximate and mineral analysis of dry calyx confirmed the presence of some nutrients, e.g. protein, mineral elements (potassium) and Vitamin C in the calyx. After 14 days of the extract administration, significant elevations were observed in haematocrit (P = 0.03) and haemoglobin (P = 0.004) in the groups of animals given doses of 200 mg and 400 mg per kg (P < 0.05) while the groups given high doses revealed significant reductions (P 0.031) in the haematocrit but not in haemoglobin. This study suggests that, aqueous extract of Hibiscus Sabdariffa L. calyx used in this experiment had beneficial effects on the red cells at low doses (200 mg-400 mg/kg) which may not be sustained at higher doses. However, the long-term effects and the possible mechanism (s) of action of the extract should be studied before a recommendation could be made.

Plasma and semen ascorbic levels in spermatogenesis

BACKGROUND

Conflicting reports on the mechanism of action of ascorbic acid level in male reproductive system exist and very little is known about the ascorbic acid status in Nigerian males with weak fertility.

METHOD

Ascorbate that accumulates preferentially in the testis, the lipid and lipoprotein levels were determined in the plasma of Nigerian males. Twenty-seven (27) male with inadequate spermatogenesis (36+/-1.0) years, with mean value of 15.6+/-6.90 million/cm3 sperm count and fourteen (14) controls (34+/-0.6) years, with mean value of 108.0+/-25.42 million/cm3 sperm count were selected for this study. The anthropometric indices were also determined.

RESULTS

There were highly significant decreases in sperm cell count, percentage motility and percentage vitality (p<0.001) in each case, while percentage morphologically abnormal sperm cells was significantly elevated (p<0.001) compared with the control values. There were significant decreases in the seminal and plasma ascorbic acid concentrations (p<0.001) in the males who had inadequate spermatogenesis compared with the control values. The plasma total cholesterol (TC) and body mass index (BMI) were not significantly different from the corresponding control values, but the plasma low density lipoprotein (LDLC) (p<0.001) and triglyceride (TG)(p<0.01) concentrations were significantly increased in all the patients. While the plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC)(p<0.001) was significantly decreased compared with the controls. The plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels did not demonstrate any definite pattern with the sperm characteristics.

CONCLUSION

The decreased semen ascorbate level may play a significant role in the reduced sperm characteristics in these patients.

Pattern of skin surface lipids in some south-western Nigerians with acne vulgaris

Unanswered questions still exist regarding pathophysiology of acne vulgaris generally and particularly in this environment.

METHODS

Skin surface lipid (SSL) samples were collected by the heptane sponge technique from faces of 20 Nigerians with facial acne vulgaris and 25 controls. The subjects were classified into mild and moderately severe acne groups. Total cholesterol and triglycerides were determined and expressed in percentage (%) while Undetermined Skin Surface Lipids (USSL) (free fatty acids + squalene + wax ester + diglycerides) were computed.

RESULTS

Triglycerides and total cholesterol levels were significantly higher in subjects with acne vulgaris compared with controls (p < 0.001 and p < 0.029 respectively). There was a progressively significant increase in triglycerides from control, though mild to moderately severe acne vulgaris subjects (P < 0.01) in all cases. In contrast there was a significant progressive decrease in USSL among the three groups (P < 0.001) in all cases. No significant difference was evident for all the values on comparison of female subjects with male subjects. There were however, significant increases in triglycerides and significant decreases in USSL levels for both male and female subjects with acne vulgaris compared with their respective controls (P < 0.02, P < 0.01, P < 0.03 and P < 0.014).

CONCLUSION

Alterations in composition of SSL may in part be the pathophysiological basis of inflammatory acne vulgaris. Severity of the disorder appears to parallel triglyceride level but there was no association with sex. Triglycerides and total cholesterol levels are lower in SSL in this environment compared with hotter climates.

Antioxidant status of adult Nigerian asthmatics: implications for prognosis

Serum antioxidant status of 50 (19M, 31F) adult asthmatic patients, aged 40 to 50 yr and attending the medical outpatient clinic of the University College Hospital, Ibadan, has been assessed, by measurement of serum ascorbic acid, copper, zinc, albumin, uric acid and magnesium levels, to determine the relationship between antioxidant status and severity of bronchial asthma. Twenty-five (25) age matched adults (10M, 15F) served as controls. The test subjects were classified into two groups (1&2) based on the degree of respiratory distress. Questionnaires were also used to obtain data on subjects' fruit and vegetable intake. Fruit and vegetable intake was similar in patients and controls, 96% and 100% respectively reporting adequate intake. Copper (Cu) level was not significantly different between patients and control subjects, but was significantly higher in female asthmatics than in males (p < 0.05). Magnesium (Mg) level was also lower in asthmatics than in control subject (p < 0.001). Plasma Zinc level was not different between patients and control (p > 0.05). The levels of the other antioxidants, vitamin C, uric acid and albumin were all lower in asthmatics than in controls (p < 0.05, p < 0.001, p < 0.001) respectively. The magnesium level of group 2 (severe asthmatics) was lower than in controls (p < 0.05) unlike moderate asthmatics (group 1) which do not differ significantly from controls. These findings support the emerging concept that antioxidants are consumed in this inflammatory disease and that a corresponding increase in antioxidant supply may improve prognosis for bronchial asthma.

Serum micronutrient levels, nucleic acid metabolism and antioxidant defences in pregnant Nigerians: implications for fetal and maternal health

Micronutrients regulate numerous metabolic processes in pregnancy but their possible antioxidant function and contributions of alterations in their metabolism to fetal and maternal morbidity and mortality have received insufficients attention. Serum levels of copper, manganese and zinc were determined in 40 pregnant Nigerian women spread across the three trimesters of pregnancy and compared with those of 25 non-pregnant women of similar demographic and anthropometric characteristics. Serum levels of uric acid were also determined in both groups of women. The mean serum levels of manganese and zinc were significantly lower in the pregnant than in the non-pregnant state (P<0.02, P<0.002), respectively. Unlike manganese and zinc, copper was significantly elevated in the pregnant than in the non-pregnant state. The endogenous anti-oxidant, uric acid, was also significantly reduced in the pregnant than in the non-pregnant state (P<0.001). Copper levels increased progressively in all the three trimesters of pregnancy compared with controls (P<0.001). However, zinc levels declined steadily in all the 3 trimesters, but only the level of the third trimester was significantly different from the non-pregnant state (P<0.05). Unlike zinc, uric acid rose consistently in all the 3 trimesters compared with the non-pregnant state. Manganese and uric acid were significantly more elevated in the third than the first trimester. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multiple comparisons (Tukey HSD) show that the differences in the antioxidant levels can be ascribed mainly to the second and third trimesters. The prevalence of zinc deficiency was 4.0% in the non-pregnant state as compared to 22.5% in the pregnant subjects. The implications of micronutrient deficiencies and associated antioxidant status in pregnancy are discussed. Considering their role in pregnancy, prevention of such deficiencies and attendant oxidative stress may contribute to a reduction in the incidence of fetal and maternal ill-health, and complications of pregnancy. Interventions should be aimed mainly at the second and third trimesters.

Decreased serum magnesium and zinc levels: atherogenic implications in type-2 diabetes mellitus in Nigerians

Serum magnesium, zinc and total cholesterol were evaluated in 40 Nigerian patients suffering from type-2 diabetes mellitus (21M, 19F) and 20 (14M, 6F) apparently normal non diabetic control subjects. The mean age of the diabetic patients was similar to that of controls (p > 0.05). The mean duration of the disease was (4.7 + 0.7 SEM) in these patients. Fasting blood glucose and total cholesterol were significantly higher in diabetics than in non diabetic control subjects (p > 0.001). The serum total cholesterol showed inter-group variation when the patients were classified into four different age groups. In contrast, the serum level of magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn) were significantly lower in diabetics than in controls (p > 0.001). There were no significant correlation between glucose and the minerals, Mg. and Zn. Serum total cholesterol showed a significant positive correlation with magnesium (r = 0.6: p > 0.001), while the correlation with zinc was not significant. In type-2 diabetic mellitus the concentration of both Mg and Zn levels were significantly reduced, probably suggesting lower antioxidant status in this condition. The implication is the greater susceptibility to LDL-cholesterol oxidation. The attendant risk of development of premature Coronary Heart Disease is discussed. Magnesium and zinc are nutritional minerals that play crucial roles in the regulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.

Serum zinc and copper concentrations in Nigerian women with normal pregnancy

The impact of normal pregnancy on serum zinc and copper concentrations and on copper/zinc ratio has been determined in a cross-sectional study of eighty-four healthy pregnant Nigerian women. Fifty-seven healthy non-pregnant women served as controls. Serum zinc and copper levels were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Mean serum copper concentration is significantly higher (P < 0.001) in the pregnant group than in controls [19.74(4.65) and 11.87(2.61) micromol/L respectively], while mean zinc level is significantly lower (P< 0.001) than in controls [4.40(1.34) and 5.54(1.04) micromol/L respectively. Copper/Zinc ratio is also significantly higher than (P<0.001) in the test subject [4.87(1.77) and 2.23(0.75) micromol/L respectively]. One-way analysis of variance shows that the mean serum zinc and copper concentrations and copper/zinc ratio differ significantly (P < 0.01, P < 0.05, and P < 0.05 respectively) between any two of the trimester groups. Furthermore, there is a significant positive correlation between gestational age and copper/zinc ratio (r- 0.201; P < 0.05), and a significant negative correlation between gestational age and serum zinc concentration (r = -0.274; P < 0.01). In normal pregnancy, a negative and positive linear relationship exists between gestational age and serum zinc level and copper/zinc ratio respectively. Serum copper does not show any significant trend throughout gestation, though pregnant subjects have higher mean serum copper level than controls.

Amelioration of carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity by terpenoid extract from leaves of Vernonia amydgalina

Sesquiterpene lactone extract from the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina was tested for antihepatotoxic activity. Adult male rats were selected for the study. One group of rats was treated with toxic doses of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) the second group was pretreated with known concentration of terpenoid extract from leaves of V. amygdalina. One hour prior to receiving toxic doses of CCl4, Kolaviron, a biflavonoid extract of the seeds of Garcina kola was used as a positive control. Serum enzymes, alanine amino transferase (ALT), ornithine carbamoyl transferase (OCT) that are known to be very sensitive to cytotoxic hepatic injury, and aspertate amino transferase (AST) that is particularly sensitive to carbon tetrachloride poisoning, were measured as indices of hepatotoxicity. The results obtained showed that there were reduction in the activities of serum ALT, AST and OCT from 20.57 +/- 5.59, 10.46 +/- 6.71 and 184.8 +/- 10.45 in animals treated with toxic doses of CCl4 to 3.40 +/- 0.10, 3.95 +/- 0.15 and 1293 +/- 12.10 in animal pretreated with terpenoid extract before CCl4 intoxication, representing 83.5%, 62.3%, and 30% decrease respectively. These decreases were statistically significant (P < 0.001, P < 0.05, P < 0.001 respectively). From these results, it is concluded that sesquiterpene lactone extract from the leaves of V. amygdalina like kolaviron, a biflavonoid extract from the seeds of G. kola has antihepatotoxic activity in CCl4-induced hepatic damage in rats.

Lead-poisoning in two distant states of Nigeria: an indication of the real size of the problem

Lead is a toxic trace metal but useful in a number of industries and occupations. In view of its wide usage appropriate attention to precautionary measures against excessive exposure is desirable. The study was carried out in two phases; one based in Southwest Nigeria involving 137 subjects comprising 86 occupationally exposed subjects and 51 controls. Phase 2 of the study involved 880 occupationally unexposed subjects as follows: 115 subjects from Iseyin, 280 subjects from Shaki, 284 subject from Ogbomoso and 201 subjects from Sokoto, NorthWest Nigeria. Alcohol, salt and tobacco consumption were carefully monitored in this second phase of the study as well as sources of potable water. Lead (pb) was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). In phase one in occupationally exposed individuals PbB was significantly higher than in controls (P < 0.00.1); 95.3% of the test subjects had PbB greater than 40 microg/dl, the universal upper limit of acceptable PbB in Pb workers. About 70% had PbB greater than 55 microg/dl, a level now considered indicative of excessive exposure. Additionally, about 40% of the Pb workers had PbB of 60 microg/dl and above, a level indicative of the need to remove affected individuals from further exposure. Only about 5% of the Pb workers had PbB below 40 microg/dl. Interestingly, in the control subjects only about 18% had blood Pb levels falling within commonly acceptable PbB levels, about 7% of controls (Occupationally unexposed) had PbB level within the range considered indicative of moderate toxicity, over 8% had PbB above levels acceptable in occupational exposure, while about 4% fell within the range indicative of severe toxicity. PbB for unexposed population therefore, also give cause for toxicity. Phase 2 study revealed that excessive use of alcohol and tobacco, undue exposure to exhaust from vehicles using leaded gasoline, exclusive use of wells as sources of drinking water and increased consumption of the Nigerian table salt may all be pathways for increased Pb burden in this environment. These data suggest Pb poisoning of a high magnitude arising from occupational and environmental factors probably largely due to high gasoline Pb. Precautionary measures appear desirable by all who are occupationally or environmentally exposed to Pb.

Biochemical indicators of metabolic poisoning associated with lead based occupations in nutritionally disadvantaged communities

The biochemical alterations that occur in chronic lead exposure were studied in 86 males who were occupationally exposed to the metal. The biochemical indices investigated were blood lead, total and ionized calcium, inorganic phosphate, total protein and albumin, uric acid and 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol [1,25] (OH2 D3]. Serum total and ionized calcium levels and 1,25 [OH2] D3 were significantly lower in lead workers than in the control population (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively). Multiple regression analysis showed an important relationship between blood lead and serum calcium. Uric acid which was positively correlated with blood lead levels was significantly higher in lead workers than in controls P < 0.001. There were no changes in the other biochemical indices studied. The biochemical abnormalities that were established in this report which actually reflect metabolic poisoning may be helpful in the early detection of plumbism before the onset of clinical lead poisoning, particularly in nutritionally disadvantaged communities.

Decreased immune status in Nigerian workers occupationally exposed to lead

Some immunological indices of 80 Nigerian lead workers were assessed. The mean blood lead level (BLL) in the study subjects was significantly higher than in control non-exposed subjects (p < 0.001). The mean values for total globulins and C-reactive protein (CRP) were also significantly raised in the test subjects. (P < 0.001, P < 0.01 respectively). In contrast, levels of IgA and IgT were significantly depressed (P < 0.01, P, 0.001 respectively). Furthermore, a significant negative correlation was established between IgA and BLL (r = 0.28 P < 0.009). Ascorbate excretion was also significantly reduced in the exposed workers when compared with control subjects. (P < 0.02) Multiple regression analysis established significant interaction between BLL and total globulin and IgA I(P < 0.01, P < 0.01, 0.28 and P < 0.009 respectively). Principal component analysis showed that CRP, TLC, IgA and IgC have strong interactions with BLL. These data suggest depressed immune status in workers occupationally exposed to lead. This clinical state may be modulated by genetic and nutritional factors (such as ascorbate level). The control population was made up of 50 volunteers who had never been exposed to lead. Their mean age was 36.6 (semi 1.2 range 22-58) years. Informed consent was obtained from all 130 subjects and the ethical committee of the college of Medicine Ibadan, approved the conduct of the study. Additionally, it may predispose the subjects to increased susceptibility to infectious diseases, inflammatory disorders and cancer.